Mapping evidence of human adaptation to climate change

Mapping evidence of human adaptation to climate change | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Analysis Mapping evidence of human adaptation to climate change Lea Berrang-Ford, A.R. Siders, Alexandra Lesnikowski, Alexandra Paige Fischer, and 122 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-100873/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Oct, 2021 Read the published version in Nature Climate Change → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract We present the first systematic, global stocktake of the academic literature on human adaptation. We screen 48,316 documents and identify 1,682 articles that present empirical research documenting human efforts to reduce risk from climate change and associated hazards. Coding and synthesizing this literature highlights that the overall extent of adaptation across global regions and sectors is low. Adaptations are largely local and incremental rather than transformative. Behavioural adjustments by individuals and households are more prevalent than any other type of response, largely motivated by drought and precipitation variability. Local governments and civil society are engaging in risk reduction across all sectors and regions, particularly in response to flooding. Urban technological and infrastructural adaptations to flood risk are prevalent in Europe, while shifts in farming practices dominate reporting from Africa and Asia. Despite increasing evidence of adaptation responses, evidence that these responses are reducing risks (observed and projected) remains limited. Publishing/Media Climatology Climate Analysis and Modeling human adaptation climate change Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files SM1Searchstrings.pdf Supplementary File 1 SM2Codebook.pdf Supplementary File 2 SM3Extentmethods.pdf Supplementary File 3 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Oct, 2021 Read the published version in Nature Climate Change → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-100873","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Analysis","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":4572756,"identity":"d22e0e99-71f9-41ec-b9b7-a0e1e31d305b","order_by":0,"name":"Lea Berrang-Ford","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABC0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPgYeKIv5AAMDT4UFkJUAEZDAoYUNroUNqJLnjASpWnjbiNLCe/Bx5R67PHk35mMf3s6TkONnT3/A8KOGIXFmAy4tfMmGZ54lFxseY0ueOXebhLFkzxsDxp5jDImzcTvMTLLhAHPixvk9xsy82yQSN9zIAbqwgSFxHm4t5j8bDtQnbmzjAWqZI1G//0b6A8a/+LWYMTYcOJw4nw2kpUEiwQCImEG24HQYM18y0GHHEzewsSUzzjkmYTjjzBuDwzLHJIxxeZ+fvffgx4YD1Ynz25gPM7ypsZHnb09/+BDIkJ1xAIc1zFDaAFnBAdyxggTkcThjFIyCUTAKRgEDAGtRUxyG+oAdAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9216-8035","institution":"University of Leeds","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lea","middleName":"","lastName":"Berrang-Ford","suffix":""},{"id":4572757,"identity":"1a099227-9ad9-43e7-80bc-ab51b9342403","order_by":1,"name":"A.R. 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Bar graphs show the total number of publications by global region for categories of sector (b-g), hazards (h-m), and actors (n-s). Note: The designations employed and the presentation of the material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Research Square concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This map has been provided by the authors.","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-100873/v1/906ce9fd27a43a071be906e7.jpg"},{"id":5387577,"identity":"6f68e893-c955-499e-b507-56628232859e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-01-29 19:40:32","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":67135,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Types of adaptation responses, by global region. Radar axes reflect the percentage of articles mentioning each type of adaptation response over the total number of articles for that region. Adaptation types are not exclusive; articles frequently reported multiple actors engaged in adaptation, for example the development of thermal comfort design to reduce heat in buildings, including civil engineers (private sector), local government subsidies (government), and environmental NGOs (civil society). Note: The designations employed and the presentation of the material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Research Square concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This map has been provided by the authors.","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-100873/v1/40f5c95de0af0fa1545f3999.jpg"},{"id":5387575,"identity":"973145fc-e98b-4f0f-8ace-f19faf83fb91","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-01-29 19:40:32","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":347193,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) reported as vulnerability drivers in the scientific literature. These are based on the key pathways targeted by adaptation to reduce vulnerability or exposure. Broader co-benefits of adaptations for other SDGs are not shown here. Colours reflect different SDGs. Bars reflect total number of publications reporting.","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-100873/v1/4d977cf0d690d338ee8b8d98.jpg"},{"id":5387578,"identity":"74e518aa-1a45-4b11-b2c5-41b48172cae1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-01-29 19:40:32","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":386525,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Evidence of extent of adaptation by sector and region. Extent does not imply adequacy of adaptations to reduce risk, which is currently not methodologically feasible or available in the literature. Extent assesses the scope, speed, depth, and challenges to adaptation limits of responses reported in the scientific literature. Methodology provided in the Supplemental Materials (SM3). Note: The designations employed and the presentation of the material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Research Square concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 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We screen 48,316 documents and identify 1,682 articles that present empirical research documenting human efforts to reduce risk from climate change and associated hazards. Coding and synthesizing this literature highlights that the overall extent of adaptation across global regions and sectors is low. Adaptations are largely local and incremental rather than transformative. Behavioural adjustments by individuals and households are more prevalent than any other type of response, largely motivated by drought and precipitation variability. Local governments and civil society are engaging in risk reduction across all sectors and regions, particularly in response to flooding. Urban technological and infrastructural adaptations to flood risk are prevalent in Europe, while shifts in farming practices dominate reporting from Africa and Asia. Despite increasing evidence of adaptation responses, evidence that these responses are reducing risks (observed and projected) remains limited.","manuscriptTitle":"Mapping evidence of human adaptation to climate change","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-01-29 19:40:30","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-100873/v1","editorialEvents":[],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nature-climate-change","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nclimate","sideBox":"Learn more about [Nature Climate Change](http://www.nature.com/nclimate/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Nature Climate Change","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature Research","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"95b3c032-290f-44c5-ba9d-8332b5a11880","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 29th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":2150741,"name":"Publishing/Media"},{"id":2150742,"name":"Climatology"},{"id":2150743,"name":"Climate Analysis and Modeling"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-11-22T15:29:09+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-100873","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01170-y","journal":{"identity":"nature-climate-change","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Nature Climate Change"},"publishedOn":"2021-10-28 04:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 28th, 2021"},"versionCreatedAt":"2021-01-29 19:40:30","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41558-021-01170-y","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01170-y","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-100873","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-100873","identity":"rs-100873","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"ehx78VzkSd0WSzXnipQa-","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}