Histological and Metagenomic Analysis of Microbial Communities in Archaeological Human Bones

Abstract Buried archaeological bones tend to be heavily degraded by microorganisms. This type of biodegradation was already identified in the 19th century and remains a subject of continuous investigation. Yet the specific processes are still not fully understood, and the specific organisms responsible for the decay have not been identified. Technological advances in genetic sequencing now allow detailed study of the bone microbiome. And yet, identifying the species causing the observed bioerosion has proven challenging. Few studies have combined the investigation of bone degradation by microscopy, so-called histotaphonomy, with metagenomic analyses. This study aims to bridge this gap. We utilize a large a set of human bone samples from medieval cemeteries in south-western Norway. Detailed microscopic analyses have been carried out, showing diverse levels of preservation. The extent of bioerosion is correlated with the results from metagenomic analyses as well as environmental factors. Microbiome diversity is greater and more evenly distributed in well-preserved bones with limited bioerosion, particularly those recovered from burials beneath church floors, contrasting with outdoor cemeteries. Our findings show that preservation state is strongly associated with microbiome composition. The most prevalent genus found was Streptomyces, supporting previous research suggesting that bacteria within this group could be involved in bone bioerosion. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.