Sociodemographic and Clinical Variables among Egyptian patients with Opioid Use Disorder Only versus with Comorbid Gabapentin Use Disorder

Sociodemographic and Clinical Variables among Egyptian patients with Opioid Use Disorder Only versus with Comorbid Gabapentin Use Disorder | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Sociodemographic and Clinical Variables among Egyptian patients with Opioid Use Disorder Only versus with Comorbid Gabapentin Use Disorder Nahla Nagy, Nesreen Mohsen, Hanan Elrassas, Nourhan Dardeer, Sara Elawady This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4841398/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Oct, 2024 Read the published version in Middle East Current Psychiatry → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction: There is increased clinical use of gabapentin, these trends appear to chronologically align with the opioid overdose crisis and particularly with the increased restrictions on opioid prescription. Objectives: The study aimed to assess the clinical variables, pain quality, and severity among patients with opioid use disorder as the main substance with and without gabapentin comorbid use. Methods: The research involved 60 patients diagnosed with substance use disorder, divided into two groups: opioid use as the main substance and opioid use with comorbid gabapentin. All Participants were assessed using various tools, including a semi-structured clinical addiction interview, the DSM-IV, the Addiction Severity Index, urine drug test, McGill Pain Questionnaire, and DN4 Questionnaire, in one interview setting Results: the study showed that pain relief was the main desirable effect in the Gabapentin group, with 66.2% of the group experiencing it. Euphoria was the desirable effect in the opioid group, while overdose was more common in the Gabapentin group. Respiratory complications were also more common in the Gabapentin group. Conclusion: The study concluded that patients with comorbid Gabapentin use disorder had higher incidences of overdose, history of pain, and significant neuropathic pain, while less abstinence. Gabapentin Overdose Neuropathic pain Introduction Substance abuse is a global issue that has a negative impact on national health, livelihood, and security (World Health Organization, 1965 ), as well as individual physical and mental health. It impacts persons' social position and duties, and abusers typically suffer from several concurrent physiological, psychological, and social issues. Ukaeje, O., and Iheanacho, J. ( 2023 ).The National Egyptian Map 2015–2017 shows the prevalence of dependent syndrome in Al-Menoufiya (9.3%), Cairo (6.4%), and Assiut (3.2%). Admitting that substance use disorder has become a severe and widespread phenomenon over the world, particularly in Egypt, which has the world's 16th largest population. Upon all of that, there must be constant, efficient investigations on the prevalence of substance use and related problems so that programs can stop that threat (Rabie et al., 2020 ). Despite variations in the most prevalent substances of abuse across Arab countries, the available evidence suggests a high prevalence of polysubstance use, which carries a special risk of drug interactions and influences treatment outcomes (Alharbi et al., 2021 ). Individuals may use various substances to reduce the side effects of one substance while increasing the influence of another, or for reasons of substance availability (Liu et al., 2018 ). According to studies, opioids represent a major problem in 44% of substance abuse cases (tramadol tablets were the primary addictive substance in 30% of the sample, heroin in 12%, andnalbuphinein2%).Mohamed,etal.(2015) While a significant increase in gabapentin prescriptions has been observed and should be noted, this is predicted to increase iatrogenic harm from drug-related morbidity and mortality (Papadomanolakis-Pakis, N. ( 2019 ). In a recent study, half of the patients identified gabapentin use as the first sign of relapse (Buttram et al. 2019 ). Gabapentin can be safely provided at doses ranging from 800 to 1800 mg/day, with 3600 mg being the maximum recommended daily dose in Europe. Gabapentin abuse usually includes supratherapeutic doses (gabapentin > 3600 mg). (Evren, C., & Karabulut, V. ( 2019 ). In a recent systematic review, it was found the prevalence of gabapentin abuse and misuse to be 40–65% among individuals with prescriptions and 15–22% in populations abusing opioids compared with 1% in the general population (Smith et al., 2016 ). It was also noted that there was greater than 40% and 15% increased odds of opioid-related overdose and respiratory depression among people who utilized gabapentin, opioids, and benzodiazepines concurrently (Olopoenia et al., 2022 ). The unique mechanisms of these two medications raise the prospect that their combination may improve efficacy and/or reduce unwanted effects through dose reduction. In contrast, it was discovered that when gabapentin and morphine were combined, the mean dose attained for each medication was lower than when they were used separately. Despite the lower doses, the combination resulted in lower pain ratings than the individual therapy. Gilron et al. ( 2006 ). People with a history of opioid use disorder were more likely to have taken gabapentin. Gabapentin's pain-relieving effects may increase the likelihood of co-use with opioids. Furthermore, gabapentin was more commonly utilized by people who were presently injecting opioids (Stein et al, 2020 ). Studies are pointing towards the fact that gabapentin misuse is specific to opioid use disorder population (Gomes, T.,et al., 2017 ) Few studies have been done in Egypt to compare between Socio demographic and clinical correlates of Opioid Use Disorder as a main substance versus with comorbid Gabapentin Use Disorder, so this study is designed to fill the gap of knowledge and to highlight the magnitude of the problem. In the current study it was hypothesized that socio demographics and clinical correlates are different between the opioid use disorder only group and the opioid with comorbid gabapentin use disorder group. Objectives 1. to assess and compare clinical variables and socio-demographics among patients with Opioid use Disorder only and Opioid with comorbid Gabapentin Use Disorder. 2. To assess and compare pain quality and severity among people who are diagnosed with Opioid use Disorder only and Opioid with comorbid Gabapentin Use Disorder. Subjects and methods The current study is comparative, observational and cross-sectional study. The study was carried out at Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University Hospital, and the Outpatient Clinic that treats patients 6 days/week starting at 8:00 am serving 40 patient / day and Inpatient addiction unit serving 12 patients. It is located in Eastern Cairo, serving as a catchment area for greater Cairo with a population number of about 21 million(Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, 2022). Patients were selected according to those meeting the criteria for opioid use disorder as a main substance and with comorbid gabapentin use disorder according to DSM V criteria and diagnosis was confirmed clinically by 2 senior staff .The study was conducted from September 2023 till February 2024. Total number of 60 participants were enrolled who and then divided in two groups. 30 patients diagnosed with opioid use disorder without gabapentin and 30 patients diagnosed with opioid use disorder with comorbid gabapentin use disorder. Inclusion Criteria included: Age: 18–45 years old, Gender: both males and females Nationality: Egyptian Patients diagnosed with opioid use disorder according to DSM-V criteria. Patients diagnosed with opioid use disorder with /without gabapentin (other substance) use disorder according to DSM-V criteria. While Exclusion Criteria: Inability to cooperate or complete the interview due to any cognitive impairment, or severe illness. Refusal to participate. Current or past history of other psychiatric disorders according to SCID-I scale. Current or past history of major medical illnesses. Sampling method: convenient Sample. Sampling size: Sample included patients Diagnosed with opioid use disorder according to DSM-V criteria arriving for consultation at addiction Medicine outpatient Clinic and inpatient in addiction medicine unit at Okasha Institute of Psychiatry by using Power Analysis and Sample Size Software try (PASS 15)(Version 15.0.10) for sample size calculation, with considering 20% dropout rate, and after reviewing previous study results (Çıtak Ekici et al., 2019 ) showing that the addiction profile index total score was higher in patients with opioid use disorders with pregabalin abuse than those without pregabalin (16.0 ± 0.65 versus 14.44 ± 1.17 respectively);a sample size of 30 patients diagnosed with opioid use disorder without gabapentin and 30 patients diagnosed with opioid use disorder with comorbid Gabapentin use disorder gabapentin use to achieve 100% power, at alpha error 0.05. A Pilot study was conducted prior to the main study on 20 patients 10 with opioid use disorder as main substance and 10 with gabapentin use disorder as main substance to test feasibility of the study and due to scarcity of gabapentin use only patients, study population was modified into two groups opioid use disorder with and without gabapentin. The language, understandability, and applicability were tested during the pilot study, and a few modifications were performed accordingly. Study Procedures: Each patient was interviewed via the examiner in one interview setting, with average duration 40 minutes. Dropouts was 10 patients, 5 commented on lengthy interview and 5 were demotivated to complete the assessment, they were replaced by extra 10 patients to complete the sample size recommended by the community department . Ethical Considerations: details of Ethics approval and consent to participate are mentioned later in the section before reference list After signing the consent all the patients were subjected to the following: A Semi-structured clinical addiction interview of Ain Shams University was conducted through which a complete history and Socio-demographic characteristics:(age, sex, race, residency, grade, monthly income) and other clinical variables (substance use, age of onset, pattern of use, route and dosage, chronic medical illness, number of relapses, duration of abstinence, overdose symptoms) were taken. The structured clinical interview for DSM-IV (SCID I) (First et al., 1997) The Arabic Version was used (El Missiry, 2003): It is a clinician-administered semi-structured interview which provides a broad coverage of psychiatric diagnosis according to DSM-IV In this study, it was used to exclude psychiatric disorders. Addiction Severity Index (ASI) (Mclellan et al., 1980 ) The Arabic version was used (Khalil et al., 2009). The ASI is a semi-structured interview designed to address seven potential problem areas in substance abuse patients on recent (past 30 days) and lifetime problems. In our study, it was used to elicit the severity of dependence and dependence-related problems. Urine Drug test to confirm recent Opioid Use. McGill Pain Questionnaire (Melzack et al., 1975) The Arabic version was used (Terkawi et al.,2017): The McGill Pain Questionnaire consists primarily of 3 major classes of word descriptors: sensory, affective and evaluative, to specify subjective pain experience. It also contains an intensity scale .In this study it was used for screening for history of pain in both groups and its severity. DN4 Questionnaire. The Arabic Version was used (Attal et al., 2018 ) : DN4 (Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions) is a screening tool for neuropathic pain and physical tests to screen for history of neuropathic pain. In this study it was used for screening for history of significant neuropathic pain in both groups. Statistical analysis Data were collected, revised, coded and entered to the Statistical Package for Social Science (IBM SPSS) version 27. The quantitative data were presented as mean, standard deviations and ranges when parametric and median, inter-quartile range (IQR) when data found non-parametric. Also, qualitative variables were presented as number and percentages. The comparison between groups regarding qualitative data was done by using Chi-square test and/or Fisher exact test when the expected count in any cell found less than 5. The comparison between two independent groups with quantitative data and parametric distribution was done by using Independent t-test while with non-parametric distribution were done by using Mann-Whitney test. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to assess the correlation between two quantitative parameters in the same group. The confidence interval was set to 95% and the margin of error accepted was set to 5%. So, the p-value was considered: P-value < 0.05: Significant (S) P-value < 0.01: Highly significant (HS). Results Table 1 Comparison between the two studied groups regarding Socio-demographic data Socio-demographics OUD group OUD + GUD group Test-value* P-value Sig. No. = 30 No. = 30 Age < 20 4 (13.3%) 4 (13.3%) 2.769* 0.250 NS < 30 10 (33.3%) 16 (53.3%) 30–45 16 (53.3%) 10 (33.3%) Gender Male 28 (93.3%) 26 (86.7%) 0.741 0.389 NS Female 2 (6.7%) 4 (13.3%) Age of onset Mean ± SD 18.80 ± 2.11 21.73 ± 2.73 -4.660• 0.0002* HS Range 15–27 18–26 Race Race: Egyptian 30 (100%) 30 (100%) – – – Residency Urban 25 (83.3%) 29 (96.7%) 2.963 0.085 NS Rural 5 (16.7%) 1 (3.3%) Educational level Illiterate 5 (16.7%) 2 (6.7%) 6.609 0.251 NS Primary 5 (16.7%) 4 (13.3%) Preparatory 2 (6.7%) 9 (30%) Secondary 4 (13.3%) 2 (6.7%) Technical 8 (26.7%) 8 (26.7%) College 6 (20%) 5 (16.7%) Monthly Income Adequate 6 (20%) 5 (16.7%) 0.111 0.739 NS Inadequate 24 (80%) 25 (83.3%) Marital state Married 15 (50%) 10 (33.3%) 4.933 0.085 NS Divorced 4 (13.3%) 1 (3.3%) Single 11 (36.7%) 19 (63.3%) Occupation Unemployed 10 (33.3%) 14 (46.7%) 1.467 0.480 NS Infrequent Salary 16 (53.3%) 14 (46.7%) Frequent Salary 4 (13.3%) 2 (6.7%) P-value > 0.05: Non-significant; P-value < 0.05: Significant; P-value < 0.01: Highly significant *: Chi-square test Table 2 Comparison between the two studied groups regarding desirable effect Desirable effect OUD group OUD + GUD group Test-value* P-value Sig. No.=30 No.=30 Euphoria No 4 (13.3%) 23 (76.7%) 24.310* 0.000* HS Yes 26 (86.7%) 7 (23.3%) Stress relief No 26 (86.7%) 20 (66.7%) 3.354* 0.067 NS Yes 4 (13.3%) 10 (33.3%) Pain relief No 29 (96.7%) 8 (26.7%) 31.093* 0.000* HS Yes 1 (3.3%) 22 (73.3%) Novelty seeking No 30 (100%) 28 (93.3%) 2.069* 0.150 NS Yes 0 (0%) 2 (6.7%) Boredom No 30 (100%) 28 (93.3%) 2.069* 0.150 NS Yes 0 (0%) 2 (6.7%) Insomnia No 18 (60%) 13 (43.3%) 1.669* 0.196 NS Yes 12 (40%) 17 (56.7%) Opioid withdrawal No – 15 (50.0%) – – – Yes – 15 (50.0%) Opioid substitution No – 20 (66.7%) – – – Yes – 10 (33.3%) P-value > 0.05: Non-significant; P-value < 0.05: Significant; P-value < 0.01: Highly significant *: Chi-square test Table 3 Comparison between the two studied groups regarding overdose and rate of relapses. Drug screen OUD group OUD + GUD group Test-value* P-value Sig. No.=30 No.=30 Overdose No 22 (73.3%) 13 (43.3%) 5.554 0.018* S Yes 8 (16.7%) 17 (56.7%) No of Overdose No 22 (73.3%) 13 (43.3%) 7.537 0.110 NS Once 5 (16.7%) 13 (43.3%) Twice 1 (3.3%) 2 (6.7%) Three times 2 (6.7%) 1 (3.3%) Four times 0 (0%) 0 (0%) Five times 0 (0%) 1 (3.3%) Overdose Symptoms None 22 (73.3%) 13 (43.3%) 9.537 0.049* S Arrhythmia 4 (13.3%) 5 (16.7%) Hypotension 4 (13.3%) 5 (16.7%) Respiratory symptoms 1 (3.3%) 6 (20%) Arrhythmia + Hypotension 0 (0%) 1 (3.3%) History of Relapses No 8 (26.7%) 9 (30%) 0.082 0.775 NS Yes 22 (73.3%) 21 (70.0%) Rate of Relapses within 5 yrs. None 8 (26.7%) 9 (30%) 4.016 0.674 NS Once 11 (36.7%) 9 (30%) Twice 5 (16.7%) 6 (20%) Three times 1 (3.3%) 2 (6.7%) Four times 2 (6.7%) 0 (0%) Five times 2 (6.7%) 1 (3.3%) Six Times 1 (3.3%) 3 (10%) P-value > 0.05: Non-significant; P-value < 0.05: Significant; P-value < 0.01: Highly significant *: Chi-square test Table 4 Comparison between two studied groups regarding treatment history Clinical variables OUD group OUD + GUD group Test-value* P-value Sig. No.=30 No.=30 History of Abstinence No 5 (16.7%) 13 (43.3%) 5.079 0.024* S Yes 25 (83.3%) 17 (56.7%) Max Abstinence 3Months – <1 year 2 (8.0%) 2 (11.8%) 0.672* 0.715 NS or = 5 years 7 (28.0%) 3 (17.6%) No of Hospitalization for addiction Median (IQR) 2(1–2) 2(1–3) -0.332‡ 0.740 NS Range 1–3 1–5 Once 4 (26.7%) 3 (50.0%) 7.700* 0.053 NS Twice 9 (60.0%) 0 (0.0%) Three times 2 (13.3%) 2 (33.3%) Five times 0 (0.0%) 1 (16.7%) P-value > 0.05: Non-significant; P-value < 0.05: Significant; P-value < 0.01: Highly significant *: Chi-square test Table 5 Comparison between the two studied groups regarding McGill Pain Questionnaire McGill Pain Questionnaire OUD group OUD + GUD group Test-value P-value Sig. No.=30 No.=30 History of Pain No 25 (83.3%) 5 (16.7%) 26.667* 0.0001* HS Yes 5 (16.7%) 25 (83.3%) Pain Quality Mean ± SD 5.6 ± 2.3 3.92 ± 1.71 -1.475≠ 0.140 NS Range 3 ‒ 8 1 ‒ 8 Course Continuous Steady Constant 0 (0%) 1 (4.0%) 1.996* 0.369 NS Rhythmic Periodic Intermittent 2 (40.0%) 17 (68.0%) Brief Momentary Transient 3 (60.0%) 7 (28.0%) Quantity Median (IQR) 5 (4–5) 4 (3–4) -2.073≠ 0.038* S Range 4 ‒ 8 1 ‒ 6 Miscellaneous Median (IQR) 14 (9–15) 14 (11–16) -0.561≠ 0.575 NS Range 8 ‒ 16 5 ‒ 20 Total score Mean ± SD 22.60 ± 8.17 22.84 ± 5.56 -0.251≠ 0.802 NS Range 10 ‒ 30 10 ‒ 33 P-value > 0.05: Non-significant; P-value < 0.05: Significant; P-value < 0.01: Highly significant *: Chi-square test Table 6 Comparison between the two studied groups regarding DN4 pain. OUD GROUP OUD + GUD GROUP Test-value P-value Sig. No.=30 No.=30 DN4 Questionnaire Median (IQR) 0 (0–0) 4 (4–5) -5.693‡ 0.0001* HS Range 0 ‒ 5 0 ‒ 7 No pain 26 (86.7%) 4 (13.3%) 33.973* 0.0002* HS Insignificant 2 (6.7%) 3 (10.0%) Significant of neuropathic pain 2 (6.7%) 23 (76.7%) P-value > 0.05: Non-significant; P-value < 0.05: Significant; P-value < 0.01: Highly significant *: Chi-square test Table 7 Comparison between the two studied substances regarding addiction severity index Addiction Severity Index OUD group OUD + GUD group Test-value* P-value Sig. No.=30 No.=30 No % No % Medical None 6 20 6 20 11.102* 0.025* S Mild 5 16.7 9 30.0 Moderate 8 26.7 5 16.7 Severe 0 0 6 20.0 Very Severe 11 36.7 4 13.3 Legal None 70 5.200* 0.267 NS Mild 3 10 1 3.3 Moderate 1 3.3 3 10 Severe 0 0 3 10 Very Severe 2 6.7 2 6.7 Occupational None 2 6.7 3 10 0.468* 0.926 NS Mild 0 0 0 0 Moderate 3 10 4 13.3 Severe 8 26.7 8 26.7 Very Severe 17 56.7 15 50 Alcoholism None 20 66.7 18 60 0.581* 0.965 NS Mild 4 13.3 4 13.3 Moderate 3 10 4 13.3 Severe 2 6.7 2 6.7 Very Severe 1 3.3 2 6.7 Substance None 1 3.3 1 3.3 0.132* 0.936 NS Mild 0 0 0 0 Moderate 0 0 0 0 Severe 5 16.7 4 13.3 Very Severe 24 80 25 83.3 Family None 0 0 4 13.3 5.683* 0.128 NS Mild 0 0 0 0 Moderate 3 10 4 13.3 Severe 15 50 9 30 Very Severe 12 40.0 13 43.3 Psychiatry None 16 53.3 25 83.3 6.576* 0.087 NS Mild 7 23.3 3 10.0 Moderate 5 16.7 1 3.3 Severe 2 6.7 1 3.3 Very Severe 0 0.0 0 0.0 Addiction Severity total score Median (IQR) 15(12–16) 8–21 14(11–15) 6–21 -1.121‡ 0.262 NS Range P-value > 0.05: Non-significant; P-value < 0.05: Significant; P-value < 0.01: Highly significant *: Chi-square test Table 8 Logistic regression analysis for predictors of Gabapentin Use disorder with comorbid Opioid Use disorder P-value Odds ratio (OR) 95% C.I. for OR P-value Odds ratio (OR) 95% C.I. for OR Lower Upper Lower Upper Sniffing 0.001 0.152 0.049 0.474 0.038 0.077 0.007 0.868 Pain relief 0.000 79.750 9.276 685.633 Overdose 0.021 3.596 1.216 10.638 0.015 22.954 1.819 289.605 History of Pain 0.000 25.000 6.430 97.201 DN4 ≥ 4 0.000 58.000 6.490 518.360 0.000 123.103 8.389 1806.563 P-value > 0.05: Non-significant; P-value < 0.05: Significant; P-value < 0.01: Highly significant *: Chi-square test Discussion The originality of the current study was that few previous researches did examine Socio demographic and clinical correlates of Opioid Use Disorder as a main substance versus with comorbid Gabapentin Use Disorder. Regarding Socio-Demographic Data and Clinical Variables as in Table 1 : The current study emphasized gender differences between the 2 studied groups, showing that 90% of the sample were males and 10% were females. This goes back to the finding that most of the patients coming to the addiction clinic and admitted inpatients are male patients. Also, the current study shows that the female-to-male ratio is slightly higher in the OUD + GUD group than the OUD-only group, which agreed with McNamara et al. (2014), which showed that 77.8% of those testing positive for gabapentin were females. This also agreed with another study that showed that among 1725 gabapentinoid abuse/misuse/dependence patients identified in the Eudra Vigilance database, females were more frequently implicated (1.27/1 for gabapentin) (Chiappini et al.,2016).While this doesn`t get in agreement with Wilens et al. (2015), who found no significant difference in gabapentin abuse among opioid-dependent patients in representation by gender (51% male), still Smith et al. ( 2016 also found no gender differences. As regards the age of onset of substance use as in Table 1 : the current study results found the mean (± SD) age onset of substance use at the OUD-only group in our study was 18.8 (± 2.11) years, while the age of onset of gabapentin use in the OUD + GUD group was 21.73 ± 2.73 years), which showed a highly statistically significant difference between the studied groups. This could be explained by the fact that the comorbid use of gabapentin along with opioid use usually occurs later in the course of illness as a substitution of Opioid or as a trial to decrease the dose of Opioid. Regarding other socio-demographic variables, e.g., age, race, residency, educational level, monthly income, marital status, and occupation, there were no statistically significant differences between both studied groups. Comparing the desirable effect of substance between the 2 studied groups as shown in Table 2 : euphoria was found to be the most desirable effect in 26 patients (86.7%) of the OUD group, while it was the desirable effect in only 7 patients (23.3%) of the OUD + GUD group, with a highly statistically significant difference between both groups. This could be explained by the findings that patients abuse gabapentin later on in their course of illness, as at that time, patient could have lost the euphoric effect of the substance. While pain relief was found to be the most desirable effect in only 1 patient (3.3%) of the OUD group, it was the desirable effect in 20 patients (66.7%) of the OUD + GUD group with a highly statistically significant difference between both groups. while opioid withdrawal was the second most desirable effect in 50% of the OUD + GUD group, followed by opioid substitution and stress relief in 33.3% of the OUD + GUD group, then euphoria in 23.3%, and other causes of novelty seeking and boredom in 6.7% of the studied group. This doesn`t agree with Stein et al., 2020 ; the 2 most common desirable effects for prescribed gabapentin use in OUD patients were euphoria and to relieve anxiety, with an incidence of 86% and pain relief with an incidence 83.5%. Other reasons were opioid substitution (60.5%), to help with opioid withdrawal (75.6%), and to increase the effects of heroin (50%). In literature, there has been a paucity of studies that have examined a list of reasons for concomitant gabapentin abuse. Comparing the incidence of overdose between the 2 studied groups as shown in Table 3 , the current study revealed that 16.7% of the OUD group were found to experience overdose and 56.7% of the OUD + GUD group experienced overdose. Symptoms of respiratory depression were found to be 20% of the OUD + GUD group with high statistical significance. This comes in agreement with Peckham et al. (2018), who revealed that patients with prolonged overuse of concomitant gabapentin and opioids were definitely more liable to be admitted inpatient or emergency department visits due to altered mental status or respiratory depression. Gomes et al. ( 2017 ) found that the chance of an opioid fatal overdose was 49% higher among patients recently opioid users with concomitant gabapentin compared to those opioid users alone; meanwhile, the risk of opioid fatal overdose was 60% in opioid users with concomitant gabapentin when gabapentin dose ranges from 900 to 1,800 mg daily or more (moderate & high dose). The current study also showed that the history of abstinence was 83.3% in the OUD group and 56.7% in the OUD + GUD group as shown in Table 4 , with a statistically significant difference between both groups; this refers to a better outcome in the OUD-only group. As regards the number of hospitalizations for addiction, the data showed no statistically significant difference between both studied groups. Regarding the addiction complications in both groups measured using the Addiction Severity Index as shown in Table 7 , the current study showed that the most affected dimensions in the OUD group were medical areas, which is inconsistent with previous study results, yet this goes back to the small sample size. Meanwhile, by comparison, our study found that patients of both groups had experienced problems in (employment, legal, alcohol, substance use, family-social, psychological) areas with no statistically significant difference between both groups. Regarding history of pain measured by the McGill Pain Questionnaire as shown in Table 5 ,, the percentage was 16.7% in the OUD group and 83.3% in the OUD + GUD group with a high statistically significant difference between both groups, and this was consistent with results mentioned earlier by the current study showing that pain relief was the desirable effect in the group opioid + GUD with a significant difference from the opioid use only group. While comparing quantity of pain at time of examination, it was less in the GUD group with a median (IQR) of 5(4–5) in the OUD group and 4(3–6) in the Opioid + GUD group with a statistically significant difference between both groups. This can be explained by the additional analgesic effect of gabapentin. Meanwhile, history of neuropathic pain measured by the Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions (DN4) Questionnaire as shown in Table 6 . The current study highlighted the presence of a significant difference in neuropathic pain between the 2 studied groups; it was found in 3.3% of the OUD group versus 80% in the OUD + GUD group, which agrees with Ibiloye et al. (2021) which identified that neuropathic pain diagnosis is significantly associated with higher levels of gabapentinoid misuse, as 51.9% of the study sample had neuropathic pain, among which had significantly higher gabapentinoid misuse. A correlation between pain and age of onset was detected by this study, showing that age of onset of gabapentin use is positively correlated to the history of the presence of significant neuropathic pain. This could be explained by the fact by the fact that the age of onset of gabapentin use is strongly correlated to neuropathic pain. Another A correlation between the dose of Gabapentin and the total score of pain and the presence of significant neuropathic pain in the OUD + GUD group was detected, showing that the dose of substance is negatively correlated to the total score of pain and positively correlated to the presence of significant neuropathic pain, which ensured the analgesic effect of Gabapentin. This could be explained from literature that management of pain via substance use can further exacerbate pain in the long term, leading to a feed-forward cycle and higher doses of substance are needed to achieve the same previous effect (Ferguson et al., 2022). According to the presenting study, logistic regression in Table 8 showed that the presence of significant neuropathic pain is the most important predictor for OUD + GUD. This could be explained by the fact by the fact that patients presented with a history of significant neuropathic pain are strongly likely to develop opioid with comorbid gabapentin use disorder due to their effective role in pain management. Conclusions The current study showed that patients with OUD + GUD were associated with a higher incidence of overdose, a history of pain, and a history of significant neuropathic pain. The incidence of pain relief as a desirable effect was higher in patients with OUD + GUD while the incidence of euphoria as a desirable effect was higher in patients with OUD only. The patients with OUD only have a higher incidence of abstinence compared to patients with OUD + GUD. Also, history of overdose was found to be higher in the OUD + GUD group, and respiratory symptoms were the most prevalent symptoms in the OUD + GUD group. Moreover, there is a statistically significant correlation between the dose of oral gabapentin and a history of significant neuropathic pain and a significant negative correlation between the dose of oral gabapentin and the total score of pain. And the most predictors for opioid use with comorbid gabapentin use disorder are the presence of significant neuropathic pain and a history of over dosage. From the current study results, opioid use disorder with comorbid gabapentin use carries higher risk of over dosage and worse outcome, in addition screening for neuropathic pain in patients with opioid use can help in prediction of liability to comorbid gabapentin use disorder in order to limit gabapentin prescription among this potential high risk population. Abbreviations ASI............................... Addiction Severity index DN4.............................. Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions DSM-V......................... Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders -fifth edition IQR .............................. Interquartile Range OUD + GUD group..... Opioid with comorbid gabapentin use disorder group OUD............................. Opioid Use Disorder PASS ........................... Power Analysis and Sample Size Software SCID I ......................... Structured Clinical interview for DSM-IV SPSS............................. Statistical package for social sciences SUD Substance Use Disorder Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: First, the study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University with reference FMASU MS 512/2023, after reviewing the study protocol and the acceptance letter from the Ethical committee of Okasha institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University. Second, the authors obtained an agreement from the President of Ain Shams University and the Vice Dean of students’ affairs of both selected Faculties (Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Literature). Finally, the authors obtained oral and informed consent from the participants clearly explaining the title and aim of the study. The participants were informed that they have the right to withdraw from the research at any time without justification and that this research could be used for scientific publication without the disclosure of the participants’ personal identity. Consent for publication: institutional consent form is used and available with the authors Competing interests the authors declare no conflict of interest Funding No funding was received for this work from any organization. Author Contribution N.N. and N.M. conceptualised and supervised the research H.E. and S.E. concieved and designed the analysis N.D. collected the data and performed analysisS.E. and N.D. wrote the main manuscript All authors reviewed the manuscript Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to the patients for accepting to participate in the current study. Data Availability data is provided within the manuscript References Alharbi, F. F., Alsubaie, E. G., & Al-Surimi, K. (2021). Substance abuse in Arab world: does it matter and where are we?. In Handbook of Healthcare in the Arab World (pp. 2371-2398). Cham: Springer International Publishing. Aly, D., & Dimitrijevic, B. (2022). Public green space quantity and distribution in Cairo, Egypt. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science , 69 (1), 15. Attal, N., Bouhassira, D., & Baron, R. (2018). Diagnosis and assessment of neuropathic pain through questionnaires. The Lancet Neurology , 17 (5), 456-466. Buttram, M. E., Kurtz, S. P., Ellis, M. S., & Cicero, T. J. (2019). Gabapentin prescribed during substance abuse treatment: The perspective of treatment providers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 105 , 1-4. Çıtak Ekici, Ö., Şahiner, V., Erzin, G., Ocak, D., Şahiner, Ş. Y., & Göka, E. (2019). Pregabalin abuse among patients with opioid use disorders may increase the severity of withdrawal symptoms: a single-center, case-control study. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology , 29 (4), 479-483. El Missiry A, et al. (2003): Homicide and psychiatric illness, An Egyptian study. MD thesis, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University. Evren, C., & Karabulut, V. (2019). Heightened misuse risk and addictive potential of gabapentinoids: the fate of effective anxiolytics. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences , 32 (2), 81. First, M. B. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I), Clinician Version (Administration Booklet). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. (No Title) . Gilron, I., Watson, C. P. N., Cahill, C. M., & Moulin, D. E. (2006). Neuropathic pain: a practical guide for the clinician. Cmaj , 175 (3), 265-275. Gomes, T., Juurlink, D. N., Antoniou, T., Mamdani, M. M., Paterson, J. M., & van den Brink, W. (2017). Gabapentin, opioids, and the risk of opioid-related death: a population-based nested case–control study. PLoS medicine , 14 (10), e1002396. Khalil, A., Okasha, T., Shawky, M., Haroon, A., Elhabiby, M., Carise, D., ... & Rawson, R. A. (2008). Characterization of substance abuse patients presenting for treatment at a University Psychiatric Hospital in Cairo, Egypt. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment , 7 (4), 199-209. Liu, Z., Huang, P., Law, S., Tian, H., Leung, W., & Xu, C. (2018). Preventive effect of curcumin against chemotherapy-induced side-effects. Frontiers in pharmacology , 9 , 1374. McLellan, A. T., Luborsky, L., Woody, G. E., & O'BRIEN, C. P. (1980). An improved diagnostic evaluation instrument for substance abuse patients: The Addiction Severity Index. The Journal of nervous and mental disease , 168 (1), 26-33. Melzack, R. (1975). The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods. pain , 1 (3), 277-299. Mohamed, N. R., El Hamrawy, L. G., Shalaby, A. S., El Bahy, M. S., & Abd Allah, M. M. (2015). An epidemiological study of tramadol HCl dependence in an outpatient addiction clinic at Heliopolis Psychiatric Hospital. Menoufia Medical Journal , 28 (2), 591. Olopoenia, A., Camelo-Castillo, W., Qato, D. M., Adekoya, A., Palumbo, F., Sera, L., & Simoni-Wastila, L. (2022). Adverse outcomes associated with concurrent gabapentin, opioid, and benzodiazepine utilization: A nested case-control study. The Lancet Regional Health–Americas, 13. ‏ Papadomanolakis-Pakis, N. (2019). Initiation of Prescription Opioids for Non-Cancer Pain and Risk of Treated Opioid Use Disorder: A Population-Based Study (Doctoral dissertation, Queen's University (Canada)). Rabie, M., Shaker, N. M., Gaber, E., El-Habiby, M., Ismail, D., El-Gaafary, M., ... & Muscat, R. (2020). Prevalence updates of substance use among Egyptian adolescents. Middle East current psychiatry , 27 , 1-8. Smith, R. V., Havens, J. R., & Walsh, S. L. (2016). Gabapentin misuse, abuse and diversion: a systematic review. Addiction , 111 (7), 1160-1174. Stein, M. D., Kenney, S. R., Anderson, B. J., Conti, M. T., & Bailey, G. L. (2020). Prescribed and non-prescribed gabapentin use among persons seeking inpatient opioid detoxification. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 110 , 37-41. Terkawi, A. S., Tsang, S., Abolkhair, A., Alsharif, M., Alswiti, M., Alsadoun, A., ... & Altirkawi, K. A. (2017). Development and validation of Arabic version of the short-form McGill pain questionnaire. Saudi journal of anaesthesia , 11 (Suppl 1), S2-S10. Ukaeje, O., & Iheanacho, J. (2023). Illicit Drug Trafficking in West Africa: The Contending Issues and Way forward. University of Nigeria Journal of Political Economy , 13 (1). World Health Organization. (1965). WHO Expert Committee on Dependence-producing Drugs: Fourteenth Report. WHO Technical Report Series , 312 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Oct, 2024 Read the published version in Middle East Current Psychiatry → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 18 Aug, 2024 Reviews received at journal 15 Aug, 2024 Reviews received at journal 13 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Aug, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 06 Aug, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 06 Aug, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 06 Aug, 2024 First submitted to journal 01 Aug, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4841398","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":341692040,"identity":"ab1d31d6-ab69-423a-b648-e765b08b2c74","order_by":0,"name":"Nahla Nagy","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ain Shams University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nahla","middleName":"","lastName":"Nagy","suffix":""},{"id":341692041,"identity":"8820a6c0-65ca-444e-b611-8f15ac90b9cb","order_by":1,"name":"Nesreen Mohsen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ain Shams University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nesreen","middleName":"","lastName":"Mohsen","suffix":""},{"id":341692042,"identity":"163f2306-5761-4723-b6fd-3d82aa809766","order_by":2,"name":"Hanan Elrassas","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ain Shams University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hanan","middleName":"","lastName":"Elrassas","suffix":""},{"id":341692043,"identity":"3f22736f-94cf-4d04-85c8-e3f0ef62aa0e","order_by":3,"name":"Nourhan Dardeer","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ain Shams University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nourhan","middleName":"","lastName":"Dardeer","suffix":""},{"id":341692044,"identity":"31a93c9b-b930-4051-b87e-7c328a6c037a","order_by":4,"name":"Sara Elawady","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABBklEQVRIie2QMUvEMBTHX6h0uz2HQ79CRQgKtf0gLi2B3HJOgnToUJfeZtf6IQRdsloonEu0a+AWu3RyyCROcq86t3Y8ML/hJYT88n8vABbLgeODSQNcyW09WyGVEoOSz1ecRdH87CYVb/PaGcjA818auaxUGz5sGkzJgsvRl9XqlMIWTh6VuKEm3XGpElS24iofU0AABReIrNcMU3ac1aiQvBlVvLJ3vuAbItl+sONF8cZZ200roIVLSQGJ1OtBqUOm/0jxde+eJXeUP+v++rxSPGYaU+KJWbxSONp8Bhf3JX/SJg0j1q66d5MF440NxPgDyNFQk/z3ZB6OwRLNvGyxWCz/iD16jGZN3Sz1uAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Ain Shams University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sara","middleName":"","lastName":"Elawady","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-01 10:23:58","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4841398/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4841398/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-024-00469-8","type":"published","date":"2024-10-21T15:58:06+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":67682462,"identity":"c6ca62c4-75e7-4173-9eed-085032fd12e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-28 16:14:13","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1108065,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4841398/v1/0e9410f2-4fd1-4910-a6d2-4d8a724be606.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Sociodemographic and Clinical Variables among Egyptian patients with Opioid Use Disorder Only versus with Comorbid Gabapentin Use Disorder","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSubstance abuse is a global issue that has a negative impact on national health, livelihood, and security (World Health Organization, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e), as well as individual physical and mental health. It impacts persons' social position and duties, and abusers typically suffer from several concurrent physiological, psychological, and social issues. Ukaeje, O., and Iheanacho, J. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).The National Egyptian Map 2015\u0026ndash;2017 shows the prevalence of dependent syndrome in Al-Menoufiya (9.3%), Cairo (6.4%), and Assiut (3.2%). Admitting that substance use disorder has become a severe and widespread phenomenon over the world, particularly in Egypt, which has the world's 16th largest population. Upon all of that, there must be constant, efficient investigations on the prevalence of substance use and related problems so that programs can stop that threat (Rabie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Despite variations in the most prevalent substances of abuse across Arab countries, the available evidence suggests a high prevalence of polysubstance use, which carries a special risk of drug interactions and influences treatment outcomes (Alharbi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Individuals may use various substances to reduce the side effects of one substance while increasing the influence of another, or for reasons of substance availability (Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to studies, opioids represent a major problem in 44% of substance abuse cases (tramadol tablets were the primary addictive substance in 30% of the sample, heroin in 12%, andnalbuphinein2%).Mohamed,etal.(2015)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile a significant increase in gabapentin prescriptions has been observed and should be noted, this is predicted to increase iatrogenic harm from drug-related morbidity and mortality (Papadomanolakis-Pakis, N. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). In a recent study, half of the patients identified gabapentin use as the first sign of relapse (Buttram et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Gabapentin can be safely provided at doses ranging from 800 to 1800 mg/day, with 3600 mg being the maximum recommended daily dose in Europe. Gabapentin abuse usually includes supratherapeutic doses (gabapentin\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;3600 mg). (Evren, C., \u0026amp; Karabulut, V. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a recent systematic review, it was found the prevalence of gabapentin abuse and misuse to be 40\u0026ndash;65% among individuals with prescriptions and 15\u0026ndash;22% in populations abusing opioids compared with 1% in the general population (Smith et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was also noted that there was greater than 40% and 15% increased odds of opioid-related overdose and respiratory depression among people who utilized gabapentin, opioids, and benzodiazepines concurrently (Olopoenia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe unique mechanisms of these two medications raise the prospect that their combination may improve efficacy and/or reduce unwanted effects through dose reduction. In contrast, it was discovered that when gabapentin and morphine were combined, the mean dose attained for each medication was lower than when they were used separately. Despite the lower doses, the combination resulted in lower pain ratings than the individual therapy. Gilron et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). People with a history of opioid use disorder were more likely to have taken gabapentin. Gabapentin's pain-relieving effects may increase the likelihood of co-use with opioids. Furthermore, gabapentin was more commonly utilized by people who were presently injecting opioids (Stein et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies are pointing towards the fact that gabapentin misuse is specific to opioid use disorder population (Gomes, T.,et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFew studies have been done in Egypt to compare between Socio demographic and clinical correlates of Opioid Use Disorder as a main substance versus with comorbid Gabapentin Use Disorder, so this study is designed to fill the gap of knowledge and to highlight the magnitude of the problem.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the current study it was hypothesized that socio demographics and clinical correlates are different between the opioid use disorder only group and the opioid with comorbid gabapentin use disorder group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eObjectives\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. to assess and compare clinical variables and socio-demographics among patients with Opioid use Disorder only and Opioid with comorbid Gabapentin Use Disorder. 2. To assess and compare pain quality and severity among people who are diagnosed with Opioid use Disorder only and Opioid with comorbid Gabapentin Use Disorder.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Subjects and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current study is comparative, observational and cross-sectional study. The study was carried out at Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University Hospital, and the Outpatient Clinic that treats patients 6 days/week starting at 8:00 am serving 40 patient / day and Inpatient addiction unit serving 12 patients. It is located in Eastern Cairo, serving as a catchment area for greater Cairo with a population number of about 21\u0026nbsp;million(Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, 2022). Patients were selected according to those meeting the criteria for opioid use disorder as a main substance and with comorbid gabapentin use disorder according to DSM V criteria and diagnosis was confirmed clinically by 2 senior staff .The study was conducted from September 2023 till February 2024. Total number of 60 participants were enrolled who and then divided in two groups. 30 patients diagnosed with opioid use disorder without gabapentin and 30 patients diagnosed with opioid use disorder with comorbid gabapentin use disorder.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInclusion Criteria included: Age: 18\u0026ndash;45 years old, Gender: both males and females Nationality: Egyptian Patients diagnosed with opioid use disorder according to DSM-V criteria. Patients diagnosed with opioid use disorder with /without gabapentin (other substance) use disorder according to DSM-V criteria. While Exclusion Criteria: Inability to cooperate or complete the interview due to any cognitive impairment, or severe illness. Refusal to participate. Current or past history of other psychiatric disorders according to SCID-I scale. Current or past history of major medical illnesses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSampling method: convenient Sample. Sampling size: Sample included patients Diagnosed with opioid use disorder according to DSM-V criteria arriving for consultation at addiction Medicine outpatient Clinic and inpatient in addiction medicine unit at Okasha Institute of Psychiatry by using Power Analysis and Sample Size Software try (PASS 15)(Version 15.0.10) for sample size calculation, with considering 20% dropout rate, and after reviewing previous study results (\u0026Ccedil;ıtak Ekici et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) showing that the addiction profile index total score was higher in patients with opioid use disorders with pregabalin abuse than those without pregabalin (16.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65 versus 14.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.17 respectively);a sample size of 30 patients diagnosed with opioid use disorder without gabapentin and 30 patients diagnosed with opioid use disorder with comorbid Gabapentin use disorder gabapentin use to achieve 100% power, at alpha error 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Pilot study was conducted prior to the main study on 20 patients 10 with opioid use disorder as main substance and 10 with gabapentin use disorder as main substance to test feasibility of the study and due to scarcity of gabapentin use only patients, study population was modified into two groups opioid use disorder with and without gabapentin. The language, understandability, and applicability were tested during the pilot study, and a few modifications were performed accordingly.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Procedures: Each patient was interviewed via the examiner in one interview setting, with average duration 40 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDropouts was 10 patients, 5 commented on lengthy interview and 5 were demotivated to complete the assessment, they were replaced by extra 10 patients to complete the sample size recommended by the community department .\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthical Considerations: details of Ethics approval and consent to participate are mentioned later in the section before reference list\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter signing the consent all the patients were subjected to the following:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Semi-structured clinical addiction interview of Ain Shams University was conducted through which a complete history and Socio-demographic characteristics:(age, sex, race, residency, grade, monthly income) and other clinical variables (substance use, age of onset, pattern of use, route and dosage, chronic medical illness, number of relapses, duration of abstinence, overdose symptoms) were taken.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe structured clinical interview for DSM-IV (SCID I) (First et al., 1997) The Arabic Version was used (El Missiry, 2003): It is a clinician-administered semi-structured interview which provides a broad coverage of psychiatric diagnosis according to DSM-IV In this study, it was used to exclude psychiatric disorders.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddiction Severity Index (ASI) (Mclellan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e) The Arabic version was used (Khalil et al., 2009). The ASI is a semi-structured interview designed to address seven potential problem areas in substance abuse patients on recent (past 30 days) and lifetime problems. In our study, it was used to elicit the severity of dependence and dependence-related problems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrine Drug test to confirm recent Opioid Use.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMcGill Pain Questionnaire (Melzack et al., 1975) The Arabic version was used (Terkawi et al.,2017): The McGill Pain Questionnaire consists primarily of 3 major classes of word descriptors: sensory, affective and evaluative, to specify subjective pain experience. It also contains an intensity scale .In this study it was used for screening for history of pain in both groups and its severity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDN4 Questionnaire. The Arabic Version was used (Attal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) : DN4 (Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions) is a screening tool for neuropathic pain and physical tests to screen for history of neuropathic pain. In this study it was used for screening for history of significant neuropathic pain in both groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were collected, revised, coded and entered to the Statistical Package for Social Science (IBM SPSS) version 27. The quantitative data were presented as mean, standard deviations and ranges when parametric and median, inter-quartile range (IQR) when data found non-parametric. Also, qualitative variables were presented as number and percentages. The comparison between groups regarding qualitative data was done by using Chi-square test and/or Fisher exact test when the expected count in any cell found less than 5. The comparison between two independent groups with quantitative data and parametric distribution was done by using Independent t-test while with non-parametric distribution were done by using Mann-Whitney test. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to assess the correlation between two quantitative parameters in the same group. The confidence interval was set to 95% and the margin of error accepted was set to 5%. So, the p-value was considered: P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05: Significant (S) P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01: Highly significant (HS).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison between the two studied groups regarding Socio-demographic data\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOUD group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest-value*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. = 30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. = 30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.769*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (53.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (53.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (93.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (86.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.741\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.389\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (6.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge of onset\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.73\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-4.660\u0026bull;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0002*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRace: Egyptian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (83.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (96.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.963\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (3.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (6.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.609\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreparatory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (6.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (30%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (6.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTechnical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (26.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (26.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollege\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonthly Income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdequate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.739\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInadequate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (80%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (83.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital state\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.933\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (3.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (36.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (63.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (46.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.467\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfrequent Salary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (53.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (46.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequent Salary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (6.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eP-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05: Non-significant; P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05: Significant; P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01: Highly significant\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e*: Chi-square test\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eComparison between the two studied groups regarding desirable effect\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesirable effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOUD group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest-value*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.=30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.=30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuphoria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (76.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.310*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (86.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (23.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStress relief\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (86.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (66.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.354*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePain relief\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (96.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (26.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.093*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (3.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (73.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNovelty seeking\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (93.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.069*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (6.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoredom\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (93.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.069*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (6.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsomnia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (60%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (43.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.669*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (40%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (56.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpioid withdrawal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpioid substitution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (66.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eP-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05: Non-significant; P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05: Significant; P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01: Highly significant\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e*: Chi-square test\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eComparison between the two studied groups regarding overdose and rate of relapses.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrug screen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOUD group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest-value*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.=30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.=30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverdose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (73.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (43.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.554\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 (16.7%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 (56.7%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo of Overdose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (73.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (43.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.537\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnce\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (43.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (3.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (6.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree times\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (6.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (3.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour times\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFive times\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (3.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOverdose Symptoms\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNone\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 (73.3%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 (43.3%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.537\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.049*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eArrhythmia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 (13.3%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 (16.7%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHypotension\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 (13.3%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 (16.7%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRespiratory symptoms\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 (3.3%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 (20%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eArrhythmia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Hypotension\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 (3.3%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory of Relapses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (26.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (30%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.775\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 (73.3%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 (70.0%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRate of Relapses within 5 yrs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (26.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (30%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.674\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnce\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (36.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (30%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree times\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (3.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (6.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour times\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (6.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFive times\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (6.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (3.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSix Times\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (3.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (10%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eP-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05: Non-significant; P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05: Significant; P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01: Highly significant\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e*: Chi-square test\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison between two studied groups regarding treatment history\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOUD group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest-value*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.=30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.=30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory of Abstinence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (43.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.024*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 (83.3%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 (56.7%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMax Abstinence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3Months \u0026ndash; \u0026lt;1 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (8.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (11.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.672*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.715\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (64.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (70.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; or =\u0026thinsp;5 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (28.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (17.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo of Hospitalization for addiction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(1\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.332\u0026Dagger;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.740\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnce\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (26.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.700*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (60.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree times\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFive times\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eP-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05: Non-significant; P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05: Significant; P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01: Highly significant\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e*: Chi-square test\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison between the two studied groups regarding McGill Pain Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMcGill Pain Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOUD group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.=30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.=30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory of Pain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (83.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.667*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (83.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePain Quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.475\u0026ne;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 ‒ 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 ‒ 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCourse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinuous Steady Constant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (4.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.996*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.369\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRhythmic Periodic Intermittent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (40.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (68.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrief Momentary Transient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (60.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (28.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (4\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (3\u0026ndash;4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.073\u0026ne;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.038*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 ‒ 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 ‒ 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (9\u0026ndash;15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (11\u0026ndash;16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.561\u0026ne;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.575\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 ‒ 16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 ‒ 20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.251\u0026ne;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.802\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 ‒ 30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 ‒ 33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eP-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05: Non-significant; P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05: Significant; P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01: Highly significant\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e*: Chi-square test\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison between the two studied groups regarding DN4 pain.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOUD GROUP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD GROUP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.=30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.=30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDN4 Questionnaire\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMedian (IQR)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0 (0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 (4\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.693\u0026Dagger;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRange\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0 ‒ 5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0 ‒ 7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo pain\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 (86.7%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 (13.3%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.973*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0002*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInsignificant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 (6.7%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 (10.0%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSignificant of neuropathic pain\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 (6.7%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 (76.7%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eP-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05: Non-significant; P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05: Significant; P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01: Highly significant\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e*: Chi-square test\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison between the two studied substances regarding addiction severity index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddiction Severity Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOUD group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest-value*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.=30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.=30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMedical\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNone\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11.102*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.025*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMild\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModerate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSevere\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVery Severe\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e36.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLegal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.200*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.267\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMild\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Severe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupational\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.468*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.926\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMild\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Severe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlcoholism\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.581*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.965\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMild\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Severe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubstance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.132*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.936\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMild\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Severe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.683*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMild\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Severe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychiatry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.576*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMild\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Severe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddiction Severity total score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(12\u0026ndash;16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(11\u0026ndash;15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.121\u0026Dagger;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05: Non-significant; P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05: Significant; P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01: Highly significant\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*: Chi-square test\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLogistic regression analysis for predictors of Gabapentin Use disorder with comorbid Opioid Use disorder\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOdds ratio (OR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% C.I. for OR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOdds ratio (OR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% C.I. for OR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSniffing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.474\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.038\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.868\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePain relief\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.750\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e685.633\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverdose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.021\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.596\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.638\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.015\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.954\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.819\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e289.605\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory of Pain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.430\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDN4\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.490\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e518.360\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123.103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.389\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1806.563\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eP-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05: Non-significant; P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05: Significant; P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01: Highly significant\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e*: Chi-square test\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe originality of the current study was that few previous researches did examine Socio demographic and clinical correlates of Opioid Use Disorder as a main substance versus with comorbid Gabapentin Use Disorder.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding Socio-Demographic Data and Clinical Variables as in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e: The current study emphasized gender differences between the 2 studied groups, showing that 90% of the sample were males and 10% were females. This goes back to the finding that most of the patients coming to the addiction clinic and admitted inpatients are male patients. Also, the current study shows that the female-to-male ratio is slightly higher in the OUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD group than the OUD-only group, which agreed with McNamara et al. (2014), which showed that 77.8% of those testing positive for gabapentin were females. This also agreed with another study that showed that among 1725 gabapentinoid abuse/misuse/dependence patients identified in the Eudra Vigilance database, females were more frequently implicated (1.27/1 for gabapentin) (Chiappini et al.,2016).While this doesn`t get in agreement with Wilens et al. (2015), who found no significant difference in gabapentin abuse among opioid-dependent patients in representation by gender (51% male), still Smith et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e also found no gender differences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs regards the age of onset of substance use as in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e : the current study results found the mean (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD) age onset of substance use at the OUD-only group in our study was 18.8 (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.11) years, while the age of onset of gabapentin use in the OUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD group was 21.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.73 years), which showed a highly statistically significant difference between the studied groups. This could be explained by the fact that the comorbid use of gabapentin along with opioid use usually occurs later in the course of illness as a substitution of Opioid or as a trial to decrease the dose of Opioid.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding other socio-demographic variables, e.g., age, race, residency, educational level, monthly income, marital status, and occupation, there were no statistically significant differences between both studied groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparing the desirable effect of substance between the 2 studied groups as shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e : euphoria was found to be the most desirable effect in 26 patients (86.7%) of the OUD group, while it was the desirable effect in only 7 patients (23.3%) of the OUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD group, with a highly statistically significant difference between both groups. This could be explained by the findings that patients abuse gabapentin later on in their course of illness, as at that time, patient could have lost the euphoric effect of the substance. While pain relief was found to be the most desirable effect in only 1 patient (3.3%) of the OUD group, it was the desirable effect in 20 patients (66.7%) of the OUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD group with a highly statistically significant difference between both groups. while opioid withdrawal was the second most desirable effect in 50% of the OUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD group, followed by opioid substitution and stress relief in 33.3% of the OUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD group, then euphoria in 23.3%, and other causes of novelty seeking and boredom in 6.7% of the studied group. This doesn`t agree with Stein et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; the 2 most common desirable effects for prescribed gabapentin use in OUD patients were euphoria and to relieve anxiety, with an incidence of 86% and pain relief with an incidence 83.5%. Other reasons were opioid substitution (60.5%), to help with opioid withdrawal (75.6%), and to increase the effects of heroin (50%). In literature, there has been a paucity of studies that have examined a list of reasons for concomitant gabapentin abuse.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparing the incidence of overdose between the 2 studied groups as shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, the current study revealed that 16.7% of the OUD group were found to experience overdose and 56.7% of the OUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD group experienced overdose. Symptoms of respiratory depression were found to be 20% of the OUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD group with high statistical significance. This comes in agreement with Peckham et al. (2018), who revealed that patients with prolonged overuse of concomitant gabapentin and opioids were definitely more liable to be admitted inpatient or emergency department visits due to altered mental status or respiratory depression. Gomes et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) found that the chance of an opioid fatal overdose was 49% higher among patients recently opioid users with concomitant gabapentin compared to those opioid users alone; meanwhile, the risk of opioid fatal overdose was 60% in opioid users with concomitant gabapentin when gabapentin dose ranges from 900 to 1,800 mg daily or more (moderate \u0026amp; high dose).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current study also showed that the history of abstinence was 83.3% in the OUD group and 56.7% in the OUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD group as shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, with a statistically significant difference between both groups; this refers to a better outcome in the OUD-only group. As regards the number of hospitalizations for addiction, the data showed no statistically significant difference between both studied groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the addiction complications in both groups measured using the Addiction Severity Index as shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, the current study showed that the most affected dimensions in the OUD group were medical areas, which is inconsistent with previous study results, yet this goes back to the small sample size. Meanwhile, by comparison, our study found that patients of both groups had experienced problems in (employment, legal, alcohol, substance use, family-social, psychological) areas with no statistically significant difference between both groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding history of pain measured by the McGill Pain Questionnaire as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e ,, the percentage was 16.7% in the OUD group and 83.3% in the OUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD group with a high statistically significant difference between both groups, and this was consistent with results mentioned earlier by the current study showing that pain relief was the desirable effect in the group opioid\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD with a significant difference from the opioid use only group. While comparing quantity of pain at time of examination, it was less in the GUD group with a median (IQR) of 5(4\u0026ndash;5) in the OUD group and 4(3\u0026ndash;6) in the Opioid\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD group with a statistically significant difference between both groups. This can be explained by the additional analgesic effect of gabapentin.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeanwhile, history of neuropathic pain measured by the Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions (DN4) Questionnaire as shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. The current study highlighted the presence of a significant difference in neuropathic pain between the 2 studied groups; it was found in 3.3% of the OUD group versus 80% in the OUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD group, which agrees with Ibiloye et al. (2021) which identified that neuropathic pain diagnosis is significantly associated with higher levels of gabapentinoid misuse, as 51.9% of the study sample had neuropathic pain, among which had significantly higher gabapentinoid misuse.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA correlation between pain and age of onset was detected by this study, showing that age of onset of gabapentin use is positively correlated to the history of the presence of significant neuropathic pain. This could be explained by the fact by the fact that the age of onset of gabapentin use is strongly correlated to neuropathic pain.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother A correlation between the dose of Gabapentin and the total score of pain and the presence of significant neuropathic pain in the OUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD group was detected, showing that the dose of substance is negatively correlated to the total score of pain and positively correlated to the presence of significant neuropathic pain, which ensured the analgesic effect of Gabapentin. This could be explained from literature that management of pain via substance use can further exacerbate pain in the long term, leading to a feed-forward cycle and higher doses of substance are needed to achieve the same previous effect (Ferguson et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the presenting study, logistic regression in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e showed that the presence of significant neuropathic pain is the most important predictor for OUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD. This could be explained by the fact by the fact that patients presented with a history of significant neuropathic pain are strongly likely to develop opioid with comorbid gabapentin use disorder due to their effective role in pain management.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current study showed that patients with OUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD were associated with a higher incidence of overdose, a history of pain, and a history of significant neuropathic pain. The incidence of pain relief as a desirable effect was higher in patients with OUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD while the incidence of euphoria as a desirable effect was higher in patients with OUD only. The patients with OUD only have a higher incidence of abstinence compared to patients with OUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD. Also, history of overdose was found to be higher in the OUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD group, and respiratory symptoms were the most prevalent symptoms in the OUD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;GUD group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, there is a statistically significant correlation between the dose of oral gabapentin and a history of significant neuropathic pain and a significant negative correlation between the dose of oral gabapentin and the total score of pain. And the most predictors for opioid use with comorbid gabapentin use disorder are the presence of significant neuropathic pain and a history of over dosage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the current study results, opioid use disorder with comorbid gabapentin use carries higher risk of over dosage and worse outcome, in addition screening for neuropathic pain in patients with opioid use can help in prediction of liability to comorbid gabapentin use disorder in order to limit gabapentin prescription among this potential high risk population.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eASI...............................\u0026nbsp;Addiction Severity index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDN4..............................\u0026nbsp;Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDSM-V.........................\u0026nbsp;Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders -fifth edition\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIQR ..............................\u0026nbsp;Interquartile Range\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOUD + GUD group.....\u0026nbsp;Opioid with comorbid gabapentin use disorder group\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOUD.............................\u0026nbsp;Opioid Use Disorder\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePASS ...........................\u0026nbsp;Power Analysis and Sample Size Software\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSCID I .........................\u0026nbsp;Structured Clinical interview for DSM-IV\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSPSS.............................\u0026nbsp;Statistical package for social sciences\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSUD \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Substance Use Disorder\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e First, the study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University with reference FMASU MS 512/2023, after reviewing the study protocol and the acceptance letter from the Ethical committee of Okasha institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University. Second, the authors obtained an agreement from the President of Ain Shams University and the Vice Dean of students\u0026rsquo; affairs of both selected Faculties (Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Literature). Finally, the authors obtained oral and informed consent from the participants clearly explaining the title and aim of the study. The participants were informed that they have the right to withdraw from the research at any time without justification and that this research could be used for scientific publication without the disclosure of the participants\u0026rsquo; personal identity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003einstitutional consent form is used and available with the authors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003ethe authors declare no conflict of interest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo funding was received for this work from any organization.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eN.N. and N.M. conceptualised and supervised the research H.E. and S.E. concieved and designed the analysis N.D. collected the data and performed analysisS.E. and N.D. wrote the main manuscript All authors reviewed the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors are thankful to the patients for accepting to participate in the current study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003edata is provided within the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlharbi, F. 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Gabapentin misuse, abuse and diversion: a systematic review. \u003cem\u003eAddiction\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e111\u003c/em\u003e(7), 1160-1174.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStein, M. D., Kenney, S. R., Anderson, B. J., Conti, M. T., \u0026amp; Bailey, G. L. (2020). Prescribed and non-prescribed gabapentin use among persons seeking inpatient opioid detoxification. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Substance Abuse Treatment\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e110\u003c/em\u003e, 37-41.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTerkawi, A. S., Tsang, S., Abolkhair, A., Alsharif, M., Alswiti, M., Alsadoun, A., ... \u0026amp; Altirkawi, K. A. (2017). Development and validation of Arabic version of the short-form McGill pain questionnaire. \u003cem\u003eSaudi journal of anaesthesia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e(Suppl 1), S2-S10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUkaeje, O., \u0026amp; Iheanacho, J. (2023). Illicit Drug Trafficking in West Africa: The Contending Issues and Way forward. \u003cem\u003eUniversity of Nigeria Journal of Political Economy\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e(1).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization. (1965). WHO Expert Committee on Dependence-producing Drugs: Fourteenth Report. \u003cem\u003eWHO Technical Report Series\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e312\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"middle-east-current-psychiatry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"mecp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Middle East Current Psychiatry](http://mecp.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"43045","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/43045/3","title":"Middle East Current Psychiatry","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Open","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Gabapentin, Overdose, Neuropathic pain","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4841398/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4841398/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIntroduction: There is increased clinical use of gabapentin, these trends appear to chronologically align with the opioid overdose crisis and particularly with the increased restrictions on opioid prescription.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObjectives: The study aimed to assess the clinical variables, pain quality, and severity among patients with opioid use disorder as the main substance with and without gabapentin comorbid use. Methods: The research involved 60 patients diagnosed with substance use disorder, divided into two groups: opioid use as the main substance and opioid use with comorbid gabapentin. All Participants were assessed using various tools, including a semi-structured clinical addiction interview, the DSM-IV, the Addiction Severity Index, urine drug test, McGill Pain Questionnaire, and DN4 Questionnaire, in one interview setting\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults: the study showed that pain relief was the main desirable effect in the Gabapentin group, with 66.2% of the group experiencing it. Euphoria was the desirable effect in the opioid group, while overdose was more common in the Gabapentin group. Respiratory complications were also more common in the Gabapentin group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion: The study concluded that patients with comorbid Gabapentin use disorder had higher incidences of overdose, history of pain, and significant neuropathic pain, while less abstinence.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Sociodemographic and Clinical Variables among Egyptian patients with Opioid Use Disorder Only versus with Comorbid Gabapentin Use Disorder","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-30 19:37:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4841398/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-08-18T12:06:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-08-15T22:43:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-08-13T07:21:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"28420364832907499674327347676569254102","date":"2024-08-09T21:25:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"213207505710955978797848437472449127037","date":"2024-08-07T10:46:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-08-06T13:46:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-08-06T04:07:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-08-06T04:06:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Middle East Current Psychiatry","date":"2024-08-01T10:22:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"middle-east-current-psychiatry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"mecp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Middle East Current Psychiatry](http://mecp.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"43045","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/43045/3","title":"Middle East Current Psychiatry","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Open","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6f075258-b262-4241-98c6-9e261619ee23","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 30th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-28T16:09:14+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4841398","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-024-00469-8","journal":{"identity":"middle-east-current-psychiatry","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Middle East Current Psychiatry"},"publishedOn":"2024-10-21 15:58:06","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 21st, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-30 19:37:20","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s43045-024-00469-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-024-00469-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4841398","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4841398","identity":"rs-4841398","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}