Neuroectoderm phenotypes in a human stem cell model of O-GlcNAc transferase intellectual disability

Most intellectual disabilities are caused by monogenic variation. Mutations in the O-GlcNAc transferase ( OGT ) gene have recently been linked to a novel congenital disorder of glycosylation (OGT-CDG), involving symptoms of possible neuroectodermal origin. To test the hypothesis that pathology is linked to defects in differentiation during early embryogenesis, we developed an OGT-CDG induced pluripotent stem cell lines together with isogenic controls generated by CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing. Although the OGT-CDG variant leads to a significant decrease in OGT and O-GlcNAcase protein levels, there were no changes in differentiation potential or stemness. However, differentiation into ectoderm resulted in significant differences in O-GlcNAc homeostasis. Further differentiation to neuronal stem cells revealed differences in morphology between patient and control lines, accompanied by disruption of the O-GlcNAc pathway. This suggests a critical role for O-GlcNAcylation in early neuroectoderm architecture, with robust compensatory mechanisms in the earliest stages of stem cell differentiation.