Sero Prevalence of H. Pylori Infection Among Students of Abrar University in Mogadishu-somalia.

Sero Prevalence of H. Pylori Infection Among Students of Abrar University in Mogadishu-somalia. | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Sero Prevalence of H. Pylori Infection Among Students of Abrar University in Mogadishu-somalia. ABDULRAZAK MOHAMED AHMED, Abdalle Fujeyra This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5326605/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: The bacteria Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the most prevalent infections globally. A systematic review conducted recently indicated that half of the entire world population is infected by it. The situation is worse in developing countries, such as Somalia. Thus, this study sought to establish the SERO-PREVALENCE of H. PYLORI among students of Abrar University in Mogadishu, Somalia. Method: Cross-Sectional Study Design was carried out on students from Abrar University in the period of January 2022 to June 2022. The total number of students recruited for the study was 150. A structured, self-administered questionnaire was developed and used to collect the required data. For specimen collection and identification from students, simple random sampling was applied. In the above process, 3 to 5 mL of venous blood sample was obtained. After 5 minutes of centrifugation, serum was taken and utilized for a H. pylori serological test. Data was captured in the computer, coded and analyzed by SPSS 20 software. Results: A total of 150 interviews were sought. The average age of the respondent was 20 years. H. pylori infection sero prevalence was 84 (56.4%). Risk increasing factors include: the ‘eating of spicy food’ (AOR 1.33: 95% CI = (2.203–80.692)), the length of sleep at night (AOR 0.011: 95 % CI= (0.001 – 0.110)), and Gender (AOR = 11.236, 95 % CI = 1.921–65.73) was one of the variables significantly associated with H. pylori. Conclusion: Sero-prevalence for h. pylori infection was found to be high among students of Abrar University. This study aims to contribute to the authorities in the health sector where the findings will help in availing adequate measures to combat the H. pylori infection. Of particular importance, all the confirmed cases of infection with H. pylori must be treated in what is washing able and dry with contact, and provision of enough clean water to the students is highly critical in the prevention of the spread. H. pylori sero-prevalence Introduction Helicobacter pylori is motile, Gram negative, bacillus that can be best described as spiral shaped, oxidase negative and catalase negative, urease producer and micro aerobic. This microaerophilic is poised to thrive in the stomach since it requires only 4% oxygen, 5% carbon dioxide and 5% hydrogen for its growth. (Namyalo et al., 2009). Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that is harbored on the luminal surface of the gastric epithelium and it was first cultured isolated by Warren and Marshall in Nineteen eighty-three. It chronic irritates the mucosa beneath it. It is usually acquired in the first five years of life and usually stays indefinitely in the body unless one is treated. Its prevalence increases as age advanced and was seen at lower childhood social economic status which accounts for the differences in prevalence in different places. (leontiadis et al., 2009 ). Helicobacter pylori infection is highly prevalent across the globe although a recent systematic review shows that many people become infected in their childhood. 4.4 billion people around the world are said to have H. pylori infection. However, prevalence was highest in Africa at 70.1% and the lowest recording was in the area varying from 81% and 63.5% respectively though highest H. pylori prevalence was shown. Turkey showed the highest prevalence in Western Asia (77.2%). (Hooi et al., 2017 ). In Africa, the infection is highly endemic with a frequency rate of 70.1% and it is acquired in childhood, thus might provide lifelong immunity if untreated (Ifeanyi & Jolaiya,2021) The majority of these newly infected people will not develop symptoms for some time. As a result, H. pylori has been associated with acute and chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastrointestinal malignancy as well as recurring extra-gastric illness such dyspaparesia Matte et aliliate text, ether causal or not remains to be undetermined. It is found in Africa and Asia. Although its prevalence varies due to the geography, age of people and socioeconomic factors; but is considerably high in developing countries. (Belay et al., 2020 ). The approximate pooled prevalence of H. pylori infection was 52.2% (95%). In a subgroup analysis by region, it was found to be as high in Somalia (71%) and noted lowest among those aged years from Oromia (39.9%). Although the exact transmission mode of H. pylori is not known, it is frequently considered to be transmitted via water/food by fecal–oral or oral-oral routes due The prevalence of H. pylori infection increases with age (Öztekin et al., 2021 ) Because the infection is acquired by oral ingestion of bacterium, and because transmission occurs predominantly within families in early childhood, it seems probable that direct person-to-person fecal-oral spread via vomitus saliva or feces (suspected routes) predominates in industrialized countries with a generally high standard of living; other routes such as vehicular should-directly-infected type water may be important on developing regions. (Ahmed et al., 2021). Some of the symptoms that define Helicobacter pylori infection include heartburn, belly pain or bloating, nausea, unexplained weight loss in children, anemia not due to other causes, early feeling of fullness after eating only a small amount (early satiety), vomiting and unintentional weight loss which is associated with breast feeding. This development rate is greater in low socio-economic status societies. The persistence of H. pylori in the stomach also displays its resistant nature as it resists both immune response and acid to cause chronic inflammation (Öztekin et al., 2021 ). H. pylori infections are well recognized to be even more significant in public health terms amongst low socioeconomic groups in developing countries. Hygiene, sanitation and overcrowding condition are common risk factors for H. pylori infection. The most frequent cause of chronic gastritis worldwide is infection with H. pylori. Higher rates among older age groups is believed to represent a cohort effect from lower living conditions for children in past decades. In the developing world, the infections induced by H. pylori have been seen to be of prime public health concern and are more common among low socioeconomic stratum residents. Risk factors for H. pylori infection include poor hygiene, and sanitation and crowded living conditions. (leontiadis et al., 2009 ). In addition to Haemophilus-associated diseases that demonstrate an earlier onset in developing countries, the spectrum of H. pylori infections extends beyond involvement with the gastrointestinal tract and includes associations with several complications: hyperemes gravitum coronary artery disease anemia diabetic blood family furosemide HIV growth trajectory immune and Parkinson’s disease. (Melese et al., 2019 ). Methods Study Design and Setting In this study, cross-sectional research design was used because; the cross sectional studies provide a snapshot of an individual or group at one specific point in time. The cross sectional allows him to study multiple entities in depth but the research is not predictive, instead it will be descriptive and theoretic so he can describe/explain a phenomenon rather fast. Method The study was conducted from January 2022 to June 2022 aiming at determining seroprevalence of H. pylori infection in Abrar university students. The student was subjected to not strenuous randomization and had venous blood collected between 3–5 ml, which after centrifuging for five minutes yielded their respective sera that were measured in H pylori antibody. Study population We performed this study to determine the seroprevalence of H. Pylori infection among students of Abrar university because we had intended these people as a target population. Sample size To compute the smallest sample size, we used s with following equation n= (Z2 p(1-p)/e2 Where Z = value for a standard normal level at 95% confidence levels which is equal to 1.96, p = expected prevalence as there have no any previous estimated of H pylori in Somalia. A = sample size, e = 50% d = allowable error. Therefore, the overall sample size of this study was 386 samples however due to time and money we did 150 samples. Data Analysis Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents (n = 149). Variables N (%) Age of respondents 18–21 102 (68.5) 22–25 46 (30.9) 26–30 1 (0.7) Mean ± SD 20 ± 0.48 Sex Male 75 (50.3) Female 74 (49.7) Marital status Single 147 (98.7) Married 2 (1.3) Respondent’s Faculty status Health Sciences 67 (45.0) Engineering 48 (32.2) Economic 26 (17.4) Agriculture 6 (4.0) Veterinary 2 (1.3) Table 2 Association between H. Pylori and other clinical characteristics among gender Personal characteristics Unit(s) N. (%) N = 149 Male N = 65 (54%) Female N= P value H pylori Positive 84 (56.4%) 48 (32.2%) 36 (24.2%) 0.042 Negative 65 (43.6%) 27 (18.1%) 38 (25.5%) Sleeping time Early 67 (45%) 27 (18.1%) 40 (26.8%) 0.020 Late 82 (55%) 48 (32.2%) 34 (22.8%) Eating times per day One time 12 (8.1%) 3 (2%) 9 (6%) 0.063 Two time 71 (47.7%) 32 (22%) 39 (26.2%) Three time 66 (44.3%) 39 (26.2%) 26 (17.4%) Eating spicy food Yes 114 (76.5%) 58 (39%) 56 (37.6%) 0.05 No 35 (23.5%) 17 (11.4%) 18 (12%) Conclusion This study showed the prevalence of H. pylori infection among students in Abrar University, Mogadishu- Somalia was 56.4%. Study results are closely compared with those from a study carried out in Beue and Limbe districts of Cameroon (Ndip et al., 2004), where the average prevalence was about 52.27%. Since the study was conducted in Nairobi County but within a LMIC; Kenya, this result is an illustration of what you would expect as it demonstrates clearly that H. pylori prevalence tends to be high in developing countries and low developed ones. H pylori was most common infection in age group 18–21 (68.5%) and least frequent among the ages of 26–30 years respectively, P value < 0.00. They also showed a high prevalence of H. pylori infection among the population aged between 22 years to 25 years old (31%). The acquisition of H. Pylori infection does not appear to be influenced by gender, as no other characteristic associated with the evidence in children for having incurred interest was identified; In the present study, both male and female gender were almost equally likely to be H. pylori positive (female = 49.7% versus males = 50.3%). The study further concludes from the results that consumption of spicy food and sleeping time of students were major predisposing factors for establishment H. pylori infection among all the school going students under this survey area. Efforts should be made to highlight research driven control and management of H. pylori infection along with its related risk factors in the national policy agenda, Declarations "Ethics Approval Statement This study was conducted by the ethical standards in the Declaration of the College of Medicine and Health Sciences and approved by Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia. All participants provided informed consent, and measures were taken to ensure the confidentiality and anonymity of data. The study's design, methodology, and data handling adhered to ethical guidelines to protect the welfare and rights of the participants involved." References Belay AS, Abateneh DD, Yehualashet SS (2020) Seroprevalence of helicobacter pylori infection and associated factors among adult dyspeptic patients in public health facilities, mizan Aman Town, Southwest, Ethiopia: Institutional-based cross-sectional study. Int J Gen Med 13:577–585. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S273523 Hooi JKY, Lai WY, Ng WK, Suen MMY, Underwood FE, Tanyingoh D, Malfertheiner P, Graham DY, Wong VWS, Wu JCY, Chan FKL, Sung JJY, Kaplan GG, Ng SC (2017) Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gastroenterology 153(2):420–429. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.022 Hu Q, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Fu K (2016) Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and Helicobacter pylori infection: A review of current diagnosis and management. Biomark Res 4(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40364-016-0068-1 Ifeanyi S, Jolaiya T (2021) Helicobacter pylori Infection in Africa: Update of the Current Situation and Challenges . https://doi.org/10.1159/000518959 Khoder G, Muhammad JS, Mahmoud I, Soliman SSM, Burucoa C (n.d.). Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and Its Associated Factors among Healthy Asymptomatic Residents in the United Arab Emirates . https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8020044 Leontiadis GI, Moayyedi P, Ford AC (2009) harle. Helicobacter pylori infection. BMJ Clinical Evidence , 2009 , 1597–1604 Melese A, Genet C, Zeleke B, Andualem T (2019) Helicobacter pylori infections in Ethiopia; prevalence and associated factors : a systematic review and meta-analysis . 1–15 Namyalo E, Nyakarahuka L, Afayoa M, Baziira J, Tamale A, Atuhaire GC, Kungu JM (2021) Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori among Patients with Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) Symptoms: A Retrospective Study at Selected Africa Air Rescue (AAR) Clinics in Kampala, Uganda, from 2015 to 2019. Journal of Tropical Medicine , 2021 . https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9935142 Öztekin M, Yılmaz B, Ağagündüz D, Capasso R (2021) Overview of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Clinical Features, Treatment, and Nutritional Aspects. Diseases 9(4):66. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases9040066 Progress M (2002) INCE first Cult of 347(15):1175–1186 Aminde JA, Dedino GA, Ngwasiri CA, Ombaku KS, Makon M, C. A., Aminde LN (2019) Helicobacter pylori infection among patients presenting with dyspepsia at a primary care setting in Cameroon: seroprevalence, five-year trend and predictors. BMC Infect Dis 19(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3677-0 Belay AS, Abateneh DD, Yehualashet SS (2020) Seroprevalence of helicobacter pylori infection and associated factors among adult dyspeptic patients in public health facilities, mizan Aman Town, Southwest, Ethiopia: Institutional-based cross-sectional study. Int J Gen Med 13:577–585. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S273523 Öztekin M, Yılmaz B, Ağagündüz D, Capasso R (2021) Overview of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Clinical Features, Treatment, and Nutritional Aspects. Diseases 9(4):66. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases9040066 Aminde JA, Dedino GA, Ngwasiri CA, Ombaku KS, Makon M, C. A., Aminde LN (2019) Helicobacter pylori infection among patients presenting with dyspepsia at a primary care setting in Cameroon: seroprevalence, five-year trend and predictors. BMC Infect Dis 19(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3677-0 Öztekin M, Yılmaz B, Ağagündüz D, Capasso R (2021) Overview of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Clinical Features, Treatment, and Nutritional Aspects. Diseases 9(4):66. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases9040066 Aminde JA, Dedino GA, Ngwasiri CA, Ombaku KS, Makon M, C. A., Aminde LN (2019) Helicobacter pylori infection among patients presenting with dyspepsia at a primary care setting in Cameroon: seroprevalence, five-year trend and predictors. BMC Infect Dis 19(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3677-0 Belay AS, Abateneh DD, Yehualashet SS (2020) Seroprevalence of helicobacter pylori infection and associated factors among adult dyspeptic patients in public health facilities, mizan Aman Town, Southwest, Ethiopia: Institutional-based cross-sectional study. Int J Gen Med 13:577–585. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S273523 Öztekin M, Yılmaz B, Ağagündüz D, Capasso R (2021) Overview of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Clinical Features, Treatment, and Nutritional Aspects. Diseases 9(4):66. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases9040066 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5326605","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":370025004,"identity":"f9f456df-f9bc-403e-a885-38652fff2231","order_by":0,"name":"ABDULRAZAK MOHAMED AHMED","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Abrar University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"ABDULRAZAK","middleName":"MOHAMED","lastName":"AHMED","suffix":""},{"id":370028216,"identity":"ac21ca18-6d64-439e-91a6-769f51617089","order_by":1,"name":"Abdalle Fujeyra","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCAxCKsZ+BB1WEsJaZDSRr2XCAWC18x5ufPWDMsZHdfPzssQ8/9zDI8d1IYP7wAY8WyTPHzA0Yt6UZbzuTlzyz5xmDseSNBDbJGXi0GNxIMJNg3HY4cduBHGMGngMMiRuAWph58Gm5//wbUMv/xM39b4wZ/xxgqAdqYf6MV8sNHpAtBxI3SOQYMwNtSQDayyCNT4vkmZwyicRtycYzbrxLZpY5IGE488zDNrx+4Tt+fJvEx212sv39uYcZ3xywkec7nnwYb4iBQQKCKQHEjA2ENIyCUTAKRsEoIAAAB4FT8RUuFdgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Abrar University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdalle","middleName":"","lastName":"Fujeyra","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-10-24 14:20:49","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":true,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true,"humanSubjectConsent":true,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5326605/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5326605/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":67987727,"identity":"56817fde-3db1-4fd9-9757-51abda0ac6ce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-01 04:26:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":277423,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5326605/v1/f7b28d27-aac3-4562-80a3-12837c38c1b6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSero Prevalence of H. Pylori Infection Among Students of Abrar University in Mogadishu-somalia.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eHelicobacter pylori is motile, Gram negative, bacillus that can be best described as spiral shaped, oxidase negative and catalase negative, urease producer and micro aerobic. This microaerophilic is poised to thrive in the stomach since it requires only 4% oxygen, 5% carbon dioxide and 5% hydrogen for its growth. (Namyalo et al., 2009).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHelicobacter pylori is a bacterium that is harbored on the luminal surface of the gastric epithelium and it was first cultured isolated by Warren and Marshall in Nineteen eighty-three. It chronic irritates the mucosa beneath it. It is usually acquired in the first five years of life and usually stays indefinitely in the body unless one is treated. Its prevalence increases as age advanced and was seen at lower childhood social economic status which accounts for the differences in prevalence in different places. (leontiadis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHelicobacter pylori infection is highly prevalent across the globe although a recent systematic review shows that many people become infected in their childhood. 4.4\u0026nbsp;billion people around the world are said to have H. pylori infection. However, prevalence was highest in Africa at 70.1% and the lowest recording was in the area varying from 81% and 63.5% respectively though highest H. pylori prevalence was shown. Turkey showed the highest prevalence in Western Asia (77.2%). (Hooi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Africa, the infection is highly endemic with a frequency rate of 70.1% and it is acquired in childhood, thus might provide lifelong immunity if untreated (Ifeanyi \u0026amp; Jolaiya,2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority of these newly infected people will not develop symptoms for some time. As a result, H. pylori has been associated with acute and chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastrointestinal malignancy as well as recurring extra-gastric illness such dyspaparesia Matte et aliliate text, ether causal or not remains to be undetermined. It is found in Africa and Asia. Although its prevalence varies due to the geography, age of people and socioeconomic factors; but is considerably high in developing countries. (Belay et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The approximate pooled prevalence of H. pylori infection was 52.2% (95%). In a subgroup analysis by region, it was found to be as high in Somalia (71%) and noted lowest among those aged years from Oromia (39.9%). Although the exact transmission mode of H. pylori is not known, it is frequently considered to be transmitted via water/food by fecal\u0026ndash;oral or oral-oral routes due The prevalence of H. pylori infection increases with age (\u0026Ouml;ztekin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBecause the infection is acquired by oral ingestion of bacterium, and because transmission occurs predominantly within families in early childhood, it seems probable that direct person-to-person fecal-oral spread via vomitus saliva or feces (suspected routes) predominates in industrialized countries with a generally high standard of living; other routes such as vehicular should-directly-infected type water may be important on developing regions. (Ahmed et al., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome of the symptoms that define Helicobacter pylori infection include heartburn, belly pain or bloating, nausea, unexplained weight loss in children, anemia not due to other causes, early feeling of fullness after eating only a small amount (early satiety), vomiting and unintentional weight loss which is associated with breast feeding.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis development rate is greater in low socio-economic status societies. The persistence of H. pylori in the stomach also displays its resistant nature as it resists both immune response and acid to cause chronic inflammation (\u0026Ouml;ztekin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). H. pylori infections are well recognized to be even more significant in public health terms amongst low socioeconomic groups in developing countries. Hygiene, sanitation and overcrowding condition are common risk factors for H. pylori infection. The most frequent cause of chronic gastritis worldwide is infection with H. pylori.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher rates among older age groups is believed to represent a cohort effect from lower living conditions for children in past decades. In the developing world, the infections induced by H. pylori have been seen to be of prime public health concern and are more common among low socioeconomic stratum residents. Risk factors for H. pylori infection include poor hygiene, and sanitation and crowded living conditions. (leontiadis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to Haemophilus-associated diseases that demonstrate an earlier onset in developing countries, the spectrum of H. pylori infections extends beyond involvement with the gastrointestinal tract and includes associations with several complications: hyperemes gravitum coronary artery disease anemia diabetic blood family furosemide HIV growth trajectory immune and Parkinson\u0026rsquo;s disease. (Melese et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eStudy Design and Setting\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, cross-sectional research design was used because; the cross sectional studies provide a snapshot of an individual or group at one specific point in time. The cross sectional allows him to study multiple entities in depth but the research is not predictive, instead it will be descriptive and theoretic so he can describe/explain a phenomenon rather fast. Method The study was conducted from January 2022 to June 2022 aiming at determining seroprevalence of H. pylori infection in Abrar university students. The student was subjected to not strenuous randomization and had venous blood collected between 3–5 ml, which after centrifuging for five minutes yielded their respective sera that were measured in H pylori antibody.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy population\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe performed this study to determine the seroprevalence of H. Pylori infection among students of Abrar university because we had intended these people as a target population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample size\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo compute the smallest sample size, we used s with following equation n= (Z2 p(1-p)/e2 Where Z = value for a standard normal level at 95% confidence levels which is equal to 1.96, p = expected prevalence as there have no any previous estimated of H pylori in Somalia. A = sample size, e = 50% d = allowable error. Therefore, the overall sample size of this study was 386 samples however due to time and money we did 150 samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Data Analysis","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents (n = 149).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge of respondents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18–21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102 (68.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22–25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46 (30.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26–30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean ± SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 ± 0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75 (50.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74 (49.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147 (98.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRespondent’s Faculty status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth Sciences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67 (45.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEngineering\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48 (32.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (17.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgriculture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVeterinary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociation between H. Pylori and other clinical characteristics among gender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonal characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnit(s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN. (%) N = 149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale N = 65 (54%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale N=\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH pylori\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84 (56.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48 (32.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (24.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65 (43.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (18.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38 (25.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSleeping time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67 (45%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (18.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 (26.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82 (55%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48 (32.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (22.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEating times per day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (8.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71 (47.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (22%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39 (26.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66 (44.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39 (26.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (17.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEating spicy food\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114 (76.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58 (39%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56 (37.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (23.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (11.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (12%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study showed the prevalence of H. pylori infection among students in Abrar University, Mogadishu- Somalia was 56.4%. Study results are closely compared with those from a study carried out in Beue and Limbe districts of Cameroon (Ndip et al., 2004), where the average prevalence was about 52.27%. Since the study was conducted in Nairobi County but within a LMIC; Kenya, this result is an illustration of what you would expect as it demonstrates clearly that H. pylori prevalence tends to be high in developing countries and low developed ones. H pylori was most common infection in age group 18\u0026ndash;21 (68.5%) and least frequent among the ages of 26\u0026ndash;30 years respectively, P value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.00. They also showed a high prevalence of H. pylori infection among the population aged between 22 years to 25 years old (31%). The acquisition of H. Pylori infection does not appear to be influenced by gender, as no other characteristic associated with the evidence in children for having incurred interest was identified; In the present study, both male and female gender were almost equally likely to be H. pylori positive (female\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;49.7% versus males\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;50.3%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study further concludes from the results that consumption of spicy food and sleeping time of students were major predisposing factors for establishment H. pylori infection among all the school going students under this survey area. Efforts should be made to highlight research driven control and management of H. pylori infection along with its related risk factors in the national policy agenda,\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\"Ethics Approval Statement\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted by the ethical standards in the Declaration of the College of Medicine and Health Sciences and approved by Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia. All participants provided informed consent, and measures were taken to ensure the confidentiality and anonymity of data. The study's design, methodology, and data handling adhered to ethical guidelines to protect the welfare and rights of the participants involved.\"\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBelay AS, Abateneh DD, Yehualashet SS (2020) Seroprevalence of helicobacter pylori infection and associated factors among adult dyspeptic patients in public health facilities, mizan Aman Town, Southwest, Ethiopia: Institutional-based cross-sectional study. Int J Gen Med 13:577\u0026ndash;585. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S273523\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.2147/IJGM.S273523\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHooi JKY, Lai WY, Ng WK, Suen MMY, Underwood FE, Tanyingoh D, Malfertheiner P, Graham DY, Wong VWS, Wu JCY, Chan FKL, Sung JJY, Kaplan GG, Ng SC (2017) Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gastroenterology 153(2):420\u0026ndash;429. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.022\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.022\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHu Q, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Fu K (2016) Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and Helicobacter pylori infection: A review of current diagnosis and management. Biomark Res 4(1):1\u0026ndash;9. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40364-016-0068-1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s40364-016-0068-1\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIfeanyi S, Jolaiya T (2021) \u003cem\u003eHelicobacter pylori Infection in Africa: Update of the Current Situation and Challenges\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1159/000518959\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1159/000518959\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhoder G, Muhammad JS, Mahmoud I, Soliman SSM, Burucoa C (n.d.). \u003cem\u003ePrevalence of Helicobacter pylori and Its Associated Factors among Healthy Asymptomatic Residents in the United Arab Emirates\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8020044\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/pathogens8020044\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLeontiadis GI, Moayyedi P, Ford AC (2009) harle. Helicobacter pylori infection. \u003cem\u003eBMJ Clinical Evidence\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2009\u003c/em\u003e, 1597\u0026ndash;1604\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMelese A, Genet C, Zeleke B, Andualem T (2019) \u003cem\u003eHelicobacter pylori infections in Ethiopia; prevalence and associated factors : a systematic review and meta-analysis\u003c/em\u003e. 1\u0026ndash;15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNamyalo E, Nyakarahuka L, Afayoa M, Baziira J, Tamale A, Atuhaire GC, Kungu JM (2021) Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori among Patients with Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) Symptoms: A Retrospective Study at Selected Africa Air Rescue (AAR) Clinics in Kampala, Uganda, from 2015 to 2019. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Tropical Medicine\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2021\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9935142\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1155/2021/9935142\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026Ouml;ztekin M, Yılmaz B, Ağag\u0026uuml;nd\u0026uuml;z D, Capasso R (2021) Overview of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Clinical Features, Treatment, and Nutritional Aspects. Diseases 9(4):66. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/diseases9040066\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/diseases9040066\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eProgress M (2002) INCE first Cult of 347(15):1175\u0026ndash;1186\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAminde JA, Dedino GA, Ngwasiri CA, Ombaku KS, Makon M, C. A., Aminde LN (2019) Helicobacter pylori infection among patients presenting with dyspepsia at a primary care setting in Cameroon: seroprevalence, five-year trend and predictors. BMC Infect Dis 19(1):1\u0026ndash;9. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3677-0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12879-019-3677-0\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBelay AS, Abateneh DD, Yehualashet SS (2020) Seroprevalence of helicobacter pylori infection and associated factors among adult dyspeptic patients in public health facilities, mizan Aman Town, Southwest, Ethiopia: Institutional-based cross-sectional study. Int J Gen Med 13:577\u0026ndash;585. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S273523\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.2147/IJGM.S273523\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026Ouml;ztekin M, Yılmaz B, Ağag\u0026uuml;nd\u0026uuml;z D, Capasso R (2021) Overview of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Clinical Features, Treatment, and Nutritional Aspects. Diseases 9(4):66. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/diseases9040066\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/diseases9040066\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAminde JA, Dedino GA, Ngwasiri CA, Ombaku KS, Makon M, C. A., Aminde LN (2019) Helicobacter pylori infection among patients presenting with dyspepsia at a primary care setting in Cameroon: seroprevalence, five-year trend and predictors. BMC Infect Dis 19(1):1\u0026ndash;9. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3677-0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12879-019-3677-0\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026Ouml;ztekin M, Yılmaz B, Ağag\u0026uuml;nd\u0026uuml;z D, Capasso R (2021) Overview of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Clinical Features, Treatment, and Nutritional Aspects. Diseases 9(4):66. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/diseases9040066\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/diseases9040066\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAminde JA, Dedino GA, Ngwasiri CA, Ombaku KS, Makon M, C. A., Aminde LN (2019) Helicobacter pylori infection among patients presenting with dyspepsia at a primary care setting in Cameroon: seroprevalence, five-year trend and predictors. BMC Infect Dis 19(1):1\u0026ndash;9. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3677-0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12879-019-3677-0\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBelay AS, Abateneh DD, Yehualashet SS (2020) Seroprevalence of helicobacter pylori infection and associated factors among adult dyspeptic patients in public health facilities, mizan Aman Town, Southwest, Ethiopia: Institutional-based cross-sectional study. Int J Gen Med 13:577\u0026ndash;585. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S273523\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.2147/IJGM.S273523\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026Ouml;ztekin M, Yılmaz B, Ağag\u0026uuml;nd\u0026uuml;z D, Capasso R (2021) Overview of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Clinical Features, Treatment, and Nutritional Aspects. Diseases 9(4):66. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/diseases9040066\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/diseases9040066\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"H. pylori, sero-prevalence","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5326605/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5326605/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBackground: The bacteria Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the most prevalent infections globally. A systematic review conducted recently indicated that half of the entire world population is infected by it. The situation is worse in developing countries, such as Somalia. Thus, this study sought to establish the SERO-PREVALENCE of H. PYLORI among students of Abrar University in Mogadishu, Somalia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethod: Cross-Sectional Study Design was carried out on students from Abrar University in the period of January 2022 to June 2022. The total number of students recruited for the study was 150. A structured, self-administered questionnaire was developed and used to collect the required data. For specimen collection and identification from students, simple random sampling was applied. In the above process, 3 to 5 mL of venous blood sample was obtained. After 5 minutes of centrifugation, serum was taken and utilized for a H. pylori serological test. Data was captured in the computer, coded and analyzed by SPSS 20 software.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults: A total of 150 interviews were sought. The average age of the respondent was 20 years. H. pylori infection sero prevalence was 84 (56.4%). Risk increasing factors include: the ‘eating of spicy food’ (AOR 1.33: 95% CI = (2.203–80.692)), the length of sleep at night (AOR 0.011: 95 % CI= (0.001 – 0.110)), and Gender (AOR = 11.236, 95 % CI = 1.921–65.73) was one of the variables significantly associated with H. pylori.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConclusion: Sero-prevalence for h. pylori infection was found to be high among students of Abrar University. This study aims to contribute to the authorities in the health sector where the findings will help in availing adequate measures to combat the H. pylori infection. Of particular importance, all the confirmed cases of infection with H. pylori must be treated in what is washing able and dry with contact, and provision of enough clean water to the students is highly critical in the prevention of the spread.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Sero Prevalence of H. Pylori Infection Among Students of Abrar University in Mogadishu-somalia.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-01 04:18:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5326605/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"91f0fd1c-8f94-4acf-99ee-ae56bd4f4736","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 1st, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-11-01T04:18:14+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-01 04:18:14","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5326605","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5326605","identity":"rs-5326605","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}