The Examination of Autobiographical Memory Functions in Positive, Negative, and Excited Memories Using Different Measures

The Examination of Autobiographical Memory Functions in Positive, Negative, and Excited Memories Using Different Measures | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Examination of Autobiographical Memory Functions in Positive, Negative, and Excited Memories Using Different Measures Demet Kara, Nur Elibol-Pekaslan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9438118/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The current study aims to investigate the relationship between general tendencies in autobiographical memory functions and the functions of specific memories, while integrating different assessment techniques and emotional contexts. Participants were 300 college students, who were asked to write about three emotional memories: positive, negative, and excited. They also answered follow-up questions about the functions of these memories (i.e. identity, centrality, self-continuity, purpose of sharing, frequency of sharing, current and future problem solving) and completed the Thinking About Life Experiences Questionnaire (TALE). The memory narratives were coded for self, social, and directive functions. The findings showed that the general use of autobiographical memory functions was related to self-rated specific memory functions but not to content-coded functions. These relationships were also contingent on the emotional valence of the memories. Excited memories showed resemblances to both positive and negative memories to some extent, revealing the complex nature of excitement. This study contributes to the literature by using diverse measurements simultaneously for the functions, investigating the relationship among these different measures, and including excited memories. The findings were discussed in terms of the methodological and conceptual definitions of the functions and the emotional context of the memories. autobiographical memory memory functions emotional context excited memories measurement Overview Research into the functions of autobiographical memory began following Neisser’s (1982) and Baddeley’s (1988) seminal research. Important steps have been taken subsequently to enhance our understanding of why people remember their past experiences (Bluck et al. 2019). Current research suggests a tripartite model in which autobiographical memories serve three crucial functions: self, social, and directive (Bluck et al. 2005; Cohen 1998; Hyman and Faries 1992; Nelson 1993; Pillemer 1992). The self function uses memories to build a sense of personal continuity and to shape one’s self-concept by exploring 'Who am I?' (Baddeley 1988; Conway 1996; Habermas and Bluck 2000). The social function involves using autobiographical memory to foster connections with others and form enduring, intimate relationships (Alea and Bluck 2003; Nelson 1993; Pillemer 1992). The directive function involves employing one’s memories to guide current behaviors and make future decisions (Baddeley 1988; Pillemer 2003). Prior studies revealed that self, social, and directive functions emerge to different extents in memories with different emotional valence or intensity (Rasmussen and Berntsen 2009). To date, various measures have been developed to assess the general use of these functions (e.g., Thinking about Life Experiences [TALE] Questionnaire; Bluck and Alea 2011) as well as the functions of specific memories (e.g., Pillemer et al. 2015; Steiner 2024). The assessment of functions of specific memories has been conducted using full scales (e.g., Steiner 2024), single items (e.g., Pillemer et al. 2015), or narrative content coding (Camia et al. 2023; Waters et al. 2014). These different measures approach functions of memory with slightly different conceptualizations. Yet, there are only a few studies that simultaneously adopt these different methods (e.g., Camia et al. 2024). Thus, the current study aims to take a comprehensive approach by examining how the general use of self, social, and directive functions as measured with TALE predicts the functions of specific memories as measured with coding schemes and participants’ self-evaluations. In addition, this study aims to expand the literature by considering other emotions with different levels of intensity, such as excitement, and understanding their functions. Functions of Autobiographical Memories The functional approach to autobiographical memory explores why people remember and in which ways memory retrieval is adaptive for humans. Bluck et al. (2005) address two crucial elements in the definition of function, i.e., use and adaptivity . Beike et al. (2020) expand this definition and add one more element, which is the need . Briefly, individuals use autobiographical memories when they need it for self, social, and directive purposes, and the use of memories leads to adaptive outcomes such as increased intimacy between partners. Along with these arguments and empirical work, researchers have formulated different sets of functions. Hyman and Faries (1992) suggested that autobiographical memory serves ten important functions, whereas Webster (1993; 2003) developed the Reminiscence Function Scale (RFS), uncovering eight functions. Lastly, Bluck and Alea (2009; 2011) proposed a tripartite model consisting of self-continuity, social-bonding, and directing-behavior functions. This conceptualization has been widely accepted, and used in the current research, as well. Self function describes individuals’ use of their memories to create a clear sense of self and provide self-continuity (Bluck and Alea 2009). Individuals establish self-continuity by extending the self over time, feeling a connection between past and present, and recognizing that the core aspects of the self remain the same across time (Sedikides et al. 2015). Self function also becomes more adaptive when creating an identity, particularly for young adults (Bluck and Alea 2010). Social function refers to the use of memories to facilitate new relationships by sharing past experiences with one another (Beike et al. 2020). More importantly, it helps create enduring and intimate relationships among individuals (Alea and Bluck 2003). Prior research revealed how sharing personal memories leads to greater feelings of closeness, even in hypothetical situations (Guan and Wang 2022). The directive function refers to the use of memory for problem-solving and guiding behaviors (Pillemer 2003). Pillemer and Kuwabara (2012) put a specific emphasis on the directive function due to its survival value although some research suggests that directive functions are observed less frequently compared to other functions (Hyman and Faries 1992; Waters et al. 2014; Wong and Watt 1991). However, these studies may lack the optimal questions to elicit recollections of memory for directive functions (Pilllemer 2003). In other words, it may not solely be about the infrequent use of directive functions but rather be related to methodological issues. Measurement of Autobiographical Memory Functions Questionnaires have predominantly been used to measure autobiographical memory functions, with several instruments developed for this purpose, to date (e.g., TALE by Bluck et al. 2005; RFS by Webster 1993). For example, TALE, considered the most commonly used measure, assesses self, social, and directive functions through a 28-item scale (see, Bluck and Alea 2011, for short version). Various studies of different cultures and age groups (Maki et al. 2015; Vranic et al. 2018) have contributed to validating the psychometric properties of TALE and refining the definition of each factor. For instance, subsequent research by Bluck and Alea (2011) underscored the emphasis on the self-continuity aspect within the self function. Additionally, Rasmussen and Habermas (2011) provided a comprehensive discussion of the social function such that TALE's dimension of nurturing relationships, corresponding to sharing memories with others, might be better represented compared to the dimension of developing relationships. Moreover, the directive function, which primarily focuses on guiding behavior, may not consistently differentiate itself from aspects of the self function (Harris et al. 2014). Whereas self-reported TALE offers a participant-centric perspective on measuring autobiographical memory functions and is practical to collect, there remains a need for in-depth investigation into these functions and exploring the relationships between different function measures. Waters et al. (2014) highlighted limitations in using questionnaire-based measures for assessing autobiographical memory functions. Firstly, individuals may not consciously recognize that their memories serve specific functions. Secondly, reports obtained via questionnaires can be biased, as responders might struggle to accurately estimate their use of memories for these purposes. Lastly, the nature of questionnaire-based measurement itself is inherently restrictive. Waters et al. (2014) alternatively suggested incorporating narrative assessments of individuals' use of functions to create a more comprehensive and ecologically valid measure. This approach allows for integrating information obtained through different methods. With regard to this, Waters et al. (2014) developed a coding scheme to identify the functions in memory narratives. The self-function scheme focuses on details related to self-esteem, identity, and self-understanding within the narrative. The social function scheme assesses the significance of relationships portrayed in the narrative and whether recalling the event enhances closeness between individuals. The directive function scheme focuses on behavioral changes following the event. Their results revealed positive correlations between single-item measures and narrative coding for self and social functions. This work represents an important endeavor as it incorporates multiple methodologies. The current study takes a step further by assessing functions using three different measures. It is not uncommon to employ multiple methods to measure functions. As stated earlier, one commonly used method is to ask follow-up questions for each specific memory. For instance, Rasmussen and Berntsen (2009) developed their own set of follow-up questions which is used to understand for which purposes people remember those memories. In another study, Boytos and Costabile (2023) asked participants to report their daily goals for sharing specific memories via single items derived from TALE. Employing multiple methods for function measurement can offer several advantages. For example, directive functions might be challenging to reveal only with measures like TALE, as individuals might not be consciously aware of using them. However, both specific and general memories can contain rich directive functions (Sheldon et al. 2019). Generic events, for instance, serve as a context for directive function as they are rich in details of routines and guide future behaviors. Other studies support this perspective, highlighting the need for a closer examination of functions through an event-related approach. The current study aims to address this gap by examining emotionally positive, negative, and exciting events to gain insight into various functions. Emotional Valence and Autobiographical Memory Functions Emotional valence of autobiographical memories is one of the main contexts to investigate memory functions. Converging findings from the literature showed that emotionally-positive memories serve for the social function more than emotionally-negative memories (Demiray and Freund 2015; McLean and Lilgendahl 2008; Rasmussen and Berntsen 2009; Rasmussen and Berntsen 2013; Wasti et al. 2021; Wolf and Demiray 2019). Similarly, memories that were remembered or shared for social bonding purposes were highest on positivity compared to memories remembered for self and directive purposes (Alea et al. 2013). Yet, there are other studies that did not find a difference between positive and negative memories in terms of social function. For instance, Wolf et al. (2021) conceptualized social function as sharing memories with others in order to bond with them and observed that positive and negative memories served for the social function to a similar extent. Their claim was that the act of sharing memories was much more important than the emotional valence of the shared events. There is a reverse pattern of relationships for the directive function. Most of the studies found that negative memories have a greater value for guiding present or future behavior (Rasmussen and Berntse, 2009; Rasmussen and Berntsen 2013; Wolf and Demiray 2019; Wolf et al. 2021). In a similar vein, memories that were used to guide behaviors were the most negative ones compared to the memories that serve for the other functions (Alea et al. 2013). However, findings are inconclusive for some studies which focused on different contexts beyond emotional valence. For instance, the frequency of the directive function was comparable across positive and negative memories of high and low points in the life story (McLean and Lilgendahl 2008); work-related memories (Wasti et al. 2021); and flashbulb memories (Demiray and Freund 2015). The findings seem to be less consistent for self function, as well. Although most of the studies found that positive memories serve for the self function more than negative memories (Rasmussen and Berntsen 2009; Rasmussen and Berntsen 2013; Wasti et al. 2021), some studies found the opposite direction (Wolf and Demiray 2019; Wolf et al. 2021), and some did not find any difference at all (Demiray and Freund 2015). Likewise, Alea and colleagues (2013) found that the memories that serve for the self-continuity function fell in between in terms of emotional valence; they were less positive than social memories and more positive than directive memories. This inconsistency in the literature might occur due to the way self function was assessed. It is possible to measure it with TALE and focus on the self-continuity aspect (Wolf et al. 2021) or with Centrality of Events Scale (CES) and focus on how much the memory was central to one’s life story (Berntsen et al. 2011; Zaragoza Scherman et al. 2015). It is also possible to use single item questions and focus on the identity aspect (Rasmussen and Berntsen 2009). The current study integrates these different conceptualizations and assessments together. When considering the functions of memories with different emotions, most of the studies focused on the emotional valence (i.e., positive and negative). However, intensity of the emotions, which is characterized by the level of arousal, is also an important aspect. Emotions are generally categorized with valence and intensity, i.e., whether a specific emotion is pleasant or unpleasant in terms of valence, and high or low in terms of arousal. For example, happiness is pleasant and high on arousal, whereas being relaxed is pleasant but low on arousal (Russell 1980). Some of the memory research examined the role of these two dimensions in retrieval. For example, the level of intensity of the emotions predicted a greater number of autobiographical memory characteristics than emotional valence (Talarico et al. 2004). Similarly, highly arousing memories were richer in terms of retrieval characteristics compared to low arousing memories regardless of emotional valence (Ford et al. 2012). In terms of memory functions, Wolf and colleagues (2021) found that people used their highly intense negative memories for creating a sense of self-continuity. Taken together, it becomes fruitful to examine not only positive and negative memories but also emotions with different levels of intensity. Specifically, we aim to examine excited memories, as being positive on emotional valence and high on arousal (Talarico et al. 2004), in addition to positive and negative emotions, and expect a similar pattern with positive emotions. The Current Study The aims of the current study were threefold: (1) to apply different measures of functions simultaneously, i.e., TALE to assess general use of functions, content-coding and follow-up single item questions to assess specific use of functions; (2) to test the associations among three measures by examining whether the frequency of self, social, and directive functions measured with TALE predict the functions of specific memories; and (3) to test these associations by using memories with different emotional context, i.e., positive, negative, and excited. In order to achieve these aims, we asked participants to write three emotional memories and answer follow-up questions regarding the phenomenological and functional characteristics of the memories. They also answered a set of questionnaires including TALE. We then coded the memory narratives for how much they reflect self, social, and directive functions. We performed a series of multivariate regression analysis to test our hypotheses. We first hypothesized that general use of self function measured with TALE would be associated with the self function ratings of specific memories, and we expect to observe these relationships especially for positive memories. Similarly, we hypothesized that general use of social function measured with TALE would be associated with the social function ratings of specific memories, especially for the positive memories. Finally, directive function measured with TALE would be associated with the directive function ratings of specific memories, especially for the negative memories. We also aimed to explore the role of excited memories, and expected significant relationships for self and social functions, similar to positive memories. Method Participants The sample was 300 Psychology students (246 females; 82%) from three different universities in Türkiye. An additional nine participants who did not meet the inclusion criteria were removed from the study: Two participants were older than 30 (above the age criteria); another four participants failed the “attention check” questions; three participants filled out the questionnaires but did not answer any of the memory questions. The participants who wrote one or two memories remained in the sample. The age range of the final sample was 18–28 ( M = 21.24, SD = 1.44). The students completed the study for extra course credits. Measures Autobiographical Memory Questions We asked a set of open-ended and single item rating questions about autobiographical memories based on previous research (Berntsen and Rubin 2006 ; Bluck et al. 2005 ; Rasmussen and Berntsen 2009 ). We asked three open-ended questions about memories of events that were emotionally positive, negative, and exciting. As a part of a larger project, the participants were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions. In the first condition (i.e., near event condition), the participants were asked to write about one emotionally positive and one emotionally negative event which happened within the last 6 months. In the second condition (i.e., far event condition), the participants were asked to write about one emotionally positive and one emotionally negative event which was prior than 6 months. All participants from two conditions were finally asked to write about one exciting event without time restriction. The timing of the event was beyond the scope of the current study and was not addressed in the rest of the paper 1 . The participants answered a list of follow-up questions for each memory addressing the emotional valence and the three functions (i.e., self, social, directive) of memories. All questions were modified or derived from previous studies. The self function was measured with three questions: centrality, identity, and self-continuity. These items were rated on a 5-point Likert scale: The first question of the self function was adapted from the Centrality of Events Scale (Berntsen and Rubin 2006 ) and asked how important the event was in a person's life. The second question of the self function asked whether the event has become part of one's identity (Burnell et al. 2020 ; Rasmussen and Berntsen 2009 ). The last question was about the self-continuity dimension of self function which was adapted from TALE (Bluck et al. 2005 ). There was one open-ended question measuring the social function: the participants reported how frequently they share these memories with others. Finally, there were two questions, which were modified from Rasmussen and Berntsen ( 2009 ), measuring directive function on a 5-point Likert scale. These items focused on whether the event was used to solve current and future problems, separately. We also asked an open-ended question about the purpose of sharing memories with others. We aimed to investigate the functions in the social context in an exploratory way. Memory probes and follow-up questions can be seen in Appendix A. Thinking about Life Experiences Questionnaire (TALE) This scale was developed by Bluck et al. ( 2005 ) to assess functions of autobiographical memory. There were 28 items presented with a 6-point Likert scale ranging from never (1) to very frequently (6). The participants answered each item after reading the stem statement: “I think back over or talk about my life or certain periods of my life...”. Ten items assess directive function (e.g., When I want to make plans for the future), ten items assess self function (e.g., When I want to understand who I am now), and eight items assess social function (e.g., When I want to develop a closer relationship with someone). Reliability scores for each function in the original study were moderate to high, ranging from .70 to .88 (Bluck et al. 2005 ). This scale was adapted to Turkish by Sahin-Acar and Ceylan (in process). The adaptation study was conducted with undergraduate students, and Cronbach’s alpha scores were .88, .87, .88 for directive, self, and social functions, respectively. For the current study, Cronbach's alpha values ranged between .81 and .87. Procedure Ethical approval (Approval number: 237-ODTU-2020) was obtained from the Ethics Committee in [University name masked for review]. Data collection took place between December 2020 and June 2021, which corresponded to the COVID-19 pandemic. Students participated in the study through Qualtrics, an online data collection platform. First, they filled the Autobiographical Memory Questions and related follow-up items. Then, they answered a set of questionnaires including TALE as well as demographic information questions at the end. Coding All memory narratives for three emotional events, and the questions regarding the frequency and purpose of sharing were coded. The authors of the paper and an independent research assistant who was unaware of the study aims coded the data. The raters first coded a portion of the data together for training, and then 20% of the data independently for interrater reliability with all disagreements resolved by discussion. After reaching a consensus and obtaining an acceptable interrater reliability, main coders completed the coding of the remaining data. Reliability analyses for continuous variables were performed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) indices, specifically a two-way random-effects model with absolute agreement and single measures. For categorical variables, reliability was assessed using Cohen’s Kappa for agreement. Thematic categories The narratives were first summarized with a few keywords. Then, these keywords were grouped into a list of more specific categories which reflected the main themes mentioned in the memories. The themes and their frequencies have been reported in the Results section. Coders achieved a high agreement with a Cohen’s kappa of .86 for thematic categories. The functions of narratives The coding scheme developed by Waters et al. ( 2014 ) was used in order to examine the functions of the narratives. Each narrative was coded on a 4-point scale ranging from 0 to 3 for self, social, and directive functions (see Appendix B, for sample narratives). For self function, the narratives were evaluated in terms of self-related aspects such as self-esteem, identity, and self-understanding. Social function included themes such as how much individuals value relationships or enhance closeness by recounting events. Directive function mainly focused on whether a change in behavior had occurred after the event and if so, how these behavioral changes occur in different contexts. Only for the function coding scheme, each dimension was coded mainly by one of the authors of the paper and the independent research assistant. The other author acted as the second coder. Therefore, two reliability scores were reported for content coded functions. ICC values were .63 and .68 for self function, and .72 and .80. for social function. For the directive function, one ICC value was .83 and the other ICC value could not be calculated because all the scores were 0, and this situation shows 100% agreement between the coders. These three variables were labeled as content coded functions in the rest of the paper. The frequency of sharing memories Participants’ answers for this open-ended question were coded into a 5-point scale, as “0” being the lowest and “4” being the highest frequency of sharing. A score of 0 shows never sharing the event or just telling the event immediately after its happening to another person yet does not reflect a reminiscing (e.g., “never shared” or “shared only once”). A score of 1 shows sharing the event very rarely (e.g., “1–2 times”, “a couple of times”, “once a year”). A score of 2 reflects sharing the event infrequently (e.g., “rarely”, “not frequently”, “every 3–4 months”, and “when asked”). A score of 3 reflects sharing the event every now and then (e.g., “sometimes”, “occasionally”, and “every 1–2 months”). Finally, a score of 4 indicates frequent sharing of the event (e.g., “often”, “everyday”, and “1–2 times a week”). ICC value was .94 for this coding scheme. The purpose of sharing memories This coding scheme was adapted from previous research using both top-down and bottom-up processes (Kulkofsky et al. 2010 ; Li and Wang 2004 ; McLean 2005 ) that evaluate participants’ purpose of sharing their memories with others. First, participants who never shared their memories were removed. Then, each distinct purpose for sharing was identified using the bottom-up process. These purposes reflected self, social, and directive functions, as well as emotion regulation function, based on the top-down approach. Coders achieved an acceptable agreement with Cohen's kappa of .75. The themes and their frequencies have been reported in the Results section. Results Data Analysis Approach The overall purpose of the current study was to examine the relationships between the general use of autobiographical memory functions and functions of specific autobiographical memories. We tested whether self, social, and directive functions of TALE predict self-reported single items and coding scheme based evaluations of functions of specific autobiographical memories. Before running the main analyses, we first reported descriptive analyses of memory content and purpose of sharing. We then performed bivariate correlations among study variables. To test the main hypotheses, we performed a set of multivariate regression analyses separately for emotional valence of the memories (i.e., positive, negative, and excited). The main findings were presented following descriptive analyses. All relevant statistical values can be seen in Tables 1-6. All analyses were performed with SPSS 26 (IBM Corp. 2019), R (R Core Team 2020), RStudio (Rstudio Team 2020) and lavaan package (Rosseel 2012). Preliminary analyses Descriptive statistics and thematic content A total of 857 memory narratives were obtained. Table 1 represents the distribution of thematic content across memory types (positive, negative, excited, total). We first checked the emotional valence of the three types of memories. Memories of positive events had the highest positive emotional valence ( M = 4.65, SD = .62, range [1-5]). This was followed by memories of exciting events ( M = 3.86, SD = 1.24). Memories of negative events had the lowest positive emotional valence ( M = 1.46, SD = .79). Regarding the content of the memories, 19 categories emerged. A small portion of the memories were missing (4.8%) or grouped under “other” (3.6%). The largest proportion (9.1%) of all memories had content that corresponded to ‘fulfillment and efforts for personal development’. In this category, participants mostly talked about personal achievements, successes, and positive developments (e.g., starting to work, picking up a new hobby, getting a drivers’ license). This category was almost equally observed in positive and excited memories. Following categories were ‘romantic relationships and break-ups’ (8.1%) and ‘academic life’ (7.6%). The former was mostly observed in negative memories whereas the latter was similarly distributed across all memory types. ‘Academic life’ category was mostly about passing or failing an important exam, getting acceptance for Erasmus, exchange, or a scholarship. Following these, participants talked about ‘leisure activities and vacations’ (7.3%), and the process of ‘getting into the university’ (6.1%). The most frequent themes were ‘birthday surprises and celebrations’ and ‘leisure activities and vacations’ for positive memories; ‘romantic relationships and break-ups’ and ‘interpersonal relationship problems’ for negative memories; ‘fulfillment and effort for personal development’ and ‘university exam’ for excited memories. --Table 1-- Purpose of sharing The current study asked participants the reasons for sharing the memories of positive, negative, and exciting events with others and how frequently they have done this (see Table 2). The answers revealed purposes such as ‘sharing emotions’, ‘bonding’, ‘explaining the event or providing more details’, ‘helping others’, ‘feeling better’, ‘focusing on the problem and/or the solution’, ‘self-validation/self-understanding’, and ‘remembering/reminiscing’. These purposes were grouped under five main categories; three of these categories corresponded to functions of memories as outlined by Bluck et al. (2005), as well as emotion regulation, and a nonfunctional reason. ‘Sharing emotions’, ‘bonding’, ‘explaining the event or providing more details’, and ‘helping others’ were categorized as social function which seemed to be the most frequent reason for sharing memories (50.7%). ‘Feeling better’ was categorized as the emotion regulation function following the arguments in prior research (Wang et al. 2015; Wolf and Demiray 2019), and appeared as the second most common reason for sharing (12.7%). ‘Focusing on the problem and/or the solution’ reflected the directive function, and it was the third most common purpose (4.7%). Finally, ‘self-validation/self-understanding’ purposes were categorized as self function (2.9%). We also identified a nonfunctional purpose (1.5%), ‘remembering/reminiscing’, since the answers did not fit into any function category above but were told only for the sake of remembering the event. Most answers (72.5%) included only one distinct purpose such as ‘to explain myself’, yet some answers (9%) indicated multiple purposes (e.g., ‘to explain myself’ and ‘to ease my pain’). These purposes were interpreted as equally important. Thus the coders decided to keep multiple purpose categories for those answers. In addition to this, an important portion of memories were not shared with others (13.6%) or were missing (4.9%). Distribution analyses showed that the most common purposes were ‘sharing emotions’ and ‘bonding’ for positive memories; ‘feeling better’ and ‘explaining the event or providing more details’ for negative memories; and ‘sharing emotions’ and ‘explaining the event or providing more details’ for excited memories. Our final observation was that the participants were more likely to avoid sharing their memories when the events had a negative valence. --Table 2-- Main analyses Bivariate relationships among study variables Bivariate analyses were performed to test the relationships among study variables. Briefly, all TALE functions were positively correlated with each other. Moreover, TALE self was positively related to the self-continuity item in negative and excited memories. TALE social was positively related to the frequency of sharing item in positive and negative memories. TALE directive was positively related to the current and future problem solving items across all memory types. All relationships can be seen in Tables 3-4-5. --Tables 3-4-5-- Multivariate regression analysis We performed multivariate regression analyses to see the role of self, social, and directive functions of TALE in single item and content coded function evaluations of specific memories. Self, social, and directive functions from TALE were entered as predictors. Six follow-up questions (3 self, 1 social, 2 directive) and two content coded dimensions (self, social [directive coding was removed due to low frequency]) were entered as outcome variables. We reported chi square and chi square ratio statistics ([CSRS], chi square/df; values should be < 2; Tabachnik and Fidell 2007) since chi square is highly susceptible to sample size. Table 6 shows all relevant relationships and beta values. To start, all TALE functions were significantly and positively related to each other. Regarding positive memories, the model represented a good fit, χ 2 (16) = 22.23, p > .05, CSRS = 1.39. Self function of TALE marginally and positively predicted self-continuity and content coded self function. Social function of TALE positively predicted the frequency of sharing. Directive function of TALE positively predicted both current and future problems. Regarding negative memories, the model represented a good fit, χ 2 (16) = 7.73, p > .05, CSRS = .48. Self function of TALE positively predicted self-continuity. Social function of TALE positively predicted the frequency of sharing. In addition, the directive function of TALE positively and strongly predicted current and future problems. Finally, for excited memories, the model represented a good fit, χ 2 (16) = 23.56, p > .05, CSRS = 1.47. Self function of TALE positively predicted self-continuity. Social function of TALE did not predict any of the outcomes whereas the directive function of TALE positively predicted current and future problems. --Table 6-- Discussion The results of the current study showed that general use of autobiographical memory functions were related to only self-rated specific memory functions. Self function predicted only self-continuity dimension, whereas social function predicted only sharing dimension. Directive function predicted current and future problems dimensions. These relationships among memory functions were dependent on the emotional valence of the memory. In the remainder of the Discussion, the findings related to the thematic content of the memories, purpose of sharing those experiences with others, and the relationships among memory functions for positive, negative, and excited memories were discussed. Content of the memories The top five categories for all memory types were ‘fulfillment and personal efforts’, ‘romantic relationships and break-ups’, ‘academic life’, ‘leisure activities and vacations’, and ‘getting into university’. For positive events, the most frequent categories were ‘birthday surprises and celebrations’, ‘leisure activities and vacations’, and ‘fulfillment and personal efforts’. For negative events, the most frequent categories were ‘romantic relationship problems and break-ups’, ‘interpersonal relationship problems’, and ‘family problems’. For exciting events, the most frequent categories were ‘fulfillment and personal efforts’, ‘getting into university’, and ‘leisure activities and vacations’. This analysis highlights several important points. First, reported life events were consistent with the content identified in other studies with young adults (e.g., Schlagman et al. 2006 ) and in life script studies (Berntsen and Rubin 2004 ). Second, more than half of the content of negative memories involved others or relationship problems. This aligns with findings of the studies from different cultural contexts. Positive events were remembered more in the context of self, whereas negative events were recalled more in the context of others and relationships (Kara et al. 2024 ; Pillemer et al. 2007 ; Zaragoza-Scherman et al. 2023). Third, excited memories included content overlapping with both positive and negative memories; however, positive and excited memories had a greater resemblance. This was particularly the case for the most frequent events in excited memories; they fall between positive and negative events on the emotional valence spectrum, but are somewhat closer to positive events. Purpose of sharing The participants reported a variety of reasons for sharing their experiences that largely overlapped the operationalization of functions identified in previous work (Bluck et al. 2005 ; Kulkofsky et al. 2009 ; Webster 1993 ). We observed five main categories: social function, emotion regulation, directive function, self function, and reminiscing without a clear purpose. Among these, social function was the most frequent reason for sharing which is in line with the literature (Kulkofsky et al. 2010 ; Stone et al. 2022 ). The primary function of autobiographical memories is considered to be social because memories hold value when shared with others (Nelson 1993 ). Participants used this opportunity to exchange emotions, bond with others, share personal information to create common ground, and help others. Another reason for sharing these experiences was to regulate emotions by down-regulating negative feelings and intensifying positive feelings. Participants particularly used negative events for emotion regulation purposes. In fact, emotion regulation and autobiographical memory remembering are mutual processes where remembering memories help emotion regulation and regulated emotions enhance encoding and retrieving processes (Pascuzzi and Smorti 2017 ). The current study evidences the former relationship. Directive and self functions were relatively less frequent in participants’ answers. This was similar to earlier findings. For instance, Kulkofsky and colleagues ( 2010 ) found that self function had the lowest overall frequency compared to other functional and nonfunctional explanations, and directive and self functions together had the lowest frequency across different recall contexts. The use of directive function is generally not conscious and less purposeful (Pillemer 2003 ). Individuals might not explicitly express using their memories for problem-solving and decision-making purposes, even though they use them for such reasons. This can explain the infrequent reports of directive function in the current study. Similarly, self function was identified in only a small portion of participants’ answers. Even with these small percentages, participants aimed to reflect on themselves, understand who they are, and seek approval from others by sharing these memories. Self function in fact tends to be observed more frequently as one of the memory sharing purposes (Klug et al. 2024 ; McLean 2005 ). However, participants in such studies answered memory prompts more tightly attached to themselves, such as self-defining memories (McLean 2005 ) or tattoo event memories (Klug et al. 2024 ). The relationships among the functions We aimed to examine how individuals’ general tendency to use their memories for self, social and directive purposes predicts their specific uses of autobiographical memories. Findings revealed significant relationships between self, social, and directive functions and functions of specific memories, particularly for the self-rated (i.e., single items) dimensions. Specifically, the self function in TALE predicted self-continuity aspect of negative and excited memories; the social function in TALE predicted the frequency of sharing positive and negative memories; and the directive function in TALE predicted how much positive, negative, and excited memories are used for current and future problem solving. We speculate that people with a greater understanding of why they remember their memories in general can also evaluate their specific memories with a more functional purpose. Furthermore, this relationship may manifest more strongly when general and specific uses of memories are measured using a similar approach. For example, Bluck and colleagues ( 2005 ) suggested that the self function in TALE focuses only on self-continuity and does not exhaustively encompass all self-concepts. Our findings also confirm the overlap between the self function in TALE and the self-continuity aspect of specific memories. A similar trend was observed in social function. The social function characterizes the active use of memories for relational purposes in an interaction with the other person, and does not necessarily focus on the memory content (Alea and Bluck 2003 ). However, the coding scheme is more representative of social function when the memory itself is explicitly about relationships, so it may not capture the closeness that arises from sharing memories with others. Consequently, we observed the role of TALE social function in the frequency of sharing memories but not in the content-coded social function. For the directive function, strong positive relationships between TALE directive and two single items were observed. This is heavily dependent on the similarity between single item questions and TALE items. However, we were unable to make any observations for the relationship between TALE directive and content-coded directive function since the content-coded directive function was rarely identified and not included in the analysis. This might be related to the rigorous focus of the coding scheme on behavioral change (Waters et al. 2014 ). Taken together, when measured with similar methods such as self-ratings focusing on the same aspects, general uses of memories predicted functions of specific memories. One advantage of the current study was to extend the memory research to excited memories and findings highlighted the complex nature of them. Even though excitement is identified as a positive and highly intense emotion (Talarico et al. 2004 ), excited memories did not always resemble positive memories. To start with, similar patterns of relationships were observed for the self function in both excited and negative memories. Exciting and negative experiences may both create salient reference points for individuals, contributing to a sense of self-continuity. For instance, remembering highly intense negative memories was an important context for improving self-continuity (Wolf et al. 2021 ). Second, excited memories had similarities with both positive and negative memories for directive function, indicating that the intensity of excitement can evoke strong motivations or actions and lead to direct behaviors. Third, excited memories were not similar to either positive or negative memories for social function, which points to the idea that intense excitement may not always be a socially shared experience or sharing excited memories may not enhance the social bonds as other emotional experiences do. As shown by these findings, there was no consistent pattern for excited memories. This supports the idea that excited memories have a more complex nature compared to positive and negative memories. The complexity of excitement may be attributed to its higher levels of emotional valence and intensity. The work of Wolf and colleagues ( 2021 ) yielded similar results, suggesting the role of the interplay between emotional valence and intensity. Based on these findings, to reach more definitive conclusions, future studies should target various emotions with different levels of valence and intensity (e.g., happiness as high in pleasure and intensity, and calmness as high in pleasure but low in arousal; see Talarico et al. 2004 for more emotions). Limitations and Conclusion There are several limitations of the current study. First, we asked the memories in the same order, which is likely to create an order effect. In particular, excited memories always came at the end, and this might have affected how participants narrated their excited memories. Yet we did not observe a specific pattern that the narration and ratings of excited memories were dampened or enhanced due to its position in the questionnaire, but the results should be interpreted with caution. Second, the current study is one of the first to expand the memories into different emotional contexts; however, it is still limited to positive, negative, and excited states. Including more emotions with different levels of intensity would broaden our understanding. Third, even though we had high and acceptable inter-coder reliability for some codings, there were some dimensions where we could not achieve that. In addition, we did not observe frequent directive function usage in participants’ memory narratives. There might be a need for more sensitive function coding for memories with different emotional content. Another option might be to use more specific and to-the-point memory prompts so that narratives could be more elaborated on the use of functions. Lastly, we collected self-report data from a group of psychology students, which might limit the generalizability of the findings. The current study is important in the sense that multiple measurements of functions were used simultaneously. The findings showed that different measures of functions were related to each other to some extent. These relationships were observed based on two things. First, whether the content and the definition of self-reports, single items, and coding dimensions aligned. Second, what kind of emotional content was addressed in the memory. Another advantage of the current study was obtaining participants’ own perspectives about the purpose and frequency of sharing memories through open-ended questions. The content coding developed from participants’ answers for the purpose of sharing was in line with the overall function discussions. Lastly, this study expanded the range of emotions studied in the memory literature. Future studies should push the boundaries of memory content to this extent with more refined memory prompts. Declarations Acknowledgement The authors thank research assistant ŞV [name masked for review] for their help with data transcription and coding. They also extend a special note of appreciation to the college students who took part in this research. Declaration of Conflicting Interests The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author, [initials masked for review]. The data are not publicly available due to containing information that could compromise the privacy of research participants. Patient Consent Statement The authors confirm that participants have given informed consent to participate in the research. Author Contribution D.K. and N.E.P. designed the study, collected data, performed the analyses, and wrote the main manuscript text. All authors reviewed the manuscript. References Alea N, Bluck S (2003). Why are you telling me that? A conceptual model of the social function of autobiographical memory. Memory , 11 (2), 165-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/741938207 Alea N, Arneaud M J, Ali S (2013). The quality of self, social, and directive memories: Are there adult age group differences?. 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Tables Table 1 List of themes across memories Themes Positive Memories Frequency (%) Negative Memories Frequency (%) Excited Memories Frequency (%) Total Memories Frequency (%) Fulfillment and efforts for personal development 37 (12.3%) - 45 (15%) 82 (9.1%) Romantic relationship problems-break ups - 68 (22.7%) 5 (1.7%) 73 (8.1%) Academic life 30 (10%) 20 (6.7%) 18 (6%) 68 (7.6%) Leisure activities and vacations 40 (13.3%) - 26 (8.7%) 66 (7.3%) Getting into university 28 (9.3%) - 27 (9%) 55 (6.1%) Romantic developments/events 29 (9.7%) - 25 (8.3%) 54 (6%) Interpersonal relationship problems - 48 (16%) 1 (0.3%) 49 (5.4%) Birthday surprises and celebrations 46 (15.3%) - 2 (0.7%) 48 (5.3%) University exam - - 42 (14%) 42 (4.7%) Death (family members and others) - 39 (13%) 1 (0.3%) 40 (4.4%) Family problems - 40 (13.3%) - 40 (4.4%) Relationships and social support 29 (9.7%) - 10 (3.3%) 39 (4.3%) Physical and psychological health problems - 37 (12.3%) 5 (1.7%) 42 (4.7%) Expansion of the family 23 (7.75) - 11 (3.7%) 34 (3.8%) First romantic experiences - - 25 (8.3%) 25 (2.8%) Accidents and traumatic experiences - 18 (6%) 6 (2%) 24 (2.7%) Performing in public - - 21 (7%) 21 (2.3%) Covid related stress - 15 (5%) - 15 (1.7%) Health 8 (2.7%) - - 8 (.9%) Other 14 (4.7%) 9 (3%) 9 (3%) 32 (3.6%) Missing 16 (5.3%0 6 (2%) 21 (7%) 43 (4.8%) Table 2 Frequency of purpose for sharing Purpose of sharing Frequency (%) in positive memories Frequency (%) in negative memories Frequency (%) in excited memories Frequency (%) in all memories Sharing emotions - social 152 (50.6%) 18 (6%) 120 (40%) 290 (32.2%) Bonding - social 14 (4.7%) 23 (7.7%) 11 (3.7%) 48 (5.3%) Explaining the event or providing more details - social 27 (9%) 29 (9.7%) 46 (15.3%) 102 (11.3%) Helping others - social 6 (2%) 5 (1.7%) 6 (2%) 17 (1.9%) Feeling better - emotion regulation 7 (2.3%) 79 (26.3%) 28 (9.3%) 114 (12.7%) Focusing on the problem and/or the solution - directive 7 (2.3%) 24 (8%) 11 (3.7%) 42 (4.7%) Self-validation/self-understanding - self 8 (2.7%) 12 (4%) 6 (2%) 26 (2.9%) Remembering/reminiscing 6 (2%) - 8 (2.7%) 14 (1.5%) Not shared 35 (11.7%) 73 (24.3%) 14 (4.7%) 122 (13.6%) Multiple purpose 20 (6.7%) 28 (9.3%) 33 (11%) 81 (9%) Missing 18 (6%) 9 (3%) 17 (5.6%) 44 (4.9%) Table 3 Bivariate relations among study variables for positive memories [N = 276-284] 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Mean (SD) 1- TALE Self .41** .62** -.02 .03 .09 .11 .08 .08 .12 -.02 3.52 (.66) 2- TALE Social 1 .41** -.03 .01 .07 .08 .06 .21** .08 -.02 3.58 (.74) 3- TALE Directive 1 .13* .09 .14* .20** .24** .04 .09 .07 3.59 (.63) 4- Centrality 1 .51** .43** .44** .42** .16** .34** -.15** 3.89 (1.17) 5- Identity 1 .48** .45** .47** .18** .27** -.09 3.48 (1.20) 6- Self-continuity 1 .58** .52** .20** .35** -.11 2.87 (1.47) 7- Current problems 1 .72** .25** .34** -.10 2.80 (1.39) 8- Future problems 1 .23** .24** -.09 3.13 (1.41) 9- Frequency of sharing 1 .04 .07 2.23 (1.19) 10- Self function 1 -.22** .98 (1.06) 11- Social function 1 1.08 (.94) Note. Variables were measured with TALE [1-3], single items [4-9], and content coding [10-11]. ** p < .01, * p < .05 Table 4 Bivariate relations among study variables for negative memories [N = 277-294] 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Mean (SD) 1- TALE Self .41** .62** .07 .07 .20** .29** .27** .14* .02 -.01 3.52 (.66) 2- TALE Social 1 .41** .06 .06 .04 .15* .13* .18** .01 -.04 3.58 (.74) 3- TALE Directive 1 .09 .05 .15* .40** .39** .09 .01 -.05 3.59 (.63) 4- Centrality 1 .46** .39** .35** .29** .18** .13* .13* 3.88 (1.14) 5- Identity 1 .37** .23** .31** .06 .08 .02 3.13 (1.31) 6- Self-continuity 1 .48** .34** .15* .18** -.02 2.93 (1.43) 7- Current problems 1 .63** .11 .15* -.01 3.09 (1.36) 8- Future problems 1 .10 .15** -.00 3.29 (1.35) 9- Frequency of sharing 1 -.01 -.02 1.74 (1.27) 10- Self function 1 -.06 .73 (.95) 11- Social function 1 .56 (.79) Note. Variables were measured with TALE [1-3], single items [4-9], and content coding [10-11]. ** p < .01, * p < .05 Table 5 Bivariate relations among study variables for excited memories [N = 274-283] 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Mean (SD) 1- TALE Self .41** .62** .06 .06 .19** .06 .09 .05 .05 .01 3.52 (.66) 2- TALE Social 1 .41** .11 .07 .05 .05 .09 .08 .09 .04 3.58 (.74) 3- TALE Directive 1 .20** .13* .20** .24** .27** .08 .08 -.07 3.59 (.63) 4- Centrality 1 .44** .51** .41** .46** .11 .21** .04 3.87 (1.19) 5- Identity 1 .49** .40** .43** .08 .20** -.03 3.44 (1.24) 6- Self-continuity 1 .45** .44** .02 .14* -.02 3.10 (1.44) 7- Current problems 1 .73** .12* .20** -.12* 2.69 (1.36) 8- Future problems 1 .15* .23** -.14* 3.06 (1.41) 9- Frequency of sharing 1 .14* -.06 1.83 (1.09) 10- Self function 1 -.13* .77 (.91) 11- Social function 1 .46 (.77) Note. Variables were measured with TALE [1-3], single items [4-9], and content coding [10-11]. ** p < .01, * p < .05 Table 6 Multivariate regression analyses for positive, negative, and excited memories, respectively Regressions Positive memories Negative Memories Excited Memories Predictor Outcome Estimate se Estimate se Estimate se TALE Self Self 1 - Centrality -.04 .10 .07 .10 .14 .10 Self 2 - Identity .06 .10 .15 .12 .15 .11 Self 3 - Self-continuity .21† .12 .34** .12 .43** .12 Self 4- Content coded .17† .09 .02 .09 .08 .08 TALE Social Social 1 - Sharing .35** .09 .29** .10 .14 .09 Social 2 - Content coded -.01 .08 -.05 .06 .05 .06 TALE Directive Directive 1 - Current problems .33** .11 .78** .11 .37** .11 Directive 2 - Future problems .44** .12 .77** .11 .45** .12 Covariances Estimate se Estimate se Estimate se TALE Self - TALE Directive .23** .03 .25** .03 .26** .03 TALE Self - TALE Social .18** .03 .21** .03 .20** .03 TALE Social - TALE Directive .17** .03 .19** .03 .18** .03 ** p < .01, * p < .05, † p < .10 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Important steps have been taken subsequently to enhance our understanding of why people remember their past experiences (Bluck et al. 2019). Current research suggests a tripartite model in which autobiographical memories serve three crucial functions: self, social, and directive (Bluck et al. 2005; Cohen 1998; Hyman and Faries 1992; Nelson 1993; Pillemer 1992). The self function uses memories to build a sense of personal continuity and to shape one\u0026rsquo;s self-concept by exploring \u0026apos;Who am I?\u0026apos; (Baddeley 1988; Conway 1996; Habermas and Bluck 2000). The social function involves using autobiographical memory to foster connections with others and form enduring, intimate relationships (Alea and Bluck 2003; Nelson 1993; Pillemer 1992). The directive function involves employing one\u0026rsquo;s memories to guide current behaviors and make future decisions (Baddeley 1988; Pillemer 2003). Prior studies revealed that self, social, and directive functions emerge to different extents in memories with different emotional valence or intensity (Rasmussen and Berntsen 2009).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo date, various measures have been developed to assess the general use of these functions (e.g., Thinking about Life Experiences [TALE] Questionnaire; Bluck and Alea 2011) as well as the functions of specific memories (e.g., Pillemer et al. 2015; Steiner 2024). The assessment of functions of specific memories has been conducted using full scales (e.g., Steiner 2024), single items (e.g., Pillemer et al. 2015), or narrative content coding (Camia et al. 2023; Waters et al. 2014). These different measures approach functions of memory with slightly different conceptualizations. Yet, there are only a few studies that simultaneously adopt these different methods (e.g., Camia et al. 2024). Thus, the current study aims to take a comprehensive approach by examining how the general use of self, social, and directive functions as measured with TALE predicts the functions of specific memories as measured with coding schemes and participants\u0026rsquo; self-evaluations. In addition, this study aims to expand the literature by considering other emotions with different levels of intensity, such as excitement, and understanding their functions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunctions of Autobiographical Memories\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe functional approach to autobiographical memory explores why people remember and in which ways memory retrieval is adaptive for humans. Bluck et al. (2005) address two crucial elements in the definition of function, i.e., \u003cem\u003euse\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eadaptivity\u003c/em\u003e. Beike et al. (2020) expand this definition and add one more element, which is the \u003cem\u003eneed\u003c/em\u003e. Briefly, individuals \u003cem\u003euse\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eautobiographical memories when they \u003cem\u003eneed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eit for self, social, and directive purposes, and the use of memories leads to \u003cem\u003eadaptive\u003c/em\u003e outcomes such as increased intimacy between partners. Along with these arguments and empirical work, researchers have formulated different sets of functions. Hyman and Faries (1992) suggested that autobiographical memory serves ten important functions, whereas Webster (1993; 2003) developed the Reminiscence Function Scale (RFS), uncovering eight functions. Lastly, Bluck and Alea (2009; 2011) proposed a tripartite model consisting of self-continuity, social-bonding, and directing-behavior functions. This conceptualization has been widely accepted, and used in the current research, as well.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSelf function describes individuals\u0026rsquo; use of their memories to create a clear sense of self and provide self-continuity (Bluck and Alea 2009). Individuals establish self-continuity by extending the self over time, feeling a connection between past and present, and recognizing that the core aspects of the self remain the same across time (Sedikides et al. 2015). Self function also becomes more adaptive when creating an identity, particularly for young adults (Bluck and Alea 2010). Social function refers to the use of memories to facilitate new relationships by sharing past experiences with one another (Beike et al. 2020). More importantly, it helps create enduring and intimate relationships among individuals (Alea and Bluck 2003). Prior research revealed how sharing personal memories leads to greater feelings of closeness, even in hypothetical situations (Guan and Wang 2022). The directive function refers to the use of memory for problem-solving and guiding behaviors (Pillemer 2003). Pillemer and Kuwabara (2012) put a specific emphasis on the directive function due to its survival value although some research suggests that directive functions are observed less frequently compared to other functions (Hyman and Faries 1992; Waters et al. 2014; Wong and Watt 1991). However, these studies may lack the optimal questions to elicit recollections of memory for directive functions (Pilllemer 2003). In other words, it may not solely be about the infrequent use of directive functions but rather be related to methodological issues.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasurement of Autobiographical Memory Functions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaires have predominantly been used to measure autobiographical memory functions, with several instruments developed for this purpose, to date (e.g., TALE by Bluck et al. 2005; RFS by Webster 1993). For example, TALE, considered the most commonly used measure, assesses self, social, and directive functions through a 28-item scale (see, Bluck and Alea 2011, for short version). Various studies of different cultures and age groups (Maki et al. 2015; Vranic et al. 2018) have contributed to validating the psychometric properties of TALE and refining the definition of each factor. For instance, subsequent research by Bluck and Alea (2011) underscored the emphasis on the self-continuity aspect within the self function. Additionally, Rasmussen and Habermas (2011) provided a comprehensive discussion of the social function such that TALE\u0026apos;s dimension of \u003cem\u003enurturing\u003c/em\u003e relationships, corresponding to sharing memories with others, might be better represented compared to the dimension of \u003cem\u003edeveloping\u003c/em\u003e relationships. Moreover, the directive function, which primarily focuses on guiding behavior, may not consistently differentiate itself from aspects of the self function (Harris et al. 2014). Whereas self-reported TALE offers a participant-centric perspective on measuring autobiographical memory functions and is practical to collect, there remains a need for in-depth investigation into these functions and exploring the relationships between different function measures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWaters et al. (2014) highlighted limitations in using questionnaire-based measures for assessing autobiographical memory functions. Firstly, individuals may not consciously recognize that their memories serve specific functions. Secondly, reports obtained via questionnaires can be biased, as responders might struggle to accurately estimate their use of memories for these purposes. Lastly, the nature of questionnaire-based measurement itself is inherently restrictive. Waters et al. (2014) alternatively suggested incorporating narrative assessments of individuals\u0026apos; use of functions to create a more comprehensive and ecologically valid measure. This approach allows for integrating information obtained through different methods. With regard to this, Waters et al. (2014) developed a coding scheme to identify the functions in memory narratives. The self-function scheme focuses on details related to self-esteem, identity, and self-understanding within the narrative. The social function scheme assesses the significance of relationships portrayed in the narrative and whether recalling the event enhances closeness between individuals. The directive function scheme focuses on behavioral changes following the event. Their results revealed positive correlations between single-item measures and narrative coding for self and social functions. This work represents an important endeavor as it incorporates multiple methodologies. The current study takes a step further by assessing functions using three different measures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is not uncommon to employ multiple methods to measure functions. As stated earlier, one commonly used method is to ask follow-up questions for each specific memory. For instance, Rasmussen and Berntsen (2009) developed their own set of follow-up questions which is used to understand for which purposes people remember those memories. In another study, Boytos and Costabile (2023) asked participants to report their daily goals for sharing specific memories via single items derived from TALE. Employing multiple methods for function measurement can offer several advantages. For example, directive functions might be challenging to reveal only with measures like TALE, as individuals might not be consciously aware of using them. However, both specific and general memories can contain rich directive functions (Sheldon et al. 2019). Generic events, for instance, serve as a context for directive function as they are rich in details of routines and guide future behaviors. Other studies support this perspective, highlighting the need for a closer examination of functions through an event-related approach. The current study aims to address this gap by examining emotionally positive, negative, and exciting events to gain insight into various functions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional Valence and Autobiographical Memory Functions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmotional valence of autobiographical memories is one of the main contexts to investigate memory functions. Converging findings from the literature showed that emotionally-positive memories serve for the social function more than emotionally-negative memories (Demiray and Freund 2015; McLean and Lilgendahl 2008; Rasmussen and Berntsen 2009; Rasmussen and Berntsen 2013; Wasti et al. 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWolf and Demiray 2019). Similarly, memories that were remembered or shared for social bonding purposes were highest on positivity compared to memories remembered for self and directive purposes (Alea et al. 2013). Yet, there are other studies that did not find a difference between positive and negative memories in terms of social function. For instance, Wolf et al. (2021) conceptualized social function as sharing memories with others in order to bond with them and observed that positive and negative memories served for the social function to a similar extent. Their claim was that the act of sharing memories was much more important than the emotional valence of the shared events.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is a reverse pattern of relationships for the directive function. Most of the studies found that negative memories have a greater value for guiding present or future behavior (Rasmussen and Berntse, 2009; Rasmussen and Berntsen 2013; Wolf and Demiray 2019; Wolf et al. 2021). In a similar vein, memories that were used to guide behaviors were the most negative ones compared to the memories that serve for the other functions (Alea et al. 2013). However, findings are inconclusive for some studies which focused on different contexts beyond emotional valence. For instance, the frequency of the directive function was comparable across positive and negative memories of high and low points in the life story (McLean and Lilgendahl 2008); work-related memories (Wasti et al. 2021); and flashbulb memories (Demiray and Freund 2015).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings seem to be less consistent for self function, as well. Although most of the studies found that positive memories serve for the self function more than negative memories (Rasmussen and Berntsen 2009; Rasmussen and Berntsen 2013; Wasti et al. 2021), some studies found the opposite direction (Wolf and Demiray 2019; Wolf et al. 2021), and some did not find any difference at all (Demiray and Freund 2015). Likewise, Alea and colleagues (2013) found that the memories that serve for the self-continuity function fell in between in terms of emotional valence; they were less positive than social memories and more positive than directive memories. This inconsistency in the literature might occur due to the way self function was assessed. It is possible to measure it with TALE and focus on the self-continuity aspect (Wolf et al. 2021) or with Centrality of Events Scale (CES) and focus on how much the memory was central to one\u0026rsquo;s life story (Berntsen et al. 2011; Zaragoza Scherman et al. 2015). It is also possible to use single item questions and focus on the identity aspect (Rasmussen and Berntsen 2009). The current study integrates these different conceptualizations and assessments together.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen considering the functions of memories with different emotions, most of the studies focused on the emotional valence (i.e., positive and negative). However, intensity of the emotions, which is characterized by the level of arousal, is also an important aspect. Emotions are generally categorized with valence and intensity, i.e., whether a specific emotion is pleasant or unpleasant in terms of valence, and high or low in terms of arousal. For example, happiness is pleasant and high on arousal, whereas being relaxed is pleasant but low on arousal (Russell 1980). Some of the memory research examined the role of these two dimensions in retrieval. For example, the level of intensity of the emotions predicted a greater number of autobiographical memory characteristics than emotional valence (Talarico et al. 2004). Similarly, highly arousing memories were richer in terms of retrieval characteristics compared to low arousing memories regardless of emotional valence (Ford et al. 2012). In terms of memory functions, Wolf and colleagues (2021) found that people used their highly intense negative memories for creating a sense of self-continuity. Taken together, it becomes fruitful to examine not only positive and negative memories but also emotions with different levels of intensity. Specifically, we aim to examine excited memories, as being positive on emotional valence and high on arousal (Talarico et al. 2004), in addition to positive and negative emotions, and expect a similar pattern with positive emotions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Current Study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe aims of the current study were threefold: (1) to apply different measures of functions simultaneously, i.e., TALE to assess general use of functions, content-coding and follow-up single item questions to assess specific use of functions; (2) to test the associations among three measures by examining whether the frequency of self, social, and directive functions measured with TALE predict the functions of specific memories; and (3) to test these associations by using memories with different emotional context, i.e., positive, negative, and excited. In order to achieve these aims, we asked participants to write three emotional memories and answer follow-up questions regarding the phenomenological and functional characteristics of the memories. They also answered a set of questionnaires including TALE. We then coded the memory narratives for how much they reflect self, social, and directive functions. We performed a series of multivariate regression analysis to test our hypotheses.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe first hypothesized that general use of self function measured with TALE would be associated with the self function ratings of specific memories, and we expect to observe these relationships especially for positive memories. Similarly, we hypothesized that general use of social function measured with TALE would be associated with the social function ratings of specific memories, especially for the positive memories. Finally, directive function measured with TALE would be associated with the directive function ratings of specific memories, especially for the negative memories. We also aimed to explore the role of excited memories, and expected significant relationships for self and social functions, similar to positive memories.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample was 300 Psychology students (246 females; 82%) from three different universities in T\u0026uuml;rkiye. An additional nine participants who did not meet the inclusion criteria were removed from the study: Two participants were older than 30 (above the age criteria); another four participants failed the \u0026ldquo;attention check\u0026rdquo; questions; three participants filled out the questionnaires but did not answer any of the memory questions. The participants who wrote one or two memories remained in the sample. The age range of the final sample was 18\u0026ndash;28 (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21.24, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.44). The students completed the study for extra course credits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMeasures\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAutobiographical Memory Questions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe asked a set of open-ended and single item rating questions about autobiographical memories based on previous research (Berntsen and Rubin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Bluck et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Rasmussen and Berntsen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). We asked three open-ended questions about memories of events that were emotionally positive, negative, and exciting. As a part of a larger project, the participants were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions. In the first condition (i.e., near event condition), the participants were asked to write about one emotionally positive and one emotionally negative event which happened within the last 6 months. In the second condition (i.e., far event condition), the participants were asked to write about one emotionally positive and one emotionally negative event which was prior than 6 months. All participants from two conditions were finally asked to write about one exciting event without time restriction. The timing of the event was beyond the scope of the current study and was not addressed in the rest of the paper\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The participants answered a list of follow-up questions for each memory addressing the emotional valence and the three functions (i.e., self, social, directive) of memories. All questions were modified or derived from previous studies. The self function was measured with three questions: centrality, identity, and self-continuity. These items were rated on a 5-point Likert scale: The first question of the self function was adapted from the Centrality of Events Scale (Berntsen and Rubin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) and asked how important the event was in a person's life. The second question of the self function asked whether the event has become part of one's identity (Burnell et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Rasmussen and Berntsen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). The last question was about the self-continuity dimension of self function which was adapted from TALE (Bluck et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). There was one open-ended question measuring the social function: the participants reported how frequently they share these memories with others. Finally, there were two questions, which were modified from Rasmussen and Berntsen (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), measuring directive function on a 5-point Likert scale. These items focused on whether the event was used to solve current and future problems, separately. We also asked an open-ended question about the purpose of sharing memories with others. We aimed to investigate the functions in the social context in an exploratory way. Memory probes and follow-up questions can be seen in Appendix A.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThinking about Life Experiences Questionnaire (TALE)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis scale was developed by Bluck et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) to assess functions of autobiographical memory. There were 28 items presented with a 6-point Likert scale ranging from \u003cem\u003enever\u003c/em\u003e (1) to \u003cem\u003every frequently\u003c/em\u003e (6). The participants answered each item after reading the stem statement: \u0026ldquo;I think back over or talk about my life or certain periods of my life...\u0026rdquo;. Ten items assess directive function (e.g., When I want to make plans for the future), ten items assess self function (e.g., When I want to understand who I am now), and eight items assess social function (e.g., When I want to develop a closer relationship with someone). Reliability scores for each function in the original study were moderate to high, ranging from .70 to .88 (Bluck et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). This scale was adapted to Turkish by Sahin-Acar and Ceylan (in process). The adaptation study was conducted with undergraduate students, and Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha scores were .88, .87, .88 for directive, self, and social functions, respectively. For the current study, Cronbach's alpha values ranged between .81 and .87.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eProcedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e (Approval number: 237-ODTU-2020) was obtained from the Ethics Committee in [University name masked for review]. Data collection took place between December 2020 and June 2021, which corresponded to the COVID-19 pandemic. Students participated in the study through Qualtrics, an online data collection platform. First, they filled the Autobiographical Memory Questions and related follow-up items. Then, they answered a set of questionnaires including TALE as well as demographic information questions at the end.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCoding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll memory narratives for three emotional events, and the questions regarding the frequency and purpose of sharing were coded. The authors of the paper and an independent research assistant who was unaware of the study aims coded the data. The raters first coded a portion of the data together for training, and then 20% of the data independently for interrater reliability with all disagreements resolved by discussion. After reaching a consensus and obtaining an acceptable interrater reliability, main coders completed the coding of the remaining data. Reliability analyses for continuous variables were performed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) indices, specifically a two-way random-effects model with absolute agreement and single measures. For categorical variables, reliability was assessed using Cohen\u0026rsquo;s Kappa for agreement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThematic categories\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe narratives were first summarized with a few keywords. Then, these keywords were grouped into a list of more specific categories which reflected the main themes mentioned in the memories. The themes and their frequencies have been reported in the Results section. Coders achieved a high agreement with a Cohen\u0026rsquo;s kappa of .86 for thematic categories.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe functions of narratives\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe coding scheme developed by Waters et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) was used in order to examine the functions of the narratives. Each narrative was coded on a 4-point scale ranging from 0 to 3 for self, social, and directive functions (see Appendix B, for sample narratives). For self function, the narratives were evaluated in terms of self-related aspects such as self-esteem, identity, and self-understanding. Social function included themes such as how much individuals value relationships or enhance closeness by recounting events. Directive function mainly focused on whether a change in behavior had occurred after the event and if so, how these behavioral changes occur in different contexts. Only for the function coding scheme, each dimension was coded mainly by one of the authors of the paper and the independent research assistant. The other author acted as the second coder. Therefore, two reliability scores were reported for content coded functions. ICC values were .63 and .68 for self function, and .72 and .80. for social function. For the directive function, one ICC value was .83 and the other ICC value could not be calculated because all the scores were 0, and this situation shows 100% agreement between the coders. These three variables were labeled as content coded functions in the rest of the paper.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe frequency of sharing memories\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants\u0026rsquo; answers for this open-ended question were coded into a 5-point scale, as \u0026ldquo;0\u0026rdquo; being the lowest and \u0026ldquo;4\u0026rdquo; being the highest frequency of sharing. A score of 0 shows never sharing the event or just telling the event immediately after its happening to another person yet does not reflect a reminiscing (e.g., \u0026ldquo;never shared\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;shared only once\u0026rdquo;). A score of 1 shows sharing the event very rarely (e.g., \u0026ldquo;1\u0026ndash;2 times\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;a couple of times\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;once a year\u0026rdquo;). A score of 2 reflects sharing the event infrequently (e.g., \u0026ldquo;rarely\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;not frequently\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;every 3\u0026ndash;4 months\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;when asked\u0026rdquo;). A score of 3 reflects sharing the event every now and then (e.g., \u0026ldquo;sometimes\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;occasionally\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;every 1\u0026ndash;2 months\u0026rdquo;). Finally, a score of 4 indicates frequent sharing of the event (e.g., \u0026ldquo;often\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;everyday\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;1\u0026ndash;2 times a week\u0026rdquo;). ICC value was .94 for this coding scheme.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe purpose of sharing memories\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis coding scheme was adapted from previous research using both top-down and bottom-up processes (Kulkofsky et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Li and Wang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; McLean \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) that evaluate participants\u0026rsquo; purpose of sharing their memories with others. First, participants who never shared their memories were removed. Then, each distinct purpose for sharing was identified using the bottom-up process. These purposes reflected self, social, and directive functions, as well as emotion regulation function, based on the top-down approach. Coders achieved an acceptable agreement with Cohen's kappa of .75. The themes and their frequencies have been reported in the Results section.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Analysis Approach\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe overall purpose of the current study was to examine the relationships between the general use of autobiographical memory functions and functions of specific autobiographical memories. We tested whether self, social, and directive functions of TALE predict self-reported single items and coding scheme based evaluations of functions of specific autobiographical memories. Before running the main analyses, we first reported descriptive analyses of memory content and purpose of sharing. We then performed bivariate correlations among study variables. To test the main hypotheses, we performed a set of multivariate regression analyses separately for emotional valence of the memories (i.e., positive, negative, and excited). The main findings were presented following descriptive analyses. All relevant statistical values can be seen in Tables 1-6. All analyses were performed with SPSS 26 (IBM Corp. 2019), R (R Core Team 2020), RStudio (Rstudio Team 2020) and lavaan package (Rosseel 2012).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreliminary analyses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescriptive statistics and thematic content\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 857 memory narratives were obtained. Table 1 represents the distribution of thematic content across memory types (positive, negative, excited, total). We first checked the emotional valence of the three types of memories. Memories of positive events had the highest positive emotional valence (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = 4.65, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = .62, range [1-5]). This was followed by memories of exciting events (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = 3.86, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = 1.24). Memories of negative events had the lowest positive emotional valence (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = 1.46, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = .79).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding the content of the memories, 19 categories emerged. A small portion of the memories were missing (4.8%) or grouped under “other” (3.6%). The largest proportion (9.1%) of all memories had content that corresponded to ‘fulfillment and efforts for personal development’. In this category, participants mostly talked about personal achievements, successes, and positive developments (e.g., starting to work, picking up a new hobby, getting a drivers’ license). This category was almost equally observed in positive and excited memories. Following categories were ‘romantic relationships and break-ups’ (8.1%) and ‘academic life’ (7.6%). The former was mostly observed in negative memories whereas the latter was similarly distributed across all memory types. ‘Academic life’ category was mostly about passing or failing an important exam, getting acceptance for Erasmus, exchange, or a scholarship. Following these, participants talked about ‘leisure activities and vacations’ (7.3%), and the process of ‘getting into the university’ (6.1%).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe most frequent themes were ‘birthday surprises and celebrations’ and ‘leisure activities and vacations’ for positive memories; ‘romantic relationships and break-ups’ and ‘interpersonal relationship problems’ for negative memories; ‘fulfillment and effort for personal development’ and ‘university exam’ for excited memories.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e--Table 1--\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurpose of sharing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe current study asked participants the reasons for sharing the memories of positive, negative, and exciting events with others and how frequently they have done this (see Table 2). The answers revealed purposes such as ‘sharing emotions’, ‘bonding’, ‘explaining the event or providing more details’, ‘helping others’, ‘feeling better’, ‘focusing on the problem and/or the solution’, ‘self-validation/self-understanding’, and ‘remembering/reminiscing’. These purposes were grouped under five main categories; three of these categories corresponded to functions of memories as outlined by Bluck et al. (2005), as well as emotion regulation, and a nonfunctional reason. ‘Sharing emotions’, ‘bonding’, ‘explaining the event or providing more details’, and ‘helping others’ were categorized as social function which seemed to be the most frequent reason for sharing memories (50.7%). ‘Feeling better’ was categorized as the emotion regulation function following the arguments in prior research (Wang et al. 2015; Wolf and Demiray 2019), and appeared as the second most common reason for sharing (12.7%). ‘Focusing on the problem and/or the solution’ reflected the directive function, and it was the third most common purpose (4.7%). Finally, ‘self-validation/self-understanding’ purposes were categorized as self function (2.9%). We also identified a nonfunctional purpose (1.5%), ‘remembering/reminiscing’, since the answers did not fit into any function category above but were told only for the sake of remembering the event. Most answers (72.5%) included only one distinct purpose such as ‘to explain myself’, yet some answers (9%) indicated multiple purposes (e.g., ‘to explain myself’ and ‘to ease my pain’). These purposes were interpreted as equally important. Thus the coders decided to keep multiple purpose categories for those answers. In addition to this, an important portion of memories were not shared with others (13.6%) or were missing (4.9%).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDistribution analyses showed that the most common purposes were ‘sharing emotions’ and ‘bonding’ for positive memories; ‘feeling better’ and ‘explaining the event or providing more details’ for negative memories; and ‘sharing emotions’ and ‘explaining the event or providing more details’ for excited memories. Our final observation was that the participants were more likely to avoid sharing their memories when the events had a negative valence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e--Table 2--\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMain analyses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBivariate relationships among study variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBivariate analyses were performed to test the relationships among study variables. Briefly, all TALE functions were positively correlated with each other. Moreover, TALE self was positively related to the self-continuity item in negative and excited memories. TALE social was positively related to the frequency of sharing item in positive and negative memories. TALE directive was positively related to the current and future problem solving items across all memory types. All relationships can be seen in Tables 3-4-5.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e--Tables 3-4-5--\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMultivariate regression analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe performed multivariate regression analyses to see the role of self, social, and directive functions of TALE in single item and content coded function evaluations of specific memories. Self, social, and directive functions from TALE were entered as predictors. Six follow-up questions (3 self, 1 social, 2 directive) and two content coded dimensions (self, social [directive coding was removed due to low frequency]) were entered as outcome variables. We reported chi square and chi square ratio statistics ([CSRS], chi square/df; values should be \u0026lt; 2; Tabachnik and Fidell 2007) since chi square is highly susceptible to sample size. Table 6 shows all relevant relationships and beta values.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo start, all TALE functions were significantly and positively related to each other. Regarding positive memories, the model represented a good fit, \u003cem\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(16) = 22.23, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026gt; .05, CSRS = 1.39. Self function of TALE marginally and positively predicted self-continuity and content coded self function. Social function of TALE positively predicted the frequency of sharing. Directive function of TALE positively predicted both current and future problems. Regarding negative memories, the model represented a good fit, \u003cem\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(16) = 7.73, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026gt; .05, CSRS = .48. Self function of TALE positively predicted self-continuity. Social function of TALE positively predicted the frequency of sharing. In addition, the directive function of TALE positively and strongly predicted current and future problems. Finally, for excited memories, the model represented a good fit, \u003cem\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(16) = 23.56, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026gt; .05, CSRS = 1.47. Self function of TALE positively predicted self-continuity. Social function of TALE did not predict any of the outcomes whereas the directive function of TALE positively predicted current and future problems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e--Table 6--\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of the current study showed that general use of autobiographical memory functions were related to only self-rated specific memory functions. Self function predicted only self-continuity dimension, whereas social function predicted only sharing dimension. Directive function predicted current and future problems dimensions. These relationships among memory functions were dependent on the emotional valence of the memory. In the remainder of the Discussion, the findings related to the thematic content of the memories, purpose of sharing those experiences with others, and the relationships among memory functions for positive, negative, and excited memories were discussed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eContent of the memories\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe top five categories for all memory types were \u0026lsquo;fulfillment and personal efforts\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;romantic relationships and break-ups\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;academic life\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;leisure activities and vacations\u0026rsquo;, and \u0026lsquo;getting into university\u0026rsquo;. For positive events, the most frequent categories were \u0026lsquo;birthday surprises and celebrations\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;leisure activities and vacations\u0026rsquo;, and \u0026lsquo;fulfillment and personal efforts\u0026rsquo;. For negative events, the most frequent categories were \u0026lsquo;romantic relationship problems and break-ups\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;interpersonal relationship problems\u0026rsquo;, and \u0026lsquo;family problems\u0026rsquo;. For exciting events, the most frequent categories were \u0026lsquo;fulfillment and personal efforts\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;getting into university\u0026rsquo;, and \u0026lsquo;leisure activities and vacations\u0026rsquo;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis analysis highlights several important points. First, reported life events were consistent with the content identified in other studies with young adults (e.g., Schlagman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) and in life script studies (Berntsen and Rubin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Second, more than half of the content of negative memories involved others or relationship problems. This aligns with findings of the studies from different cultural contexts. Positive events were remembered more in the context of self, whereas negative events were recalled more in the context of others and relationships (Kara et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Pillemer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Zaragoza-Scherman et al. 2023). Third, excited memories included content overlapping with both positive and negative memories; however, positive and excited memories had a greater resemblance. This was particularly the case for the most frequent events in excited memories; they fall between positive and negative events on the emotional valence spectrum, but are somewhat closer to positive events.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePurpose of sharing\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe participants reported a variety of reasons for sharing their experiences that largely overlapped the operationalization of functions identified in previous work (Bluck et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Kulkofsky et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Webster \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e). We observed five main categories: social function, emotion regulation, directive function, self function, and reminiscing without a clear purpose. Among these, social function was the most frequent reason for sharing which is in line with the literature (Kulkofsky et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Stone et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The primary function of autobiographical memories is considered to be social because memories hold value when shared with others (Nelson \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e). Participants used this opportunity to exchange emotions, bond with others, share personal information to create common ground, and help others. Another reason for sharing these experiences was to regulate emotions by down-regulating negative feelings and intensifying positive feelings. Participants particularly used negative events for emotion regulation purposes. In fact, emotion regulation and autobiographical memory remembering are mutual processes where remembering memories help emotion regulation and regulated emotions enhance encoding and retrieving processes (Pascuzzi and Smorti \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The current study evidences the former relationship.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirective and self functions were relatively less frequent in participants\u0026rsquo; answers. This was similar to earlier findings. For instance, Kulkofsky and colleagues (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) found that self function had the lowest overall frequency compared to other functional and nonfunctional explanations, and directive and self functions together had the lowest frequency across different recall contexts. The use of directive function is generally not conscious and less purposeful (Pillemer \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Individuals might not explicitly express using their memories for problem-solving and decision-making purposes, even though they use them for such reasons. This can explain the infrequent reports of directive function in the current study. Similarly, self function was identified in only a small portion of participants\u0026rsquo; answers. Even with these small percentages, participants aimed to reflect on themselves, understand who they are, and seek approval from others by sharing these memories. Self function in fact tends to be observed more frequently as one of the memory sharing purposes (Klug et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; McLean \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). However, participants in such studies answered memory prompts more tightly attached to themselves, such as self-defining memories (McLean \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) or tattoo event memories (Klug et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec29\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe relationships among the functions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe aimed to examine how individuals\u0026rsquo; general tendency to use their memories for self, social and directive purposes predicts their specific uses of autobiographical memories. Findings revealed significant relationships between self, social, and directive functions and functions of specific memories, particularly for the self-rated (i.e., single items) dimensions. Specifically, the self function in TALE predicted self-continuity aspect of negative and excited memories; the social function in TALE predicted the frequency of sharing positive and negative memories; and the directive function in TALE predicted how much positive, negative, and excited memories are used for current and future problem solving.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe speculate that people with a greater understanding of why they remember their memories in general can also evaluate their specific memories with a more functional purpose. Furthermore, this relationship may manifest more strongly when general and specific uses of memories are measured using a similar approach. For example, Bluck and colleagues (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) suggested that the self function in TALE focuses only on self-continuity and does not exhaustively encompass all self-concepts. Our findings also confirm the overlap between the self function in TALE and the self-continuity aspect of specific memories. A similar trend was observed in social function. The social function characterizes the active use of memories for relational purposes in an interaction with the other person, and does not necessarily focus on the memory content (Alea and Bluck \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). However, the coding scheme is more representative of social function when the memory itself is explicitly about relationships, so it may not capture the closeness that arises from sharing memories with others. Consequently, we observed the role of TALE social function in the frequency of sharing memories but not in the content-coded social function.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the directive function, strong positive relationships between TALE directive and two single items were observed. This is heavily dependent on the similarity between single item questions and TALE items. However, we were unable to make any observations for the relationship between TALE directive and content-coded directive function since the content-coded directive function was rarely identified and not included in the analysis. This might be related to the rigorous focus of the coding scheme on behavioral change (Waters et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Taken together, when measured with similar methods such as self-ratings focusing on the same aspects, general uses of memories predicted functions of specific memories.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne advantage of the current study was to extend the memory research to excited memories and findings highlighted the complex nature of them. Even though excitement is identified as a positive and highly intense emotion (Talarico et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e), excited memories did not always resemble positive memories. To start with, similar patterns of relationships were observed for the self function in both excited and negative memories. Exciting and negative experiences may both create salient reference points for individuals, contributing to a sense of self-continuity. For instance, remembering highly intense negative memories was an important context for improving self-continuity (Wolf et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Second, excited memories had similarities with both positive and negative memories for directive function, indicating that the intensity of excitement can evoke strong motivations or actions and lead to direct behaviors. Third, excited memories were not similar to either positive or negative memories for social function, which points to the idea that intense excitement may not always be a socially shared experience or sharing excited memories may not enhance the social bonds as other emotional experiences do.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown by these findings, there was no consistent pattern for excited memories. This supports the idea that excited memories have a more complex nature compared to positive and negative memories. The complexity of excitement may be attributed to its higher levels of emotional valence and intensity. The work of Wolf and colleagues (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) yielded similar results, suggesting the role of the interplay between emotional valence and intensity. Based on these findings, to reach more definitive conclusions, future studies should target various emotions with different levels of valence and intensity (e.g., happiness as high in pleasure and intensity, and calmness as high in pleasure but low in arousal; see Talarico et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e for more emotions).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLimitations and Conclusion\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are several limitations of the current study. First, we asked the memories in the same order, which is likely to create an order effect. In particular, excited memories always came at the end, and this might have affected how participants narrated their excited memories. Yet we did not observe a specific pattern that the narration and ratings of excited memories were dampened or enhanced due to its position in the questionnaire, but the results should be interpreted with caution. Second, the current study is one of the first to expand the memories into different emotional contexts; however, it is still limited to positive, negative, and excited states. Including more emotions with different levels of intensity would broaden our understanding. Third, even though we had high and acceptable inter-coder reliability for some codings, there were some dimensions where we could not achieve that. In addition, we did not observe frequent directive function usage in participants\u0026rsquo; memory narratives. There might be a need for more sensitive function coding for memories with different emotional content. Another option might be to use more specific and to-the-point memory prompts so that narratives could be more elaborated on the use of functions. Lastly, we collected self-report data from a group of psychology students, which might limit the generalizability of the findings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current study is important in the sense that multiple measurements of functions were used simultaneously. The findings showed that different measures of functions were related to each other to some extent. These relationships were observed based on two things. First, whether the content and the definition of self-reports, single items, and coding dimensions aligned. Second, what kind of emotional content was addressed in the memory. Another advantage of the current study was obtaining participants\u0026rsquo; own perspectives about the purpose and frequency of sharing memories through open-ended questions. The content coding developed from participants\u0026rsquo; answers for the purpose of sharing was in line with the overall function discussions. Lastly, this study expanded the range of emotions studied in the memory literature. Future studies should push the boundaries of memory content to this extent with more refined memory prompts.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank research assistant\u0026nbsp;ŞV [name masked for review] for their help with data transcription and coding. They also extend a special note of appreciation to the college students who took part in this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of Conflicting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author, [initials masked for review]. The data are not publicly available due to containing information that could compromise the privacy of research participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatient Consent Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors confirm that participants have given informed consent to participate in the research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eD.K. and N.E.P. designed the study, collected data, performed the analyses, and wrote the main manuscript text. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlea N, Bluck S (2003). Why are you telling me that? A conceptual model of the social function of autobiographical memory. \u003cem\u003eMemory\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e(2), 165-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/741938207\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlea N, Arneaud M J, Ali S (2013). 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What types of reminiscence are associated with successful aging?. \u003cem\u003ePsychology and Aging\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e(2), 272.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVranić A, Jelić M, Tonković M (2018). Functions of autobiographical memory in younger and older adults. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Psychology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e9\u003c/em\u003e, 219. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00219\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZaragoza Scherman A, Salgado S, Shao Z, Berntsen D (2015). Event centrality of positive and negative autobiographical memories to identity and life story across cultures. \u003cem\u003eMemory\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e23\u003c/em\u003e(8), 1152-1171. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2014.962997\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZaragoza Scherman A, Salgado S, Shao Z, Berntsen D (2023). Self-and other-focused autobiographical memories of life story events across cultures. \u003cem\u003eMemory\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e31\u003c/em\u003e(10), 1387-1401. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2023.2267226\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Footnotes","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e The timing of the event (i.e., near vs. far) was controlled in the analyses and the results did not show a difference. Therefore, the analyses without the control variable were reported in the results section.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"701\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 701px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eList of themes across memories\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 297px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThemes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive Memories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative Memories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExcited Memories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Memories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 297px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFulfillment and efforts for personal development\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (12.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (15%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82 (9.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 297px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRomantic relationship problems-break ups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68 (22.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73 (8.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 297px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcademic life\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (10%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (6.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68 (7.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 297px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeisure activities and vacations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (8.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66 (7.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 297px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGetting into university\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (9.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 (6.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 297px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRomantic developments/events\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (9.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (8.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54 (6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 297px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInterpersonal relationship problems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (16%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (5.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 297px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBirthday surprises and celebrations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (15.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (5.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 297px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity exam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (14%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (4.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 297px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeath (family members and others)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (13%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (4.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 297px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily problems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (4.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 297px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelationships and social support\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (9.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (3.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (4.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 297px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical and psychological health problems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (12.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (4.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 297px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExpansion of the family\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (7.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (3.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (3.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 297px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst romantic experiences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (8.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (2.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 297px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccidents and traumatic experiences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (2.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 297px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerforming in public\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 297px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCovid related stress\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (1.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 297px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 297px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (4.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (3.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 297px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (5.3%0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (4.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"655\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 655px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFrequency of purpose for sharing\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 310px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePurpose of sharing\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency (%) in positive memories\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency (%) in negative memories\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency (%) in excited memories\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency (%) in all memories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 310px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSharing emotions - \u003cem\u003esocial\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152 (50.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120 (40%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e290 (32.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 310px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBonding \u003cem\u003e- social\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (4.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (7.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (3.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (5.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 310px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExplaining the event or providing more details\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;- social\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (9.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (15.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102 (11.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 310px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHelping others \u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;- social\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (1.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 310px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeeling better - \u003cem\u003eemotion regulation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79 (26.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (9.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114 (12.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 310px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFocusing on the problem and/or the solution - \u003cem\u003edirective\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (3.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (4.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 310px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-validation/self-understanding - \u003cem\u003eself\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (2.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 310px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRemembering/reminiscing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (1.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 310px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot shared\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (11.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73 (24.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (4.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122 (13.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 310px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultiple purpose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (6.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (9.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (11%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81 (9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 310px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (5.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (4.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"852\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"12\" style=\"width: 852px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBivariate relations among study variables for positive memories [N = 276-284]\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1- TALE Self\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.41**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.62**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.52 (.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2- TALE Social\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.41**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.21**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.58 (.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3- TALE Directive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.13*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.14*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.20**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.24**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.59 (.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4- Centrality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.51**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.43**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.44**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.42**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.16**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.34**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.15**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89 (1.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5- Identity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.48**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.45**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.47**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.18**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.27**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.48 (1.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6- Self-continuity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.58**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.52**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.20**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.35**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.87 (1.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7- Current problems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.72**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.25**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.34**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.80 (1.39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8- Future problems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.23**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.24**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.13 (1.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9- Frequency of sharing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.23 (1.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10- Self function\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.22**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.98 (1.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11- Social function\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08 (.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"12\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 852px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNote. Variables were measured with TALE [1-3], single items [4-9], and content coding [10-11].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01, *\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"871\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"12\" style=\"width: 871px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBivariate relations among study variables for negative memories [N = 277-294]\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 167px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 167px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1- TALE Self\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.41**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.62**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.20**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.29**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.27**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.14*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.52 (.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 167px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2- TALE Social\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.41**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.15*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.13*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.18**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.58 (.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 167px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3- TALE Directive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.15*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.40**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.39**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.59 (.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 167px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4- Centrality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.46**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.39**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.35**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.29**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.18**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.13*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.13*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88 (1.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 167px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5- Identity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.37**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.23**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.31**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.13 (1.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 167px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6- Self-continuity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.48**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.34**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.15*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.18**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.93 (1.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 167px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7- Current problems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.63**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.15*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.09 (1.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 167px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8- Future problems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.15**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.29 (1.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 167px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9- Frequency of sharing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.74 (1.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 167px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10- Self function\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.73 (.95)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 167px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11- Social function\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.56 (.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"12\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 871px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNote. Variables were measured with TALE [1-3], single items [4-9], and content coding [10-11].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01, *\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"858\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"12\" style=\"width: 858px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBivariate relations among study variables for excited memories [N = 274-283]\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1- TALE Self\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.41**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.62**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.19**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.52 (.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2- TALE Social\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.41**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.58 (.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3- TALE Directive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.20**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.13*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.20**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.24**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.27**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.59 (.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4- Centrality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.44**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.51**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.41**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.46**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.21**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87 (1.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5- Identity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.49**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.40**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.43**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.20**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.44 (1.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6- Self-continuity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.45**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.44**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.14*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.10 (1.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7- Current problems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.73**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.12*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.20**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.12*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.69 (1.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8- Future problems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.15*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.23**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.14*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.06 (1.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9- Frequency of sharing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.14*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83 (1.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10- Self function\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.13*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.77 (.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11- Social function\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.46 (.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"12\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 858px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNote. Variables were measured with TALE [1-3], single items [4-9], and content coding [10-11].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01, *\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"820\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 820px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMultivariate regression analyses for positive, negative, and excited memories, respectively\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 304px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegressions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive memories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative Memories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExcited Memories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePredictor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOutcome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ese\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ese\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ese\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTALE\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf 1 - Centrality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf 2 - Identity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf 3 - Self-continuity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.21\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.34**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.43**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf 4- Content coded\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.17\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTALE\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial 1 - Sharing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.35**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.29**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial 2 - Content coded\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTALE Directive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDirective 1 - Current problems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.33**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.78**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.37**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDirective 2 - Future problems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.44**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.77**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.45**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 304px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCovariances\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ese\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ese\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ese\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 304px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTALE Self - TALE Directive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.23**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.25**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.26**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 304px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTALE Self - TALE Social\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.18**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.21**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.20**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 304px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTALE Social - TALE Directive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.17**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.19**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.18**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 304px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01, *\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .05, \u0026dagger;\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"autobiographical memory, memory functions, emotional context, excited memories, measurement","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9438118/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9438118/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The current study aims to investigate the relationship between general tendencies in autobiographical memory functions and the functions of specific memories, while integrating different assessment techniques and emotional contexts. Participants were 300 college students, who were asked to write about three emotional memories: positive, negative, and excited. They also answered follow-up questions about the functions of these memories (i.e. identity, centrality, self-continuity, purpose of sharing, frequency of sharing, current and future problem solving) and completed the Thinking About Life Experiences Questionnaire (TALE). The memory narratives were coded for self, social, and directive functions. The findings showed that the general use of autobiographical memory functions was related to self-rated specific memory functions but not to content-coded functions. These relationships were also contingent on the emotional valence of the memories. Excited memories showed resemblances to both positive and negative memories to some extent, revealing the complex nature of excitement. This study contributes to the literature by using diverse measurements simultaneously for the functions, investigating the relationship among these different measures, and including excited memories. The findings were discussed in terms of the methodological and conceptual definitions of the functions and the emotional context of the memories.","manuscriptTitle":"The Examination of Autobiographical Memory Functions in Positive, Negative, and Excited Memories Using Different Measures","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-30 11:02:44","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9438118/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"91f9fc64-3ac9-4b70-a3c0-45c81e2c67c4","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 30th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-30T11:02:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-30 11:02:44","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9438118","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9438118","identity":"rs-9438118","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}