Tap water fluoride exposure and non-carcinogenic risk among children and women in Adama city, Ethiopia

Tap water fluoride exposure and non-carcinogenic risk among children and women in Adama city, Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Tap water fluoride exposure and non-carcinogenic risk among children and women in Adama city, Ethiopia Asmamaw Abera, Abraham Aseffa, Gebiyaw Sitotaw, Ebba Malmqvist, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8861923/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction Drinking water fluoride significantly influences public health, with both deficiency and excess concentration leading to dental and skeletal health concern. In Adama city, Ethiopia, data on fluoride concentrations in tap water and associated health risks remain limited. Methods This study conducted longitudinal measurements of fluoride concentrations in tap water across wet and dry seasons via ion-selective electrode analysis. It calculated the optimum fluoride concentration on the basis of local temperature, and assessed no-carcinogenic health risks among children and women via hazard index values. Result The result showed that varies fluoride concentration during wet and dry seasons were 0.17-1.0 and 0.43–0.9 mg/L, respectively with annual mean of 0.33–0.94 mg/L. It ranged from 0.17 to 1.0 mg/L seasonally, with an optimum concentration of 0.78 mg/L. In dry season, the chronic daily intake of fluoride for children four years old, children five years old, children six years old and women were 0.037 (± 0.0036), 0.035 (± 0.0034), 0.033 (± 0.0032) and 0.025 (± 0.0025) mg/kg/day respectively. Hazard indices exceeded safe thresholds for children but not for women, indicating potential health risks for younger populations. Conclusion These findings suggest the need for continuous monitoring and regulations of fluoride in urban water supplies to safeguard susceptible groups, particularly children, from fluoride-related health effects. Children constitute a group of communities with a potential probability of non-carcinogenic health risks. Preventive Medicine Toxicology Environmental Policy Health Policy Tap water non-carcinogenic health risk total hazard index exposure assessment Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. We declared that mother or legal guardians voluntarily allowed their children to participate in this study entitled "Tap water fluoride exposure and non-carcinogenic risk among children and women in Adama city, Ethiopia". Supplementary Files SupplemteryMaterialsTapwaterfluorideandwomenandchildrenhealthriskassessment.docx Tap water fluoride exposure and non-carcinogenic risk among children and women in Adama city, Ethiopia Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8861923","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":590268363,"identity":"97339d7a-c45c-4621-916a-9d2767c21c63","order_by":0,"name":"Asmamaw 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hazard index, exposure assessment","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8861923/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8861923/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eIntroduction\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrinking water fluoride significantly influences public health, with both deficiency and excess concentration leading to dental and skeletal health concern. In Adama city, Ethiopia, data on fluoride concentrations in tap water and associated health risks remain limited.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study conducted longitudinal measurements of fluoride concentrations in tap water across wet and dry seasons via ion-selective electrode analysis. It calculated the optimum fluoride concentration on the basis of local temperature, and assessed no-carcinogenic health risks among children and women via hazard index values.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResult\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe result showed that varies fluoride concentration during wet and dry seasons were 0.17-1.0 and 0.43\u0026ndash;0.9 mg/L, respectively with annual mean of 0.33\u0026ndash;0.94 mg/L. It ranged from 0.17 to 1.0 mg/L seasonally, with an optimum concentration of 0.78 mg/L. In dry season, the chronic daily intake of fluoride for children four years old, children five years old, children six years old and women were 0.037 (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0036), 0.035 (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0034), 0.033 (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0032) and 0.025 (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0025) mg/kg/day respectively. Hazard indices exceeded safe thresholds for children but not for women, indicating potential health risks for younger populations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese findings suggest the need for continuous monitoring and regulations of fluoride in urban water supplies to safeguard susceptible groups, particularly children, from fluoride-related health effects. 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