Survey of Awareness and Beliefs about Cancer (ABC) in Tehran Province, Iran

Abstract Introduction Knowledge, attitudes and practices are important measures for planning and evaluating cancer control programs. Little is known about these in Iran. Methods We conducted a population-based interview survey of adults aged 30–70 using the Farsi version of the Awareness and Beliefs about Cancer questionnaire in the capital province of Tehran, Iran, in 2019. We calculated weighted estimates of levels of cancer knowledge, attitudes and practices to allow for different selection probabilities and for nonresponse. We used multivariate logistic regression to understand demographic factors associated with bowel, cervix, and breast screening practices. Results We interviewed 736 men and 744 women. The mean number of recalled cancer warning signs was less than one; 57.7% could not recall any cancer warning signs. On average, participants recognized 5.6 out of 11 early cancer warning signs and 8.8 of 13 cancer risk factors. Most (82.7%) did not know that HPV infection was a cancer risk factor. Approximately, half had negative attitudes towards cancer treatment, but over 80% had positive attitudes towards the effectiveness of screening for improving survival. Colorectal, breast, and cervical screening rates were 24%, 42%, and 49%, respectively. Higher socioeconomic status increased the odds of screening for cancer. Women aged 60–70 were less likely to report taking up breast and cervical screening than younger women. Discussion The Iranian population has poor awareness and negative attitudes about cancer, and participation in screening programs is low. Public awareness and early detection of cancer should be promoted in Iran.