Successful Post-Pancreatitis Pseudoaneurysm Coagulation by Percutaneous Computed Tomography (CT)-Guided Thrombin Injection.

A 44 year-old man with a history of pancreatic disease had his first episode of biliary acute necrotizing pancreatitis followed by pseudocyst formation. Three months after discharge, he underwent cholecystectomy, which provided temporary symptom relief. One year later, he underwent endoscopic placement of pancreatic endoprosthesis. Two weeks after the procedure he was admitted because of epigastric pain and worsening anemia. During hospitalization he underwent blood transfusion and endoprosthesis removal. An abdominal CT scan revealed a pseudoaneurysm of 1.2 cm in the pancreatic tail, of probable splenic origin ( Figure 1A ). He was referred to our hospital for further evaluation and treatment of the pseudoaneurysm. Magnetic resonance demonstrated an increase in the size of the pseudoaneurysm ( Figure 1B ). One week later, selective angiography of the celiac trunk, splenic artery and superior mesenteric artery was performed with the aim of embolization; however, the pseudoaneurysm was not demonstrated ( Figure 2A, 2B ). A new CT scan was immediately performed and revealed the persistence of the pseudoaneurysm, fed probably by the short gastric arteries arising from the distal portion of the splenic artery, which could not be selectively catheterized and visualized during angiography ( Figure 2C ). A percutaneous injection of thrombin into the pseudoaneurysm was planned after patient’s consent was obtained. The injection was performed under CT guidance. In the supine position and under local anaesthesia, Human thrombin (1,000 IU (2 ml)) was injected percutaneously into the pseudoaneurysmal sac with a 22-G needle (Chibell, Biopsy Bell) ( Figure 3 ). Complete occlusion of the lumen was demonstrated on contrast-enhanced CT performed immediately after the injection ( Figure 4A, 4B ). Treatment success with a complete resolution of the pseudoaneurysm was confirmed on a follow-up MRI performed after 6 months ( Figure 5 ).

Pseudoaneurysm is an uncommon but potentially fatal vascular complication of acute pancreatitis, which forms as a result of erosion of the wall of a visceral artery and has a fibrous capsule that tends to grow due to persistently high arterial pressure [ 1 – 3 ]. The arteries involved are in close proximity to the pancreas, including the splenic, hepatic, gastroduodenal and pancreaticoduodenal arteries [ 4 ]. The incidence of hemorrhage secondary to pseudoaneurysm is around 10%, with a high mortality rate of 20–43% in untreated patients [ 5 , 6 ]. The percutaneous approach is increasingly used as an alternative to surgery for the treatment of visceral artery pseudoaneurysms [ 7 , 8 ]. Trans-arterial embolization has high success rates in the treatment of these lesions [ 9 ]. Percutaneous injection of thrombin for coagulation of pseudoaneurysms was first described in 1986 [ 10 ]. Since then, ultrasound or CT-guided injection of thrombin has become a well-recognized treatment for a variety of peripheral and visceral pseudoaneurysms and is often used following a failed attempt of embolization [ 11 , 12 ]. We report the case of a patient affected by a pseudoaneurysm of the short gastric arteries treated with a CT-guided percutaneous thrombin injection directly into the pseudoaneurysm, with a technical and clinical success after 6 months. This demonstrates that percutaneous coagulation can be an alternative to trans-arterial embolization when the pseudoaneurysm cannot be documented during arteriography.

Acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammation of the pancreas that causes sudden and severe abdominal pain and elevated blood levels of pancreatic enzymes. Major haemorrhagic arterial complications of pancreatitis are rare but life-threatening [ 13 ]. The most common vascular complications include splanchnic vein thrombosis, haemorrhage into a pseudocyst, erosions of the upper gastrointestinal arteries, formation of varices or pseudoaneurysms with a consequent risk of rupture[ 13 – 15 ]. Pseudoaneurysms have been attributed to autodigestion or erosion of a pseudocyst into the arterial wall with interruption of the arterial continuity. The splenic artery (40%), gastroduodenal artery (30%), inferior pancreaticoduodenal (20%), gastric (5%) and hepatic arteries (2%) are the vessels most commonly affected by the erosive process [ 4 ]. The incidence of haemorrhage secondary to pseudoaneurysm is around 10% [ 16 ] with a mortality rate ranging from 20 to 43% [ 5 , 6 ]. Therefore, treatment is mandatory when a radiological diagnosis of pseudoaneurysm is made, even if the patient is asymptomatic and hemodinamically stable. Since the splenic artery is the most common site of origin for post-pancreatitis pseudoaneurysms, we suggest trans-arterial pseudoaneurysm embolization as the first-line therapeutic approach, as suggested in the literature [ 17 – 20 ]. Interestingly, we demostrated that percutaneous CT-guided embolization can be performed when the pseudoaneurysm is not seen during angiography. In our opinion, this was due to the origin of the pseudoaneurysm that was arising from the short gastric arteries and not directly from the splenic artery – superselective catheterization of these small vessels was not possible, and selective arteriography of the splenic artery (30 ml of contrast media with a flow rate of 5 ml/s) did not show the pseudoaneurysm. Therefore, a percutaneous CT-guided injection of human thrombin into the pseudoaneurysm was performed with an immediate technical success (pseudoaneurysm coagulation) and subsequent clinical success as demonstrated by MRI performed 6 months later.

Percutaneous treatment of post-pancreatitis pseudoaneurysms, as an alternative to trans-arterial embolization and to open surgery, is a relatively simple procedure that can be performed without general anesthesia, and it has a good risk-benefit profile. In our opinion, it can be considered as an alternative to trans-arterial embolization when pseudoaneurysm arises from small vessels, such as the short gastric arteries that cannot be visualized on selective splenic arteriography.