Metabolic Profiling and Inhibitory Properties of Different Parts of Salsola Vermiculata Towards Acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase

Metabolic Profiling and Inhibitory Properties of Different Parts of Salsola Vermiculata Towards Acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Metabolic Profiling and Inhibitory Properties of Different Parts of Salsola Vermiculata Towards Acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase Saeed Mollaei, Poopak Farnia, Jalaledin Ghanavi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-923017/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Herbal and natural medicines play significant roles in treatment of diseases and development of novel drugs. Salsola vermiculata is an annual plant which is broadly distributed in southwest of Asia, and is used for treatment of stomach disorders. Results: This present study aimed at identifying and comparing the metabolic profiles of different parts of Salsola vermiculata and to evaluate the inhibitory potential of their extracts and fractions towards acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase. LC-ESI-MS, GC, and GC-MS analytical methods were employed for metabolite profiling of the extracts, and their fractions. The α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of the samples were determined by microplate colorimetric methods. Based on results, 44 metabolites were identified in different parts of S. vermiculata . In roots, vanillic acid, rutin, salsoline, salsoline A, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, cumin aldehyde, and carvone; in seeds, vanillic acid, salsoline A, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, carvone, and β-caryophyllene; in leaves, gallic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, rosmaric acid, rutin, quercetin, limonene, and carvone, and in flowers, gallic acid, vanillic acid, cinnamic acid, rosmaric acid, rutin, kaempferol, limonene, linalool, and carvone were recorded as the main components. According to the inhibitory activities results, the ethyl acetate fractions of leaves and the aqueous-acid fraction of roots displayed highest inhibitory activity towards acetylcholinesterase (IC 50 : 17.24 µg/mL), and α-glucosidase (IC 50 : 62.37 µg/mL), respectively. Conclusion: Finally, the leaves and roots of S. vermiculata are rich of phenolic and alkaloids compounds and the findings of this study depict them as a promising acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase inhibitors, and therefore, can be utilized for the development of new drugs. Agricultural Engineering Plant Molecular Biology and Genetics Acetylcholinesterase Alkaloid α-glucosidase Metabolite Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Background Herbal and natural medicines play significant roles in treatment of diseases and development of novel drugs. Therefore, the search for finding plants with specific biological activity would be an interesting field of knowledge. Salsola is a genus belonging to the family of Amaranthaceae in the major group of Angiosperms, which is native to Asia, Europe, and Africa. These plants are widespread across the hypersaline, semiarid, and arid areas [ 1 – 3 ]. Many plants of this genus are used to cure skin diseases, human heart ailments, influenza, and cough. In addition, various species of the genus Salsola have displayed medicinal properties such as controlling the obesity, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease, functioning as the anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antihypertensive, and antioxidant agents, CNC depressant activity, and being the cure for tape worm infestation [ 4 – 7 ]. A number of natural compounds with interesting biological properties have been previously isolated from different Salsola species. Shehab and Abu-Gharbieh [ 8 ] studied the methanolic extract of S. imbricata and identified coumaric acid and quercitrin as the main detected compounds. Boulaaba et al. [ 9 ] concluded that the methanolic extracts of S. kali consist of seven phenolic compounds, and the stems and leaves of S. kali had antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. In another study, the aerial part of S. vermiculata was shown to be more enriched in rutin and kaempferol derivatives versus root samples [ 10 ]. Hegnauer reported some isoquinoline alkaloids such as salsoline and salsolidin from S. kali L. [ 11 ]. Orekhoff and Proskurnina [ 12 , 13 ] recognized salsoline and salsolidine from S. arbziscula . Furthermore, according to the findings of Tundis et al. [ 3 ], salsoline and salsolidine were the major alkaloids found in S. soda , S. oppositofolia , and S. tragus species, and these compounds were responsible for the anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities. Moreover, salsoline A and Salsola vermiculata is an annual plant which is broadly distributed in southwest of Asia and belongs to Amaranthaceae family [ 3 ]. This plant is used for treatment of stomach disorders [ 14 ]. Rasheed et al. [ 10 ] investigated the metabolite profile of S. vermiculata , and could identify several flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, fatty acids, and alkaloids. In addition, the roots of S. vermiculata exhibited strong anti-acetylcholinesterase activity. Al-Tohamy et al. [ 15 ] indicated high antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of S. vermiculata methanolic extract. Therefore, due to the lack of data regarding the phytochemical composition and biological properties of different parts of Salsola vermiculata , the present research focused on phytochemical study and biological activity (α-glucosidase inhibitory and acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity) of different parts (roots, seeds, leaves, and flowers) of S. vermiculata . Results And Discussion Metabolite profiling of crude methanolic extracts and their fractions of different parts of S. vermiculata were investigated, and then their acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were studied. Metabolite Profiling In this study, 44 various metabolites were identified in different parts of S. vermiculata using LC-ESI-MS, GC, and GC-MS (Table 1 , 2 , and 3 ). The identified metabolites belonged to various classes including phenolic compounds, alkaloids, fatty acid derivatives, and volatile oil compounds. Isolation and identification of alkaloids, and phenolic compounds were done using LC-ESI-MS, whereas fatty acids and volatile oil compounds were identified by GC and GC-MS. In total, 14 phenolic compounds were detected in ethyl acetate fractions (Table 1 ) (Fig. 1 ). A total of ten phenolic acids were identified in the extracts, of which three phenolic acids including protocatechuic acid, cinnamic acid, and ferulic acid were exclusively present in ethyl acetate fraction of flowers; one phenolic acid, caffeic acid was only identified in the leaves extract; and gallic acid and salicylic acid were observed in both leaves and flowers extracts. In addition, vanillic acid was identified in all extracts. Three flavonoids (i.e. rutin, kaempferol, and quercetin), and one anthocyanin (i.e. cyanidin) were detected in leaves and flowers parts followed by two flavonoids (i.e. rutin and kaempferol), and one anthocyanin (i.e. cyanidin) in the seeds, and one flavonoid (i.e. kaempferol) in seeds extract. Moreover, the maximum identified phenolic compounds belonged to rosmaric acid, gallic acid, kaempferol, and rutin in the flowers. So far, several phenolic compounds have been reported from different species of Salsola . Shehab and Abu-Gharbieh [ 8 ] reported a number of phenolic compounds in methanolic extract of S. imbricata , categorized as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and simple phenolic compounds, while coumaric acid and quercitrin were the main detected compounds. Boulaaba et al. [ 9 ] analyzed the methanolic extracts of S. kali and concluded that this plant contains seven phenolic compounds. In another study, the aerial part of S. vermiculata was shown to be more enriched in rutin and kaempferol derivatives versus root samples. Therefore, ethyl acetate fractions of the leaves and flowers which are rich in phenolic compounds can be considered as appropriate candidates for some biological properties [ 16 – 19 ]. Table 1 Phenolic profiling of Salsola vermiculata parts using LC-ESI-MS Fraction Subgroup Compounds Parts of plant Roots Seeds Leaves Flowers Ethyl acetate Phenolic acids Gallic acid N.D N.D 116.1 614.7 Protocatechuic acid N.D N.D N.D 254.1 p -Hydroxybenzoic acid N.D 46.8 53.9 43.6 Vanillic acid 131.4 62.7 168.9 74.9 Caffeic acid N.D N.D 167.3 N.D p -Coumaric acid N.D 51.3 98.7 194.3 Ferulic acid N.D N.D N.D 28.4 Cinnamic acid N.D N.D N.D 412.9 Rosmaric acid N.D 49.7 254.9 647.8 Salicylic acid N.D N.D 72.4 201.4 Flavonoids Rutin 108.5 N.D 429.7 448.8 Quercetin N.D N.D 267.7 194.2 Kaempferol 54.2 46.4 147.1 574.9 Antocyanidine Cyanidin N.D N.D 119.7 241.3 The amounts of phenolic compounds were expressed in µg/g of dry weight According to the analysis of the aqueous-acid fractions by LC-ESI-MS (Fig. 1 ), three alkaloids including salsoline, salsoline A, and salsolidine were observed in roots extract, and only one alkaloid, salsoline A, was detected in the seeds extract (Table 2 ). These compounds were previously isolated from different Salsola species. S. collina Pall. contains isoquinoline alkaloids such as salsoline A, and salsoline B [ 20 ]. In 1964, Hegnauer reported salsolin and salsolidin from the herb of S. kali L. [ 11 ]. In another study, Orekhoff and Proskurnina [ 12 , 13 ] identified salsoline and salsolidine from S. arbziscula. In addition, according to the report of Tundis et al. [ 3 ], salsoline and salsolidine were the main alkaloids found in S. tragus , S. oppositofolia , and S. soda , and these alkaloids were responsible for the anticholinesterase activities. As a result, the aqueous-acid fractions of roots and seeds can be considered as a suitable candidate for some biological properties such as antimalarial effects. Table 2 Alkaloids profiling of Salsola vermiculata parts using LC-ESI-MS Fraction Subgroup Compounds Parts of plant Roots Seeds Leaves Flowers Aqueouse-acid Isoquinoline Salsoline 29.4 N.D N.D N.D Salsolidine 12.7 N.D N.D N.D Salsoline A 49.8 19.9 N.D N.D The amounts of alkaloids were expressed in mg/g of dry weight. According to our results (Table 3 ), palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and linolenic acid were dominance identified fatty acids in roots samples. A predominance of palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid was observed in fixed oil fraction of seeds. 9-Hexadecenoic acid, Arachidic acid, and docosadienoic acid were detected exclusively in the seeds. Similarly, myristoleic acid, and lignoceric acid were only present in roots. Moreover, according to obtained results, the fixed oil fraction of leaves contained only three fatty acids including stearic acid, oleic acid, and linolenic acid. Similarly, only two fatty acids, oleic and linolenic acid, were identified in flowers fraction. Therefore, it can be concluded that the composition of fatty acids significantly depends on the plant parts. Thanks to unique properties of the fatty acids, the parts possessing these compounds might be potentially applied as a promising source of biological agents. Table 3 Fixed oils profiling of Salsola vermiculata parts using GC. Fraction Subgroup Compounds Parts of plant Roots Seeds Leaves Flowers Fixed oils Saturated Myristic acid (C14:0) 0.5 1.2 N.D N.D Palmitic acid (C16:0) 42.1 36.9 N.D N.D Stearic acid (C18:0) 4.2 1.3 0.9 N.D Arachidic acid (C20:0) N.D 0.6 N.D N.D Lignoceric acid (C24:0) 0.7 N.D N.D N.D Unsaturated Myristoleic acid (C14:1) 1.2 N.D N.D N.D 9-Hexadecenoic acid (C16:1) N.D 1.6 N.D N.D Oleic acid (C18:1n9c) 16.7 13.3 7.4 2.4 Linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) 22.2 17.6 N.D N.D Linolenic acid (C18:3n6) 8.6 1.6 0.6 2.8 Docosadienoic acid (C22:2) N.D 0.8 N.D N.D The amounts of fatty acids were expressed as percentages. The analysis of volatile compounds at various parts of S. vermiculata showed significant variations in their types and percentages (Table 4 ). The main constituents of the volatile compounds in different parts were carvone, cumin aldehyde, β-caryophyllene, linalool, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, and Ar-turmerone at the roots. Carvone, β-caryophyllene, cumin aldehyde, linalool, limonene, and T-muurolol were the major constituents of the volatile compounds in the seeds. In the leaves, values were as follows: carvone, limonene, linalool, cumin aldehyde, β-caryophyllene, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, and Ar-turmerone. Lastly, in the flowers, carvone, limonene, linalool, and cumin aldehyde were measured as the predominant volatile constituents (Table 2 ). The volatile compounds were classified into five groups according to their chemical formula. Based on the results, the major percentage of the volatile compounds was related to oxygenated monoterpenes. So, because of biological activity of volatile oil [ 21 ], the parts possessing these compounds might be potentially applied as a promising source of biological agents. Table 4 Volatile oils profiling of Salsola vermiculata parts using GC-MS. Fraction Subgroup Compounds Parts of plant Roots Seeds Leaves Flowers Volatile oil Monoterpenes α -pinene 0.9 N.D 1.2 1.4 Limonene N.D 3.6 11.5 14.4 Oxygenated monoterpenes 1,8-cineole 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.7 Linalool 7.6 5.6 7.2 12.9 Isoborneol N.D N.D N.D 1.4 Cumin aldehyde 12.9 5.9 5.2 8.7 Carvone 52.6 59.9 48.6 51.7 Phenylpropene (E)-anethole 0.9 N.D 1.6 N.D Sesquiterpene β -caryophyllene 9.4 14.3 4.4 5.0 δ -cadinene 1.7 N.D 1.5 N.D Oxygenated sesquiterpene Caryophyllene oxide 1.4 - 0.9 N.D T-cadinol 0.5 1.1 1.6 N.D T-muurolol 1.1 2.4 2.2 N.D α -muurolol 0.7 0.9 0.8 N.D Ar-turmerone 2.4 1.4 3.1 N.D hexahydrofarnesylacetone 3.9 N.D 4.2 N.D The amounts of volatile oils were expressed as percentages. In vitro anti-acetylcholinesterase enzyme (anti-AChE) activity To evaluate the potential of the S. vermiculata crude extracts as anti-Alzheimer’s disease drugs, their anti-AChE activities were tested. According to the results (Fig. 2 A), the cholinesterase inhibitory activity occurred in a dose-dependent manner, and the roots extract with IC 50 of 19.21 ± 1.23 µg/mL indicated the highest anti-AChE effects when compared to other parts. Moreover, the IC 50 of seeds extract against AChE was 32.71 ± 2.30 µg/mL, and the leaves and flowers extracts had no AChE inhibitory activity. Since the crude extract of S. vermiculata roots displayed the highest AChE inhibitory activity, root fractions were also studied. Results indicated that the aqueous-acid fraction had the highest AChE inhibitory activity (Fig. 2 B), and its activity was almost equal to donepezil. The activity of isoquinoline alkaloids such as berberine, anguinine, galantamine, and physostigmine on AChE have been evaluated by numerous authors [ 22 , 23 ]. In addition, based on our phytochemical study, the aqueous-acid fraction of S. vermiculata roots contained isoquinoline alkaloids such as salsoline, salsolidine, and salsoline A. Therefore, the high AChE inhibition effect of this fraction could be attributed to its alkaloid content. In-vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity The crude extracts of S. vermiculata parts were estimated for their α- glucosidase inhibitory activity (Fig. 3 A). Results revealed that the inhibitory activity for α -glucosidase enzyme was maximum in the case of leaves extract (IC 50 = 78 µg/mL) followed by flowers (IC 50 = 138.64 µg/mL). The crude extracts of roots and seeds had no α- glucosidase inhibitory activity. Thus, crude extract of leaves had the highest α -glucosidase inhibitory activity, and hence the activity of its fractions was also investigated (Fig. 3 B). Based on the results, the fixed oil and volatile oil fractions had no α -glucosidase inhibitory activity, whereas the IC 50 values of the ethyl acetate and aqueous-acid fractions were 62.37 and 101.61 µg/mL, respectively. It was confirmed that the ethyl acetate fraction had higher activity in comparison with other fractions. Şöhretoğlu et al [ 24 ] investigated the α -glycosidase inhibitory potential of some flavonoid compounds such as kaempferol and quercetin, and found their IC 50 values as 8.97 and 77.42 µM, respectively. Moradi-Afrapoli et al. [ 25 ] evaluated the α -glucosidase inhibitory activities of phenolic compounds isolated from the methanolic extract of Polygonum hyrcanicum , and reported that quercetin had interesting inhibitory activities. In another study, the α -glucosidase inhibitory potential of quercetin, isoquercetin, and rutin were compared and their IC 50 values were reported as 0.017, 0.185, and 0.196 µM, respectively, concluding that quercetin plays an important role in enzyme inhibition [ 26 ]. Results of the present research showed that the ethyl acetate fraction was rich in flavonoids such as rutin and quercetin (Table 2 ). Thus, the moderate α -glucosidase inhibitory activity of the ethyl acetate fraction could be attributed to its rich flavonoid content. Conclusion In this investigation, the phytochemical profiles and biological activities of different parts and fractions of S. vermiculata were studied. Phytochemical study of different parts indicated the presence of 44 various metabolites (14 phenolic compounds, 3 alkaloids, 11 fatty acids, and 16 volatile compounds). In roots, vanillic acid, rutin, salsoline, salsoline A, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, cumin aldehyde, and carvone, in seeds, vanillic acid, salsoline A, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, carvone, and β-caryophyllene, in leaves, gallic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, rosmaric acid, rutin, quercetin, limonene, and carvone, and in flowers, gallic acid, vanillic acid, cinnamic acid, rosmaric acid, rutin, kaempferol, limonene, linalool, and carvone were recorded as the main identified components. Studding the biological activities of the fractions of different parts of S. vermiculata indicated the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activates of ethyl acetate fractions of leaves; and the highest AChE inhibitory activity in the aqueous-acid fraction of roots. In conclusion, different parts and fractions of S. vermiculata are rich sources of bioactive compounds and the results of the present study could provide useful information to guide the application of S. vermiculata parts in food and pharmaceutical fields. Methods And Materials Plant materials The plant was collected from its wild habitat in Azarshahr, Tabriz, Iran, during October 2017 according to the appropriate guidelines and licences for plant material. The GPS location details were the longitude of 45°10′E and latitude of 37°06′N, an altitude of 1240m above sea level. The identification of plant was done by Dr. Mostafa Ebadi from Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University. Also, voucher specimen (ASMUH-10485) was deposited in the official Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University. The S. vermiculata parts were separated from each other, then dried at room temperature in darkness for 7 days and powdered. Fractionation of crude extract The fractionation of crude extract was done according to Fig. 4 . Briefly, the plant (1 gram) was extracted with methanol (10 mL, 80%) at 25°C. After centrifugation, the supernatant was concentrated, and suspended in distillated water (10 mL). The obtained extract was extracted with n-hexane (1:l v/v). The n-hexane layer was distillated using Clevenger apparatus, and two fractions including volatile oil (fraction 1), and fixed oil (fraction 2) were achieved. Then, the aqueous phase was adjusted to pH = 4.0, and partitioned with ethyl acetate (1:l v/v). The aqueous-acid phase (fraction 3), and ethyl acetate phase (fraction 4) were separated, and then were dried under nitrogen at room temperature, and transferred to the vials. GC and GC-MS analysis of compounds The analysis of volatile oils was performed by GC-MS instrument (Agilent 6890 N GC-MS) equipped with a fused capillary column DB-5 (30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm film thickness). The injector temperature was adjusted at 250°C, and the oven temperature program was set at 70°C (5 min) to 240°C with a ramp-up of 5°C/min and then held for 4 min. Nitrogen was utilized as carrier gas (1.0 mL/min). Tche splitting ratio, ionization voltage, solvent delay, scan time and mass range were 1:100, 70 eV, 2 min, 0.4 s, and 30–600 m/z, respectively. The identification of volatile oil components was done using Kovats Indices (KI), Wiley and NIST libraries, and previous literature. The percent of each compound was determined by electronic integration of FID peak areas without any correction factors [ 27 ]. The analysis of fixed oil was performed using GC instrument. After methylation of fatty acids according to our previous study [ 28 ], they were analyzed using a GC instrument, equipped with a capillary column ZB-1701 (60 m × 0.25 mm, 0.2 µm film thickness). The injector temperature was adjusted at 260°C, and the oven temperature program was set at 80°C to 120°C with a ramp-up of 20°C/min and then increased to 260°C by a ramp of 3°C/min and was held for 4 min. Nitrogen was utilized as carrier gas (1.1 mL/min). The injection volume and splitting ratio were 1 µL and 1:20, respectively. LC-ESI-MS analysis of compounds The fractions 3 and 4 were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). The LC (Agilent 1200 Series HPLC system) system was equipped with diode-array detector, a 20 µl loop, and a C 18 analytical column (250 mm × 0.46 mm, 5 µm). Separation of these fractions were performed by a gradient program run using solvent A (0.1 % TFA in methanol) and solvent B (0.1 % TFA in water, v/v). solvent program was as follow: gradient elution from 20% A to 30% A, 0–10 min; gradient elution from 30% A to 60%, 10–30 for min; gradient elution from 60% A to 80% A, for 30–40 min; gradient elution from 80% A to 100% A, for 40–45 min; gradient elution from 100% A to 20% A, 45–52 for min; isocratic elution 20% A; post-time 6 min before the next injection. Flow rate was maintained at 0.4 mL/min and the wavelength was adjusted at 275 and 254 nm, for fractions 3 and 4, respectively. The MS system included a Thermo Fisher Scientific (Bremen, Germany) ion trap mass spectrometer (model LCQ). Mass spectra were detected under ESI negative ion mode between m/z range of 50-1000 under a capillary voltage of -2.0 KV and a skimmer cone voltage of − 20 V. The compounds were identified by comparing their retention times with those of the standards, and mass spectra. Finally, quantification of all compounds was accomplished using the external standard method. In-vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the extracts were studied according to Pistia-Brueggeman and Hollingsworth [ 29 ] method with some modifications. The extracts were incubated with 20 µL of enzyme solution containing α-glucosidase (0.5 U/mL) and 120 µL of phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH = 6.8) for 30 min at 37°C. Then, 20 µL of p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (5 mM, pH = 6.8) was added, and incubated for 15 min at 37°C. The reaction was terminated by addition of 80 µl of 0.2 M Na 2 CO 3 solution. Finally, the absorbance was read at 405 nm, the inhibition (%) was calculated. In vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory assay The Ellman’s method with slight modifications was utilized to evaluate the AChE inhibitory activity. Different amounts of the extracts were dissolved in phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH = 8), and then 25 µL of ATCh (1.0 mM) and 50 µL of 10 mM of DTNB in buffer were added and the mixture was incubated for 15 min at 30°C. Then, 50 µL of 0.3 U/mL AChE was added to the initial mixture to start the reaction. Finally, absorbance was read at 412 nm, and the inhibition of ATCh activity (%) was calculated. Statistical analysis All instruments were performed in triplicate. The analysis were done by the SAS 9.2 using a completely randomized design (1-way ANOVA), and the mean comparisons were determined by Tukey's test ( p < 0.05). Abbreviations AChE Acetylcholinesterase enzyme ATCh Acetylthiocholine GC Gas chromatography GC-MS Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry LC-ESI-MS Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometric Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This work was supported by funds from The Mycobacteriology Research Centre (MRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Authors’ contributions Saeed Mollaei: Conception and design of study, Writing-review & editing; Poopak Farnia: Conceptualization, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition, Writing-original draft; Jalaledin Ghanavi: Investigation, Validation, Funding acquisition. Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge financial support from Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University and Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. 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Xiang Y, Li YB, Zhang J, Li P, Yao YZ. A new alkaloid from Salsola collina . Yao Xue Xue Bao 2007;42:618–620. 21. Gannoun S, Mahfoudhi A, Flamini G, Helal AN, Mighri Z. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of Tunisian Salsola vermiculata L. J Chem Pharm Res. 2016;8(4):1087-1092. 22. Pässler U, Knölker HJ. The pyrrolo [2, 1-a] isoquinoline alkaloids. The alkaloids: Chem Biol. 2011;70:79-151. 23. Konrath EL, Passos CDS, Klein‐Júnior LC, Henriques AT. Alkaloids as a source of potential anticholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Pharm Pharm. 2013;65(12):1701-1725. 24. Şöhretoğlu D, Sari S, Barut B, Özel A. Discovery of potent α-glucosidase inhibitor flavonols: insights into mechanism of action through inhibition kinetics and docking simulations. Bioorg Chem 2018;79:257–264. 25. Moradi-Afrapoli F, Asghari B, Saeidnia S, Ajani Y, Mirjani M, Malmir M, Yassa N. In vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of phenolic constituents from aerial parts of Polygonum hyrcanicum . DARU J Pharm Sci. 2012;20(1):37. 26. Li YQ, Zhou FC, Gao F, Bian JS, Shan F. Comparative evaluation of quercetin, isoquercetin and rutin as inhibitors of α-glucosidase. J Agri Food Chem. 2009;57(24):11463-11468. 27. Hazrati S, Ebadi MT, Mollaei S, Khurizadeh S. Evaluation of volatile and phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity of different parts of Ferulago angulata (schlecht.) Boiss. Ind Crop Prod. 2019;140:111589. 28. Ebadi-Nahari M, Farnia P, Nikzat S, Mollaei S. A chemotaxonomic evaluation of some Scabiosa L. species in Iran. Biochem Syst Ecol. 2018;81:33-36. 29. Pistia-Brueggeman G, Hollingsworth RI. A preparation and screening strategy for glycosidase inhibitors. Tetrahedron 2001;57(42):8773-8778. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-923017","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":54621576,"identity":"de6be608-3438-4f82-b33b-9cc8ae292f61","order_by":0,"name":"Saeed Mollaei","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Saeed","middleName":"","lastName":"Mollaei","suffix":""},{"id":54621579,"identity":"27e14306-f263-437d-999f-03f1c9006d83","order_by":1,"name":"Poopak Farnia","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgdAQoKBn4EHKsBMUAuzAViLZAOJWhgYDA7wEFAIA+YMzIyfK3dYyBufP3t0Mw+DnTwDO+8DvFosG5iZJc+ekTDcdiMv7TYPQ7JhAzO7AV4tBgf4D0g2tkkwbrvBYwbUwpzAwMyG32EGB5iZfwK12G/uPwPSUk+UFjaQLYkbGHJAWg4T1mLZzMxmCdSSPAPol5tzDI4bthHSYs7ezHyzsa3Otr//7LEbbyqq5fn5jxFwGGrEAcOKgB1gNaNgFIyCUTAKCAAAYpg3qiWQYHYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Poopak","middleName":"","lastName":"Farnia","suffix":""},{"id":54621581,"identity":"51687774-e255-4cdb-8cd8-964bfce6454f","order_by":2,"name":"Jalaledin Ghanavi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jalaledin","middleName":"","lastName":"Ghanavi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2021-09-20 07:29:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-923017/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-923017/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":14197242,"identity":"7c3b834d-b1ed-417d-a29d-5e8b370f31f6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-10-01 16:55:54","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27596,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"LC-MS chromatograms of A) Ethyl acetate fraction of leaves; B) Aqueous-acid fraction of roots. Peak identification: (1) gallic acid, (2) rutin, (3) protocatechuic acid, (4) cyanidin, (5) p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, (6) kaempferol, (7) vanillic acid, (8) quercetin, (9) rosmarinic acid, (10) p coumaric acid, (11) ferulic acid, (12) salicylic acid, (13) cinnamic acid, (14) salsoline A, (15) salsoline, and (16) salsolidine.","description":"","filename":"FIG1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-923017/v1/e6d69eedb8f66bf0776b505c.png"},{"id":14196958,"identity":"3c85667d-b21d-4dfe-a981-98e66309c823","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-10-01 16:52:54","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33627,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"vitro anti-acetylcholinesterase activity of A) methanolic extracts of different parts of S. vermiculata; B) the different fractions of S. vermiculata roots.","description":"","filename":"FIG2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-923017/v1/ad164882527ba3eaecd6ad84.png"},{"id":14196960,"identity":"8382f4e7-ea56-4b13-b965-704dbd0b09f1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-10-01 16:52:54","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34758,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of A) methanolic extracts of different organs of S. vermiculata; B) the different fractions of S. vermiculata leaves","description":"","filename":"FIG3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-923017/v1/26387543103d86512144cb4c.png"},{"id":14197813,"identity":"0c913871-e4e5-4c65-bc3f-f3ffdbbd71d2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-10-01 16:58:54","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":74278,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Schematic diagram of extraction and fractionation of Salsola vermiculata crude extract into different fractions","description":"","filename":"FIG4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-923017/v1/f3ca960287a23870ddce192b.png"},{"id":14506811,"identity":"ccc72caf-c661-4571-b93f-de3b3e0f8e7d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-10-14 02:29:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":575523,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-923017/v1/5041e7bd-2a20-4927-ab09-4c160028c1ec.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eMetabolic Profiling and Inhibitory Properties of Different Parts of Salsola Vermiculata Towards Acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eHerbal and natural medicines play significant roles in treatment of diseases and development of novel drugs. Therefore, the search for finding plants with specific biological activity would be an interesting field of knowledge. \u003cem\u003eSalsola\u003c/em\u003e is a genus belonging to the family of Amaranthaceae in the major group of Angiosperms, which is native to Asia, Europe, and Africa. These plants are widespread across the hypersaline, semiarid, and arid areas [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Many plants of this genus are used to cure skin diseases, human heart ailments, influenza, and cough. In addition, various species of the genus \u003cem\u003eSalsola\u003c/em\u003e have displayed medicinal properties such as controlling the obesity, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease, functioning as the anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antihypertensive, and antioxidant agents, CNC depressant activity, and being the cure for tape worm infestation [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5 CR6\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA number of natural compounds with interesting biological properties have been previously isolated from different \u003cem\u003eSalsola\u003c/em\u003e species. Shehab and Abu-Gharbieh [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] studied the methanolic extract of \u003cem\u003eS. imbricata\u003c/em\u003e and identified coumaric acid and quercitrin as the main detected compounds. Boulaaba et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] concluded that the methanolic extracts of \u003cem\u003eS. kali\u003c/em\u003e consist of seven phenolic compounds, and the stems and leaves of \u003cem\u003eS. kali\u003c/em\u003e had antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. In another study, the aerial part of \u003cem\u003eS. vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e was shown to be more enriched in rutin and kaempferol derivatives versus root samples [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Hegnauer reported some isoquinoline alkaloids such as salsoline and salsolidin from \u003cem\u003eS. kali\u003c/em\u003e L. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Orekhoff and Proskurnina [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] recognized salsoline and salsolidine from \u003cem\u003eS. arbziscula\u003c/em\u003e. Furthermore, according to the findings of Tundis et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], salsoline and salsolidine were the major alkaloids found in \u003cem\u003eS. soda\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. oppositofolia\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eS. tragus\u003c/em\u003e species, and these compounds were responsible for the anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities. Moreover, salsoline A and \u003cem\u003eSalsola vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e is an annual plant which is broadly distributed in southwest of Asia and belongs to Amaranthaceae family [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. This plant is used for treatment of stomach disorders [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Rasheed et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] investigated the metabolite profile of \u003cem\u003eS. vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e, and could identify several flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, fatty acids, and alkaloids. In addition, the roots of \u003cem\u003eS. vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e exhibited strong anti-acetylcholinesterase activity. Al-Tohamy et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] indicated high antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of \u003cem\u003eS. vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e methanolic extract. Therefore, due to the lack of data regarding the phytochemical composition and biological properties of different parts of \u003cem\u003eSalsola vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e, the present research focused on phytochemical study and biological activity (α-glucosidase inhibitory and acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity) of different parts (roots, seeds, leaves, and flowers) of \u003cem\u003eS. vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results And Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eMetabolite profiling of crude methanolic extracts and their fractions of different parts of \u003cem\u003eS. vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e were investigated, and then their acetylcholinesterase and \u0026alpha;-glucosidase inhibitory activities were studied.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMetabolite Profiling\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn this study, 44 various metabolites were identified in different parts of \u003cem\u003eS. vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e using LC-ESI-MS, GC, and GC-MS (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The identified metabolites belonged to various classes including phenolic compounds, alkaloids, fatty acid derivatives, and volatile oil compounds. Isolation and identification of alkaloids, and phenolic compounds were done using LC-ESI-MS, whereas fatty acids and volatile oil compounds were identified by GC and GC-MS.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn total, 14 phenolic compounds were detected in ethyl acetate fractions (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). A total of ten phenolic acids were identified in the extracts, of which three phenolic acids including protocatechuic acid, cinnamic acid, and ferulic acid were exclusively present in ethyl acetate fraction of flowers; one phenolic acid, caffeic acid was only identified in the leaves extract; and gallic acid and salicylic acid were observed in both leaves and flowers extracts. In addition, vanillic acid was identified in all extracts. Three flavonoids (i.e. rutin, kaempferol, and quercetin), and one anthocyanin (i.e. cyanidin) were detected in leaves and flowers parts followed by two flavonoids (i.e. rutin and kaempferol), and one anthocyanin (i.e. cyanidin) in the seeds, and one flavonoid (i.e. kaempferol) in seeds extract. Moreover, the maximum identified phenolic compounds belonged to rosmaric acid, gallic acid, kaempferol, and rutin in the flowers. So far, several phenolic compounds have been reported from different species of \u003cem\u003eSalsola\u003c/em\u003e. Shehab and Abu-Gharbieh [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] reported a number of phenolic compounds in methanolic extract of \u003cem\u003eS. imbricata\u003c/em\u003e, categorized as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and simple phenolic compounds, while coumaric acid and quercitrin were the main detected compounds. Boulaaba et al. [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] analyzed the methanolic extracts of \u003cem\u003eS. kali\u003c/em\u003e and concluded that this plant contains seven phenolic compounds. In another study, the aerial part of \u003cem\u003eS. vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e was shown to be more enriched in rutin and kaempferol derivatives versus root samples. Therefore, ethyl acetate fractions of the leaves and flowers which are rich in phenolic compounds can be considered as appropriate candidates for some biological properties [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhenolic profiling of Salsola vermiculata parts using LC-ESI-MS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFraction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubgroup\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompounds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParts of plant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoots\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeeds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"14\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthyl acetate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhenolic acids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGallic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e614.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtocatechuic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e254.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-Hydroxybenzoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVanillic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaffeic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-Coumaric acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFerulic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCinnamic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e412.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRosmaric acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e254.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e647.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalicylic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e201.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlavonoids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRutin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e429.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e448.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuercetin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e267.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKaempferol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e574.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntocyanidine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyanidin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e241.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe amounts of phenolic compounds were expressed in \u0026micro;g/g of dry weight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccording to the analysis of the aqueous-acid fractions by LC-ESI-MS (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), three alkaloids including salsoline, salsoline A, and salsolidine were observed in roots extract, and only one alkaloid, salsoline A, was detected in the seeds extract (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). These compounds were previously isolated from different \u003cem\u003eSalsola\u003c/em\u003e species. \u003cem\u003eS. collina\u003c/em\u003e Pall. contains isoquinoline alkaloids such as salsoline A, and salsoline B [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. In 1964, Hegnauer reported salsolin and salsolidin from the herb of \u003cem\u003eS. kali\u003c/em\u003e L. [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. In another study, Orekhoff and Proskurnina [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] identified salsoline and salsolidine from \u003cem\u003eS. arbziscula.\u003c/em\u003e In addition, according to the report of Tundis et al. [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], salsoline and salsolidine were the main alkaloids found in \u003cem\u003eS. tragus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. oppositofolia\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eS. soda\u003c/em\u003e, and these alkaloids were responsible for the anticholinesterase activities. As a result, the aqueous-acid fractions of roots and seeds can be considered as a suitable candidate for some biological properties such as antimalarial effects.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab2\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlkaloids profiling of Salsola vermiculata parts using LC-ESI-MS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFraction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubgroup\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompounds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParts of plant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoots\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeeds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAqueouse-acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIsoquinoline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalsoline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalsolidine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalsoline A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe amounts of alkaloids were expressed in mg/g of dry weight.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccording to our results (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and linolenic acid were dominance identified fatty acids in roots samples. A predominance of palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid was observed in fixed oil fraction of seeds. 9-Hexadecenoic acid, Arachidic acid, and docosadienoic acid were detected exclusively in the seeds. Similarly, myristoleic acid, and lignoceric acid were only present in roots. Moreover, according to obtained results, the fixed oil fraction of leaves contained only three fatty acids including stearic acid, oleic acid, and linolenic acid. Similarly, only two fatty acids, oleic and linolenic acid, were identified in flowers fraction. Therefore, it can be concluded that the composition of fatty acids significantly depends on the plant parts. Thanks to unique properties of the fatty acids, the parts possessing these compounds might be potentially applied as a promising source of biological agents.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab3\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFixed oils profiling of Salsola vermiculata parts using GC.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFraction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubgroup\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompounds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParts of plant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoots\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeeds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFixed oils\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaturated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMyristic acid (C14:0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalmitic acid (C16:0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStearic acid (C18:0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArachidic acid (C20:0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLignoceric acid (C24:0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnsaturated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMyristoleic acid (C14:1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9-Hexadecenoic acid (C16:1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOleic acid (C18:1n9c)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinoleic acid (C18:2n6c)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinolenic acid (C18:3n6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDocosadienoic acid (C22:2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe amounts of fatty acids were expressed as percentages.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of volatile compounds at various parts of \u003cem\u003eS. vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e showed significant variations in their types and percentages (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The main constituents of the volatile compounds in different parts were carvone, cumin aldehyde, \u0026beta;-caryophyllene, linalool, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, and Ar-turmerone at the roots. Carvone, \u0026beta;-caryophyllene, cumin aldehyde, linalool, limonene, and T-muurolol were the major constituents of the volatile compounds in the seeds. In the leaves, values were as follows: carvone, limonene, linalool, cumin aldehyde, \u0026beta;-caryophyllene, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, and Ar-turmerone. Lastly, in the flowers, carvone, limonene, linalool, and cumin aldehyde were measured as the predominant volatile constituents (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The volatile compounds were classified into five groups according to their chemical formula. Based on the results, the major percentage of the volatile compounds was related to oxygenated monoterpenes. So, because of biological activity of volatile oil [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], the parts possessing these compounds might be potentially applied as a promising source of biological agents.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab4\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolatile oils profiling of Salsola vermiculata parts using GC-MS.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFraction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubgroup\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompounds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParts of plant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoots\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeeds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"16\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVolatile oil\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonoterpenes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e-pinene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLimonene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOxygenated monoterpenes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,8-cineole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinalool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIsoborneol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCumin aldehyde\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarvone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhenylpropene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(E)-anethole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSesquiterpene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-caryophyllene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026delta;\u003c/em\u003e-cadinene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOxygenated sesquiterpene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaryophyllene oxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT-cadinol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT-muurolol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e-muurolol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAr-turmerone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehexahydrofarnesylacetone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe amounts of volatile oils were expressed as percentages.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec4\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eIn vitro anti-acetylcholinesterase enzyme (anti-AChE) activity\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo evaluate the potential of the \u003cem\u003eS. vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e crude extracts as anti-Alzheimer\u0026rsquo;s disease drugs, their anti-AChE activities were tested. According to the results (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eA), the cholinesterase inhibitory activity occurred in a dose-dependent manner, and the roots extract with IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of 19.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.23 \u0026micro;g/mL indicated the highest anti-AChE effects when compared to other parts. Moreover, the IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of seeds extract against AChE was 32.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.30 \u0026micro;g/mL, and the leaves and flowers extracts had no AChE inhibitory activity.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSince the crude extract of \u003cem\u003eS. vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e roots displayed the highest AChE inhibitory activity, root fractions were also studied. Results indicated that the aqueous-acid fraction had the highest AChE inhibitory activity (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eB), and its activity was almost equal to donepezil. The activity of isoquinoline alkaloids such as berberine, anguinine, galantamine, and physostigmine on AChE have been evaluated by numerous authors [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, based on our phytochemical study, the aqueous-acid fraction of \u003cem\u003eS. vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e roots contained isoquinoline alkaloids such as salsoline, salsolidine, and salsoline A. Therefore, the high AChE inhibition effect of this fraction could be attributed to its alkaloid content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec7\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eIn-vitro \u0026alpha;-glucosidase inhibitory activity\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe crude extracts of \u003cem\u003eS. vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e parts were estimated for their \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;-\u003c/em\u003eglucosidase inhibitory activity (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eA). Results revealed that the inhibitory activity for \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e-glucosidase enzyme was maximum in the case of leaves extract (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;78 \u0026micro;g/mL) followed by flowers (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;138.64 \u0026micro;g/mL). The crude extracts of roots and seeds had no \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;-\u003c/em\u003eglucosidase inhibitory activity. Thus, crude extract of leaves had the highest \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and hence the activity of its fractions was also investigated (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eB). Based on the results, the fixed oil and volatile oil fractions had no \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e-glucosidase inhibitory activity, whereas the IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values of the ethyl acetate and aqueous-acid fractions were 62.37 and 101.61 \u0026micro;g/mL, respectively. It was confirmed that the ethyl acetate fraction had higher activity in comparison with other fractions. Ş\u0026ouml;hretoğlu et al [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] investigated the \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e-glycosidase inhibitory potential of some flavonoid compounds such as kaempferol and quercetin, and found their IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values as 8.97 and 77.42 \u0026micro;M, respectively. Moradi-Afrapoli et al. [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] evaluated the \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e-glucosidase inhibitory activities of phenolic compounds isolated from the methanolic extract of \u003cem\u003ePolygonum hyrcanicum\u003c/em\u003e, and reported that quercetin had interesting inhibitory activities. In another study, the \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e-glucosidase inhibitory potential of quercetin, isoquercetin, and rutin were compared and their IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values were reported as 0.017, 0.185, and 0.196 \u0026micro;M, respectively, concluding that quercetin plays an important role in enzyme inhibition [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Results of the present research showed that the ethyl acetate fraction was rich in flavonoids such as rutin and quercetin (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, the moderate \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the ethyl acetate fraction could be attributed to its rich flavonoid content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this investigation, the phytochemical profiles and biological activities of different parts and fractions of \u003cem\u003eS. vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e were studied. Phytochemical study of different parts indicated the presence of 44 various metabolites (14 phenolic compounds, 3 alkaloids, 11 fatty acids, and 16 volatile compounds). In roots, vanillic acid, rutin, salsoline, salsoline A, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, cumin aldehyde, and carvone, in seeds, vanillic acid, salsoline A, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, carvone, and β-caryophyllene, in leaves, gallic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, rosmaric acid, rutin, quercetin, limonene, and carvone, and in flowers, gallic acid, vanillic acid, cinnamic acid, rosmaric acid, rutin, kaempferol, limonene, linalool, and carvone were recorded as the main identified components. Studding the biological activities of the fractions of different parts of \u003cem\u003eS. vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e indicated the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activates of ethyl acetate fractions of leaves; and the highest AChE inhibitory activity in the aqueous-acid fraction of roots. In conclusion, different parts and fractions of \u003cem\u003eS. vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e are rich sources of bioactive compounds and the results of the present study could provide useful information to guide the application of \u003cem\u003eS. vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e parts in food and pharmaceutical fields.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods And Materials","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePlant materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe plant was collected from its wild habitat in Azarshahr, Tabriz, Iran, during October 2017 according to the appropriate guidelines and licences for plant material. The GPS location details were the longitude of 45\u0026deg;10\u0026prime;E and latitude of 37\u0026deg;06\u0026prime;N, an altitude of 1240m above sea level. The identification of plant was done by Dr. Mostafa Ebadi from Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University. Also, voucher specimen (ASMUH-10485) was deposited in the official Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University. The S. \u003cem\u003evermiculata\u003c/em\u003e parts were separated from each other, then dried at room temperature in darkness for 7 days and powdered.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFractionation of crude extract\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fractionation of crude extract was done according to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Briefly, the plant (1 gram) was extracted with methanol (10 mL, 80%) at 25\u0026deg;C. After centrifugation, the supernatant was concentrated, and suspended in distillated water (10 mL). The obtained extract was extracted with n-hexane (1:l v/v). The n-hexane layer was distillated using Clevenger apparatus, and two fractions including volatile oil (fraction 1), and fixed oil (fraction 2) were achieved. Then, the aqueous phase was adjusted to pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.0, and partitioned with ethyl acetate (1:l v/v). The aqueous-acid phase (fraction 3), and ethyl acetate phase (fraction 4) were separated, and then were dried under nitrogen at room temperature, and transferred to the vials.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGC and GC-MS analysis of compounds\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of volatile oils was performed by GC-MS instrument (Agilent 6890 N GC-MS) equipped with a fused capillary column DB-5 (30 m \u0026times; 0.25 mm, 0.25 \u0026micro;m film thickness). The injector temperature was adjusted at 250\u0026deg;C, and the oven temperature program was set at 70\u0026deg;C (5 min) to 240\u0026deg;C with a ramp-up of 5\u0026deg;C/min and then held for 4 min. Nitrogen was utilized as carrier gas (1.0 mL/min). Tche splitting ratio, ionization voltage, solvent delay, scan time and mass range were 1:100, 70 eV, 2 min, 0.4 s, and 30\u0026ndash;600 m/z, respectively. The identification of volatile oil components was done using Kovats Indices (KI), Wiley and NIST libraries, and previous literature. The percent of each compound was determined by electronic integration of FID peak areas without any correction factors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of fixed oil was performed using GC instrument. After methylation of fatty acids according to our previous study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], they were analyzed using a GC instrument, equipped with a capillary column ZB-1701 (60 m \u0026times; 0.25 mm, 0.2 \u0026micro;m film thickness). The injector temperature was adjusted at 260\u0026deg;C, and the oven temperature program was set at 80\u0026deg;C to 120\u0026deg;C with a ramp-up of 20\u0026deg;C/min and then increased to 260\u0026deg;C by a ramp of 3\u0026deg;C/min and was held for 4 min. Nitrogen was utilized as carrier gas (1.1 mL/min). The injection volume and splitting ratio were 1 \u0026micro;L and 1:20, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLC-ESI-MS analysis of compounds\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fractions 3 and 4 were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). The LC (Agilent 1200 Series HPLC system) system was equipped with diode-array detector, a 20 \u0026micro;l loop, and a C\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003e analytical column (250 mm \u0026times; 0.46 mm, 5 \u0026micro;m). Separation of these fractions were performed by a gradient program run using solvent A (0.1 % TFA in methanol) and solvent B (0.1 % TFA in water, v/v). solvent program was as follow: gradient elution from 20% A to 30% A, 0\u0026ndash;10 min; gradient elution from 30% A to 60%, 10\u0026ndash;30 for min; gradient elution from 60% A to 80% A, for 30\u0026ndash;40 min; gradient elution from 80% A to 100% A, for 40\u0026ndash;45 min; gradient elution from 100% A to 20% A, 45\u0026ndash;52 for min; isocratic elution 20% A; post-time 6 min before the next injection. Flow rate was maintained at 0.4 mL/min and the wavelength was adjusted at 275 and 254 nm, for fractions 3 and 4, respectively. The MS system included a Thermo Fisher Scientific (Bremen, Germany) ion trap mass spectrometer (model LCQ). Mass spectra were detected under ESI negative ion mode between m/z range of 50-1000 under a capillary voltage of -2.0 KV and a skimmer cone voltage of \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20 V. The compounds were identified by comparing their retention times with those of the standards, and mass spectra. Finally, quantification of all compounds was accomplished using the external standard method.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIn-vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the extracts were studied according to Pistia-Brueggeman and Hollingsworth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] method with some modifications. The extracts were incubated with 20 \u0026micro;L of enzyme solution containing α-glucosidase (0.5 U/mL) and 120 \u0026micro;L of phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.8) for 30 min at 37\u0026deg;C. Then, 20 \u0026micro;L of p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (5 mM, pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.8) was added, and incubated for 15 min at 37\u0026deg;C. The reaction was terminated by addition of 80 \u0026micro;l of 0.2 M Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e solution. Finally, the absorbance was read at 405 nm, the inhibition (%) was calculated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIn vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory assay\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ellman\u0026rsquo;s method with slight modifications was utilized to evaluate the AChE inhibitory activity. Different amounts of the extracts were dissolved in phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8), and then 25 \u0026micro;L of ATCh (1.0 mM) and 50 \u0026micro;L of 10 mM of DTNB in buffer were added and the mixture was incubated for 15 min at 30\u0026deg;C. Then, 50 \u0026micro;L of 0.3 U/mL AChE was added to the initial mixture to start the reaction. Finally, absorbance was read at 412 nm, and the inhibition of ATCh activity (%) was calculated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll instruments were performed in triplicate. The analysis were done by the SAS 9.2 using a completely randomized design (1-way ANOVA), and the mean comparisons were determined by Tukey's test (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAChE\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetylcholinesterase enzyme\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eATCh\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetylthiocholine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eGC\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGas chromatography\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eGC-MS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGas chromatography-mass spectrometry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eLC-ESI-MS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometric\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by funds from The Mycobacteriology Research Centre (MRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSaeed Mollaei: Conception and design of study, Writing-review \u0026amp; editing; Poopak Farnia: Conceptualization, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition, Writing-original draft; Jalaledin Ghanavi: Investigation, Validation, Funding acquisition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe gratefully acknowledge financial support from Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University and Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch involving plants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors confirm that all the experimental methods and plants complied with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp\u003e1. Botschantzev VP. Genus Salsola L.concise history of its development and dispersal. Botan J. 1969;54(7):989-1001.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. Kuhn U. Chenopodiaceae. In the families and genera of vascular plants 2 (Kubitzki K, Rohwer JG, Bittrich V. eds.), Berlin Heidelberg etc. Springer, 1993; pp. 258-281.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. Tundis R, Menichini F, Conforti F, Loizzo MR, Bonesi M, Statti G, Menichini F. A potential role of alkaloid extracts from Salsola species (\u003cem\u003eChenopodiaceae\u003c/em\u003e) in the treatment of Alzheimer\u0026apos;s disease. J Enz Inhibit Med Chem. 2009;24(3):818-824.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4. Hartwell JL. Plants used against cancer. A survey. Lloydia 1969;32(1):30-34.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5. Nikiforov SB, Semenov AA, Syrchina AI. Effect of an aqueous extract of the above-ground part of \u003cem\u003eSalsola collina\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eon the cholesterol distribution between lipoprotein fractions in the blood serum of rabbit with experimental cholelithiasis. Pharm Chem J. 2002;36:544-545.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6. Loizzo MR, Tundis R, Statti GA,\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003ePassalacqua NG, Peruzzi L, Menichini F. In vitro angiotensin converting enzyme inhibiting activity of \u003cem\u003eSalsola oppositifolia\u003c/em\u003e Desf., \u003cem\u003eSalsola soda\u003c/em\u003e L. and \u003cem\u003eSalsola tragus\u003c/em\u003e L. Nat Prod Res. 2007;21(9):846-851.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7. Hanif Z, Ali HH, Rasool G, Tanveer A, Chauhan BS. Genus \u003cem\u003eSalsola\u003c/em\u003e: its benefits, uses, environmental perspectives and future aspects-a review. J Rangel Sci. 2018;8(3):315-328.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8. Shehab NG, Abu-Gharbieh E. Phenolic profiling and evaluation of contraceptive effect of the ethanolic extract of Salsola imbricata Forssk. in male albino rats. Evidence-Based Compl Alter Med. 2014;2014:695291.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9. Boulaaba M, Medini F, Hajlaoui H, Mkadmini K, Falleh H, Ksouri R, Abdelly C. Biological activities and phytochemical analysis of phenolic extracts from \u003cem\u003eSalsola kali\u003c/em\u003e L. Role of endogenous factors in the selection of the best plant extracts. South African J Bot.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2019\u003cem\u003e;\u003c/em\u003e123:193-199.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10. Rasheed DM, El Zalabani SM, Koheil MA, El-Hefnawy HM, Farag MA. Metabolite profiling driven analysis of \u003cem\u003eSalsola\u003c/em\u003e species and their anti-acetylcholinesterase potential. Nat Prod Res. 2013;27(24):2320-2327.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11. Hegnauer R. Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Bd. III, Birkhauser Verlag Basel und Stuttgart, 1964.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12. Orekhoff A, Proskurnina N. \u0026Uuml;ber die Alkalodie von Salsola Richteri.\u0026nbsp;Berichte der Deutschen Chem Gesellschaft (A and B Series)\u0026nbsp;1933;66(6):841-843.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13. Orekhoff A, Proskurnina N. \u0026Uuml;ber die Alkaloide von Salsola Richteri, II. Mitteil.: Die \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Konstitution des Salsolins\u003cem\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eChem. Berichte \u0026ndash; Chem Europe 1934;67:878 -884.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14. Al-Oudat M, Qadir M. The halophytic flora of Syria.\u0026nbsp;International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria, 2011;186.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15. Al-Tohamy R, Ali SS, Saad-Allah K, Fareed M, Ali A, El-Badry A, Rupani PF. Phytochemical analysis and assessment of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of some medicinal plant species from Egyptian flora. J Appl Biomed. 2018;16(4):289-300.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16. Hirai I, Okuno M, Katsuma R, Aria N, Tachibana M, Yamamoto Y. Characterisation of anti-\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e activity of quercetin. Inter J Food Sci Technol.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2010\u003cem\u003e;\u003c/em\u003e45:1250\u0026ndash;1254.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17. Lee KA, Moon SH, Kim KT, Mendonca AF, Paik HD. Antimicrobial effects of various flavonoids on \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e O157:H7 cell growth and lipopolysaccharide production. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2010;19:257\u0026ndash;261.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18. Calder\u0026oacute;n-Monta\u0026ntilde;o JM, Burgos-Mor\u0026oacute;n E, P\u0026eacute;rez-Guerrero C, L\u0026oacute;pez-L\u0026aacute;zaro M. A review on the dietary flavonoid kaempferol. Med Chem. 2011;11:298\u0026ndash;344.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19. Nadeem M, Imran M, Aslam Gondal T, Imran A, Shahbaz M, Muhammad Amir R, Martins N. Therapeutic potential of rosmarinic acid: A comprehensive review. Appl Sci. 2019;9(15):3139.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20. Xiang Y, Li YB, Zhang J, Li P, Yao YZ. A new alkaloid from \u003cem\u003eSalsola collina\u003c/em\u003e. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2007;42:618\u0026ndash;620.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21. Gannoun S, Mahfoudhi A, Flamini G, Helal AN, Mighri Z. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of Tunisian \u003cem\u003eSalsola vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e L.\u0026nbsp;J Chem Pharm Res. 2016;8(4):1087-1092.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22. P\u0026auml;ssler U, Kn\u0026ouml;lker HJ. The pyrrolo [2, 1-a] isoquinoline alkaloids. The alkaloids: Chem Biol. 2011;70:79-151.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23. Konrath EL, Passos CDS, Klein‐J\u0026uacute;nior LC, Henriques AT. Alkaloids as a source of potential anticholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer\u0026apos;s disease. J Pharm Pharm. 2013;65(12):1701-1725.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24. Ş\u0026ouml;hretoğlu D, Sari S, Barut B, \u0026Ouml;zel A. Discovery of potent \u0026alpha;-glucosidase inhibitor flavonols: insights into mechanism of action through inhibition kinetics and docking simulations. Bioorg Chem 2018;79:257\u0026ndash;264.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25. Moradi-Afrapoli F, Asghari B, Saeidnia S, Ajani Y, Mirjani M, Malmir M, Yassa N. In vitro \u0026alpha;-glucosidase inhibitory activity of phenolic constituents from aerial parts of \u003cem\u003ePolygonum hyrcanicum\u003c/em\u003e. DARU J Pharm Sci. 2012;20(1):37.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26. Li YQ, Zhou FC, Gao F, Bian JS, Shan F. Comparative evaluation of quercetin, isoquercetin and rutin as inhibitors of \u0026alpha;-glucosidase.\u0026nbsp;J Agri Food Chem.\u0026nbsp;2009;57(24):11463-11468.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27. Hazrati S, Ebadi MT, Mollaei S, Khurizadeh S. Evaluation of volatile and phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity of different parts of \u003cem\u003eFerulago angulata\u003c/em\u003e (schlecht.) Boiss. Ind Crop Prod. 2019;140:111589.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28. Ebadi-Nahari M, Farnia P, Nikzat S, Mollaei S. A chemotaxonomic evaluation of some \u003cem\u003eScabiosa\u003c/em\u003e L. species in Iran. Biochem Syst Ecol. 2018;81:33-36.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29. Pistia-Brueggeman G, Hollingsworth RI. A preparation and screening strategy for glycosidase inhibitors. Tetrahedron 2001;57(42):8773-8778.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Acetylcholinesterase, Alkaloid, α-glucosidase, Metabolite","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-923017/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-923017/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e Herbal and natural medicines play significant roles in treatment of diseases and development of novel drugs. \u003cem\u003eSalsola vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e is an annual plant which is broadly distributed in southwest of Asia, and is used for treatment of stomach disorders. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eThis present study aimed at identifying and comparing the metabolic profiles of different parts of \u003cem\u003eSalsola vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e and to evaluate the inhibitory potential of their extracts and fractions towards acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase.\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eLC-ESI-MS, GC, and GC-MS analytical methods were employed for metabolite profiling of the extracts, and their fractions. The α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of the samples were determined by microplate colorimetric methods. Based on results, 44 metabolites were identified in different parts of \u003cem\u003eS. vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e. In roots, vanillic acid, rutin, salsoline, salsoline A, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, cumin aldehyde, and carvone; in seeds, vanillic acid, salsoline A, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, carvone, and β-caryophyllene; in leaves, gallic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, rosmaric acid, rutin, quercetin, limonene, and carvone, and in flowers, gallic acid, vanillic acid, cinnamic acid, rosmaric acid, rutin, kaempferol, limonene, linalool, and carvone were recorded as the main components. According to the inhibitory activities results, the ethyl acetate fractions of leaves and the aqueous-acid fraction of roots displayed highest inhibitory activity towards acetylcholinesterase (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e: 17.24 µg/mL), and α-glucosidase (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e: 62.37 µg/mL), respectively. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003eFinally, the leaves and roots of \u003cem\u003eS. vermiculata \u003c/em\u003eare rich of phenolic and alkaloids compounds and the findings of this study depict them as a promising acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase inhibitors, and therefore, can be utilized for the development of new drugs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Metabolic Profiling and Inhibitory Properties of Different Parts of Salsola Vermiculata Towards Acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-10-01 16:52:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-923017/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"72e383ef-6962-4e18-aa3f-0f89eacafd89","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 1st, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":7571910,"name":"Agricultural Engineering"},{"id":7571911,"name":"Plant Molecular Biology and Genetics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-10-14T02:29:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2021-10-01 16:52:52","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-923017","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-923017","identity":"rs-923017","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}