The effect of controlled hydrodynamic cavitation in irrigation water on the intensification of the growth of seedlings of scots pine

The effect of controlled hydrodynamic cavitation in irrigation water on the intensification of the growth of seedlings of scots pine | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The effect of controlled hydrodynamic cavitation in irrigation water on the intensification of the growth of seedlings of scots pine Kanat Dyussenov, Borissenko Y.V., Sarzhanov D.K. This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6258398/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The article discusses the results of experimental irrigation with structured water of seedlings of scots pine. Some features of the intensification of the growth of seedlings associated with changes in the structural characteristics of irrigation water, based on the results of mass spectrometry and other analyses, have been identified. In particular, it is shown how, under the influence of hydrodynamic cavitation, an increase in the concentration of ions of various chemical elements appears in irrigation water, which can be considered as a fertilizer chelate. The effect of hydrodynamic cavitation on irrigation water leads to an intensification of the growth of seedlings of scots pine, an increase and proliferation of the root system. It should be noted that there is quite little data in the literature on the effect of cavitation on the structure of water, so this material will be a definite contribution to the development of this direction. Agricultural Engineering Hydrodynamic cavitation intensification of the growth mass spectrometry irrigation water Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Aims The issues of drinking water quality, agricultural irrigation and irrigation are becoming more and more acute. The relevance and relevance of practical applications in the field of water preparation and treatment is beyond doubt. The boom in demand for nanotechnology, new technologies in various ways of structuring water, other liquids and solutions is growing exponentially. The data from the materials of the International Committee on Water Resources at the UN, WHO and other generally recognized and specialized international expert organizations are well known that fresh and, especially, drinking water will become a strategic resource by 2025. Over the past decades, the increasing use of various types of mineral and organic fertilizers has led to an impressive increase in yields. The main emphasis in them was placed on the use of macronutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers. There is a large amount of fertilizers on the market. And every year their list is updated. Among this wide variety of fertilizers, it is proposed to choose highly environmentally friendly, produced on the basis of safe technologies, easily soluble and universal. Chelated forms of fertilizers differ favorably from fertilizers of the last generation, for example, inorganic metal salts in that they have a «milder» effect on plants and are immediately absorbed by them, and do not turn into insoluble compounds in the soil. Mineral salts, on the contrary, can be toxic to plants and are absorbed only by 20–30%. The remaining 70–80% are lost, and we are to have to apply more than the required amount of fertilizers, thereby harming the environment and your health. The fact of the influence of hydrodynamic cavitation in the form of a thermodynamic effect is known [ 1 ], as well as changes in the structure of water when exposed to ultrasonic cavitation [ 2 , 5 ]. It should be noted that there is quite little data in the literature on the effect of cavitation on the structure of water and other manifested properties that were studied in [ 3 , 4 ]. The change in the properties of water when exposed to cavitation was also discussed in works. [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Work [ 8 ] is devoted to changing the structure of water and other solutions, in work [ 9 ] ultrasonic resonator arrays for implantation devices are proposed. It is also shown that the instantaneous collapse of cavitation cavities leads to the appearance of ultrasonic vibrations [ 10 , 11 ]. The work [ 12 ] was devoted to a computational study on the change in the properties of water under the influence of cavitation. Cavitation leads to a change in the physicochemical properties of water, its partial ionization, since cavitation processes are accompanied by sonoluminescence during the formation and instant collapse of microbubbles. It was found that there are practically no or very few studies devoted to the effect of cavitation on irrigation water in order to intensify plant growth. Methods The authors have been studying the effect of both ultrasonic cavitation [ 2 ] for the intensification of tomato growth and hydrodynamic cavitation for seedlings of scots pine for a long period. For irrigation and creating conditions for structuring irrigation water, a cavitation device was created [ 13 ], which made it possible to create controlled cavitation in the flow of irrigation water. The cavitation device, made according to the type of Venturi tube with parabolic walls, at the exit from the confusor section of which profile twisting blades are installed, works as follows (Fig. 1 ). The use of swirling blades having a streamlined profile allows the flow to be hydrodynamically formed, and in such a way that the vapor-gas phase in the form of microcaverns is formed throughout the volume of the diffuser section due to the twist and mixing impulse given to them, which allows the microcaverns to collapse (collapse) in the high-pressure region of the Venturi tube, thereby creating an active structuring of the flow and contributing to the effective mixing of the liquid. The parabolic walls of the Laval nozzle allow for better formation of the fluid flow. It should be noted that the flow in the cavitation device was calculated using a 3D model [ 14 ]. An experimental nozzle (sprinkler) for watering pine seedlings, shown in Fig. 2, was made on a 3D printer, which was installed on a watering system in the open ground. A series of experiments was carried out on watering with structured and plain water seedlings of scots pine. To measure water samples, a MALVERN mass spectrometer was used, which determines 28 chemical elements, and a slight increase in pH values was recorded with a decrease in the measured electrical conductivity of water. The averaged results of fixing changes in the spectral analysis of water are shown in Fig. 3 . It can be seen that the concentration of iron ions increases sharply with an increase in magnesium, boron, and copper ions. A sharp decrease in strontium ions is noticeable. Iron plays an important role in the formation of chlorophyll, being an integral part of enzymes involved in the synthesis of green pigment; regulates the processes of oxidation and reduction of complex organic compounds, is part of respiratory enzymes; with a lack of iron, the synthesis of growth substances is delayed. Copper is a part of enzymes, activates carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Signs of copper starvation are chlorosis of leaves, wilting and premature shedding of them. with a large deficit, growth is inhibited and the formation of fruit-bearing organs is disrupted. Results Experiments on growing Scots pine (Pinus silvestris) were carried out over several years on the territory of the forest nursery of the Laukar peasant farm. Examination of seedlings for the presence and damage of pathogenic fungi and pest damage was carried out in the laboratory of the Semipalatinsk zonal forest seed station. In this case, the roots were washed in water, their length was measured, the number of sucking root endings was counted, and the presence of pathogenic microflora was determined. The forest seedlings were healthy, without signs of mechanical damage, fungal diseases or damage by insect pests. The results of the study of root systems are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Name Root length, mm Order 1 Order II Order III inspection experience inspection experience inspection experience Forest nursery 108 112 520 532 256 260 The length of the roots of Scots pine seedlings in the experiment increased by 5–12 mm compared to the control. One of the main requirements when working with planting material is to prevent even slight drying of the root systems and their damage due to self-heating. After digging, normal water exchange in the plant is disrupted, and the root system is deprived of the ability to replenish even the minimum consumption of the required moisture. In addition, during the process of sorting, storage, transportation and planting, water loss by plants increases even more, which leads to the death, first of all, of small suction roots. During this entire period, the root system of seedlings needs reliable protection from exposure to the sun, wind, high temperatures and other factors that contribute to desiccation. Planting material and its root systems are placed in liquid clay-humus mash, then the seedlings are buried in the snowfield previously prepared in winter before being transported to silvicultural areas. When preparing seedlings for planting, they are sorted and long roots are trimmed in accordance with the requirements of the standards. Before planting, the root systems are again placed in a mash, treated with biostimulants, and, if necessary, with pesticides to protect them from damage by root-gnawing pests. When planting, the following requirements must be observed: carefully seal the root systems in the soil, avoid intertwining and bending of roots and voids around them, strictly maintain the established planting depth, straightness of the rows, which will ensure the possibility of mechanized soil care in forest crops. In the spring, there is a mortality rate of pine seedlings caused by infectious lodging, in some years it is 50% or higher. There are known cases of complete death of all seedlings growing in the nursery. Measures to combat lodging of seedlings consist of a set of preventive, exterminatory and agrotechnical recommendations. Preventive measures include disinfection of soil, seeds and tires, but chemicals have a detrimental effect on the human respiratory system and are not removed from the soil for up to 10 years. Seedlings and young pines are very sensitive to diseases caused by various fungi. In most cases, when the disease occurs, the affected plants die. The following diseases are especially dangerous for pine trees: lodging and damping off of seedlings, yellowing of needles, curvature of shoots. Lodging of seedlings is a disease caused by fungi from the genus Fusarium, as well as fungi from the genera Pythium, Botrytis, Alternaria, etc. Pine seedlings up to 1–2 months old are affected by the disease. Externally, the disease manifests itself in the formation of a constriction near the root collar or below the subcotyledon. As a result, the affected seedling falls to the ground and gradually dies, with the seedlings wilting from the root to the top. At the same time, root rot begins. When a diseased seedling is pulled out of the soil, the peripheral part of the root is torn and its central part is exposed. In some cases, the fungus causes the death of seedlings even before they reach the surface. The death of seedlings older than 2 months of age due to lignification of the stem is not accompanied by lodging. A good effect is achieved by temporarily reducing air and soil humidity, as well as frequently loosening the soil between lines. Experience in soil research using a cavitation system showed positive results (Table 2). Table 2 – Results of phytopathological examination № Substrate composition Alternaria ,% Fusarium ,% Hormiscium ,% Penicillium ,% Botrytis ,% Rhizopus ,% exp-ce control exp-ce control exp-ce control exp-ce control exp-ce control exp-ce control 1 Sandy soil, forest 1 4 0 1 1 5 3 11 2 5 1 7 2 Soil + sand + humus 1 6 2 8 0 4 3 Sand + peat 0 2 1 4 1 6 0 2 4 Soil + humus 2 6 0 5 2 7 5 Soil + humus + sawdust 3 15 0 4 1 5 4 15 1 6 6 Soil + humus layer 1 4 0 3 0 1 0 4 7 Soil + loam 1 4 0 6 0 4 According to the results of a study of soil samples, it can be concluded that by using cavitation technologies it is possible to avoid lodging of seedlings when growing them in open-ground nurseries. The research carried out using a nozzle with a cavitation device made it possible to forget about this problem of seedling lodging, as the plants become resistant to diseases. Laboratory results were obtained before and after the effect of cavitation on irrigation water. In Fig. Figure 3 presents a comparative description of the spectrograms. Conclusions The plant body, extracting substances in the form of microelements, creates their necessary concentration in its tissues, due to which it grows faster, is less susceptible to disease and also includes powerful stimulants for the growth of the root system - heteroauxins, which contributes to accelerated root formation. In connection with the development of forest degradation processes in certain regions of Kazakhstan, the issues of growing healthy Scots pine seedlings to restore the Irtysh belt forests have been studied. Declarations The authors would like to add that we completely exclude any conflict of interest. The research was carried out entirely on the initiative and at the authors' own expense as a great interest in the object of research. As authors, we can confirm once again that all the research was carried out at our own expense and without attracting any investments from outside. References Dyussenov K.M., Sergievskiy E.D. Generation effect of the heating a liquid by means of controlled cavitation, 6th International conference on boiling heat transfer, Spoleto, Italy 7-12 May, 2006 р.р.159-164. Dyussenov K.M.,Sakipov, K.E., Shayakhmetova, R.T., Nedugov, I.A. Aitmagambetova M.B., Yessimseit, A.K. Influence of the impact of acoustic cavitation on the physical and chemical properties of water. Eurasian Physical Technical Journal, 2021, 18(1), pp. 65–69. Mandar Badvea, Parag Gogatea, Aniruddha Pandita, Levente Csoka, Hydrodynamic cavitation as a novel approach for wastewater treatment in wood finishing industry. Separation and Purification Technology, 106 (2013), pp, 15–21. Randhavane Shrikant Ba*, A.K. Khambetea, Hydrodynamic Cavitation: A Novel Treatment Approach. Materials Today: Proceedings 4 (2017) 9680–9684. Kai-Alexander Saalbach, Jens Twiefel, Jörg Wallaschek, Self-sensing cavitation detection in ultrasound-induced acoustic cavitation. Ultrasonics, 2019, 45, pp. 65-72, D. Oletic, V. Bilas, "How thirsty the crops are: Emerging instrumentation for plant-based field measurement of water stress", IEEE Instrum. & meas. magazine, Vol. 23, No. 2, 2020, pp. 37-46 B. Choat, et al. «Triggers of tree mortality under drought». Nature 558.7711 (2018): 531-539. N.J.F. De Baerdemaeker, et al. "X-ray microtomography and linear discriminant analysis enable detection of embolism-related acoustic emissions." Plant Methods 15.1 (2019): 153. M.B. Yüksel1 et al., "Multi-channel thin film piezoelectric acoustic transducer for cochlear implant applications", IEEE Sensors 2019, Montreal, October, 2019, pp. 1-4. L. De Roo, et al. "Acoustic emissions to measure drought-induced cavitation in plants." Applied Sciences 6.3 (2016): 71. J. -X. Wang, M. -L. Sui, S. -F. Yang and X. -W. Gao, "Detecting cavitation signals based on Ultrasonic acoustic emissions technology," Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Piezoelectricity, Acoustic Waves and Device Applications, Xiamen, China, 2010, pp. 1-5. Muhammad Yusvika, Aditya Rio Prabowo, Dominicus Danardono, Dwi Prija Tjahjana and Jung Min Sohn, Cavitation Prediction of Ship Propeller Based on Temperature and Fluid Properties of Water, J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8, 465, pp. 2-21. Dyussenov K.M., № 34445 Device for activation and sterilization of liquid, 2020 Patent Republic of Kazakhstan. Dyussenov K.M., A. Adomavichus, V. Grigas Experimental investigation of thermal cavitations’ effect, Scientific conference by Investigation and development of power energy, Kaunas, Lithuania, March, 2006. P. 47-51 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6258398","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":430849520,"identity":"b55762ff-2efe-4344-95de-50342788c7d6","order_by":0,"name":"Kanat Dyussenov","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCYYEGJP5AIggSQtbAslaeAyI0yLZnmMm+eOPTR6/RM43iZ87rOUMDvA+k8CnRZrnjZk0b1taseSM3G2SvWfSjSUb2M3wapGTyDGTZmw4nLjhzNltErxthxP7GdjYCGoBOuw/UMuZZ5J/2w7XtxHSIg3UIsHDdiBxw/EeNqALDyfwE9Ii2fOs2Jq3LTlxZnubsbVsW7rhzGY2Zgt8WiSOJ2+8+eOPXWI/M/PDm2/brOUNjrcx3sCnhYGBwwDGYoG4h3DUsD+AsZg/EFQ8CkbBKBgFIxIAANgfQ5NXsj1wAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1226-6431","institution":"Eurasian National University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kanat","middleName":"","lastName":"Dyussenov","suffix":""},{"id":430849521,"identity":"10eb3821-e43b-49f4-8759-fb5638cd065f","order_by":1,"name":"Borissenko Y.V.","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7279-2284","institution":"Semey structural subdivision of the RSE \"Republican Forest Breeding and Seed Center\", Republic of Kazakhstan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Borissenko","middleName":"","lastName":"Y.V.","suffix":""},{"id":430849889,"identity":"98c1d65d-0d7f-419f-9224-0a851990525d","order_by":2,"name":"Sarzhanov D.K.","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7250-1029","institution":"Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Republic of Kazakhstan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sarzhanov","middleName":"","lastName":"D.K.","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-19 06:20:56","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6258398/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6258398/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":78881557,"identity":"6f734bda-4c80-4c91-9fb8-4d0e644ace97","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-20 08:41:00","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":121483,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLegend not included with this version\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6258398/v1/d3c8f3ef72a8a63374581376.jpg"},{"id":78881561,"identity":"d2d89c06-c631-42b5-ac29-8e27aa5b6445","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-20 08:41:00","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":81585,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLegend not included with this version\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6258398/v1/bd14d50059c681b3628e5167.jpg"},{"id":78881556,"identity":"bd8d6ffd-baed-42c2-917d-42afeecd2122","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-20 08:41:00","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":45337,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparative characteristics of spectrograms\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6258398/v1/abf0e289638e957ee3213dae.jpg"},{"id":78882575,"identity":"ff7739c9-6db9-4970-984c-60de0003b30e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-20 08:57:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":706678,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6258398/v1/9dfd4408-0f88-44f4-95dc-2ca62b8b3f00.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe effect of controlled hydrodynamic cavitation in irrigation water on the intensification of the growth of seedlings of scots pine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Aims","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe issues of drinking water quality, agricultural irrigation and irrigation are becoming more and more acute. The relevance and relevance of practical applications in the field of water preparation and treatment is beyond doubt. The boom in demand for nanotechnology, new technologies in various ways of structuring water, other liquids and solutions is growing exponentially.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data from the materials of the International Committee on Water Resources at the UN, WHO and other generally recognized and specialized international expert organizations are well known that fresh and, especially, drinking water will become a strategic resource by 2025. Over the past decades, the increasing use of various types of mineral and organic fertilizers has led to an impressive increase in yields. The main emphasis in them was placed on the use of macronutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers. There is a large amount of fertilizers on the market. And every year their list is updated. Among this wide variety of fertilizers, it is proposed to choose highly environmentally friendly, produced on the basis of safe technologies, easily soluble and universal. Chelated forms of fertilizers differ favorably from fertilizers of the last generation, for example, inorganic metal salts in that they have a «milder» effect on plants and are immediately absorbed by them, and do not turn into insoluble compounds in the soil. Mineral salts, on the contrary, can be toxic to plants and are absorbed only by 20–30%. The remaining 70–80% are lost, and we are to have to apply more than the required amount of fertilizers, thereby harming the environment and your health. The fact of the influence of hydrodynamic cavitation in the form of a thermodynamic effect is known [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], as well as changes in the structure of water when exposed to ultrasonic cavitation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. It should be noted that there is quite little data in the literature on the effect of cavitation on the structure of water and other manifested properties that were studied in [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The change in the properties of water when exposed to cavitation was also discussed in works. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Work [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] is devoted to changing the structure of water and other solutions, in work [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] ultrasonic resonator arrays for implantation devices are proposed. It is also shown that the instantaneous collapse of cavitation cavities leads to the appearance of ultrasonic vibrations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. The work [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] was devoted to a computational study on the change in the properties of water under the influence of cavitation. Cavitation leads to a change in the physicochemical properties of water, its partial ionization, since cavitation processes are accompanied by sonoluminescence during the formation and instant collapse of microbubbles. It was found that there are practically no or very few studies devoted to the effect of cavitation on irrigation water in order to intensify plant growth.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe authors have been studying the effect of both ultrasonic cavitation [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] for the intensification of tomato growth and hydrodynamic cavitation for seedlings of scots pine for a long period. For irrigation and creating conditions for structuring irrigation water, a cavitation device was created [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], which made it possible to create controlled cavitation in the flow of irrigation water.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe cavitation device, made according to the type of Venturi tube with parabolic walls, at the exit from the confusor section of which profile twisting blades are installed, works as follows (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The use of swirling blades having a streamlined profile allows the flow to be hydrodynamically formed, and in such a way that the vapor-gas phase in the form of microcaverns is formed throughout the volume of the diffuser section due to the twist and mixing impulse given to them, which allows the microcaverns to collapse (collapse) in the high-pressure region of the Venturi tube, thereby creating an active structuring of the flow and contributing to the effective mixing of the liquid. The parabolic walls of the Laval nozzle allow for better formation of the fluid flow. It should be noted that the flow in the cavitation device was calculated using a 3D model [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn experimental nozzle (sprinkler) for watering pine seedlings, shown in Fig. 2, was made on a 3D printer, which was installed on a watering system in the open ground.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA series of experiments was carried out on watering with structured and plain water seedlings of scots pine. To measure water samples, a MALVERN mass spectrometer was used, which determines 28 chemical elements, and a slight increase in pH values was recorded with a decrease in the measured electrical conductivity of water. The averaged results of fixing changes in the spectral analysis of water are shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. It can be seen that the concentration of iron ions increases sharply with an increase in magnesium, boron, and copper ions. A sharp decrease in strontium ions is noticeable. Iron plays an important role in the formation of chlorophyll, being an integral part of enzymes involved in the synthesis of green pigment; regulates the processes of oxidation and reduction of complex organic compounds, is part of respiratory enzymes; with a lack of iron, the synthesis of growth substances is delayed. Copper is a part of enzymes, activates carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Signs of copper starvation are chlorosis of leaves, wilting and premature shedding of them. with a large deficit, growth is inhibited and the formation of fruit-bearing organs is disrupted.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eExperiments on growing Scots pine (Pinus silvestris) were carried out over several years on the territory of the forest nursery of the Laukar peasant farm. Examination of seedlings for the presence and damage of pathogenic fungi and pest damage was carried out in the laboratory of the Semipalatinsk zonal forest seed station. In this case, the roots were washed in water, their length was measured, the number of sucking root endings was counted, and the presence of pathogenic microflora was determined.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe forest seedlings were healthy, without signs of mechanical damage, fungal diseases or damage by insect pests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the study of root systems are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eName\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoot length, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrder 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrder II\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrder III\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einspection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexperience\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einspection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexperience\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einspection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexperience\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForest nursery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e520\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e532\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e260\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe length of the roots of Scots pine seedlings in the experiment increased by 5\u0026ndash;12 mm compared to the control.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the main requirements when working with planting material is to prevent even slight drying of the root systems and their damage due to self-heating. After digging, normal water exchange in the plant is disrupted, and the root system is deprived of the ability to replenish even the minimum consumption of the required moisture. In addition, during the process of sorting, storage, transportation and planting, water loss by plants increases even more, which leads to the death, first of all, of small suction roots.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring this entire period, the root system of seedlings needs reliable protection from exposure to the sun, wind, high temperatures and other factors that contribute to desiccation. Planting material and its root systems are placed in liquid clay-humus mash, then the seedlings are buried in the snowfield previously prepared in winter before being transported to silvicultural areas. When preparing seedlings for planting, they are sorted and long roots are trimmed in accordance with the requirements of the standards. Before planting, the root systems are again placed in a mash, treated with biostimulants, and, if necessary, with pesticides to protect them from damage by root-gnawing pests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen planting, the following requirements must be observed: carefully seal the root systems in the soil, avoid intertwining and bending of roots and voids around them, strictly maintain the established planting depth, straightness of the rows, which will ensure the possibility of mechanized soil care in forest crops.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the spring, there is a mortality rate of pine seedlings caused by infectious lodging, in some years it is 50% or higher. There are known cases of complete death of all seedlings growing in the nursery.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeasures to combat lodging of seedlings consist of a set of preventive, exterminatory and agrotechnical recommendations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePreventive measures include disinfection of soil, seeds and tires, but chemicals have a detrimental effect on the human respiratory system and are not removed from the soil for up to 10 years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeedlings and young pines are very sensitive to diseases caused by various fungi. In most cases, when the disease occurs, the affected plants die. The following diseases are especially dangerous for pine trees: lodging and damping off of seedlings, yellowing of needles, curvature of shoots.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLodging of seedlings is a disease caused by fungi from the genus Fusarium, as well as fungi from the genera Pythium, Botrytis, Alternaria, etc. Pine seedlings up to 1\u0026ndash;2 months old are affected by the disease. Externally, the disease manifests itself in the formation of a constriction near the root collar or below the subcotyledon. As a result, the affected seedling falls to the ground and gradually dies, with the seedlings wilting from the root to the top. At the same time, root rot begins. When a diseased seedling is pulled out of the soil, the peripheral part of the root is torn and its central part is exposed. In some cases, the fungus causes the death of seedlings even before they reach the surface. The death of seedlings older than 2 months of age due to lignification of the stem is not accompanied by lodging.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA good effect is achieved by temporarily reducing air and soil humidity, as well as frequently loosening the soil between lines. Experience in soil research using a cavitation system showed positive results (Table\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash; Results of phytopathological examination\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e№\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubstrate composition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e,%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFusarium\u003c/em\u003e,%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHormiscium\u003c/em\u003e,%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePenicillium\u003c/em\u003e,%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBotrytis\u003c/em\u003e,%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhizopus\u003c/em\u003e,%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexp-ce\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003econtrol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexp-ce\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003econtrol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexp-ce\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003econtrol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexp-ce\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003econtrol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexp-ce\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003econtrol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexp-ce\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003econtrol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSandy soil, forest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoil\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;sand\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;humus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSand\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;peat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoil\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;humus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoil\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;humus\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;sawdust\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoil\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;humus layer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoil\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;loam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the results of a study of soil samples, it can be concluded that by using cavitation technologies it is possible to avoid lodging of seedlings when growing them in open-ground nurseries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research carried out using a nozzle with a cavitation device made it possible to forget about this problem of seedling lodging, as the plants become resistant to diseases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLaboratory results were obtained before and after the effect of cavitation on irrigation water. In Fig. Figure\u0026nbsp;3 presents a comparative description of the spectrograms.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe plant body, extracting substances in the form of microelements, creates their necessary concentration in its tissues, due to which it grows faster, is less susceptible to disease and also includes powerful stimulants for the growth of the root system - heteroauxins, which contributes to accelerated root formation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn connection with the development of forest degradation processes in certain regions of Kazakhstan, the issues of growing healthy Scots pine seedlings to restore the Irtysh belt forests have been studied.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to add that we completely exclude any conflict of interest. The research was carried out entirely on the initiative and at the authors\u0026apos; own expense as a great interest in the object of research. As authors, we can confirm once again that all the research was carried out at our own expense and without attracting any investments from outside.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDyussenov K.M., Sergievskiy E.D. Generation effect of the heating a liquid by means of controlled cavitation, 6th International conference on boiling heat transfer, Spoleto, Italy 7-12 May, 2006 р.р.159-164.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDyussenov K.M.,Sakipov, K.E., Shayakhmetova, R.T., Nedugov, I.A. Aitmagambetova M.B., Yessimseit, A.K. Influence of the impact of acoustic cavitation on the physical and chemical properties of water. Eurasian Physical Technical Journal, 2021, 18(1), pp. 65\u0026ndash;69.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMandar Badvea, Parag Gogatea, Aniruddha Pandita, Levente Csoka, Hydrodynamic cavitation as a novel approach for wastewater treatment in wood finishing industry. Separation and Purification Technology, 106 (2013), pp, 15\u0026ndash;21.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRandhavane Shrikant Ba*, A.K. Khambetea, Hydrodynamic Cavitation: A Novel Treatment Approach. Materials Today: Proceedings 4 (2017) 9680\u0026ndash;9684.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKai-Alexander Saalbach, Jens Twiefel, J\u0026ouml;rg Wallaschek, Self-sensing cavitation detection in ultrasound-induced acoustic cavitation. Ultrasonics, 2019, 45, pp. 65-72, \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eD. Oletic, V. Bilas, \u0026quot;How thirsty the crops are: Emerging instrumentation for plant-based field measurement of water stress\u0026quot;, IEEE Instrum. \u0026amp; meas. magazine, Vol. 23, No. 2, 2020, pp. 37-46 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eB. Choat, et al. \u0026laquo;Triggers of tree mortality under drought\u0026raquo;. Nature 558.7711 (2018): 531-539.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eN.J.F. De Baerdemaeker, et al. \u0026quot;X-ray microtomography and linear discriminant analysis enable detection of embolism-related acoustic emissions.\u0026quot; Plant Methods 15.1 (2019): 153.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM.B. Y\u0026uuml;ksel1 et al., \u0026quot;Multi-channel thin film piezoelectric acoustic transducer for cochlear implant applications\u0026quot;, IEEE Sensors 2019, Montreal, October, 2019, pp. 1-4.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eL. De Roo, et al. \u0026quot;Acoustic emissions to measure drought-induced cavitation in plants.\u0026quot; Applied Sciences 6.3 (2016): 71.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJ. -X. Wang, M. -L. Sui, S. -F. Yang and X. -W. Gao, \u0026quot;Detecting cavitation signals based on Ultrasonic acoustic emissions technology,\u0026quot; Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Piezoelectricity, Acoustic Waves and Device Applications, Xiamen, China, 2010, pp. 1-5.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMuhammad Yusvika, Aditya Rio Prabowo, Dominicus Danardono, Dwi Prija Tjahjana and Jung Min Sohn, Cavitation Prediction of Ship Propeller Based on Temperature and Fluid Properties of Water, J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8, 465, pp. 2-21. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDyussenov K.M., № 34445 Device for activation and sterilization of liquid, 2020 Patent Republic of Kazakhstan.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDyussenov K.M., A. Adomavichus, V. Grigas Experimental investigation of thermal cavitations\u0026rsquo; effect, Scientific conference by Investigation and development of power energy, Kaunas, Lithuania, March, 2006. P. 47-51\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Hydrodynamic cavitation, intensification of the growth, mass spectrometry, irrigation water","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6258398/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6258398/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe article discusses the results of experimental irrigation with structured water of seedlings of scots pine. Some features of the intensification of the growth of seedlings associated with changes in the structural characteristics of irrigation water, based on the results of mass spectrometry and other analyses, have been identified. In particular, it is shown how, under the influence of hydrodynamic cavitation, an increase in the concentration of ions of various chemical elements appears in irrigation water, which can be considered as a fertilizer chelate. The effect of hydrodynamic cavitation on irrigation water leads to an intensification of the growth of seedlings of scots pine, an increase and proliferation of the root system. It should be noted that there is quite little data in the literature on the effect of cavitation on the structure of water, so this material will be a definite contribution to the development of this direction.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The effect of controlled hydrodynamic cavitation in irrigation water on the intensification of the growth of seedlings of scots pine","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-20 08:40:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6258398/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"81b650c6-b262-4f8f-bbea-54f7bf5a43ba","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":45890474,"name":"Agricultural Engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-20T08:40:56+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-20 08:40:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6258398","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6258398","identity":"rs-6258398","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}