Prevalence of Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms Among Clinical Physiotherapy Students Following Prolonged Lecturers Strike in a Sub-Saharan University.

Prevalence of Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms Among Clinical Physiotherapy Students Following Prolonged Lecturers Strike in a Sub-Saharan University. | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Prevalence of Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms Among Clinical Physiotherapy Students Following Prolonged Lecturers Strike in a Sub-Saharan University. Uchenna Prosper Okonkwo, Ray-Thelma Chisonyerem Udechukwu, Uchechukwu Martha Chukwuemeka, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4227413/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objectives To determine the prevalence of anxiety, and depressive symptoms among clinical physiotherapy students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, following prolonged lecturers (teachers) strike. a Methods This cross-sectional survey consecutively recruited 131 physiotherapy undergraduates of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, in clinical classes. The researchinstruments were a socio-demographic questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and a Chi-square inferential statistical test at an alpha level of 0.05. Results: The majority of the participants were between 18-23 years of age, 75 (57.25%) of the participants were in their fourth year of study (400 level), while 56 (42.75%) of the participants were in their fifth year of study (500 level). The prevalence of anxiety and depression within the population of the study were 20.6% and 4.6% respectively. There was a significant association between the pairs of anxiety symptoms and gender (p=0.017); depressive symptoms and gender (p=0.008), with members of the male gender presenting more significant cases of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Conclusion The prevalence of depression and anxiety within the population of study were relatively high, and actively associated with gender. Anxiety symptoms depressive symptoms physiotherapy students lecturers strike. Figures Figure 1 Contribution to Knowledge Previous studies were mostly conducted among students outside Nigeria's university system without any similar scenarios (university teachers strikes), but the current study was specific to finding the anxiety and depressive symptoms among university students who were in their clinical years of study during the nationwide strike embarked on by university teachers. Besides, the current study was informed by the dearth of similar studies in Nigeria, especially in the South East Nigeria. By conducting this study, a comparable finding has been made the related the current study with previous findings. Interestingly, the study was able to compare the prevalence of anxiety and depression with the findings of WHO and other previous studies. The prevalence of anxiety and depression was a little lower than those found by WHO while it was lower with those of the other findings. Introduction Mental health problems are the first cause of disability and a major public health issue worldwide due to disease progression, difficulties in therapeutic management, and increasing prevalence [1,2]. Specifically, depression, anxiety, and stress are considered important indicators of mental health, which if untreated, can hurt individuals [3,4]. Depression is a common and severe mental disorder caused by the combinations of genetic, social, psychological, and environmental factors [5,6,7]. According to the American Psychological Association (2020) [8], anxiety and depression are both emotional responses leading to a very similar set of symptoms, including difficulty sleeping, fatigue, muscle tension, and irritability, which persist in the absence of a stressor in anxiety. Depression is further characterized by a set of symptoms including a lack of interest in daily activities, significant weight loss or gain, sleep pattern alterations, lack of energy, loss of concentration, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, and even recurrent thoughts of death or suicide [8]. It affects economic activity, learning, social, and cultural life, and people's ability to participate in their communities [5, 3, 9,10,11,7]. Anxiety is the body's normal response as a result of feeling worried, fearful, and stressed about what is to come, which can occur in anyone of any age [12, 13]. It is a psychological condition as well as an emotional and behavioral disorder characterized by extreme worrying, a sense of fear, agitation, excessively sensitive responses, and deleterious thinking [14, 15]. Occasional anxiety is common, but when it involves intense, persistent, and excessive fear and worry, it can exacerbate and lead to anxiety disorder [16,17]. It can cause distress syndromes such as shaking, shortness of breath, headache, loss of mental power, anger, heart arrest, and many other syndromes [18]. University students, who are at an age where a high prevalence of anxiety was reported [13], are a special segment of society at a specific developmental milestone that bridges a critical transitory period from adolescence to adulthood [19]. This transitional period embraces a very important process like endocrine surge, emotional turmoil, self-doubt, social withdrawal, loneliness, lowered self-esteem, and academic stress, alongside financial difficulties urging the student to develop new coping mechanisms [20, 19, 21-25]. Generally, in the context of education and learning, healthcare students can experience high levels of stress in their everyday activities due to a variety of factors such as study burden, high amount of content to be learned in relatively short periods, and continuous exams and tests [26,27]. In the same vein, the effect of the breaks in academic sessions when the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) goes on a strike can be just as devastating, affecting the students both psychologically and socially [28]. Consequently, up to 60% of university students leave university without finishing their studies because of depression, anxiety, and maladjustment [29,30]. A high level of anxiety affects not only academic performance, but can also cause many other detrimental effects such as depression, health to decline, and suicide [31, 32, 33,34]. Medical students are at high risk of developing depression and anxiety disorders, which can reach levels of severity sufficient enough to bring important consequences to emotional, mental, and physical well-being [35]. Therefore, early diagnosis and management of psychological distress lead to better management and patient outcomes [36]. Thus, it is necessary to identify those students who are at a higher risk of developing mental health problems during college life [37]. Hence the purpose of this study will be to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among clinical physiotherapy students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, following prolonged (8 months) lecturers strike in 2022. Material and Methods Study design This study adopted a cross-sectional research design and was conducted in Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi. The participants were undergraduate clinical physiotherapy students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus. The physiotherapy undergraduate curriculum comprises a 5-year, full-time program that culminates in a professional qualification and a Bachelor of Medical Rehabilitation in Physiotherapy (BMR.PT). Clinical students comprise physiotherapy students in the 4 th and 5 th year classes. The main method of learning in the clinical phase is through actual hands-on skills and patient/case-based teaching. The non-clinical physiotherapy students were excluded from the study. Sample Size/ Sampling Technique The sample size was calculated using the Taro Yamane method for sample size calculation; n = N/ (1+N (e) 2). Where N is equal to 195, e is equal to 0.05, and the sample size is n = 131. A consecutive sampling technique was used in recruiting the physiotherapy undergraduate students from the selected classes in Nnamdi Azikiwe University (NAU), Nnewi campus. Research Instruments Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). This instrument was used to assess anxiety and depression in the population of the study. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was devised by Zigmond and Snaith (1983), to measure anxiety and depression in a general medical population of patients [38]. It has become a popular tool, for clinical practice and research [39]. The HADS contains 14 items and consists of two subscales: anxiety and depression. It is a self-report scale consisting of two subscales, one measuring anxiety with seven items (HADS-A) and one measuring depression with seven items (HADS-D). The subject gives answers to each question on a 4-point (0–3) Likert scale and answers how he/she has been feeling in the past week. Items 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 belong to the anxiety subscale, while items: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 belong to the depression subscale. Based on the item-scale correlation coefficients, the Cronbach’s alpha values reflecting the internal consistency reliability were 0.890 for the anxiety scale (HADS-A) and 0.856 for the depressive scale (HADS-D) The correlation coefficient between HADS-A and HADS-D scores was excellent (r: 0.878) [40]. Procedure for Data Collection Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus before the commencement of this study. The study and screening procedure were explained to the participants and their informed consent was obtained before the commencement of data collection. The confidentiality of the participants was ensured. The research instrument was administered by the researcher and two research assistants who underwent training by the researcher on how to administer the research instrument. The time taken to fill out each questionnaire was between 7 to 12 minutes. The data collection lasted for four weeks after the questionnaires were retrieved, screened for incomplete information, and inputted accordingly into an Excel sheet preparatory for data analysis. Statistical Analysis Data was analyzed using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Descriptive statistics of frequency count, percentage, mean, and standard deviation (SD) were used to summarize participants' socio-demographic data and their scores on the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). The chi-square test was used to test the association between anxiety, depressive symptoms, and some socio-demographic variables. The alpha level was set at 0.05. RESULTS Socio-demographic characteristics of the participants The present study involved a total of 131 participants, of which 43 (32 8%) were males, and 88 (67.2%) were females. 81(61.8%) were within the ages of 18-23 years, 46 (35.1%) were within the ages of 24-29 years, and about 4 (3.1%) were 30 years and above. Furthermore, 75 (57.25%) of the participants were in their fourth year of study (400 level), while 56 (42.75%) of the participants were in their fifth year of study (500 level). ( Table 1) Descriptive statistics of the participant scores on the anxiety and depressive symptoms. The result of this study showed that the average score of the participants on the depression domain of the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) questionnaire was 4.63±2.88 with a range of 0 to 14. One hundred and thirteen (86.3%) of the participants were reportedly normal and not symptomatic of depression, 12 (9.2%) of the participants were borderline depressed, and 6 (4.6%) participants fell under the category of significant cases of depression. More so, the participant's mean score on anxiety was 7.76±3.65, with a range of 0 to 19. 63 (48.1%) of the participants were reportedly normal, and not showing symptomatic of anxiety disorder, 41 (31.3%), fell within the category of borderline anxiety disorder, while 27 (20.6%) of the participants showed significant cases of anxiety disorder. ( Table 2, Fig 1) . A association between depressive symptoms, gender, age, and level of study of the participants. The result of the present study revealed that there was a statistically significant association between participants' gender and depressive symptoms within the population of the study (p=0.008), with members of the male gender showing higher incidents of significant depressive symptoms in contrast to the female gender, in other words, depressive symptoms are more associated with the male gender within the present population of the study. Furthermore, there was no significant association between participants' age (p=0.094) and depressive symptoms. This implies that no particular age category is associated with depressive symptoms more or less than the other age categories. More so, the result of this study showed that there was no significant association between participants' level of study and depressive symptoms (p=0.669). In other words, no academic level of study significantly presents with depressive symptoms more or less than the other within the population of study. ( Table 3) Association between depressive symptoms, gender, age, and level of study of the participants . From the result of this study, there was a significant association between participants' gender and anxiety symptoms (p=0.017), with the male population showing significantly higher cases of anxiety symptoms compared to the female gender. There was however no significant association between participants' age and anxiety symptoms (p=0.648), in that no age category is significantly associated with anxiety symptoms in contrast to the other age categories. Furthermore, the result of this study showed that there was no significant association between the participant's level of study and anxiety symptoms (p=0.117), as no level of study significantly presented more or less anxiety symptoms compared to the other. ( Table 4) . Discussion Mental health among university students is of significant public health concern, necessitating epidemiological data [41]. Depression, anxiety, and stress, as an important indicator of mental health, when left untreated, can hurt individuals [3,4]. In recent years, a high number of university students including medical students have presented with mental health disorders, mainly anxiety, and depression, negatively impacting their quality of life [42, 43,44,45,46,47]. Consequently, in light of these considerations, the present study was aimed at determining the prevalence of anxiety, and depressive symptoms among clinical physiotherapy students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, following a prolonged lecturers strike in Nigeria (from March 2022 to October 2022). From the result of this study, the prevalence of anxiety symptoms among the participants was 20.6%. This was lower than that obtained by Emmanuel (2016), who reported a prevalence of 67.8% among university students in a study to assess the prevalence and possible correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress among the science students of Oduduwa University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. [48] However, well-known fact that anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental health disorders and affect approximately one-third of adults during their lifetime [49]. Furthermore, the prevalence of anxiety symptoms in the present study was however higher than 3.6% reported by WHO in 2022 as the global prevalence [50]. More so, in a quantitative systematic review to estimate the global prevalence of anxiety among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic, Liyanage et al. (2021), in line with the result of the present study reported that the overall pooled point estimates of the prevalence for anxiety varied between 11% and 89%, which were reported by 36 studies [41]. Furthermore, in the present study, the prevalence of depressive symptoms amongst the participants was 4.6%. This was greater than the 5% reported by WHO in 2022 [51]as the global prevalence; and less than the 28.2% reported by Ahmed et al. (2020) [52] in a study to assess the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among Jimma University students in Ethiopia. The variation might be due to the difference in the data collection tool that previous studies used such as the 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale and The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale - 21 Items (DASS-21). The other reason might be the difference in study participant's sociodemographic and economic characteristics. However, various studies across the globe showed the prevalence of depression among university students varied, as low as 4% and as high as 79.2% [53]. Studies conducted in African Universities showed that the prevalence of depression among university students ranges between 16.2% and 67% [54,55,56, 57,58]. Therefore, it is apparent that University students worldwide are at higher risk of developing mental health disorders, particularly depression, and suffer from its impact [22, 59], depressive disorders are the most pressing public health problems associated with substantial impairment, comorbidity, poor quality of life, and high mortality [60]. From the result of the present study, there was a significant association between gender and anxiety symptoms within the study population, with members of the male gender reportedly showing higher incidents of anxiety symptoms compared to the female gender. This was in contrast to the results of previous studies that reported significant gender differences in anxiety with female and non-binary gender people showing higher or twice more anxiety symptoms incidents in contrast to the male gender [ 61, 62]. This variation may be due to differences in demographic, and/or environmental factors. Furthermore, the result of the present study showed that neither age nor level of study was significantly associated with anxiety symptoms within the population of the study. This implied that age and participants' level of the study did not influence the existence of symptomatic anxiety disorder within the population of the study. In contrast to the result of the present study, Mohamad et al. (2021), in a study to identify the prevalence of anxiety and its associated factors among university students in Peninsular and East Malaysia, reported that the academic year showed the strongest association with risk of anxiety among university students in Malaysia [13]; furthermore, the significant relationship between anxiety and academic year can be contributed by several factors such as different approaches by each course, variation in assessment and grading system of each course and differences of teaching methods in the different academic years [63]. A recent study reported that students in their early university years had difficulty adjusting to the new university life, and most times had problems handling everything independently [64]. Another study conducted among engineering students in one of the public universities in Malaysia showed that as the number of the academic year increased, the anxiety level among the students increased as the course became harder, and their workload increased [15]. The probable reason for the variation of data between these studies can be due to factors such as sampling methods, sample size, the differences in the instrument used, and the way the data was interpreted. Additionally, in contrast with the result of the present study, Santomauro et al. (2021), reported a significant association between anxiety symptoms and age, with younger age groups reportedly more affected than older age groups [65]. Furthermore, Baxter et al. (2014), concluded that the prevalence of anxiety increases at the age of 10 to 19 years old and peaks at the age between 20 to 34 years old [66]. From the present study, the result revealed a significant association between depressive symptoms and gender, with the male gender significantly presenting the more significant case of depression compared to the female gender. In line with the result of the present study, studies reported that when required to be dependent on others, men exhibited more severe depression than women, with 58% of depression occurring in men [67). Additionally, compared with women, men are less likely to seek treatment following mild to moderate depression because of the shame associated with seeking help due to hegemonic masculinity [68]. However, women are more likely to report mild-moderate symptoms of depression and men intend to report more severe depression and suicide [69, 70, 71]. More so, in contrast to the result of the present study, various studies have reported incidents of depressive symptoms more in the female gender compared to the male gender [72,73]. In addition, the susceptibility to depression is affected by diverse hereditary, epigenetic, environmental, and endocrine risk factors [74]. Studies have also displayed that the sex ratio (women: men) of depressive disorders is over 1.7 for lifetime prevalence and 1.4 for 12-month prevalence after the age of 18 [75]. Furthermore, the present study found no significant association between age, level of study, and depressive symptoms within the population of study. However, contrarily to the result of the present study, most studies have found significant differences in the depression level of college students in different years of their education, although some found the difference to be insignificant, in line with the present study [76]. More so, a survey of Chinese students showed that the highest scores for depression, anxiety, and stress all appeared in the first three years of college, and students' mental health status was relieved in the fourth year with time [77]. Another survey of medical students in Saudi Arabia found that students' depression levels continued to rise from the first year of enrollment, reached maximum intensity in the third year, and then dropped significantly with graduation in the last year [78]. In addition, several studies have highlighted the increasing levels of depressive symptoms among young individuals aged 18-25 (13.1% vs 7.1% of all adults) and specifically among university students [79,80]. More so, several studies have also reported a significant association between age and depression [47,21,22,81]. Conclusion The present study found the prevalence of anxiety and depression a little higher than the international and global range for anxiety and depression stated by WHO; a significant association was also found between anxiety, depressive symptoms, and gender while reporting no association with age and level of study. Hence, anxiety and depressive symptoms were not independently predicted by the participant's age, and level of study within the population of study. Recommendation s Establishing mental health screening services on the campus, and designing proper mental health intervention programs in the curriculum of physiotherapy training to provide strategies to identify and manage properly, students with psychological distress. Future studies should consider a multi-center study and applying randomized sampling techniques to enhance the generalizability of the outcome. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The current study was performed by the relevant guidelines and regulations as contained in the Helsinki Declaration. Ethics approvals to carry out the research was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology; Nnamdi Azikiwe University All the participants consented to participate in the study Acknowledgments We are grateful to the participants who agreed to be part of this study Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Funding: The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this articles Authors’ Contributions UPO, RCU, and UMC wrote the main manuscript text and IAA, UNA prepared Tables 1, 2, 3, and 5. All authors reviewed the manuscript. References Wainberg, M.L., Scorza, P., Shultz, J.M., Helpman, L., Mootz, J.J., Johnson, K.A., Neria, Y., Bradford, J.-M.E., Oquendo, M.A. and Arbuckle, M.R. (2017). 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Doi: 10.3390/ijerph1616286 Hamasha, A.A.-H., Kareem, Y.M., Alghamdi, M.S., Algarni, M.S., Alahedib, K.S. and Alharbi, F.A. (2019). Risk indicators of depression among medical, dental, nursing, pharmacology, and other medical science students in Saudi Arabia. International Review of Psychiatry , 31(7-8), pp.646–652. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2019.1584095. Cvetkovski, S., Reavley, N. J., and Jorm, A. F. (2012). The prevalence and correlates of psychological distress in Australian tertiary students compared to their community peers. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 46(5), 457–467. doi:10.1177/0004867411435290 Ibrahim AK, Kelly SJ, Adams CE, Glazebrook C. (2013). A systematic review of studies of depression prevalence in university students. J Psychiatr Res.47(3):391-400. Argyropoulos, K., Giourou, E., Dimopoulou, M., Argyropoulou, A., Gourzis, P. and Jelastopulu, E. (2017). Anxiety and depression among Greek undergraduate students at the University of Patras. Glob J Med PUBLIC Heal Anxiety , 6 (5). Tables Table 1: Summary statistics of the participants’ socio-demographics data. Variable Frequency Percentage (%) Age Category 18-23 years 81 61.8 24-29 years 46 35.1 30 years and above 4 3.1 Gender Male 43 32.8 Female 88 67.2 Level of study 400 Level 75 57.25 500 Level 56 42.75 Table 2: Descriptive statistics of the participant scores on the anxiety and depressive symptoms. Variable Mean±SD Minimum Maximum Frequency Percentage (%) Depressive symptoms 4.63±2.88 0 14 Normal 113 86.3 Borderline depression 12 9.2 Significant case of depression 6 4.6 Anxiety symptoms 7.76±3.65 0 19 Normal 63 48.1 Borderline anxiety 41 31.3 Significant case of anxiety 27 20.6 Table 3: Association between depressive symptoms and gender, age, and level of study of the participants using Chi-square. Variable Depressive symptoms X 2 p-value Normal Borderline Significant case Gender Male 32 6 5 9.588 0.008 * Female 81 6 1 Age category 18-23 years 72 8 1 24-29 years 38 4 4 7.939 0.094 30 years and above 3 0 1 Level of study 400 level 55 15 5 0.805 0.669 500 level 41 14 1 * Significant at alpha 0.05 Table 4 : Association between depressive symptoms and gender, age, and level of study of the participants using Ch-square. Variable Anxiety symptoms X 2 p-value Normal Borderline Significant case Gender Male 16 12 15 8.138 0.017 * Female 47 29 13 Age category 18-23 years 39 27 15 24-29 years 21 14 11 2.482 0.648 30 years and above 3 0 1 Level of study 400 level 30 23 22 4.288 0.117 500 level 39 12 5 * Significant at alpha 0.05 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4227413","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":289178743,"identity":"fef868ce-92eb-4431-b4aa-5a9804fead2d","order_by":0,"name":"Uchenna Prosper Okonkwo","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/ElEQVRIie3RsWrDMBCA4QsGTUezyqj0Gc4YDCElfhUXry1k9BQMgnTxAziQh0iWzDGCZnF3g71o8dQ5U4fKWUIDIulWiP5FSOJDBwJwuf5poxyAALz9sCA3J/xGwpI/E6TT7iqhNh/pMutCOhRHMZ8vHv3cq1qEbpbbSLf3gk3dR1R/7kRJDAWwdIrQp1bSJMzXS/UcNW87gYT4BBgJBJVaBzuT194Qbsj4eJ1slyoyhBlCZjBkA5nZiN9VMihrFcb1RzhFStCXLJysSSU28tDKSheZClbvUrf4vYj5QermK1OxjQAffuVX3mlgeLk8PxPbhf0Vl8vlurd+ADC+UIGtqnx6AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka,","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Uchenna","middleName":"Prosper","lastName":"Okonkwo","suffix":""},{"id":289178744,"identity":"908f3c8b-b3bc-49f3-9709-e4a08bde2172","order_by":1,"name":"Ray-Thelma Chisonyerem Udechukwu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka,","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ray-Thelma","middleName":"Chisonyerem","lastName":"Udechukwu","suffix":""},{"id":289178746,"identity":"a2ca3cf1-e96e-49a9-96a6-05ff04c2b5e0","order_by":2,"name":"Uchechukwu Martha Chukwuemeka","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka,","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Uchechukwu","middleName":"Martha","lastName":"Chukwuemeka","suffix":""},{"id":289178747,"identity":"66614c50-72f6-4b93-be8a-c94577887502","order_by":3,"name":"Ifeoma Adaigwe Amaechi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka,","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ifeoma","middleName":"Adaigwe","lastName":"Amaechi","suffix":""},{"id":289178748,"identity":"1ffc72a6-c63a-4f19-8298-f0b0b13886f6","order_by":4,"name":"Uzoamaka Nwakego Akobundu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka,","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Uzoamaka","middleName":"Nwakego","lastName":"Akobundu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-06 12:29:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4227413/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4227413/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":54597045,"identity":"2034ac3c-7461-4cfb-8a19-a8c12e730a7d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-12 19:11:20","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":16969,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of the categories of anxiety and depressive symptoms among the participants\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4227413/v1/34a0b9ced2cd36cd58054d76.png"},{"id":54677633,"identity":"a7d137cf-21bd-4011-851e-1f99a5a511e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-15 07:02:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":593426,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4227413/v1/3ac44e14-6c73-4b31-8c65-0fff589e7b49.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003ePrevalence of Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms Among Clinical Physiotherapy Students Following Prolonged Lecturers Strike in a Sub-Saharan University.\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Contribution to Knowledge","content":"\u003cp\u003ePrevious studies were mostly conducted among students outside Nigeria\u0026apos;s university system without any similar scenarios (university teachers strikes), but the current study was specific to finding the anxiety and depressive symptoms among university students who were in their clinical years of study during the nationwide strike embarked on by university teachers. Besides, the current study was informed by the dearth of similar studies in Nigeria, especially in the South East Nigeria. By conducting this study, a comparable finding has been made the related the current study with previous findings. Interestingly, the study was able to compare the prevalence of anxiety and depression with the findings of WHO and other previous studies. The prevalence of anxiety and depression was a little lower than those found by WHO while it was lower with those of the other findings.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMental health problems are the first cause of disability and a major public health issue worldwide due to disease progression, difficulties in therapeutic management, and increasing prevalence [1,2]. Specifically, depression, anxiety, and stress are considered important indicators of mental health, which if untreated, can hurt individuals [3,4]. Depression is a common and severe mental disorder caused by the combinations of genetic, social, psychological, and environmental factors [5,6,7].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the American Psychological Association (2020) [8], anxiety and depression are both emotional responses leading to a very similar set of symptoms, including difficulty sleeping, fatigue, muscle tension, and irritability, which persist in the absence of a stressor in anxiety. Depression is further characterized by a set of symptoms including a lack of interest in daily activities, significant weight loss or gain, sleep pattern alterations, lack of energy, loss of concentration, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, and even recurrent thoughts of death or suicide [8]. It affects economic activity, learning, social, and cultural life, and people\u0026apos;s ability to participate in their communities [5, 3, 9,10,11,7].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnxiety is the body\u0026apos;s normal response as a result of feeling worried, fearful, and stressed about what is to come, which can occur in anyone of any age [12, 13]. It is a psychological condition as well as an emotional and behavioral disorder characterized by extreme worrying, a sense of fear, agitation, excessively sensitive responses, and deleterious thinking [14, 15]. Occasional anxiety is common, but when it involves intense, persistent, and excessive fear and worry, it can exacerbate and lead to anxiety disorder [16,17]. \u0026nbsp;It can cause distress syndromes such as shaking, shortness of breath, headache, loss of mental power, anger, heart arrest, and many other syndromes [18].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUniversity students, who are at an age where a high prevalence of anxiety was reported [13], are a special segment of society at a specific developmental milestone that bridges a critical transitory period from adolescence to adulthood [19]. This transitional period embraces a very important process like endocrine surge, emotional turmoil, self-doubt, social withdrawal, loneliness, lowered self-esteem, and academic stress, alongside financial difficulties urging the student to develop new coping mechanisms [20, 19, 21-25]. Generally, in the context of education and learning, healthcare students can experience high levels of stress in their everyday activities due to a variety of factors such as study burden, high amount of content to be learned in relatively short periods, and continuous exams and tests [26,27]. In the same vein, the effect of the breaks in academic sessions when the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) goes on a strike can be just as devastating, affecting the students both psychologically and socially [28].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsequently, up to 60% of university students leave university without finishing their studies because of depression, anxiety, and maladjustment [29,30]. A high level of anxiety affects not only academic performance, but can also cause many other detrimental effects such as depression, health to decline, and suicide [31, 32, 33,34]. Medical students are at high risk of developing depression and anxiety disorders, which can reach levels of severity sufficient enough to bring important consequences to emotional, mental, and physical well-being [35]. Therefore, early diagnosis and management of psychological distress lead to better management and patient outcomes [36]. Thus, it is necessary to identify those students who are at a higher risk of developing mental health problems during college life [37]. Hence the purpose of this study will be to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among clinical physiotherapy students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, following prolonged (8 months) lecturers strike in 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study adopted a cross-sectional research design and\u0026nbsp;was conducted in Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi. The participants were\u0026nbsp;undergraduate clinical physiotherapy students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus.\u0026nbsp;The physiotherapy undergraduate curriculum comprises a 5-year, full-time program that culminates in a professional qualification and a Bachelor of Medical Rehabilitation in Physiotherapy (BMR.PT). Clinical students comprise physiotherapy students in the 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e and 5\u003csup\u003eth\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eyear classes. The main method of learning in the clinical phase is through actual hands-on skills and patient/case-based teaching. The non-clinical physiotherapy students were excluded from the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample Size/\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Sampling Technique\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample size was calculated\u0026nbsp;using the Taro Yamane method for sample size calculation; n = N/ (1+N (e) 2). Where N is equal to 195, e is equal to 0.05, and the sample size is n = 131. A consecutive sampling technique was\u0026nbsp;used in recruiting the\u0026nbsp;physiotherapy undergraduate students\u0026nbsp;from the selected classes in Nnamdi Azikiwe University (NAU), Nnewi campus.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Instruments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis instrument was used to assess anxiety and depression in the population of the study.\u0026nbsp;The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was devised by Zigmond and Snaith (1983), to measure anxiety and depression in a general medical population of patients [38]. It has become a popular tool, for clinical practice and research [39]. The HADS contains 14 items and consists of two subscales: anxiety and depression. It is a self-report scale consisting of two subscales, one measuring anxiety with seven items (HADS-A) and one measuring depression with seven items (HADS-D). The subject gives answers to each question on a 4-point (0\u0026ndash;3) Likert scale and answers how he/she has been feeling in the past week. Items 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 belong to the anxiety subscale, while items: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 belong to the depression subscale. Based on the item-scale correlation coefficients, the Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha values reflecting the internal consistency reliability were 0.890 for the anxiety scale (HADS-A) and 0.856 for the depressive scale (HADS-D) The correlation coefficient between HADS-A and HADS-D scores was excellent (r: 0.878) [40].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcedure for Data Collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval for this study was\u0026nbsp;obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus before the commencement of this study. The study and screening procedure were explained to the participants\u0026nbsp;and their informed consent was obtained before the commencement of data collection. The confidentiality of the participants was\u0026nbsp;ensured. The research instrument was\u0026nbsp;administered by the researcher and two research assistants who underwent\u0026nbsp;training by the researcher on how to administer the research instrument. The time taken to fill out each questionnaire was\u0026nbsp;between 7 to 12 minutes. The data collection lasted for four weeks after the questionnaires were retrieved, screened for incomplete information, and inputted accordingly into an Excel sheet preparatory for data analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData was analyzed using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Descriptive statistics of frequency count, percentage, mean, and standard deviation (SD) were used to summarize participants\u0026apos; socio-demographic data and their scores on the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). The chi-square test was used to test the association between anxiety, depressive symptoms, and some socio-demographic variables. The alpha level was set at 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of the participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe present study involved a total of 131 participants, of which 43 (32 8%) were males, and 88 (67.2%) were females. \u0026nbsp;81(61.8%) were within the ages of 18-23 years, 46 (35.1%) were within the ages of 24-29 years, and about 4 (3.1%) were 30 years and above. Furthermore, 75 (57.25%) of the participants were in their fourth year of study (400 level), while 56 (42.75%) of the participants were in their fifth year of study (500 level). (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescriptive statistics of the participant scores on the anxiety and depressive symptoms.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe result of this study showed that the average score of the participants on the depression domain of the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) questionnaire was\u0026nbsp;4.63\u0026plusmn;2.88 with a range of 0 to 14. One hundred and thirteen (86.3%) of the participants were reportedly normal and not symptomatic of depression, 12 (9.2%) of the participants were borderline depressed, and 6 (4.6%) participants fell under the category of significant cases of depression. More so, the participant\u0026apos;s mean score on anxiety was\u0026nbsp;7.76\u0026plusmn;3.65, with a range of 0 to 19. 63 (48.1%) of the participants were reportedly normal, and not showing symptomatic of anxiety disorder, 41 (31.3%), fell within the category of borderline anxiety disorder, while 27 (20.6%) of the participants showed significant cases of anxiety disorder. (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2, Fig 1)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eassociation between\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edepressive symptoms, gender, age, and level of study of the participants.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe result of the present study revealed that there was a statistically significant association between participants\u0026apos; gender and depressive symptoms within the population of the study (p=0.008), with members of the male gender showing higher incidents of significant depressive symptoms in contrast to the female gender, in other words, depressive symptoms are more associated with the male gender within the present population of the study. Furthermore, there was no significant association between participants\u0026apos; age (p=0.094) and depressive symptoms. This implies that no particular age category is associated with depressive symptoms more or less than the other age categories. More so, the result of this study showed that there was no significant association between participants\u0026apos; level of study and depressive symptoms (p=0.669). In other words, no academic level of study significantly presents with depressive symptoms more or less than the other within the population of study. (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssociation between depressive symptoms, gender, age, and level of study of the participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the result of this study, there was a significant association between participants\u0026apos; gender and anxiety symptoms (p=0.017), with the male population showing significantly higher cases of anxiety symptoms compared to the female gender. There was however no significant association between participants\u0026apos; age and anxiety symptoms (p=0.648), in that no age category is significantly associated with anxiety symptoms in contrast to the other age categories. Furthermore, the result of this study showed that there was no significant association between the participant\u0026apos;s level of study and anxiety symptoms (p=0.117), as no level of study significantly presented more or less anxiety symptoms compared to the other. (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eMental health among university students is of significant public health concern, necessitating epidemiological data [41]. Depression, anxiety, and stress,\u0026nbsp;as an\u0026nbsp;important indicator of mental health, when\u0026nbsp;left untreated, can hurt individuals [3,4].\u0026nbsp;In recent years, a high number of university students including medical students have presented with mental health disorders, mainly anxiety, and depression, negatively impacting their quality of life [42, 43,44,45,46,47]. Consequently, in light of these considerations, the present study was aimed at determining the prevalence of anxiety, and depressive symptoms among clinical physiotherapy students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, following a prolonged lecturers strike in Nigeria (from March 2022 to October 2022). From the result of this study, the prevalence of anxiety symptoms among the participants was 20.6%. This was lower than that obtained by Emmanuel (2016), who reported a prevalence of 67.8% among university students in a study to assess the prevalence and possible correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress among the science students of Oduduwa University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. [48] However, well-known fact that anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental health disorders and affect approximately one-third of adults during their lifetime [49]. Furthermore, the prevalence of anxiety symptoms in the present study was however higher than 3.6% reported by WHO in 2022 as the global prevalence [50]. More so, in a quantitative systematic review to estimate the global prevalence of anxiety among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic, Liyanage et al. (2021), in line with the result of the present study reported that the overall pooled point estimates of the prevalence for anxiety varied between 11% and 89%, which were reported by 36 studies [41].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, in the present study, the prevalence of depressive symptoms amongst the participants was 4.6%. This was greater than the 5% reported by WHO in 2022 [51]as the global prevalence; and less than the 28.2% reported by Ahmed et al. (2020) [52] in a study to assess the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among Jimma University students in Ethiopia. The variation might be due to the difference in the data collection tool that previous studies used such as the 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale and The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale - 21 Items (DASS-21). The other reason might be the difference in study participant\u0026apos;s sociodemographic and economic characteristics. However, various studies across the globe showed the prevalence of depression among university students varied, as low as 4% and as high as 79.2% [53]. Studies conducted in African Universities showed that the prevalence of depression among university students ranges between 16.2% and 67% \u0026nbsp;[54,55,56, 57,58]. Therefore, it is apparent that University students worldwide are at higher risk of developing mental health disorders, particularly depression, and suffer from its impact [22, 59],\u0026nbsp;depressive disorders are the most pressing public health problems associated with substantial impairment, comorbidity, poor quality of life, and high mortality [60].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the result of the present study, there was a significant association between gender and anxiety symptoms within the study population, with members of the male gender reportedly showing higher incidents of anxiety symptoms compared to the female gender. This was in contrast to the results of previous studies that reported significant gender differences in anxiety with female and non-binary gender people showing higher or twice more anxiety symptoms incidents in contrast to the male gender [ 61, 62]. This variation may be due to differences in demographic, and/or environmental factors. Furthermore, the result of the present study showed that neither age nor level of study was significantly associated with anxiety symptoms within the population of the study. This implied that age and participants\u0026apos; level of the study did not influence the existence of symptomatic anxiety disorder within the population of the study. In contrast to the result of the present study, Mohamad et al. (2021), in a study to identify the prevalence of anxiety and its associated factors among university students in Peninsular and East Malaysia, reported that the academic year showed the strongest association with risk of anxiety among university students in Malaysia [13]; furthermore, the significant relationship between anxiety and academic year can be contributed by several factors such as different approaches by each course, variation in assessment and grading system of each course and differences of teaching methods in the different academic years [63]. A recent study reported that students in their early university years had difficulty adjusting to the new university life, and most times had problems handling everything independently [64]. Another study conducted among engineering students in one of the public universities in Malaysia showed that as the number of the academic year increased, the anxiety level among the students increased as the course became harder, and their workload increased [15]. The probable reason for the variation of data between these studies can be due to factors such as sampling methods, sample size, the differences in the instrument used, and the way the data was interpreted. Additionally, in contrast with the result of the present study, Santomauro et al. (2021), reported a significant association between anxiety symptoms and age, with younger age groups reportedly more affected than older age groups [65]. Furthermore,\u0026nbsp;Baxter et al. (2014),\u0026nbsp;concluded that\u0026nbsp;the prevalence of anxiety increases at the age of 10 to 19\u0026thinsp;years old and peaks at the age between 20 to 34\u0026thinsp;years old [66].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the present study, the result revealed a significant association between depressive symptoms and gender, with the male gender significantly presenting the more significant case of depression compared to the female gender. In line with the result of the present study, studies reported that when required to be dependent on others, men exhibited more severe depression than women, with 58% of depression occurring in men [67). Additionally, compared with women, men are less likely to seek treatment following mild to moderate depression because of the shame associated with seeking help due to hegemonic masculinity [68]. However, women are more likely to report mild-moderate symptoms of depression and men intend to report more severe depression and suicide [69, 70, 71]. More so, in contrast to the result of the present study, various studies have reported incidents of depressive symptoms more in the female gender compared to the male gender [72,73]. In addition, the susceptibility to depression is affected by diverse hereditary, epigenetic, environmental, and endocrine risk factors [74]. Studies have also displayed that the sex ratio (women: men) of depressive disorders is over 1.7 for lifetime prevalence and 1.4 for 12-month prevalence after the age of 18 [75].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the present study found no significant association between age, level of study, and depressive symptoms within the population of study. However, contrarily to the result of the present study, most studies have found significant differences in the depression level of college students in different years of their education, although some found the difference to be insignificant, in line with the present study [76]. More so, a survey of Chinese students showed that the highest scores for depression, anxiety, and stress all appeared in the first three years of college, and students\u0026apos; mental health status was relieved in the fourth year with time [77]. Another survey of medical students in Saudi Arabia found that students\u0026apos; depression levels continued to rise from the first year of enrollment, reached maximum intensity in the third year, and then dropped significantly with graduation in the last year [78]. In addition, several studies have highlighted the increasing levels of depressive symptoms among young individuals aged 18-25 (13.1% vs 7.1% of all adults) and specifically among university students [79,80]. More so, several studies have also reported a significant association between age and depression [47,21,22,81].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study found the prevalence of anxiety and depression a little higher than the international and global range for anxiety and depression stated by WHO; a significant association was also found between anxiety, depressive symptoms, and gender while reporting no association with age and level of study. Hence, anxiety and depressive symptoms were not independently predicted by the participant\u0026apos;s age, and level of study within the population of study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommendation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003es\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEstablishing mental health screening services on the campus, and designing proper mental health intervention programs in the curriculum of physiotherapy training to provide strategies to identify and manage properly, students with psychological distress. Future studies should consider a multi-center study and applying randomized sampling techniques to enhance the generalizability of the outcome.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe current study was performed by the relevant guidelines and regulations as contained in the Helsinki Declaration. Ethics approvals to carry out the research was obtained from the\u0026nbsp;Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology; Nnamdi Azikiwe University\u0026nbsp;All the participants consented to participate in the study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are grateful to the participants who agreed to be part of this study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of Conflicting Interests:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this articles\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUPO, RCU, and UMC wrote the main manuscript text and IAA, UNA prepared Tables 1, 2, 3, and 5. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWainberg, M.L., Scorza, P., Shultz, J.M., Helpman, L., Mootz, J.J., Johnson, K.A., Neria, Y., Bradford, J.-M.E., Oquendo, M.A. and Arbuckle, M.R. (2017). Challenges and Opportunities in Global Mental Health: a Research-to-Practice Perspective. \u003cem\u003eCurrent Psychiatry Reports\u003c/em\u003e, [online] 19(5). doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0780-z.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJames, S.L., Abate, D., Abate, K.H., Abay, S.M., Abbafati, C., Abbasi, N., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdela, J., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahpour, I., Abdulkader, R.S., Abebe, Z., Abera, S.F., Abil, O.Z., Abraha, H.N., Abu-Raddad, L.J., Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E., Accrombessi, M.M.K. and Acharya, D. (2018). 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J Psychiatr Res.47(3):391-400. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArgyropoulos, K., Giourou, E., Dimopoulou, M., Argyropoulou, A., Gourzis, P. and Jelastopulu, E. (2017). Anxiety and depression among Greek undergraduate students at the University of Patras. \u003cem\u003eGlob J Med PUBLIC Heal Anxiety\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e(5). \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1: Summary statistics of the participants\u0026rsquo; socio-demographics data.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"44.38405797101449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.992753623188406%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.6231884057971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"44.38405797101449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge Category\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.992753623188406%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.6231884057971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"44.38405797101449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18-23 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.992753623188406%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.6231884057971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"44.38405797101449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24-29 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.992753623188406%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.6231884057971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"44.38405797101449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 years and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.992753623188406%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.6231884057971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"44.38405797101449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.992753623188406%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.6231884057971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"44.38405797101449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.992753623188406%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.6231884057971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"44.38405797101449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.992753623188406%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.6231884057971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"44.38405797101449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevel of study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.992753623188406%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.6231884057971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"44.38405797101449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400 Level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.992753623188406%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.6231884057971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"44.38405797101449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500 Level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.992753623188406%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.6231884057971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: Descriptive statistics of the participant scores on the anxiety and depressive symptoms.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.04201680672269%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.453781512605042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMinimum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.789915966386555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaximum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.294117647058824%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.134453781512605%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.04201680672269%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepressive symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.453781512605042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.63\u0026plusmn;2.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.789915966386555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.294117647058824%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.134453781512605%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.04201680672269%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.453781512605042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.789915966386555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.294117647058824%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.134453781512605%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.04201680672269%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBorderline depression\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.453781512605042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.789915966386555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.294117647058824%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.134453781512605%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.04201680672269%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSignificant case of depression\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.453781512605042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.789915966386555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.294117647058824%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.134453781512605%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.04201680672269%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.453781512605042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.789915966386555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.294117647058824%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.134453781512605%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.04201680672269%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnxiety symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.453781512605042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.76\u0026plusmn;3.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.789915966386555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.294117647058824%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.134453781512605%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.04201680672269%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.453781512605042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.789915966386555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.294117647058824%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.134453781512605%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.04201680672269%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBorderline anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.453781512605042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.789915966386555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.294117647058824%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.134453781512605%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.04201680672269%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSignificant case of anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.453781512605042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.789915966386555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.294117647058824%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.134453781512605%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssociation between depressive symptoms and gender, age, and level of study of the participants using Chi-square.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.34453781512605%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.420168067226891%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.05042016806723%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDepressive symptoms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.34453781512605%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.420168067226891%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.764705882352942%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNormal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.46218487394958%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBorderline\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificant case\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.34453781512605%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.420168067226891%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.764705882352942%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.46218487394958%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.34453781512605%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.420168067226891%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.764705882352942%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.46218487394958%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.588\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.34453781512605%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.420168067226891%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.764705882352942%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.46218487394958%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.34453781512605%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge category\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.420168067226891%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.764705882352942%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.46218487394958%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.34453781512605%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18-23 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.420168067226891%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.764705882352942%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.46218487394958%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.34453781512605%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24-29 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.420168067226891%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.764705882352942%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.46218487394958%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.939\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.34453781512605%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 years and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.420168067226891%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.764705882352942%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.46218487394958%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.34453781512605%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Level of study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.420168067226891%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.764705882352942%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.46218487394958%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.34453781512605%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400 level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.420168067226891%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.764705882352942%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.46218487394958%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.805\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.669\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.34453781512605%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500 level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.420168067226891%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.764705882352942%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.46218487394958%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e* Significant at alpha 0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssociation between depressive symptoms and gender, age, and level of study of the participants using Ch-square.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.476510067114095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.570469798657719%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"45.80536912751678%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnxiety symptoms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.073825503355705%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.073825503355705%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.51260504201681%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.596638655462185%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNormal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.294117647058824%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBorderline\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificant case\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.51260504201681%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.596638655462185%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n 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width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.51260504201681%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge category\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.596638655462185%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.294117647058824%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n 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width=\"10.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.596638655462185%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.294117647058824%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.51260504201681%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400 level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.596638655462185%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.294117647058824%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.51260504201681%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500 level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.596638655462185%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.294117647058824%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e* Significant at alpha 0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, physiotherapy students, lecturers, strike.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4227413/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4227413/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjectives\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo determine the prevalence of anxiety, and depressive symptoms among clinical physiotherapy students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, following prolonged lecturers (teachers) strike. a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional survey consecutively recruited 131 physiotherapy undergraduates of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, in clinical classes. The researchinstruments were a socio-demographic questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and a Chi-square inferential statistical test at an alpha level of 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eThe majority of the participants were between 18-23 years of age, 75 (57.25%) of the participants were in their fourth year of study (400 level), while 56 (42.75%) of the participants were in their fifth year of study (500 level). The prevalence of anxiety and depression within the population of the study were 20.6% and 4.6% respectively. There was a significant association between the pairs of anxiety symptoms and gender (p=0.017); depressive symptoms and gender (p=0.008), with members of the male gender presenting more significant cases of anxiety and depressive symptoms.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of depression and anxiety within the population of study were relatively high, and actively associated with gender.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Prevalence of Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms Among Clinical Physiotherapy Students Following Prolonged Lecturers Strike in a Sub-Saharan University.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-12 19:11:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4227413/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8906c118-7e33-473d-a51c-6a8978e10c95","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 12th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-02T21:55:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-12 19:11:15","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4227413","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4227413","identity":"rs-4227413","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}