Utilizing Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) of the nail for the detection of osteoporosis

Utilizing Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) of the nail for the detection of osteoporosis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Utilizing Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) of the nail for the detection of osteoporosis Safa Raheem, Sami Habana, Alaa H. Ali This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4366047/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this study, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) technology was used to diagnose osteoporosis through nail analysis. The study focused on measuring calcium concentration in nails as an indicator of bone density and osteoporosis diagnosis. Samples were collected from a healthy individual and a person with osteoporosis from Al-Hillah Teaching Hospital. The results showed that healthy nails have higher calcium concentrations compared to nails affected by osteoporosis. LIBS technology is a powerful and accurate tool for analyzing the elemental composition of nails and identifying disease-related changes. Physicians can utilize this technique to improve their ability to diagnose and monitor osteoporosis and guide appropriate treatment. Osteoporosis Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) nail sample Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Osteoporosis is a medical condition characterized by a loss of bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and a higher risk of fractures. It is a common condition, particularly among older individuals, and it affects both men and women [ 1 ]. The exact cause of osteoporosis is often multifactorial and can be influenced by various factors, including age, gender, hormonal changes, genetic predisposition, lifestyle choices, and certain medical conditions or medications. Women are at a higher risk, especially after menopause, due to a decrease in estrogen levels, which plays a protective role in maintaining bone density [ 2 ]. LIBS stands for Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. It is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample [ 3 ]. LIBS works by focusing a high-energy laser beam onto the surface of the sample, causing the material to undergo plasma formation. This plasma emits light, and the emitted light is analyzed to determine the elemental composition of the sample [ 4 ]. When the laser beam interacts with the sample, it vaporizes and ionizes the surface material, creating a high-temperature plasma [5]. The plasma contains excited atoms and ions that emit characteristic light at specific wavelengths, which correspond to the elemental composition of the sample [ 6 ]. The emitted light is collected and passed through a spectrometer, which disperses the light into its different wavelengths [ 7 ]. The spectrometer then measures the intensity of the emitted light at each wavelength, producing a spectrum[ 8 ]. By analyzing the spectrum, scientists can identify the elements present in the sample and determine their concentrations [ 9 ]. The idea behind using LIBS for osteoporosis analysis is that changes in the elemental composition of bone, particularly calcium and phosphorus levels may indicate variations in bone mineral density (BMD) and the presence of osteoporosis [ 10 ]. By analyzing the emitted light spectrum from the plasma, researchers aim to identify and quantify the elemental composition of the bone, providing insights into its density and mineral content [ 11 ]. LIBS has several advantages as an analytical technique. It is fast, non-destructive, and requires little to no sample preparation [ 12 ]. It can analyze a wide range of materials, including solids, liquids, and gases. LIBS is used in various fields, including environmental monitoring, industrial quality control, archaeology, and forensics [ 13 ]. Experimental setup Passively Q-switch Nd:YAG with fundamental wavelength 1064 nm was employed at 100 mJ laser pulse energy and 10 ns pulse width. The laser radiations were focused via (100 mm) double-sided convex quartz lens onto a certain location on the nail sample to produce the plasma, using an optical quartz convex lens with (5 mm) focal length. The test sample was fixed on a base of laser holder. The light emitted by the plasma plume was collected by a miniature lens fixed inside the head of multimode silica fiber optic. This fiber optic was located at a suitable distance relative to the laser generated plasma plume. The plasma emission was collected at 45◦ angle as an optimum angle relative to the nail. The plasma emission was transmitted through fiber optics to a high-resolution spectrometer. Results and Discussion The LIBS spectrum of human fingernail has been recorded for both injured and healthy samples in the spectral region of 180–800 nm. The recorded spectrum shown in Fig. 1 reveals the presence of multiple atomic lines that correspond to the elements present in the injured nail sample. These atomic lines were identified using spectral data from the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). In Fig. 2 , the detected elements in the healthy nail sample are displayed alongside their respective wavelengths. The dominant element is calcium (Ca), and there are also additional elements present, including potassium (K), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), oxygen (O), titanium (Ti), and lead (Pb). The plasma parameters (electron temperature and electron density) for the nail samples mentioned in Table 1 and Table 2 were calculated for a single spectral line using Eq. 1 and Eq. 2, respectively. The calculation of these parameters suggests the presence of an equilibrium plasma. \({T_e}=\frac{{({E_2} - {E_1})}}{{k\ln (\frac{{I\lambda }}{{{A_{ki}}{g_k}}})}}\) ------------- (1) \({n_e} \geqslant 1.6x{10^{12}}.{T_e}^{{1/2}}.{(\Delta E)^3}\) ---------------- (2) Whereas: - I: represents the intensity of the line λ: Wavelength g k : represents the statistical weight A ki : probability of transition K: Boltzmann constant E 1 : Lower energy level E 2 : upper energy level Table .1 Spectral parameters of infected nail elements for sample S1 element wavelength NIST intensity E k E i A ki g k KT e n e cm − 3 RTe Rne CaII 315.99 315.887 55.339 7.047 3.123 3.1e + 08 4 4077.099 6.1728E + 15 3856.260 4.837E + 15 CaII 317.55 317.933 62.529 7.049 3.150 3.6e + 08 6 3901.642 5.9241E + 15 CaII 422.87 422.673 118.36 2.932 0.00 2.18e + 08 3 3590.040 2.4164E + 15 KI 307.8 307.500 84.903 27.176 23.145 4.30e + 07 5 5188.979 7.5492E + 15 5290.269 6.20E + 15 KII 358.8 358.660 123.89 26.706 23.250 2.52e + 07 3 5391.558 4.8494E + 15 MgI 383.78 383.829 321.31 5.945 2.716 1.61e + 08 7 4108.663 3.4528E + 15 4108.663 3.4528E + 15 PII 465.82 465.831 88.113 15.514 12.853 2.1e + 07 7 3773.535 1.8519E + 15 3773.535 1.8519E + 15 Cu II 224.5 224.426 54.221 0.000 3.522 1.85e + 06 4 9997.217 6.9892E + 15 9997.217 6.9892E + 15 FeII 392.5 392.808 367.08 3.211 6.366 5.64e + 06 9 6243.26 3.9703E + 15 6243.26 3.9703E + 15 TiII 498.12 498.9134 104.2 1.980 4.465 3.70e + 07 5 5038.94 2.9247E + 15 5038.94 2.9247E + 15 PbII 406.95 406.213 108.93 2.660 5.717 9.2e + 07 3 3526.02 1.487E + 15 3526.02 1.487E + 15 O II 419.86 419.670 188.7 28.512 31.465 3.56e + 07 2 4060.70 2.921E + 15 4060.70 2.921E + 15 Table.2 Spectral parameters of Healthy nail elements for sample S2 element wavelength NIST intensity E k E i A ki g k Te ne RTe Rne CaII 315.96 315.887 59795 7.047 3.123 3.1e + 08 4 10883.59 9.87E + 15 6434.793 5.67E + 15 CaI 317.49 317.933 52.342 7.049 3.150 3.6e + 08 6 3842.65 3.1E + 15 CaI 370.74 370.603 98.88 6.467 3.123 8.8e + 07 2 4578.14 4.04E + 15 KI 310.76 310.179 86.956 3.996 0.00 1.62e + 04 4 53020.17 9.81E + 15 28724.24 7.05E + 15 KII 361.85 361.849 85.114 23.573 20.147 8.14e + 07 3 4428.31 4.28E + 15 MgII 280.44 280.270 231.8 4.422 0.000 2.57e + 08 2 5717.47 1.04E + 15 5717.47 1.04E + 15 PI 213.16 213.546 50.004 7.212 1.408 2.11e + 07 4 7503.145 2.64E + 15 7503.145 2.64E + 16 Cu II 224.5 224.426 200.4 2.104 5.522 1.85e + 06 4 12558.32 7.15982E + 15 12558.32 7.15982E + 15 Fe II 240.2 240.349 136.77 7.7066 10.863 1.1e + 07 12 6747.360 4.13298E + 15 6747.360 4.13298E + 15 OII 419.9 419.670 171.7 28.512 31.465 3.56e + 07 2 2899.43 1.3221E + 15 2899.43 1.3221E + 15 TiII 498.5 498.913 17.78 1.980 4.465 3.70e + 07 5 3945.04 2.856E + 15 3945.04 2.856E + 15 PbII 406.82 406.213 85.669 2.660 5.7117 9.2e + 07 3 4970.01 2.9046E + 15 4970.01 2.9046E + 15 Figure (1) Emission spectrum of an infected nail sample (S1) Figure (2) Emission spectrum of a healthy nail sample (S2) ​ After performing calculations to determine the plasma concentration of each spectral line corresponding to different elements, these concentrations are combined to obtain the total plasma concentration for each element. By comparing the concentration of a specific element to the sum of concentrations of all elements, the proportional ratio of that element within the overall emission spectrum can be calculated. This ratio is then multiplied by 100 to express it as a percentage. The results of the analysis revealed that the percentage of calcium in the nail samples was 8.95% for the healthy condition and 6.4% for the injured condition. These findings demonstrate that the LIBS technique is suitable for nail analysis, as it provides acceptable results in determining the composition and concentration of elements in the samples . Table 3 Calculating the concentration of each spectral line for healthy and infected nail elements Pathological case Sample N eT Element concentration infected S1 5.05E + 16 Ca 28 K 24 Mg 6.8 P 3.6 Cu 13 Fe 7.8 O 5.79 Ti 5.78 Pb 2.9 healthy S2 1.58E + 17 Ca 32 K 26 Mg 1.9 P 4.9 Cu 13 Fe 7.7 O 2.4 Ti 5.3 Pb 5.4 Conclusion The application of the LIBS (Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) technique has demonstrated its efficacy and suitability for the analysis of nail samples. This technique allows for the precise determination of the elemental composition and concentrations within the nails in a rapid and accurate manner. By employing the LIBS technique, it becomes possible to calculate the plasma concentrations associated with each specific spectral line, providing valuable data on the element of interest. These concentrations can then be summed to obtain the total plasma concentration for a particular element. The proportional ratio of a specific element within the overall emission spectrum can be calculated by dividing the concentration of that element by the sum of the concentrations of all elements, and then multiplying the result by 100. This ratio represents the percentage contribution of the element to the overall spectrum. The results obtained from the analysis of the nail samples indicate that calcium (Ca) is the dominant element. In the healthy condition, calcium accounts for approximately 8.95% of the overall emission spectrum, while in the injured condition, it constitutes around 6.4%. Therefore, based on these findings, it can be concluded that the LIBS technique is a reliable and suitable method for nail analysis. Its ability to accurately determine the elemental composition and concentrations within the samples provides valuable insights into the chemical makeup of the nails, allowing for potential diagnostic applications and monitoring of nail health. Declarations Author Contribution Safa 50%Sami 25%Alaa 25% References Cherni, Imen, et al. "Diagnosis of osteoporosis by UV-visible fluorescence of hair in relation to calcium deficiency assessed by the LIBS technique." OSA Continuum 4.7, 2053-2059, (2021). ‏ Skalny, Anatoly V., et al. "Medical application of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for assessment of trace element and mineral in biosamples: laboratory and clinical validity of the method." Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology , 127241, (2023). ‏ Gaudiuso, Rosalba, et al. "Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for human and animal health: A review." Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 152, 123-148, (2019). ‏ Taranushenko, T. E., N. G. Kiseleva, and T. V. Ovchinnikova. "Methods of prevention of calcium deficiency in pediatric practice." Archives of Preventive Medicine 7.1 (2022): 001-005. ‏ Bali, Varun, et al. "Quantitative analysis of human hairs and nails." Biophysical Reviews , 1-17, (2023). ‏ S.Hamzaoui, R.Khleifia, N.Jaidane and Z.BenLakhdar , Lasers Med.Sci ., 26, 79 (2011). M. Bahreiou, Z.Hosseeinimakarem and S.H. Tavassoli, J.App. Phys ., 112, 054701 (2012). Martinez, Mauro, and Matthieu Baudelet. "Matrix-matched calibration material for zinc analysis of human nails by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy." Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 163, 105732, (2020). ‏ Nakkach, Mohamed, et al. "In situ characterization of human fingernails by optical front-face fluorescence for the identification of primary hypothyroidism." Instrumentation Science & Technology , 1-15, (2023). ‏ . Dover, Anna R., J. Alastair Innes, and Karen Fairhurst, eds. Macleod's Clinical Examination-E-Book . Elsevier Health Sciences, (2023). ‏ Maghsoumi, Sahar, and Hamidreza Shirvani-Mahdavi. "Calcium evaluation of human fingernail using laser plasma spectroscopy by simultaneously applying addition and modified external standardizations." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Physics 12, 319-326, (2018). ‏ Hu, Zhenlin, et al. "A review of calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 152, 116618, (2022). ‏ Strømme, Märta, et al. "Calcium and Silicon Delivery to Artificial and Human Nails from Nail Polish Formulations." Cosmetics 7.1, 15, (2020). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4366047","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":298827694,"identity":"946855d9-46e1-4d79-820c-21352cf7ab9b","order_by":0,"name":"Safa Raheem","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Babylon","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Safa","middleName":"","lastName":"Raheem","suffix":""},{"id":298827695,"identity":"162e75ed-ea97-4c6f-8c1e-21ff1c8b24a9","order_by":1,"name":"Sami Habana","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Mustaqbal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sami","middleName":"","lastName":"Habana","suffix":""},{"id":298827696,"identity":"55a3956c-73fc-40b9-8c78-4c1fa320bcfe","order_by":2,"name":"Alaa H. Ali","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACdmTOxwYQydh4AK8WZhiDDah2ZgODBJBqIF4LMy9YCwMDXi38zcwPPzD8uSPHP7/34WPbHTZ1uu2HgbbU2ETj0iJxmM1YgrHtmbHEMXZj49wzaRJmZxKBWo6l5Tbg0nOYwUCCseFw4gY2Njbp3LbDEmYHgFqAIji1yB9m//yD4c/herAWS5CW8w/xazE4zGMmwcB2OMEApIURpOUGAVsMD/OUWSS2PTOccSyN2bC3LU1y2w2gLQl4/CJ3vH3zjQ9/7sjzNx9jfPCzzYbf7Hz6wwcfamxwex8EEjAiIgGfcghA1zIKRsEoGAWjAAkAAClnXV8mEaIHAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alaa","middleName":"H.","lastName":"Ali","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-03 22:09:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4366047/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4366047/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":56409029,"identity":"ddd2aafc-b05f-4505-a5eb-6605993a2d5c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-13 19:52:12","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":31094,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEmission spectrum of an infected nail sample (S1)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4366047/v1/5bc4620bec5d653534b21ad3.png"},{"id":56409028,"identity":"4ea1a626-d000-47df-9482-c34ee4fe03c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-13 19:52:11","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25254,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEmission spectrum of a healthy nail sample (S2)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4366047/v1/2f19869f42640b218635c1d1.png"},{"id":56409445,"identity":"5fbe4a79-e826-4c4b-92eb-9038e611076b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-13 20:00:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":531884,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4366047/v1/b46639c0-2c2c-4f2a-bf80-8f17b3325e0c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Utilizing Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) of the nail for the detection of osteoporosis","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eOsteoporosis is a medical condition characterized by a loss of bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and a higher risk of fractures. It is a common condition, particularly among older individuals, and it affects both men and women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. The exact cause of osteoporosis is often multifactorial and can be influenced by various factors, including age, gender, hormonal changes, genetic predisposition, lifestyle choices, and certain medical conditions or medications. Women are at a higher risk, especially after menopause, due to a decrease in estrogen levels, which plays a protective role in maintaining bone density [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLIBS stands for Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. It is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. LIBS works by focusing a high-energy laser beam onto the surface of the sample, causing the material to undergo plasma formation. This plasma emits light, and the emitted light is analyzed to determine the elemental composition of the sample [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen the laser beam interacts with the sample, it vaporizes and ionizes the surface material, creating a high-temperature plasma [5]. The plasma contains excited atoms and ions that emit characteristic light at specific wavelengths, which correspond to the elemental composition of the sample [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe emitted light is collected and passed through a spectrometer, which disperses the light into its different wavelengths [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. The spectrometer then measures the intensity of the emitted light at each wavelength, producing a spectrum[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. By analyzing the spectrum, scientists can identify the elements present in the sample and determine their concentrations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. The idea behind using LIBS for osteoporosis analysis is that changes in the elemental composition of bone, particularly calcium and phosphorus levels may indicate variations in bone mineral density (BMD) and the presence of osteoporosis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. By analyzing the emitted light spectrum from the plasma, researchers aim to identify and quantify the elemental composition of the bone, providing insights into its density and mineral content [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLIBS has several advantages as an analytical technique. It is fast, non-destructive, and requires little to no sample preparation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. It can analyze a wide range of materials, including solids, liquids, and gases. LIBS is used in various fields, including environmental monitoring, industrial quality control, archaeology, and forensics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Experimental setup","content":"\u003cp\u003ePassively Q-switch Nd:YAG with fundamental wavelength 1064 nm was employed at 100 mJ laser pulse energy and 10 ns pulse width. The laser radiations were focused via (100 mm) double-sided convex quartz lens onto a certain location on the nail sample to produce the plasma, using an optical quartz convex lens with (5 mm) focal length.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe test sample was fixed on a base of laser holder. The light emitted by the plasma plume was collected by a miniature lens fixed inside the head of multimode silica fiber optic. This fiber optic was located at a suitable distance relative to the laser generated plasma plume. The plasma emission was collected at 45◦ angle as an optimum angle relative to the nail. The plasma emission was transmitted through fiber optics to a high-resolution spectrometer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe LIBS spectrum of human fingernail has been recorded for both injured and healthy samples in the spectral region of 180\u0026ndash;800 nm. The recorded spectrum shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1 reveals the presence of multiple atomic lines that correspond to the elements present in the injured nail sample. These atomic lines were identified using spectral data from the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). In Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the detected elements in the healthy nail sample are displayed alongside their respective wavelengths. The dominant element is calcium (Ca), and there are also additional elements present, including potassium (K), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), oxygen (O), titanium (Ti), and lead (Pb).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe plasma parameters (electron temperature and electron density) for the nail samples mentioned in Table\u0026nbsp;1 and Table\u0026nbsp;2 were calculated for a single spectral line using Eq.\u0026nbsp;1 and Eq.\u0026nbsp;2, respectively. The calculation of these parameters suggests the presence of an equilibrium plasma.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({T_e}=\\frac{{({E_2} - {E_1})}}{{k\\ln (\\frac{{I\\lambda }}{{{A_{ki}}{g_k}}})}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e------------- (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({n_e} \\geqslant 1.6x{10^{12}}.{T_e}^{{1/2}}.{(\\Delta E)^3}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e---------------- (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhereas: -\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eI: represents the intensity of the line\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eλ: Wavelength\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eg\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e: represents the statistical weight\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003eki\u003c/sub\u003e: probability of transition\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eK: Boltzmann constant\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e: Lower energy level\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: upper energy level\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable .1 Spectral parameters of infected nail elements for sample S1\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eelement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewavelength\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eintensity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003eki\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eg\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKT\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRTe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRne\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e315.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e315.887\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.339\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4077.099\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1728E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3856.260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.837E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e317.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e317.933\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.529\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.049\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3901.642\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9241E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422.673\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.932\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.18e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3590.040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4164E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e307.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e307.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.903\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.30e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5188.979\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5492E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5290.269\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.20E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e358.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e358.660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.706\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.52e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5391.558\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8494E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMgI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e383.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e383.829\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e321.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.945\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.716\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.61e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4108.663\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4528E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4108.663\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4528E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e465.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e465.831\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.514\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.853\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3773.535\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8519E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3773.535\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8519E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu II\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e224.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e224.426\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.522\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.85e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9997.217\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9892E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9997.217\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9892E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e392.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e392.808\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e367.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.211\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.366\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.64e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6243.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9703E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6243.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9703E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTiII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e498.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e498.9134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.980\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.465\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.70e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5038.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9247E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5038.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9247E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePbII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e406.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e406.213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.717\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3526.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.487E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3526.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.487E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eO II\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e419.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e419.670\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.512\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.465\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.56e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4060.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.921E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4060.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.921E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable.2 Spectral parameters of Healthy nail elements for sample S2\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eelement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewavelength\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eintensity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003eki\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eg\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRTe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRne\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e315.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e315.887\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59795\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10883.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.87E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6434.793\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.67E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e317.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e317.933\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.342\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.049\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3842.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e370.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e370.603\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.467\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4578.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.04E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e310.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e310.179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.956\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.996\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.62e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53020.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.81E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28724.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.05E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e361.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e361.849\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.573\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4428.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.28E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMgII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280.270\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e231.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.57e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5717.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5717.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e213.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e213.546\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.408\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7503.145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.64E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7503.145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.64E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu II\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e224.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e224.426\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.522\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.85e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12558.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.15982E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12558.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.15982E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe II\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240.349\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7066\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.863\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6747.360\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13298E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6747.360\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13298E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e419.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e419.670\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.512\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.465\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.56e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2899.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3221E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2899.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3221E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTiII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e498.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e498.913\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.980\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.465\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.70e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3945.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.856E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3945.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.856E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePbII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e406.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e406.213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.669\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4970.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9046E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4970.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9046E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure (1) Emission spectrum of an infected nail sample (S1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure (2) Emission spectrum of a healthy nail sample (S2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e​ After performing calculations to determine the plasma concentration of each spectral line corresponding to different elements, these concentrations are combined to obtain the total plasma concentration for each element. By comparing the concentration of a specific element to the sum of concentrations of all elements, the proportional ratio of that element within the overall emission spectrum can be calculated. This ratio is then multiplied by 100 to express it as a percentage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the analysis revealed that the percentage of calcium in the nail samples was 8.95% for the healthy condition and 6.4% for the injured condition. These findings demonstrate that the LIBS technique is suitable for nail analysis, as it provides acceptable results in determining the composition and concentration of elements in the samples\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculating the concentration of each spectral line for healthy and infected nail elements\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathological case\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003csub\u003eeT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003econcentration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003einfected\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.05E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehealthy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.58E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe application of the LIBS (Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) technique has demonstrated its efficacy and suitability for the analysis of nail samples. This technique allows for the precise determination of the elemental composition and concentrations within the nails in a rapid and accurate manner.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy employing the LIBS technique, it becomes possible to calculate the plasma concentrations associated with each specific spectral line, providing valuable data on the element of interest. These concentrations can then be summed to obtain the total plasma concentration for a particular element.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe proportional ratio of a specific element within the overall emission spectrum can be calculated by dividing the concentration of that element by the sum of the concentrations of all elements, and then multiplying the result by 100. This ratio represents the percentage contribution of the element to the overall spectrum.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results obtained from the analysis of the nail samples indicate that calcium (Ca) is the dominant element. In the healthy condition, calcium accounts for approximately 8.95% of the overall emission spectrum, while in the injured condition, it constitutes around 6.4%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, based on these findings, it can be concluded that the LIBS technique is a reliable and suitable method for nail analysis. Its ability to accurately determine the elemental composition and concentrations within the samples provides valuable insights into the chemical makeup of the nails, allowing for potential diagnostic applications and monitoring of nail health.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSafa 50%Sami 25%Alaa 25%\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCherni, Imen, et al. \u0026quot;Diagnosis of osteoporosis by UV-visible fluorescence of hair in relation to calcium deficiency assessed by the LIBS technique.\u0026quot; \u003cem\u003eOSA Continuum\u003c/em\u003e 4.7, 2053-2059, (2021).\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSkalny, Anatoly V., et al. \u0026quot;Medical application of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for assessment of trace element and mineral in biosamples: laboratory and clinical validity of the method.\u0026quot; \u003cem\u003eJournal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology\u003c/em\u003e, 127241, (2023).\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGaudiuso, Rosalba, et al. \u0026quot;Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for human and animal health: A review.\u0026quot; \u003cem\u003eSpectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy\u003c/em\u003e 152, 123-148, (2019).\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTaranushenko, T. E., N. G. Kiseleva, and T. V. Ovchinnikova. \u0026quot;Methods of prevention of calcium deficiency in pediatric practice.\u0026quot; \u003cem\u003eArchives of Preventive Medicine\u003c/em\u003e 7.1 (2022): 001-005.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBali, Varun, et al. \u0026quot;Quantitative analysis of human hairs and nails.\u0026quot; \u003cem\u003eBiophysical Reviews\u003c/em\u003e, 1-17, (2023).\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eS.Hamzaoui, R.Khleifia, N.Jaidane and Z.BenLakhdar\u003cem\u003e, Lasers Med.Sci\u003c/em\u003e., 26, 79 (2011).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eM. Bahreiou, Z.Hosseeinimakarem and S.H. Tavassoli, \u003cem\u003eJ.App. Phys\u003c/em\u003e., 112, 054701 (2012).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMartinez, Mauro, and Matthieu Baudelet. \u0026quot;Matrix-matched calibration material for zinc analysis of human nails by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.\u0026quot; \u003cem\u003eSpectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy\u003c/em\u003e 163, 105732, (2020).\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNakkach, Mohamed, et al. \u0026quot;In situ characterization of human fingernails by optical front-face fluorescence for the identification of primary hypothyroidism.\u0026quot; \u003cem\u003eInstrumentation Science \u0026amp; Technology\u003c/em\u003e , 1-15, (2023).\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e. Dover, Anna R., J. Alastair Innes, and Karen Fairhurst, eds. \u003cem\u003eMacleod\u0026apos;s Clinical Examination-E-Book\u003c/em\u003e. Elsevier Health Sciences, (2023).\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMaghsoumi, Sahar, and Hamidreza Shirvani-Mahdavi. \u0026quot;Calcium evaluation of human fingernail using laser plasma spectroscopy by simultaneously applying addition and modified external standardizations.\u0026quot; \u003cem\u003eJournal of Theoretical and Applied Physics\u003c/em\u003e 12, 319-326, (2018).\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHu, Zhenlin, et al. \u0026quot;A review of calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.\u0026quot; \u003cem\u003eTrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry\u003c/em\u003e 152, 116618, (2022).\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eStr\u0026oslash;mme, M\u0026auml;rta, et al. \u0026quot;Calcium and Silicon Delivery to Artificial and Human Nails from Nail Polish Formulations.\u0026quot; \u003cem\u003eCosmetics\u003c/em\u003e 7.1, 15, (2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Osteoporosis, Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), nail sample","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4366047/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4366047/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) technology was used to diagnose osteoporosis through nail analysis. The study focused on measuring calcium concentration in nails as an indicator of bone density and osteoporosis diagnosis. Samples were collected from a healthy individual and a person with osteoporosis from Al-Hillah Teaching Hospital. The results showed that healthy nails have higher calcium concentrations compared to nails affected by osteoporosis. LIBS technology is a powerful and accurate tool for analyzing the elemental composition of nails and identifying disease-related changes. Physicians can utilize this technique to improve their ability to diagnose and monitor osteoporosis and guide appropriate treatment.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Utilizing Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) of the nail for the detection of osteoporosis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-05-13 19:52:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4366047/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"15bee368-1337-42fb-80ec-0196b76feb2b","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 13th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-13T19:52:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-05-13 19:52:05","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4366047","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4366047","identity":"rs-4366047","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}