Laparoscopic orchiopexy of palpable undescended testes_ experience of a single tertiary institution with over 773 cases

Laparoscopic orchiopexy of palpable undescended testes_ experience of a single tertiary institution with over 773 cases | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research article Laparoscopic orchiopexy of palpable undescended testes_ experience of a single tertiary institution with over 773 cases Jia You, Gang Li, Haitao Chen, Jun Wang, Shuang Li This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.2.14553/v6 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 16 Mar, 2020 Read the published version in BMC Pediatrics → Version 6 posted 2 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Background Discuss the superiority of laparoscopic orchiopexy in the treatment of inguinal palpable undescended testes. Methods Inclusion criteria: Preoperative examination and color Doppler ultrasound examination confirmed that the testes were located in the inguinal canal and could not be pulled into the scrotum, except for retractive and ectopic testes. The surgical steps were depicted as follow. The retroperitoneal wall was carved by ultrasonic scalpels, separates the spermatic vessels closed to the inferior pole of the kidney if necessary, dissects the peritoneum of vas deferens, cuts the testicular gubernaculum, and pulls back the testicle into the abdominal cavity. Besides, protect the vas deferens, and descend the testes to the scrotum and fix them without tension. Results There were 773 patients with 869 inguinal undescended palpable testes, 218 cases on the left side, 459 cases on the right side and 96 cases with bilateral undescended testes, whose age ranged from 6 months to 8 years, with an average of 20 months. All testes were successfully operated, no converted to open surgery. The average operation time was (34.8 ± 5.4) min. There were 692 testes have an ipsilateral patent processus vaginalis (89.5%); In 677 cases of unilateral cryptorchidism, 233 cases (34.4%) have a contralateral patent processus vaginalis, and laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure the hernia sac carry out during the surgery. There was no subcutaneous emphysema during the operation, no vomiting, no abdominal distension, no wound bleeding and obvious pain after surgery, especially wound infection is rarely. Doppler ultrasound was evaluated regularly after surgery. The patients were followed up for 6 to 18 months. All the testes were located in the scrotum without testicular retraction and atrophy. No inguinal hernia or hydrocele was found in follow-up examination. Conclusion Laparoscopic orchiopexy manage inguinal palpable cryptorchidism is safe and effective, and there are obvious minimally invasive advantages. Furthermore, It could discover a contralateral patent processus vaginalis, and treat at the same time, which avoid the occurrence of metachronous inguinal hernia. Pediatrics laparoscopy inguinal cryptorchidism palpable undescended testes orchiopexy Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Background Cryptorchidism, or undescended testes, is not uncommon in children's congenital malformations. This condition usually involves the testicle failing to move from the abdomen through the inguinal canal to the scrotum during fetal development. According to the position of the testis, the cryptorchidism usually classified to inguinal cryptorchidism and intra-abdominal cryptorchidism in clinical practice, and which above 80% of cryptorchidism can touch the testis in the groin area. Cryptorchidism over 6 months needs to be fixed in the scrotum by surgery. Currently, laparoscopy has been widely used to diagnose and treat intra-abdominal cryptorchidism, while it is still controversial for the treatment of inguinal cryptorchidism that can touch the testis[1], the classical surgical approach is trans-inguinal orchiopexy, however, there are some flaws in this surgical procedure[2-4]. Since Decimo et al [5]firstly introduced laparoscopic orchiopexy for the high palpable undescended testis, some studies[6, 7] began to explore laparoscopy for treatment of inguinal cryptorchidism, pointed out that the laparoscopic technique is safe and feasible, however, no large amount of cases have been reported. In addition, It is well known that inguinal hernia is a common concomitant complication of cryptorchidism, the research[8, 9] reported approximately 64%-92% of cryptorchidism with ipsilateral patent processus vaginalis, nevertheless, fewer literature[9] focus on the relationship between inguinal palpable cryptorchidism with contralateral patent processus vaginalis, which could develop into metachronous inguinal hernia. The paramount purpose of this study was to discuss the superiority of laparoscopic orchiopexy in the treatment of inguinal palpable undescended testes, secondly, confirm the incidence of inguinal palpable testis associated with a contralateral patent processus vaginalis discovered during laparoscopy. We retrospective analyze the recorded and collected data from January 2012 to December 2017 for the laparoscopic treatment of 773 cases of inguinal cryptorchidism, to the best of our knowledge, this is the largest cases in published research so far. Methods Inclusion criteria Preoperative examination and color Doppler ultrasound examination confirmed that the testes were located in the inguinal canal and could not be pulled into the scrotum, except for retractive and ectopic testes. A total of 773 cases of 869 testes were included in the study, 218 (28.2%) on the left, 459 (59.4%) on the right, and 96 (12.4%) on both sides, aged 6 months to 8 years, with an average of 20 months. The surgical method After general anesthesia, supine position, take the lower edge of the umbilicus, the lateral margin of the rectus abdominis and the small incision of the lower abdomen, about 0.5cm long, put 5mm Trocar, establish pneumoperitoneum (8-10mmHg), laparoscopic exploration of the abdominal cavity. There is no testicle inside abdominal, spermatic cord and vas deferens enter along the inguinal region from the internal ring, and the spermatic vessels are finely. Cutting the peritoneal posterior wall, dissociating the spermatic cord closed to the inferior pole of kidney when it is necessary, and separating the vas deferens from the posterior peritoneum. Free the adhesion of the spermatic cord in the inguinal canal, cut off the testicular gubernaculum, pull the testicle back into the abdominal cavity, protect the vas deferens, use the home-made guide device to pass through the testes from inguinal internal ring descend to the scrotum, and fix in the scrotum sac. During the operation, the ultrasonic scalpel is used to dissection the peritoneum at the internal ring instead of closed, and, if associated with a contralateral patent processus vaginalis, the occult inguinal hernia sac would be performed percutaneous extraperitoneal closure in a same surgery. Results All the testes were successfully performed with laparoscopic orchiopexy, none of the cases needed conversion to open surgery, the operation time was (34.8 ± 5.4) min. There was a patent processus vaginalis found in 692 cases of the affected side (89.5%), in 677 cases of unilateral cryptorchidism, a contralateral processus vaginalis was unclosed in 233 cases (34.4%), which was closed in the surgery as well. All children had no subcutaneous emphysema, and they were fed within 6 h after general anesthesia. There was no vomiting, abdominal distension, no wound bleeding and obvious pain. Color Doppler ultrasound was reviewed regularly after surgery. The patients were followed up for 6 to 18 months after surgery. The testes were examined, located in the scrotum without testicular retraction and atrophy. No inguinal hernia or hydrocele was found. Table 1 Patient characteristics with palpable inguinal undescended testes Discussion Laparoscopy used for the diagnosis and treatment of nonpalpable intra-abdominal cryptorchidism has been universally accepted in clinical practice, while the inguinal palpable cryptorchidism is tended to the traditional typical open inguinal orchiopexy[2]. However, there are some conspicuous defects in this surgical procedure; firstly, the conventional inguinal incision is not easy to be adequately exposed, and it is likely to damage the testicular blood supply when separating the retroperitoneal spermatic cord vessels, which increases the risk of postoperative testicular atrophy. Neheman et al[3] reported 5 cases of testicular atrophy in 134 cases of inguinal cryptorchidism by trans-inguinal orchiopexy, the rate is about 3.7%. Ein et al[4] indicated that testicular atrophy occurred in about 5% of low typical inguinal cryptorchidism, while the figure reach up to 9% in higher inguinal position when testicular fixation by inguinal open approach. So far, testicular atrophy has not been found in 773 patients in this group. Secondly, open surgery requires separate the inguinal canal, which not only destroys the anatomical structure of the inguinal canal, but also needs to cut the intra-abdominal oblique muscle and the transverse abdominis muscle at the inner ring for a higher position of the inguinal typical cryptorchidism, which would be prone to occur wound infection, bleeding, and even testicular retraction; according to the literature, the wound infection rate of open inguinal orchiopexy is 1.9%-2.5%[2, 10].At last, the most important is trans-inguinal orchiopexy unable to detect a contralateral occult hernia or patent processus vaginalis, cryptorchidism associate with a contralateral patent processus reach up to 33%-40%[7, 9], while preoperative color Doppler ultrasound examination only discovers about 20%[11]. A prospective study in Japan indicated that the diameter of the contralateral processus vaginalis can be developed into symptomatic inguinal hernia with a diameter of >2 mm, with specificity and sensitivity of 81.8% and 71.3%, respectively[12]. In 1995, Docimo et al[5] first introduced laparoscopic orchiopexy for treatment of cryptorchidism that can touch the testicles in the inguinal canal. Subsequently, Mario et al[6], He et al[7] confirmed that the technology is feasible, safe and effective. Compared with traditional open surgery, laparoscopic technology has obvious advantages: above all, by the amplification of laparoscopy, it is easier to loosen and separate the retroperitoneal spermatic vessels under visualization, and even reach the proximal next to the inferior pole of the kidney when it is necessary. The testis is fixed in the scrotum without tension, which can effectively reduce the occurrence of testicular atrophy and retraction. Then the anatomical integrity of the inguinal canal is maintained. For the high inguinal typical cryptorchidism, the intra-abdominal oblique muscle and the transverse abdominis muscle can be avoided cutting at the inner ring. Compared with the traditional open surgical methods, the postoperative pain is smaller, and the recovery is faster. No obvious surgical scars, parents have higher satisfaction. Finally, laparoscopic surgery can simultaneously detect a contralateral occult hernia. Studies have shown that more than 10% of asymptomatic hernia accidentally found by laparoscopic will develop into symptomatic metachronous inguinal hernia[13, 14], which require surgery again under anesthesia. A 17-year follow-up study of Taiwan also pointed out that up to 12% of contralateral occult hernia can develop into clinically inguinal hernia, about 63% of the symptoms appear within 2 years after the affected side operated, and the ratio will be as high as 91% in 5 years[15]. Laparoscopic orchiopexy can simultaneously treat contralateral occult hernia, avoid suffering a second pain and fear caused by reoperation and anesthesia. The study reveals that 34% of palpable cryptorchidism associate with a contralateral patent processus vaginalis, consistent with the reported literature[9]. There are two remarkable limitations of our research. First, our follow-up period is too short to making an authoritative assessment of outcome after surgery for undescended testis. The second shortage of our research is that we are indeterminable that a contralateral patent processus vaginalis truly indicates that these children will develop into clinically inguinal hernia in the future. But what I can definitely believe is that it will significantly reduce the chance of suffering reoperation and anesthesia. Conclusions About 34% of inguinal palpable undescended testes associated with a contralateral patent processus vaginalis. Laparoscopic orchiopexy for the treatment of inguinal cryptorchidism is safe and less invasive than the open groin surgery, and can simultaneously detect and treat contralateral occult hernia, which avoiding the occurrence of metachronous inguinal hernia. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Written informed consent was obtained from all patients or guardians enrolled in the study. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Medical Ethics Committee of Wuhan Children’s Hospital(WHCH 2018044) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The raw dataset analyzed in the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding No financial interests exist. Authors’ contributions JY and GL contributed equally to this article. GL collected data, analysis and drafted the initial manuscript, and reviewed and revised the manuscript; JY performed data analysis, drafted and revised the manuscript; SL reviewed and revised the manuscript ; HTC and JW performed data analysis. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted. Acknowledgements We would like to thank all the participants that took part in this study. References Kim JK, Chua ME, Ming JM, Santos JD, Zani-Ruttenstock E, Marson A, Bayley M, Koyle MA: A critical review of recent clinical practice guidelines on management of cryptorchidism . J Pediatr Surg 2018, 53 (10):2041-2047. Thomas RJ, Holland AJA: Surgical approach to the palpable undescended testis . Pediatric Surgery International 2014, 30 (7):707-713. Neheman A, Levitt M, Steiner Z: A tailored surgical approach to the palpable undescended testis . Journal of Pediatric Urology 2019, 15 (1):59.e1-59.e5. Ein SH, Nasr A, Wales PW, Ein A: Testicular atrophy after attempted pediatric orchidopexy for true undescended testis . J Pediatr Surg 2014, 49 (2):317-322. Docimo SG, Moore RG, Adams J, Kavoussi LR: Laparoscopic orchiopexy for the high palpable undescended testis: preliminary experience . Journal of Urology 1995, 154 (4):1513-1515. Mario R, Arturo A, Carlos R, Humberto V, Guillermo: Laparoscopic orchiopexy for palpable undescended testes: a five-year experience . AJJLASTA 2006, 16 (3):321-324. He D, Lin T, Wei G, Li X, Liu J, Hua Y, Liu F: Laparoscopic orchiopexy for treating inguinal canalicular palpable undescended testis . J Endourol 2008, 22 (8):1745-1749. Favorito LA, Riberio Julio-Junior H, Sampaio FJ: Relationship between Undescended Testis Position and Prevalence of Testicular Appendices, Epididymal Anomalies, and Patency of Processus Vaginalis . Biomed Res Int 2017, 2017 :1-6. Himanshu A, Kogan BA, Feustel PJ: One third of patients with a unilateral palpable undescended testis have a contralateral patent processus . J Pediatr Surg 2012, 185 (4):e132-e133. Feng S, Yang H, Li X, Yang J, Zhang J, Wang A, Lai XH, Qiu Y: Single scrotal incision orchiopexy versus the inguinal approach in children with palpable undescended testis: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Pediatr Surg Int 2016, 32 (10):989-995. Hata S, Takahashi Y, Nakamura T, Suzuki R, Kitada M, Shimano T: Preoperative sonographic evaluation is a useful method of detecting contralateral patent processus vaginalis in pediatric patients with unilateral inguinal hernia . Journal of Pediatric Surgery 2004, 39 (9):1396-1399. Kaneda H, Furuya T, Sugito K, Goto S, Kawashima H, Inoue M, Hosoda T, Masuko T, Ohashi K, Ikeda T et al : Preoperative ultrasonographic evaluation of the contralateral patent processus vaginalis at the level of the internal inguinal ring is useful for predicting contralateral inguinal hernias in children: a prospective analysis . Hernia 2014, 19 (4):595-598. Centeno-Wolf N, Mircea L, Sanchez O, Genin B, Lironi A, Chardot C, Birraux J, Wildhaber BE: Long-term outcome of children with patent processus vaginalis incidentally diagnosed by laparoscopy . J Pediatr Surg 2015, 50 (11):1898-1902. Weaver KL, Poola AS, Gould JL, Sharp SW, St Peter SD, Holcomb GW, 3rd: The risk of developing a symptomatic inguinal hernia in children with an asymptomatic patent processus vaginalis . J Pediatr Surg 2017, 52 (1):60-64. Lee CH, Chen Y, Cheng CF, Yao CL, Wu JC, Yin WY, Chen JH: Incidence of and Risk Factors for Pediatric Metachronous Contralateral Inguinal Hernia: Analysis of a 17-Year Nationwide Database in Taiwan . PLoS One 2016, 11 (9):e0163278. Table Table 1 Patient characteristics with palpable inguinal undescended testes Patient characteristics Values Birth weight(mean) 3.3kg Body weight(mean) 13.2kg Side unilateral 677(87.6%) bilateral 96(12.4%) Patent processus vaginalis ipsilateral 692(89.5%) contralateral 233(34.4%) Operation time 34.8±5.4 minute Follower-up period 6-18 month Ipsilateral inguinal hernia 76(9.8%) Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 16 Mar, 2020 Read the published version in BMC Pediatrics → Version 6 posted Submission checks completed at journal 04 Mar, 2020 Editorial decision: Accept 04 Mar, 2020 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5230","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":393340,"identity":"0a6cc683-ea59-4cc1-8171-b99c44a9ce71","order_by":1,"name":"Jia You","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5127-9254","institution":"Wuhan Women and Children Medical Care Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jia","middleName":"","lastName":"You","suffix":""},{"id":393341,"identity":"4d97d3f0-7527-43a4-924b-85ee283df2a2","order_by":2,"name":"Gang Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wuhan Women and Children Medical 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2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22818,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Closure of the hernia sac under Laparoscopically assisted.","description":"","filename":"Fig.2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5230/v6/Fig.2.jpg"},{"id":622975,"identity":"f05b21b5-7343-42ee-ae65-d256836ffa00","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-03-10 17:31:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24600,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Separation of spermatic vessels.","description":"","filename":"Fig.3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5230/v6/Fig.3.jpg"},{"id":622976,"identity":"45bd4b7b-1b9f-49c3-aa3e-e71f199b7cbe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-03-10 17:31:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21907,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Free and protection of the vas deferens.","description":"","filename":"Fig.4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5230/v6/Fig.4.jpg"},{"id":622977,"identity":"553abbf9-f565-4ea1-a442-5b64ce8ea27a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-03-10 17:31:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":19975,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Cut off the testicular gubernaculum under visualization.","description":"","filename":"Fig.5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5230/v6/Fig.5.jpg"},{"id":622978,"identity":"2bcca085-596e-42f5-a2ae-d2dbb4e32db3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-03-10 17:31:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27143,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Free spermatic vessels to the inferior pole of the kidney when necessary.","description":"","filename":"Fig.6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5230/v6/Fig.6.jpg"},{"id":13492761,"identity":"862414a2-d39f-4ed5-97be-0b7c8db11762","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-16 22:32:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":674860,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5230/v6/1d64a7a4-1e2d-46c8-b2f0-ae1e1476e8b3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Laparoscopic orchiopexy of palpable undescended testes_ experience of a single tertiary institution with over 773 cases","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eCryptorchidism, or undescended testes, is not uncommon in children's congenital malformations. This condition usually involves the testicle failing to move from the abdomen through the inguinal canal to the scrotum during fetal development. According to the position of the testis, the cryptorchidism usually classified to inguinal cryptorchidism and intra-abdominal cryptorchidism in clinical practice, and which above 80% of cryptorchidism can touch the testis in the groin area. Cryptorchidism over 6 months needs to be fixed in the scrotum by surgery. Currently, laparoscopy has been widely used to diagnose and treat intra-abdominal cryptorchidism, while it is still controversial for the treatment of inguinal cryptorchidism that can touch the testis[1], the classical surgical approach is trans-inguinal orchiopexy, however, there are some flaws in this surgical procedure[2-4].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince Decimo et al [5]firstly introduced laparoscopic orchiopexy for the high palpable undescended testis, some studies[6, 7] began to explore laparoscopy for treatment of inguinal cryptorchidism, pointed out that the laparoscopic technique is safe and feasible, however, no large amount of cases have been reported. In addition, It is well known that inguinal hernia is a common concomitant complication of cryptorchidism, the research[8, 9] reported approximately 64%-92% of cryptorchidism with ipsilateral patent processus vaginalis, nevertheless, fewer literature[9] focus on the relationship between inguinal palpable cryptorchidism with contralateral patent processus vaginalis, which could develop into metachronous inguinal hernia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe paramount purpose of this study was to discuss the superiority of laparoscopic orchiopexy in the treatment of inguinal palpable undescended testes, secondly, confirm the incidence of inguinal palpable testis associated with a contralateral patent processus vaginalis discovered during laparoscopy. We retrospective analyze the recorded and collected data from January 2012 to December 2017 for the laparoscopic treatment of 773 cases of inguinal cryptorchidism, to the best of our knowledge, this is the largest cases in published research so far.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eInclusion criteria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePreoperative examination and color Doppler ultrasound examination confirmed that the testes were located in the inguinal canal and could not be pulled into the scrotum, except for retractive and ectopic testes. A total of 773 cases of 869 testes were included in the study, 218 (28.2%) on the left, 459 (59.4%) on the right, and 96 (12.4%) on both sides, aged 6 months to 8 years, with an average of 20 months.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe surgical method\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter general anesthesia, supine position, take the lower edge of the umbilicus, the lateral margin of the rectus abdominis and the small incision of the lower abdomen, about 0.5cm long, put 5mm Trocar, establish pneumoperitoneum (8-10mmHg), laparoscopic exploration of the abdominal cavity. There is no testicle inside abdominal, spermatic cord and vas deferens enter along the inguinal region from the internal ring, and the spermatic vessels are finely. Cutting the peritoneal posterior wall, dissociating the spermatic cord closed to the inferior pole of kidney when it is necessary, and separating the vas deferens from the posterior peritoneum. Free the adhesion of the spermatic cord in the inguinal canal, cut off the testicular gubernaculum, pull the testicle back into the abdominal cavity, protect the vas deferens, use the home-made guide device to pass through the testes from inguinal internal ring descend to the scrotum, and fix in the scrotum sac. During the operation, the ultrasonic scalpel is used to dissection the peritoneum at the internal ring instead of closed, and, if associated with a contralateral patent processus vaginalis, the occult inguinal hernia sac would be performed percutaneous extraperitoneal closure in a same surgery.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eAll the testes were successfully performed with laparoscopic orchiopexy, none of the cases needed conversion to open surgery, the operation time was (34.8 \u0026plusmn; 5.4) min. There was a patent processus vaginalis found in 692 cases of the affected side (89.5%), in 677 cases of unilateral cryptorchidism, a contralateral processus vaginalis was unclosed in 233 cases (34.4%), which was closed in the surgery as well. All children had no subcutaneous emphysema, and they were fed within 6 h after general anesthesia. There was no vomiting, abdominal distension, no wound bleeding and obvious pain. Color Doppler ultrasound was reviewed regularly after surgery. The patients were followed up for 6 to 18 months after surgery. The testes were examined, located in the scrotum without testicular retraction and atrophy. No inguinal hernia or hydrocele was found.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 Patient characteristics with palpable inguinal undescended testes\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eLaparoscopy used for the diagnosis and treatment of nonpalpable intra-abdominal cryptorchidism has been universally accepted in clinical practice, while the inguinal palpable cryptorchidism is tended to the traditional typical open inguinal orchiopexy[2]. However, there are some conspicuous defects in this surgical procedure; firstly, the conventional inguinal incision is not easy to be adequately exposed, and it is likely to damage the testicular blood supply when separating the retroperitoneal spermatic cord vessels, which increases the risk of postoperative testicular atrophy. Neheman et al[3] reported 5 cases of testicular atrophy in 134 cases of inguinal cryptorchidism by trans-inguinal orchiopexy, the rate is about 3.7%. Ein et al[4] indicated that testicular atrophy occurred in about 5% of low typical inguinal cryptorchidism, while the figure reach up to 9% in higher inguinal position when testicular fixation by inguinal open approach. So far, testicular atrophy has not been found in 773 patients in this group. Secondly, open surgery requires separate the inguinal canal, which not only destroys the anatomical structure of the inguinal canal, but also needs to cut the intra-abdominal oblique muscle and the transverse abdominis muscle at the inner ring for a higher position of the inguinal typical cryptorchidism, which would be prone to occur wound infection, bleeding, and even testicular retraction; according to the literature, the wound infection rate of open inguinal orchiopexy is 1.9%-2.5%[2, 10].At last, the most important is trans-inguinal orchiopexy unable to detect a contralateral occult hernia or patent processus vaginalis, cryptorchidism associate with a contralateral patent processus reach up to 33%-40%[7, 9], while preoperative color Doppler ultrasound examination only discovers about 20%[11]. A prospective study in Japan indicated that the diameter of the contralateral processus vaginalis can be developed into symptomatic inguinal hernia with a diameter of \u0026gt;2 mm, with specificity and sensitivity of 81.8% and 71.3%, respectively[12].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1995, Docimo et al[5] first introduced laparoscopic orchiopexy for treatment of cryptorchidism that can touch the testicles in the inguinal canal. Subsequently, Mario et al[6], He et al[7] confirmed that the technology is feasible, safe and effective. Compared with traditional open surgery, laparoscopic technology has obvious advantages: above all, by the amplification of laparoscopy, it is easier to loosen and separate the retroperitoneal spermatic vessels under visualization, and even reach the proximal next to the inferior pole of the kidney when it is necessary. The testis is fixed in the scrotum without tension, which can effectively reduce the occurrence of testicular atrophy and retraction. Then the anatomical integrity of the inguinal canal is maintained. For the high inguinal typical cryptorchidism, the intra-abdominal oblique muscle and the transverse abdominis muscle can be avoided cutting at the inner ring. Compared with the traditional open surgical methods, the postoperative pain is smaller, and the recovery is faster. No obvious surgical scars, parents have higher satisfaction. Finally, laparoscopic surgery can simultaneously detect a contralateral occult hernia. Studies have shown that more than 10% of asymptomatic hernia accidentally found by laparoscopic will develop into symptomatic metachronous inguinal hernia[13, 14], which require surgery again under anesthesia. A 17-year follow-up study of Taiwan also pointed out that up to 12% of contralateral occult hernia can develop into clinically inguinal hernia, about 63% of the symptoms appear within 2 years after the affected side operated, and the ratio will be as high as 91% in 5 years[15]. Laparoscopic orchiopexy can simultaneously treat contralateral occult hernia, avoid suffering a second pain and fear caused by reoperation and anesthesia. The study reveals that 34% of palpable cryptorchidism associate with a contralateral patent processus vaginalis, consistent with the reported literature[9].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are two remarkable limitations of our research. First, our follow-up period is too short to making an authoritative assessment of outcome after surgery for undescended testis. The second shortage of our research is that we are indeterminable that a contralateral patent processus vaginalis truly indicates that these children will develop into clinically inguinal hernia in the future. But what I can definitely believe is that it will significantly reduce the chance of suffering reoperation and anesthesia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eAbout 34% of inguinal palpable undescended testes associated with a contralateral patent processus vaginalis. Laparoscopic orchiopexy for the treatment of inguinal cryptorchidism is safe and less invasive than the open groin surgery, and can simultaneously detect and treat contralateral occult hernia, which avoiding the occurrence of metachronous inguinal hernia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWritten informed consent was obtained from all patients or guardians enrolled in the study. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Medical Ethics Committee of Wuhan Children\u0026rsquo;s Hospital(WHCH 2018044) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe raw dataset analyzed in the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo financial interests exist.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJY and GL contributed equally to this article. GL collected data, analysis and drafted the initial manuscript, and reviewed and revised the manuscript; JY performed data analysis, drafted and revised the manuscript; SL reviewed and revised the manuscript ; HTC and JW performed data analysis. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank all the participants that took part in this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKim JK, Chua ME, Ming JM, Santos JD, Zani-Ruttenstock E, Marson A, Bayley M, Koyle MA: \u003cstrong\u003eA critical review of recent clinical practice guidelines on management of cryptorchidism\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJ Pediatr Surg \u003c/em\u003e2018, \u003cstrong\u003e53\u003c/strong\u003e(10):2041-2047.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThomas RJ, Holland AJA: \u003cstrong\u003eSurgical approach to the palpable undescended testis\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003ePediatric Surgery International \u003c/em\u003e2014, \u003cstrong\u003e30\u003c/strong\u003e(7):707-713.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNeheman A, Levitt M, Steiner Z: \u003cstrong\u003eA tailored surgical approach to the palpable undescended testis\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Pediatric Urology \u003c/em\u003e2019,\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e(1):59.e1-59.e5.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEin SH, Nasr A, Wales PW, Ein A: \u003cstrong\u003eTesticular atrophy after attempted pediatric orchidopexy for true undescended testis\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJ Pediatr Surg \u003c/em\u003e2014, \u003cstrong\u003e49\u003c/strong\u003e(2):317-322.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDocimo SG, Moore RG, Adams J, Kavoussi LR: \u003cstrong\u003eLaparoscopic orchiopexy for the high palpable undescended testis: preliminary experience\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Urology\u003c/em\u003e 1995, \u003cstrong\u003e154\u003c/strong\u003e(4):1513-1515.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMario R, Arturo A, Carlos R, Humberto V, Guillermo: \u003cstrong\u003eLaparoscopic orchiopexy for palpable undescended testes: a five-year experience\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eAJJLASTA\u003c/em\u003e 2006, \u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e(3):321-324.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHe D, Lin T, Wei G, Li X, Liu J, Hua Y, Liu F: \u003cstrong\u003eLaparoscopic orchiopexy for treating inguinal canalicular palpable undescended testis\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJ Endourol \u003c/em\u003e2008, \u003cstrong\u003e22\u003c/strong\u003e(8):1745-1749.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFavorito LA, Riberio Julio-Junior H, Sampaio FJ: \u003cstrong\u003eRelationship between Undescended Testis Position and Prevalence of Testicular Appendices, Epididymal Anomalies, and Patency of Processus Vaginalis\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eBiomed Res Int \u003c/em\u003e2017, \u003cstrong\u003e2017\u003c/strong\u003e:1-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHimanshu A, Kogan BA, Feustel PJ: \u003cstrong\u003eOne third of patients with a unilateral palpable undescended testis have a contralateral patent processus\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJ Pediatr Surg\u003c/em\u003e 2012, \u003cstrong\u003e185\u003c/strong\u003e(4):e132-e133.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFeng S, Yang H, Li X, Yang J, Zhang J, Wang A, Lai XH, Qiu Y: \u003cstrong\u003eSingle scrotal incision orchiopexy versus the inguinal approach in children with palpable undescended testis: a systematic review and meta-analysis\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003ePediatr Surg Int \u003c/em\u003e2016, \u003cstrong\u003e32\u003c/strong\u003e(10):989-995.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHata S, Takahashi Y, Nakamura T, Suzuki R, Kitada M, Shimano T: \u003cstrong\u003ePreoperative sonographic evaluation is a useful method of detecting contralateral patent processus vaginalis in pediatric patients with unilateral inguinal hernia\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Pediatric Surgery \u003c/em\u003e2004, \u003cstrong\u003e39\u003c/strong\u003e(9):1396-1399.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKaneda H, Furuya T, Sugito K, Goto S, Kawashima H, Inoue M, Hosoda T, Masuko T, Ohashi K, Ikeda T\u003cem\u003e et al\u003c/em\u003e: \u003cstrong\u003ePreoperative ultrasonographic evaluation of the contralateral patent processus vaginalis at the level of the internal inguinal ring is useful for predicting contralateral inguinal hernias in children: a prospective analysis\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eHernia \u003c/em\u003e2014, \u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c/strong\u003e(4):595-598.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCenteno-Wolf N, Mircea L, Sanchez O, Genin B, Lironi A, Chardot C, Birraux J, Wildhaber BE: \u003cstrong\u003eLong-term outcome of children with patent processus vaginalis incidentally diagnosed by laparoscopy\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJ Pediatr Surg \u003c/em\u003e2015, \u003cstrong\u003e50\u003c/strong\u003e(11):1898-1902.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeaver KL, Poola AS, Gould JL, Sharp SW, St Peter SD, Holcomb GW, 3rd: \u003cstrong\u003eThe risk of developing a symptomatic inguinal hernia in children with an asymptomatic patent processus vaginalis\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJ Pediatr Surg \u003c/em\u003e2017, \u003cstrong\u003e52\u003c/strong\u003e(1):60-64.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLee CH, Chen Y, Cheng CF, Yao CL, Wu JC, Yin WY, Chen JH: \u003cstrong\u003eIncidence of and Risk Factors for Pediatric Metachronous Contralateral Inguinal Hernia: Analysis of a 17-Year Nationwide Database in Taiwan\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003ePLoS One \u003c/em\u003e2016, \u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e(9):e0163278.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Table","content":"\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; background-color: #ffffff; text-indent: 12pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eTable 1 Patient characteristics with palpable inguinal undescended testes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-collapse: collapse; color: #212529; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; letter-spacing: normal; background-color: #ffffff; border: none;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 141.5pt; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"60.57692307692308%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003ePatient characteristics\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 92.15pt; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"39.42307692307692%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003eValues\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 141.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"60.57692307692308%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003eBirth weight(mean)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"39.42307692307692%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e3.3kg\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 141.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"60.57692307692308%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003eBody weight(mean)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"39.42307692307692%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e13.2kg\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 141.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"60.57692307692308%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003eSide\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"39.42307692307692%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 141.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"60.57692307692308%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003eunilateral\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"39.42307692307692%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e677(87.6%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 141.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"60.57692307692308%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003ebilateral\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"39.42307692307692%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e96(12.4%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 141.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"60.57692307692308%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003ePatent processus vaginalis\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"39.42307692307692%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 141.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"60.57692307692308%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003eipsilateral\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"39.42307692307692%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e692(89.5%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 141.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"60.57692307692308%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; contralateral\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"39.42307692307692%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e233(34.4%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 141.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"60.57692307692308%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003eOperation time\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"39.42307692307692%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e34.8\u0026plusmn;5.4 minute\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 141.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"60.57692307692308%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003eFollower-up period\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"39.42307692307692%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e6-18 month\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 141.5pt; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; border-image: initial; border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"60.57692307692308%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003eIpsilateral inguinal hernia\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 92.15pt; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; border-image: initial; border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"39.42307692307692%\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #616161; font-family: DengXian; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e76(9.8%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pediatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bped","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pediatrics](http://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bped/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pediatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"laparoscopy, inguinal, cryptorchidism, palpable, undescended testes, orchiopexy","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.2.14553/v6","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.14553/v6","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBackground Discuss the superiority of laparoscopic orchiopexy in the treatment of inguinal palpable undescended testes. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethods Inclusion criteria: Preoperative examination and color Doppler ultrasound examination confirmed that the testes were located in the inguinal canal and could not be pulled into the scrotum, except for retractive and ectopic testes. The surgical steps were depicted as follow. The retroperitoneal wall was carved by ultrasonic scalpels, separates the spermatic vessels closed to the inferior pole of the kidney if necessary, dissects the peritoneum of vas deferens, cuts the testicular gubernaculum, and pulls back the testicle into the abdominal cavity. Besides, protect the vas deferens, and descend the testes to the scrotum and fix them without tension. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults There were 773 patients with 869 inguinal undescended palpable testes, 218 cases on the left side, 459 cases on the right side and 96 cases with bilateral undescended testes, whose age ranged from 6 months to 8 years, with an average of 20 months. All testes were successfully operated, no converted to open surgery. The average operation time was (34.8 ± 5.4) min. There were 692 testes have an ipsilateral patent processus vaginalis (89.5%); In 677 cases of unilateral cryptorchidism, 233 cases (34.4%) have a contralateral patent processus vaginalis, and laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure the hernia sac carry out during the surgery. There was no subcutaneous emphysema during the operation, no vomiting, no abdominal distension, no wound bleeding and obvious pain after surgery, especially wound infection is rarely. Doppler ultrasound was evaluated regularly after surgery. The patients were followed up for 6 to 18 months. All the testes were located in the scrotum without testicular retraction and atrophy. No inguinal hernia or hydrocele was found in follow-up examination. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConclusion Laparoscopic orchiopexy manage inguinal palpable cryptorchidism is safe and effective, and there are obvious minimally invasive advantages. Furthermore, It could discover a contralateral patent processus vaginalis, and treat at the same time, which avoid the occurrence of metachronous inguinal hernia.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Laparoscopic orchiopexy of palpable undescended testes_ experience of a single tertiary institution with over 773 cases","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":6,"date":"2020-03-10 17:31:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.14553/v6","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-03-04T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"decision","content":"Accept","date":"2020-03-04T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pediatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bped","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pediatrics](http://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bped/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pediatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":5,"date":"2020-03-02 13:48:30","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.14553/v5","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-02-28T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"decision","content":"Minor revision","date":"2020-02-28T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pediatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bped","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pediatrics](http://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bped/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pediatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":4,"date":"2020-02-24 11:57:01","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.14553/v4","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Minor revision","date":"2020-02-25T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-02-23T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pediatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bped","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pediatrics](http://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bped/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pediatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":3,"date":"2020-02-20 16:20:44","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.14553/v3","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-02-20T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"decision","content":"Minor revision","date":"2020-02-20T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pediatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bped","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pediatrics](http://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bped/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pediatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":2,"date":"2020-01-23 17:59:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.14553/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Minor revision","date":"2020-02-17T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2020-02-16T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Accept without revision\nForm responses:\n---\n* Are the methods appropriate and well described?: **Yes**\n* Does the work include the necessary controls?: **Unable to assess**\n* Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the data shown?: **Yes**\n* Are you able to assess any statistics in the manuscript or would you recommend an additional statistical review?: **Not relevant to this manuscript**\n* Quality of written English: **Acceptable**\n* Declaration of competing interests: **I declare that I have no competing interests.**\n\nComments to Author:\n---\nThank you for revision"},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-01-30T12:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2020-01-30T12:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Accept after discretionary revisions\nForm responses:\n---\n* Are the methods appropriate and well described?: **Unable to assess**\n* Does the work include the necessary controls?: **Unable to assess**\n* Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the data shown?: **Unable to assess**\n* Are you able to assess any statistics in the manuscript or would you recommend an additional statistical review?: **Not relevant to this manuscript**\n* Quality of written English: **Acceptable**\n* Declaration of competing interests: **I declare that I have no competing interests.**\n\nComments to Author:\n---\n\nThank you for your revision.\n\nPlease specify the change that the author revised in the main text, maybe you can change the color or draw an underline."},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2020-01-29T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-01-29T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2020-01-21T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-01-20T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2020-01-20T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pediatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bped","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pediatrics](http://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bped/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pediatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2019-09-17 23:32:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.14553/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2019-10-02T12:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Major revisions required\nForm responses:\n---\n* Are the methods appropriate and well described?: **No**\n* Does the work include the necessary controls?: **No**\n* Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the data shown?: **Yes**\n* Are you able to assess any statistics in the manuscript or would you recommend an additional statistical review?: **Not relevant to this manuscript**\n* Quality of written English: **Not suitable for publication unless extensively edited**\n* Declaration of competing interests: **I declare that I have no competing interests.**\n\nComments to Author:\n---\nAuthor described the Laparoscopic orchiopexy of palpable undescended testes_ experience of a single\ntertiary institution with over 773 cases.\nGreate case series and satisfactory results.\n\nBut some modification are required.\n\n1. Appropriate tabeles which express the patients background and characteristics.\nExcept age, such as birth weight, body weght at surgery, assocated anomalies, chromosomal anomaly, obvious hernia or not and so on.\nThere was no detail data. Also needs results table 2. Auther described the methods section \" During the operation, the ultrasonic scalpel is used to destroy the peritoneum at the internal ring instead of closed, and, if the contralateral processus\nvaginalis is not closed, the occult inguinal hernia sac is ligated in a same surgery.\"\nWhat means \"destroy\" ? not dissection? After the destroy, How to repare? or remain as is?\nI think the ultrasonic scalpel is not appropriate for the vas, vessel dissection. Bipolar Scissors is best for dissection.\n3. Please describe the datail procedure of closure of contrarateral hernia. Figure 2 was unclear to undestand. Direc closure or extraperitoneal closure? specific neede device?\n4. Author' indication is undescended testis in inguinal canal. How many percentage of inguinal canal testis of all undescended testis?"},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2019-10-02T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2019-09-18T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Major revisions required\nForm responses:\n---\n* Are the methods appropriate and well described?: **No**\n* Does the work include the necessary controls?: **Unable to assess**\n* Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the data shown?: **No**\n* Are you able to assess any statistics in the manuscript or would you recommend an additional statistical review?: **Not relevant to this manuscript**\n* Quality of written English: **Acceptable**\n* Declaration of competing interests: **I declare that I have no competing interests.**\n\nComments to Author:\n---\n\nSix to 18 months follow-up is really too short for making an authorative assessment of outcome after surgery for undescended testis. Specific factors would be better for evaluating outcome. The authors mentioned that the treated testis was located within the scrotum without retraction and atrophy. How did the authors define \"testis without retraction\"? How was this confirmed? Did the authors measure testis size pre and postoperatively? Was there any change? Was color-doppler US used to quantify or measure vascular flow? Also, the authors reported in this study that patent contralateral processus vaginalis was identified in 34% of subjects. What percentage of these subjects do the authors expect to become symptomatic in the future? In other words, what percentage of these subjects do the authors predict may develop symptomatic inguinal hernias?"},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2019-09-16T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2019-09-16T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2019-09-16T12:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2019-09-12T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2019-09-11T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2019-09-11T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"","date":"2019-09-05T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pediatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bped","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pediatrics](http://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bped/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pediatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1fa8441a-a4ef-4169-8e19-48414b1c37c1","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 10th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":64275,"name":"Pediatrics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-08-26T17:53:24+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5230","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-020-2021-6","journal":{"identity":"bmc-pediatrics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Pediatrics"},"publishedOn":"2020-03-16 20:29:50","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 16th, 2020"},"versionCreatedAt":"2020-03-10 17:31:46","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12887-020-2021-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-020-2021-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v6","identity":"rs-5230","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"identity":"rs-5230","version":["v6"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}