Cerebral venous thrombosis and deep medullary vein thrombosis: Padua experience over the last two decades
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Abstract Background: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a cerebrovascular disorder that constitutes 20% of perinatal strokes. The incidence of CVT ranges from 0.67 to 1.12 per 100,000 newborns, while the incidence of "deep medullary vein thrombosis" (DMVT), a subtype of CVT, cannot be accurately estimated. This study aims to analyze the case history of CVT in the neonatal period, with a specific focus on DMVT. Materials and Methods: Newborns diagnosed with CVT, with or without DMVT, between January 2002 and April 2023, were collected using the Italian Registry of Infantile Thrombosis (RITI), a national thrombosis registry. Cerebral MRIs were reviewed by an expert neuroradiologist following a standardized protocol. Results: Forty-two newborns with CVT were identified, of which 27/42 (64%) had CVT without DMVT, and the remaining 15/42 (36%) had DMVT (isolated DMVT in 9/15, DMVT associated with CVT in another localization in 6/15). Symptom onset occurred in the first week of life (median 8 days, IQR 4-14) with a male prevalence of 59%. The most common risk factors were complicated delivery in 38% of cases, prematurity in 40% of all patients, congenital heart diseases (48%), and infections (40% of newborns). Seizures were the predominant presenting symptom in 52% of all cases. Hemorrhagic infarction was higher in cases with isolated DMVT compared to patients with CVT without DMVT (78% vs. 11%, p=0.013). Antithrombotic treatment was initiated in 30% of the total, and admission to the NICU was required in 87% of patients with isolated DMVT. Neurological impairment was observed in 48% of cases at discharge. Conclusions: Our study investigates a CVT, a rare subtype of perinatal stroke, showing that DMVT occurs in over a third of neonates with CVT. Multicentric studies are essential to establish standardized protocols for therapy, neuroimaging, and follow-up in these patients.
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The incidence of CVT ranges from 0.67 to 1.12 per 100,000 newborns, while the incidence of "deep medullary vein thrombosis" (DMVT), a subtype of CVT, cannot be accurately estimated. This study aims to analyze the case history of CVT in the neonatal period, with a specific focus on DMVT. Materials and Methods: Newborns diagnosed with CVT, with or without DMVT, between January 2002 and April 2023, were collected using the Italian Registry of Infantile Thrombosis (RITI), a national thrombosis registry. Cerebral MRIs were reviewed by an expert neuroradiologist following a standardized protocol. Results: Forty-two newborns with CVT were identified, of which 27/42 (64%) had CVT without DMVT, and the remaining 15/42 (36%) had DMVT (isolated DMVT in 9/15, DMVT associated with CVT in another localization in 6/15). Symptom onset occurred in the first week of life (median 8 days, IQR 4-14) with a male prevalence of 59%. The most common risk factors were complicated delivery in 38% of cases, prematurity in 40% of all patients, congenital heart diseases (48%), and infections (40% of newborns). Seizures were the predominant presenting symptom in 52% of all cases. Hemorrhagic infarction was higher in cases with isolated DMVT compared to patients with CVT without DMVT (78% vs. 11%, p=0.013). Antithrombotic treatment was initiated in 30% of the total, and admission to the NICU was required in 87% of patients with isolated DMVT. Neurological impairment was observed in 48% of cases at discharge. Conclusions: Our study investigates a CVT, a rare subtype of perinatal stroke, showing that DMVT occurs in over a third of neonates with CVT. Multicentric studies are essential to establish standardized protocols for therapy, neuroimaging, and follow-up in these patients. cerebral venous thrombosis deep medullar vein thrombosis newborn Figures Figure 1 Introduction Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) in the neonatal period is a recognized cerebrovascular disorder accounting for 20% of perinatal strokes. Incidence varies, with CVT occurring in 0.67 to 1–12 per 100,000 neonates.[ 1 ] More recently, thanks to advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), two additional patterns of perinatal CVT have been recognized, caused by the interruption of blood flow in smaller intracerebral veins, without concomitant cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CSVT).[ 2 – 6 ] These patterns are perinatal venous stroke associated with congestion of the deep medullary vein (DMVT) and congestion of the superficial medullary veins [ 2 – 7 ]. Congestion of deep and superficial medullary veins may be present with or without associated cerebral parenchymal alterations. Often underdiagnosed due to asymptomatic or pauci-symptomatic cases, etiology of CVT is mostly multifactorial, including perinatal, maternal, and inherited disorders of the coagulation system [ 8 – 11 ]. This study aims to analyze neonatal CVT, with a focus on deep medullary vein involvement. The research explores epidemiological, etiopathogenetic, neuroradiological, therapeutic, and short-term disability characteristics. As sub analysis, we compared patients with CVT without DMVT association to patients with isolated DMVT. Materials and Methods Study design and population We conducted an observational, retrospective, longitudinal, non-profit, and non-sponsored study, including patients who presented between 2002 and 2023 with an episode of CVT within the first 28 days of corrected age, and who were admitted and/or transferred at the Department of Women's and Children's Health of the University Hospital of Padova. Cases of CVT were collected through the Italian Registry of Pediatric Thrombosis (RITI) [ 12 ]. Diagnosis of CVT and DMVT were revised by an expert neuroradiologist, who reexamined all the cerebral MRI scans using a standardized protocol [ 5 ]. Specifically, risk factors, historical and clinical data of the groups, as well as therapy and outcomes, were analyzed. Structure of RITI RITI is a non-interventional, retrospective, and prospective registry designed to support the study of arterial and venous thromboembolic events, both cerebral and systemic, in neonates and children. It collects anonymized data from neonatal and pediatric patients (ages 0–18) who have experienced a cerebral or systemic thrombotic event in Italy. The registry is structured into four scientific groups, each dedicated to one of the four chapters of interest: neonatal cerebral thromboembolism, neonatal systemic thromboembolism, pediatric cerebral thromboembolism, and pediatric systemic thromboembolism. Inclusion in RITI does not require additional diagnostic or therapeutic procedures beyond those related to standard clinical practice. Data is directly entered into the RITI platform by trained physicians after their registration on RITI's platform ( https://www.trombosiinfantili.info/ ). The data collection system is based on two separate web platforms to store personal and clinical data separately, in compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Site personnel access a secure web platform used for patient registration and pseudonymization. Access is protected by a personal username and password. Patient's personal data is entered into the system, and a unique alphanumeric code is generated for each patient. Study data were collected and managed using Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) tools hosted at Padua University Hospital. [ 13 , 14 ] Statistical analysis Patients with CVT were categorized into: Group 1 " subjects with CVT without DMVT”, and Group 2: “subjects with DMVT”. Within the Group 2, we identified newborns with isolated DMVT (Group 3) and those with DMVT and CVT in other districts (Group 4) (Fig. 1 ). Continuous variables were reported using median and interquartile range (I–III quartile), and categorical variables with absolute number and percentage (relative frequencies). Baseline characteristics were compared using the Wilcoxon or the Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test for continuous variables and the Chi-square test or the Fisher exact for categorical ones. For all analyses, a two-sided p < 0.05 was considered to be significant. Statistical analyses were performed using the R System version 4.2.1. The study received the local Ethics Committee approval (Protocol#1653P) and each parent signed an informed consent for data collection and extraction for the study. Results Forty-two patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) were identified from the RITI registry. Of these, 27 out of 42 (64%) experienced an episode of CVT without involvement of the medullary veins, while the remaining 15 out of 42 (36%) presented with deep medullary vein thrombosis (DMVT). Among the DMVT cases, 9 newborns (21%) had isolated deep medullary vein thrombosis (isolated DMVT), and 6 (14%) had deep medullary vein thrombosis with associated involvement of at least one other cerebral venous vessel (DMVT with other CVT). Overall, 59% of the cases involved male patients, a prevalence also observed within the subgroups (Table 1 ). Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the groups Group 1 CVT n = 27 Group 2 DMVT+/-CVT n = 15 Group 3 DMVT n = 9 Group 4 DMVT + CVT n = 6 Total n = 42 Neonatal risk factors Male sex 56% (15/27) 64% (9/14) 56% (5/9) 80% (4/5) 59% (24/41) Caucasian 89% (24/27) 85% (11/13) 88% (7/8) 80% (4/5) 88% (35/40) Asian 4% (1/27) 8% (1/13) 12% (1/8) 0% (0/5) 5% (2/40) African 4% (1/27) 0% (0/13) 0% (0/8) 0% (0/5) 2,5% (1/40) Cesarean 27% (7/26) 21% (3/14) 11% (1) 33% (2/5) 25% (10/40) Complicated delivery 38% (10/26) 36% (5/14) 22%(2/9) 60% (3/5) 38% (15/40) Need for neonatal resuscitation in delivery room 41% (11/27) 27% (4/15) 11% (1/9) 50% (3/6) 36%(15/42) Prematurity 41% (11/27) 43,1%(6/14) 33% (3) 60% (3/5) 40% (17/41) Congenital cardiopathy PDA PFO 48%(13/27) 4% (1/27) 11% (3/27) 47%(7/15) 7% (1/15) 20% (3/15) 22% (2/9) 0% (0/9) 0% (0/9) 83%(5/6) 17% (1/6) 50% (3/6) 48% (20/42) 3/42 (7%) 9/42 (21%) Fetal Thrombosis 4% (1) 0% (0/15) 0% (0/9) 0% (0/6) 2% (1/42) Sepsis 15% (5/27) 40% (6/15) 44% (4/9) 33% (2/6) 24% (11/42) Apgar score < 7 at 5’ 26% (7/27) 40% (6/15) 44% (4/9) 33% (2/6) 31%(13/42) Maternal risk factors Assisted reproductive technology 16% (4/25) 25% (3/12) 29% (2/7) 20% (1/5) 19% (7/37) Vaginal swab + 4% (1/25) 15% (2/13) 25% (2/8) 0% (0/5) 8% (3/38) PROM 4% (1/25) 23% (3/13) 25% (2/8) 20% (1/5) 11% (4/38) Infection during pregnancy 8% (2/25) 15% (2/13) 25% (2/8) 0% (0/5) 10% (4/38) Preeclampsia/Hypertension 4% (1/27) 0% (0/13) 0% (0/8) 40% (2/5) 7% (3/41) Gestational diabetes 0% (0/27) 0% (0/13) 0% (0/8) 0% (0/5) 0% (0/41) Familiar history of thromboembolism 11% (3/27) 14% (2/14) 0% (0/9) 40% (2/5) 12% (5/41) Anticoagulation 7% (2/27) 0% (0/14) 0% (0/9) 0% (0/5) 5% (2/41) Thrombophilia 48% (11/23) 43% (3/7) 67% (2/3) 25% (1/4) 42% (14/30) V Leiden factor 7% (2/23) 0% (0/7) 0% (0/3) 0% (0/4) 7% (2/30) PT- g20210a mutation 4% (1/23) 0% (0/7) 0% (0/3) 0% (0/4) 3% (1/30) Protein c deficiency 4% (1/23) 0% (0/7) 33% (1/3) 0% (0/4) 7% (2/30) Others 30% (8/23) 0% (0/7) 33% (1/3) 25% (1/4) 33% (10/30) Autoimmune disorders 0% (0/27) 7% (1/14) 0% (0/9) 20% (1/5) 2% (1/41) Placentar disorders 8% (2/24) 8% (1/13) 12% (1/8) 0% (0/5) 8% (3/37) Risk factors Various risk factors were identified, including complicated delivery (15/40, 38% of cases), prematurity (17/42, 40%, with a higher incidence in Group 4), Apgar score below 7 or the need for neonatal resuscitation in the delivery room (13/42, 31%), cardiac congenital conditions (20/42, 48%), and sepsis (6/15, 40% of DMVT cases). A history of thromboembolism in parents and/or family members of the highest second degree was reported in 5 out of 41 cases (12%). Additionally, seven out of 37 newborns (19%) were conceived using medically assisted procreation (MAP). Clinical presentation Eighty percent of newborns exhibited clinical symptoms, such as seizures (22/42, 52%), lethargy (15/42, 36%) and irritability (5/42, 12%). The median onset of symptoms for all patients was 8 days, with an interquartile range (IQR) between 4 and 14 days. The remaining 20% of asymptomatic patients underwent a cerebral MRI after routine cranial ultrasound, revealing abnormal echogenicity. Eighty-eight percent of patients (37 out of 42) required admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. (Table 2 ) Table 2 Clinical and neuroradiological characteristics Group 1 CVT n = 27 Group 2 DMVT+/-CVT n = 15 Group 3 DMVT n = 9 Group 4 DMVT + CVT n = 6 Total n = 42 Onset (days), Median (IQR) 8 (4–14) 7 (4–12) 6 (4–9) 10 (7–19) 6 (4–13) NICU stay 89% (24/26) 87% (13/15) 78% (7/9) 100% (6/6) 88% (37/40) Symptoms 81% (1/26) 86% (12/14) 78% (7/9) 100% (5/5) 83% (33/40) Seizures 52% (14/27) 20% (3/15) 44% (4/9) 67% (4/6) 52% (22/42) Fever 0% (0/27) 20% (3/15) 33% (3/9) 0% (0/6) 2% (1/42) Vomit 0% (0/27) 0% (0/15) 0% (0/9) 17% (1/6) 2,4% (1/42) Feeding problems 11% (3/27) 13% (2/15) 0% (0/9) 0% (0/6) 7% (3/42) Irritability 11% (3/27) 13% (2/15) 22% (2/9) 0% (0/6) 12% (5/42) Drowsiness 41% (11/27) 53% (8/15) 22% (2/9) 33% (2/6) 36% (15/42) Hypo/Hypertonus 44% (12/42) 40% (6/15) 33% (3/9) 50% (3/6) 43% (18/42) MRI 93% (25/27) 93% (14/15) 100% (9/9) 83% (5/6) 93% (39/42) Edema 0% (0/25) 13% (2/14) 0% (0/9) 30% (2/5) 5% (2/39) Left side lesion 11% (1/9) 20% (1/5) 0%(0/2) 33% (1/3) 16% (3/19) Right side lesion 44% (4/9) 40% (2/5) 50% (1/2) 33% (1/3) 44% (8/18) Bilateral lesions 44% (4/9) 40% (2/5) 50% (1/2) 33% (1/3) 42% (8/19) Frontal lesion 20% (1/5) 43% (3/7) 50% (2/4) 33% (1/3) 37% (7/19) Temporal lesion 60% (3/5) 43% (3/7) 50% (2/4) 33% (1/3) 47% (9/19) Parietal lesion 0% (0/5) 29% (2/7) 25% (1/4) 33% (1/3) 21% (4/19) Occipital lesion 40% (2/5) 43% (3/7) 25% (1/4) 67% (2/3) 42% (8/19) Internal capsule region lesion 20% (1/5) 29% (2/7) 25% (1/4) 33% (1/3) 26% (5/19) Thalamus lesion 0% (0/5) 29% (2/7) 25% (1/4) 33% (1/3) 21% (4/19) Posterior fossa lesion 0% (0/5) 8% (1/7) 0% (0/4) 33% (1/3) 11% (2/19) Hemorrhagic infarction 48% (12/25) 67% (10/14) 77% (7/9) 60% (3/5) 52% (22/39) Intraparenchymal hemorrhage 11% (3/25) 47% (7/14) 56% (5/9) 33% (2/5) 24% (10/39) Therapy 30% (8/27) 47% (7/15) 22% (2/9) 83% (5/6) 36% (15/42) Unfractionated Heparin (UFH) 19% (5/27) 13% (2/15) (0%0/9) 33% (2/6) 21% (7/42) Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) 19% (5/27) 47% (7/15) 22% (2/9) 83% (5/6) 29% (12/42) Radiological presentation Thirty-nine out of 42 patients (93%) underwent a brain MRI, with 36% of all thrombotic lesions (14 out of 39) located on the right side or bilaterally. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage and hemorrhagic infarction were identified in 7 out of 9 (86%) and 5 out of 9 (77%) of DMVT patients, respectively. No ischemic lesions were identified. (Table 2 ) Neurological impairment and follow-up The median hospitalization duration for these patients was 34 days (IQR 20–48 days), with one patient died during their hospital stay. Neurological deficits were present in 20 out of 42 newborns (48%) at discharge, with 10 out of 42 (24%) experiencing motor impairment. The median follow-up duration for DMVT patients was 1.5 years, longer for CVT patients (3.6 years, IQR 1.43–7.07), and was available for 31 out of 42 patients. Eighteen out of 31 infants presented one or more neurological deficits, particularly motor impairment, 4 out of 31, 13% (Table 3 ). Table 3 Short and long term outcomes Group 1 CVT n = 27 Group 2 DMVT+/-CVT n = 15 Group 3 DMVT n = 9 Group 4 DMVT + CVT n = 6 Total n = 42 Relapse 4% (1/27) (0/15) 0% (0/9) 0% (0/6) 2.4% (1/42) Death 0% (0/27) 7% (1/15) 11% (1/9) 0% (0/6) 2% (1/42) Discharge days, median (IQR) 35 (21–50) 33(19–36) 33(19–36) 32 (30–53) 34 (20–48) Seizures 30% (8/27) 33% (5/15) 44%(4/9) 17% (1/6) 32% (13/42) Antiseizure drugs 26% (7/27) 20% (3/15) 33% (3/9) 0% (0/6) 24% (10/42) Abnormal neurological examination at discharge 48% (13/27) 47% (7/15) 33% (3/9) 67% (4/6) 48% (20/42) Motor impairment 26% (7/27) 20% (3/15) 22% (2/9) 17% (1/6) 24% (10/42) Tonus 26% (7/27) 33% (5/15) 22% (2/9) 50% (3/6) 29% (12/42) Visual impairment 30% (8/27) 13% (2/15) 11% (1/9) 17% (1/6) 24% (10/42) Hearing impairment 4% (1/27) 0% (0/15) 0% (0/9) 0% (0/6) 2.4% (1/42) Age at last follow-up visit (years) Median (IQR) 3,61 (1,43 − 7,07) 1,42 (0,63 − 2,84) 1,5 (0,69 − 2,84) 1,3 (0,92 − 2,13) 3,01 (1,13, 6,07) Relapse 4% (1/27) (0/15) 0% (0/9) 0% (0/6) 2.4% (1/42) Death 0% (0/27) 7% (1/15) 11% (1/9) 0% (0/6) 2% (1/42) Non standardized neurological examination 48% (10/21) 79% (7/10) 67% (4/6) 75% (3/4) 55% (17/31) Cognitive impairment 5% (1/21) 10% (1/10) 0%(0/6) 25% (1/4) 7% (2/31) Behavioral impairment 5% (1/21) 10% (1/10) 0% (0/6) 25% (1/4) 7% (2/31) Motor impairment 5% (1/21) 30% (3/10) 33% (2/6) 25% (1/4) 13% (4/31) Muscular tone abnormality 5% (1/21) 10% (1/10) 0% (0/6) 25% (1/4) 7% (2/31) Visual impairment 0% (0/21) 0% (0/10) 0% (0/6) 0% (0/4) 0% (0/31) Hearing impairment 0% (0/21) 0% (0/10) 0% (0/6) 0% (0/4) 0% (0/31) One or more neurological deficits 52% (11/21) 70% (7/10) 67% (4/6) 75% (3/4) 58% (18/31) Comparison between CVT and DMVT Statistical analysis comparing Group 1 (CVT without DMVT) and Group 3 (isolated DMVT) revealed no statistically significant differences for most variables considered (Table 4 ). However, regarding risk factors, the incidence of maternal infection during pregnancy, positive vaginal swab, and prolonged rupture of the membrane was higher in Group 3 (25%) compared to Group 1, which were 4% and 8%, respectively. Additionally, 4 out of 9 newborns (44%) developed neonatal sepsis in Group 3 vs. 5 out of 27 (15%) in Group 1, with p = 0.05. Table 4 Comparison between group 1 (CVT without DMVT) and group 3 (isolated DMVT) Group 1 CVT n = 27 Group 3 DMVT n = 9 p- value Maternal risk factors Assisted reproductive technology 16% (4/25) 29% (2/7) 0.6 Vaginal swab + 4% (1/25) 25% (2/8) 0.14 PROM 4% (1/25) 25% (2/8) 0.14 Infection during pregnancy 8% (2/25) 25% (2/8) 0.2 Preeclampsia/Hypertension 4% (1/27) 0% (0/8) 0.4 Gestational diabetes 0% (0/27) 0% (0/8) 0.4 Familiar history of thromboembolism 11% (3/27) 0% (0/9) 0.6 Anticoagulation 7% (2/27) 0% (0/9) > 0.9 Autoimmune disorders 0% (0/27) 0% (0/9) > 0.9 Placental disorders 8% (2/24) 12% (1/8) 0.8 Neonatal risk factors Male sex 56% (15/27) 56% (5/9) > 0.9 Prematurity 41% (11/27) 33% (3/9) > 0.9 Congenital cardiopathy PDA PFO 48%(13/27) 4% (1/27) 11% (3/27) 22% (2/9) 0% (0/9) 0% (0/9) 0.3 > 0.9 > 0.9 Vasculopathy 4% (1) 0% (0/9) > 0.9 Sepsis 15% (5/27) 44% (4/9) 0.05 Apgar score 0.9 Thrombophilia 50% (11/22) 25% (1/4) 0.036 Clinical characteristics Onset (days), Median (IQR) 8 (4–14) 6 (4–9) 0.7 Seizures 52% (14/27) 44% (4/9) > 0.9 Fever 0% (0/27) 33% (3/9) 0.3 Vomit 0% (0/27) 0% (0/9) > 0.9 Feeding problems 11% (3/27) 0% (0/9) 0.6 Irritability 11% (3/27) 22% (2/9) 0.6 Drowsiness 41% (11/27) 22% (2/9) 0.4 Hypotonus 44% (12/42) 33% (3/9) 0.7 Hypertonus 19% (5/27) 0% (0/9) 0.3 Radiological findings MRI 93% (25/27) 100% (9/9) > 0.9 Edema 0% (0/25) 0% (0/9) > 0.9 Hemorrhagic infarction 48% (12/25) 77% (7/9) 0.6 Intraparenchymal hemorrhage 11% (3/25) 56% (5/9) 0.013 Therapy Yes 30% (8/27) 22% (2/9) > 0.9 Unfractionated Heparin (UFH) 19% (5/27) 0% (0/9) 0.3 LMWH 19% (5/27) 22% (2/9) > 0.9 Short and long term follow up Relapse 4% (1/27) 0% (0/9) 0.3 Death 0% (0/27) 11% (1/9) 0.3 Discharge days M (IQR) 35 (21–50) 33(19–36) 0.5 Seizures 30%(8/27) 44%(4/9) 0.7 Antiepileptic drugs 26%(7/27) 33% (3/9) 0.7 Abnormal neurological examination at discharge 48% (13/27) 33% (3/9) 0.5 Motor impairment 26% (7/27) 22% (2/9) > 0.9 Tonus 26% (7/27) 22% (2/9) > 0.9 Visual impairment 30% (8/27) 11% (1/9) 0.4 Hearing impairment 4% (1/27) 0% (0/9) > 0.9 Age at last follow-up visit (years) Median (IQR) 3.61 (1.43–7.07) 1.5 (0.69–2.84) 0.049 Relapse 4% (1/27) 0% (0/9) > 0.9 Death 0% (0/27) 11% (1/9) 0.4 Non standardized neurological examination 48% (10/21) 67% (4/6) 0.4 Cognitive impairment 5% (1/21) 0% (0/6) 0.5 Behavioral impairment 5% (1/21) 0% (0/6) 0.7 Motor impairment 5% (1/21) 33% (2/6) > 0.9 Tonus 5% (1/21) 0% (0/6) 0.7 Visual impairment 0% (0/21) 0% (0/6) 0.3 Hearing impairment 0% (0/21) 0% (0/6) > 0.9 On the contrary, the impact of thrombophilia appears to be less implicated in the development of DMVT than CVT without medullary involvement (25% vs. 50%, respectively, p < 0.05). Placenta disorders were similar in the two groups (8% vs. 12% in Group 1 and 3, respectively). Seizures were the most common symptoms for both groups (52% in Group 1 vs. 44% in Group 3). From a radiological perspective, the hemorrhagic evolution of brain lesions in Group 3 patients was significantly higher compared to Group 1 patients (56% vs. 11%, p 0.013, refer to Table 5 ). No significant differences emerged in the anticoagulant treatment received by the two groups: LWMH seemed the most preferred choice, as well as neurological impairment at discharge and at follow-up (refer to Table 5 ). The median at follow-up was statistically different between the two groups (3.6 years vs. 1.5 years in Group 1 and 3, respectively, p 0.049). Table 5 comparison between patients treated and not treated with heparin. Patients treated with heparin (UFH or LMWH) (n = 15) Patients not treated with heparin (UFH or LMWH) (n = 27) P values Clinical and radiological characteristics Onset (days), Median (IQR) 9 (6–21) 6 (4–12) 0.2 NICU stay 2 / 15 (13%) 3 / 27 (11%) > 0.9 Symptoms 12/15 (80%) 21/27 (78%) > 0.9 MRI 14 / 15 (93%) 25 / 27 (93%) > 0.9 Edema 2 / 15 (13%) 0 / 27 (0%) 0.12 Hemorrhagic infarction 5 / 15 (33%) 17 / 27 (63%) 0.065 Straight sinus thrombosis 4 / 15 (27%) 0 / 27 (0%) 0.012 Internal cerebral vein thrombosis 3 / 15 (20%) 0 / 27 (0%) 0.040 Short and long term outcomes Relapse during hospital stay 1 / 15 (6.7%) 0 / 27 (0%) 0.4 Death 0 / 15 (0%) 1 / 27 (3.8%) > 0.9 Discharge days M (IQR) 30 (25–38) 37 (18–51) > 0.9 Seizures at discharge 5/ 15 (33%) 8/ 26 (31%) > 0.9 Antiepileptic drugs 2/5 (40%) 1/8 (13%) 0.5 Abnormal neurological examination at discharge 8 / 15 (53%) 12 / 26 (46%) 0.7 Motor impairment 3 / 15 (20%) 7 / 27 (26%) > 0.9 Tonus 4 / 15 (27%) 8 / 27 (30%) > 0.9 Visual impairment 11 / 15 (73%) 7 / 27 (26%) > 0.9 Hearing impairment 3 / 15 (20%) 1 / 27 (3.7%) > 0.9 Lost at follow up 3/15 (20%) 8/27 (30%) > 0.9 Last follow up visit age (years) Median (IQR) 1.52 (0.58–5.52) 3.01 (1.48–6.04) 0.4 Relapse 5 / 12 (42%) 10 / 19 (53%) 0.6 Epilepsy 1 / 12 (8.3%) 1 / 19 (5.3%) > 0.9 One or more neurological deficits 5 / 12 (42%) 13 / 19 (68%) 0.14 Therapy Antithrombotic treatment was administered in 15 out of 42 patients (36%), mainly low weight molecular heparin (LWMH). A comparison between treated and non-treated patients revealed no significant differences in terms of hospitalization duration and short- and long-term neurological outcomes (Table 5 ). Thrombosis of the straight vein and internal cerebral vein were statistically more treated (p 0.012 and 0.040, respectively). Discussion To our knowledge, this is one of the main single-center series of patients with neonatal CVT and DMVT. In the entire Paduan cohort as well as in all subgroups, there is a preponderance of the male sex in analogy with what is also reported in the literature. [ 1 , 8 ] In the population investigated, no significant family history of thromboembolism emerged. In purely speculative terms, the absence of family history of thromboembolism could be considered an indirect demonstration of the predominantly acquired nature of the neonatal cerebral venous thrombotic phenomenon. [ 15 ] Furthermore, the absence of a consistent finding of fetal thrombosis in patients (only one in our population) places the cerebral venous thrombotic phenomenon, especially that of the medullary veins, in a neonatal/perinatal rather than prenatal context, stressing the important role of causal factors attributable to the perinatal period. [ 16 , 17 ] Analyzing the maternal risk factors, almost a fifth of newborns with cerebral venous thrombosis were conceived using medically assisted procreation (MAP). This percentage is significantly higher than the 2.8% reported in Italy by the ISS (Istituto Superiore di Sanità) in 2020 for the general population,[ 18 ] suggesting a potential association between MAP and thrombotic risk in the newborn, which however were not previously reported. The presence of risk factors of placental origin, predominantly infectious, had been identified in approximately 8% of our population, which raised to 12% if we consider exclusively patients with DMVT. Furthermore, approximately one third of patients with DMVT were born through a complicated birth, (i.e. urgent caesarean section or dystocic vaginal delivery). There is a lack of reference data in the literature regarding this group and the expansion of the population could be useful to verify any associations. In relation to neonatal risk factors, one third of patients with DMVT and two thirds of patients with DMVT associated with thrombosis in other intracerebral venous sites, was born preterm. Similar results were also obtained regarding the need for neonatal resuscitation and low Apgar score. Considerations related to low birth weight are limited by the fact that in the register this data was not associated to gestational age. Unlike neonatal arterial stroke, in which there is a relatively high rate of congenital heart disease, 39.5% in the Italian registry [ 12 ], only 10% of newborns with CVT were affected. Analyzing the subgroups, in approximately one fifth of the subjects with CVT without DMVT there was a major congenital heart disease (excluding patent ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale), while this condition was not diagnosed in any of the patients with DMVT. The finding of a neonatal infection was rather common in our cohort, affecting approximately a quarter of cases, similar to other case series previously reported.[ 19 ] In particular, infectious events reached a higher percentage in the case of involvement of the medullary veins (40% of newborns). Onset of symptoms within the first 7–10 days of life was comparable to data previously reported. [ 1 , 8 ] This timing was very different from other neonatal neurological conditions, such as hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy which manifested itself in the first 12 hours of life or arterial ischemic stroke which presented with epileptic seizures starting from 72 hours of life.[ 1 , 8 ] We highlighted that 20% of newborn with CVT was asymptomatic and the diagnosis represented an incidental finding to the cranial ultrasound. This data was also confirmed by considering the subgroup of patients with isolated DMVT, unlike previously reported. [ 8 ] This discrepancy suggested that this condition could sometimes be underdiagnosed due to the presence of asymptomatic patients. In any case, seizures were the predominant clinical presentation in all subgroups, which, similarly to the literature, occurred in approximately 50% of cases, followed by drowsiness and irritability.[ 20 ] Regarding the radiological presentation, in the present study we analyzed parenchymal involvement secondary to the thrombotic event. The data relating to the occurrence of parenchymal lesions was similar to previously published data about isolated DMVT. [ 21 – 24 ] As previously reported, DMVT was associated to hemorrhagic venous infarctions in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. [ 25 – 28 ] Therapy of neonatal CVT is a controversial topic: there are no definitive therapeutic guidelines, and the decision of starting treatment is often left to physician’s personal experience. In our case series, a third of total CVT received anticoagulation treatment, of which a quarter of patients with isolated DMVT. This data was comparable to those previously reported. [ 1 , 8 ] More than a half of the subjects had no neurological impairment at discharge, which is similar to previous published data.[ 29 ] From the comparison between the two groups, no statistically significant differences emerged from the point of view of clinical presentation, and outcomes, even if patients with isolated DMVT. Regarding risk factors, sepsis and thrombophilia seemed to be more related to isolated DMVT and CVT respectively. Hemorrhagic lesions appeared to be more common in case of isolated DMVT. This could be explained by a greater fragility of small caliber vessels of the deep cerebral venous circulation. Furthermore, the vulnerability of the periventricular regions, sites of the well-known periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), whose multifactorial genesis included also prematurity, which presented 33% of DMVT newborns. [ 30 , 31 ] Comparing our DMVT case series to recent systematic review conducted by Pin et al, [ 8 ] our cohort differed for the presence of asymptomatic patients, for the higher incidence of uneventful pregnancies and the lack of family history of thromboembolism. However, a greater tendency towards neonatal thrombophilia was observed within our population, although this data was limited to a few patients for whom the outcome of thrombophilic tests were known (3 out of 9). Limitations Some limitations must be taken into consideration for the correct interpretation of this study. First of all, the small number of the sample did not allow us to identify statistically significant differences for most of the variables. Secondly, the retrospective nature of the study can lead to distortions and missed data. Consulting multiple sources, both paper and electronic data, as well as reviewing brain MRIs with an expert neuroradiologist was attempted in order to improve the quality of the research. Although the Department of Women's and Children's Health of Padua is a Hub third level neonatal stroke unit, our study is monocentric. Finally, we cannot ignore the paucity of data regarding long term follow up both clinical and radiological. Conclusions This study provided a quite large analysis of CVT with or without DMVT diagnosed at the Department of Woman’s and Child’s Health of the University Hospital of Padua over the past two decades and highlighted the importance of studying the deep medullary vein thrombosis phenomenon, often misdiagnosed. DMVT represented an important entity compared to other cerebral venous thromboses, which occurred in over a third of neonates with CVT. Multicentric, prospective studies are needed to create standardized protocols regarding therapy, neuroimaging and follow up of these patients. Declarations Acknowledgments We thank GIRTI (Italian Group for the Registry of Infantile Thrombosis) and ALT (Associazione per la Lotta alla Trombosi e alle malattie cerebrovascolari) for the support to the RITI registry received over the years. This work was carried out within the project «Pediatric thrombosis» (DOR2211211), PI prof. Stefano Sartori, University of Padova, Italy. Statement of Ethics: The study protocol complied with the Helsinki Declaration and was notified to the Institutional Ethical Committee in Padua. Parents signed an informed consent for data collection and study inclusion. Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to this article to disclose. Funding support statement: There was no source of funding for this study. Contributors’ Statement: Dr Cavicchiolo, Dr Sartori and Dr Pin conceived the study and drafted the initial manuscript, in collaboration with Dr. Ancona and Dr Toldo. Dr. Vincenti and Dr. D’Errico collected data and reviewed the MRIs of the patients. Dr. Brigiari run the statistical part. Dr Nosadini, Dr Baraldi and Dr Simioni critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. References Ropper, A. H. & Klein, J. P. Cerebral Venous Thrombosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 385, 59–64 (2021). Mankad, K. et al. Venous pathologies in paediatric neuroradiology: from foetal to adolescent life. Neuroradiology 62, 15–37 (2020). Lee, S. et al. Pathways for Neuroimaging of Neonatal Stroke. Pediatr. Neurol. 69, 37–48 (2017). Arrigoni, F. et al. Deep Medullary Vein Involvement in Neonates with Brain Damage: An MR Imaging Study. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 32, 2030–2036 (2011). MR Imaging Scoring System for White Matter Injury after Deep Medullary Vein Thrombosis and Infarction in Neonates | American Journal of Neuroradiology. https://www.ajnr.org/content/40/2/347. Cain, D. W., Dingman, A. L., Stence, N. V., Jensen, A. M. & Mirsky, D. M. Subpial Hemorrhage of the Neonate. Stroke 51, 315–318 (2020). Miller, J. H., Bardo, D. M. E. & Cornejo, P. Neonatal Neuroimaging. Semin. Pediatr. Neurol. 33, 100796 (2020). Pin, J. N. et al. Deep Medullary Vein Thrombosis in Newborns: A Systematic Literature Review. Neonatology 1–9 (2023) doi:10.1159/000530647. Raju, T. N. K., Nelson, K. B., Ferriero, D., Lynch, J. K., & and the NICHD-NINDS Perinatal Stroke Workshop Participants. Ischemic Perinatal Stroke: Summary of a Workshop Sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Pediatrics 120, 609–616 (2007). Govaert, P., Ramenghi, L., Taal, R., De Vries, L. & DeVeber, G. Diagnosis of perinatal stroke I: definitions, differential diagnosis and registration. Acta Paediatr. 98, 1556–1567 (2009). Ferriero, D. M. et al. Management of Stroke in Neonates and Children: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 50, e51–e96 (2019). Pelizza, M. F. et al. The new Italian registry of infantile thrombosis (RITI): A reflection on its journey, challenges and pitfalls. Front. Pediatr. 11, 1094246 (2023). PA Harris, R Taylor, R Thielke, J Payne, N Gonzalez, JG. Conde, Research electronic data capture (REDCap) – A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support, J Biomed Inform. 2009 Apr;42(2):377-81. PA Harris, R Taylor, BL Minor, V Elliott, M Fernandez, L O’Neal, L McLeod, G Delacqua, F Delacqua, J Kirby, SN Duda, REDCap Consortium, The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software partners, J Biomed Inform. 2019 May 9 [doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103208] Schmidt, B. & Andrew, M. Neonatal thrombosis: report of a prospective Canadian and international registry. Pediatrics 96, 939–943 (1995). Monagle, P. et al. Developmental haemostasis. Impact for clinical haemostasis laboratories. Thromb. Haemost. 95, 362–372 (2006). Kenet, G., Cohen, O., Bajorat, T. & Nowak-Göttl, U. Insights into neonatal thrombosis. Thromb. Res. 181, S33–S36 (2019). Istituto Superiore della Sanità, registro PMA. Available at: https://www.iss.it/rpma, last access November 2023 Sorg, A.-L. et al. Incidence and risk factors of cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in infants. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 63, 697–704 (2021). Nowak-Göttl, U., Duering, C., Kempf-Bielack, B. & Sträter, R. Thromboembolic diseases in neonates and children. Pathophysiol. Haemost. Thromb. 33, 269–274 (2003). Claessens, N. H. P. et al. Clinical and neuroimaging characteristics of cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 155, 1150–1158 (2018). Stam, J. Thrombosis of the Cerebral Veins and Sinuses. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 1791–1798 (2005). Nwosu, M. E., Williams, L. S., Edwards-Brown, M., Eckert, G. J. & Golomb, M. R. Neonatal Sinovenous Thrombosis: Presentation and Association With Imaging. Pediatr. Neurol. 39, 155–161 (2008). Deep Medullary Vein White Matter Injury Global Severity Score Predicts Neurodevelopmental Impairment - Kristen L. Benninger, Tara L. Benninger, Melissa Moore-Clingenpeel, Lynne Ruess, Jerome A. Rusin, Nathalie L. Maitre, 2021. Teksam, M., Moharir, M., deVeber, G. & Shroff, M. Frequency and Topographic Distribution of Brain Lesions in Pediatric Cerebral Venous Thrombosis. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 29, 1961–1965 (2008). Huang, A. H. & Robertson, R. L. Spontaneous Superficial Parenchymal and Leptomeningeal Hemorrhage in Term Neonates. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 25, 469–475 (2004). Okudera, T. et al. Micro-angiographical studies of the medullary venous system of the cerebral hemisphere. Neuropathology 19, 93–111 (1999). Khalatbari, H. et al. Deep medullary vein engorgement and superficial medullary vein engorgement: two patterns of perinatal venous stroke. Pediatr. Radiol. 51, 675–685 (2021). Kersbergen, K. J., Groenendaal, F., Benders, M. J. N. L. & de Vries, L. S. Neonatal Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis: Neuroimaging and Long-term Follow-up. J. Child Neurol. 26, 1111–1120 (2011). Wu, Y. W. et al. Intraventricular hemorrhage in term neonates caused by sinovenous thrombosis. Ann. Neurol. 54, 123–126 (2003). Konanki, R., Varma, D. R., Ratha, C., Lingappa, L. & Shah, N. Teaching NeuroImages: Fetal deep medullary vein thrombosis presenting as progressive intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 85, e5–e6 (2015). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 May, 2024 Read the published version in European Journal of Pediatrics → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 13 Apr, 2024 Reviews received at journal 10 Apr, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Mar, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 24 Mar, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 12 Mar, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 12 Mar, 2024 First submitted to journal 08 Mar, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4047776","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":278563664,"identity":"2c5a76f9-212e-485d-9867-e858742ad097","order_by":0,"name":"Maria Elena 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process\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4047776/v1/37671984379120623c1bc005.png"},{"id":60802722,"identity":"a9b8424c-780c-4de6-bc50-57a139db4a35","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-22 09:21:42","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1200740,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4047776/v1/c581eccc-b1bd-46ba-8d5f-24370f2fc981.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Cerebral venous thrombosis and deep medullary vein thrombosis: Padua experience over the last two decades","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) in the neonatal period is a recognized cerebrovascular disorder accounting for 20% of perinatal strokes. Incidence varies, with CVT occurring in 0.67 to 1\u0026ndash;12 per 100,000 neonates.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] More recently, thanks to advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), two additional patterns of perinatal CVT have been recognized, caused by the interruption of blood flow in smaller intracerebral veins, without concomitant cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CSVT).[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR3 CR4 CR5\" citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] These patterns are perinatal venous stroke associated with congestion of the deep medullary vein (DMVT) and congestion of the superficial medullary veins [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR3 CR4 CR5 CR6\" citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Congestion of deep and superficial medullary veins may be present with or without associated cerebral parenchymal alterations. Often underdiagnosed due to asymptomatic or pauci-symptomatic cases, etiology of CVT is mostly multifactorial, including perinatal, maternal, and inherited disorders of the coagulation system [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR9 CR10\" citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aims to analyze neonatal CVT, with a focus on deep medullary vein involvement. The research explores epidemiological, etiopathogenetic, neuroradiological, therapeutic, and short-term disability characteristics. As sub analysis, we compared patients with CVT without DMVT association to patients with isolated DMVT.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy design and population\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe conducted an observational, retrospective, longitudinal, non-profit, and non-sponsored study, including patients who presented between 2002 and 2023 with an episode of CVT within the first 28 days of corrected age, and who were admitted and/or transferred at the Department of Women's and Children's Health of the University Hospital of Padova. Cases of CVT were collected through the Italian Registry of Pediatric Thrombosis (RITI) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Diagnosis of CVT and DMVT were revised by an expert neuroradiologist, who reexamined all the cerebral MRI scans using a standardized protocol [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Specifically, risk factors, historical and clinical data of the groups, as well as therapy and outcomes, were analyzed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStructure of RITI\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRITI is a non-interventional, retrospective, and prospective registry designed to support the study of arterial and venous thromboembolic events, both cerebral and systemic, in neonates and children. It collects anonymized data from neonatal and pediatric patients (ages 0\u0026ndash;18) who have experienced a cerebral or systemic thrombotic event in Italy. The registry is structured into four scientific groups, each dedicated to one of the four chapters of interest: neonatal cerebral thromboembolism, neonatal systemic thromboembolism, pediatric cerebral thromboembolism, and pediatric systemic thromboembolism. Inclusion in RITI does not require additional diagnostic or therapeutic procedures beyond those related to standard clinical practice. Data is directly entered into the RITI platform by trained physicians after their registration on RITI's platform (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.trombosiinfantili.info/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.trombosiinfantili.info/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). The data collection system is based on two separate web platforms to store personal and clinical data separately, in compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Site personnel access a secure web platform used for patient registration and pseudonymization. Access is protected by a personal username and password. Patient's personal data is entered into the system, and a unique alphanumeric code is generated for each patient. Study data were collected and managed using Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) tools hosted at Padua University Hospital. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatients with CVT were categorized into: Group 1 \" subjects with CVT without DMVT\u0026rdquo;, and Group 2: \u0026ldquo;subjects with DMVT\u0026rdquo;. Within the Group 2, we identified newborns with isolated DMVT (Group 3) and those with DMVT and CVT in other districts (Group 4) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Continuous variables were reported using median and interquartile range (I\u0026ndash;III quartile), and categorical variables with absolute number and percentage (relative frequencies). Baseline characteristics were compared using the Wilcoxon or the Kruskal\u0026ndash;Wallis rank sum test for continuous variables and the Chi-square test or the Fisher exact for categorical ones. For all analyses, a two-sided p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered to be significant. Statistical analyses were performed using the R System version 4.2.1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The study received the local Ethics Committee approval (Protocol#1653P) and each parent signed an informed consent for data collection and extraction for the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eForty-two patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) were identified from the RITI registry. Of these, 27 out of 42 (64%) experienced an episode of CVT without involvement of the medullary veins, while the remaining 15 out of 42 (36%) presented with deep medullary vein thrombosis (DMVT). Among the DMVT cases, 9 newborns (21%) had isolated deep medullary vein thrombosis (isolated DMVT), and 6 (14%) had deep medullary vein thrombosis with associated involvement of at least one other cerebral venous vessel (DMVT with other CVT). Overall, 59% of the cases involved male patients, a prevalence also observed within the subgroups (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics of the groups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCVT\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDMVT+/-CVT\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDMVT\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDMVT\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;CVT\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"11\" rowspan=\"12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNeonatal risk factors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale sex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56% (15/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64% (9/14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56% (5/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80% (4/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59% (24/41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaucasian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89% (24/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85% (11/13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88% (7/8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80% (4/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88% (35/40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4% (1/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8% (1/13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12% (1/8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5% (2/40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfrican\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4% (1/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,5% (1/40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCesarean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27% (7/26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21% (3/14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11% (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (2/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25% (10/40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplicated delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38% (10/26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36% (5/14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22%(2/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60% (3/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38% (15/40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed for neonatal resuscitation in delivery room\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41% (11/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27% (4/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11% (1/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50% (3/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36%(15/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrematurity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41% (11/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43,1%(6/14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60% (3/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40% (17/41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCongenital cardiopathy\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePDA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePFO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48%(13/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4% (1/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11% (3/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47%(7/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7% (1/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20% (3/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22% (2/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83%(5/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17% (1/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e50% (3/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48% (20/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3/42 (7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9/42 (21%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFetal Thrombosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4% (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2% (1/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSepsis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15% (5/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40% (6/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44% (4/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (2/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24% (11/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApgar score\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7 at 5\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26% (7/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40% (6/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44% (4/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (2/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31%(13/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"14\" rowspan=\"15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaternal risk factors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssisted reproductive technology\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16% (4/25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25% (3/12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29% (2/7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20% (1/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19% (7/37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVaginal swab +\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4% (1/25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15% (2/13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25% (2/8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8% (3/38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePROM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4% (1/25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23% (3/13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25% (2/8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20% (1/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11% (4/38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfection during pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8% (2/25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15% (2/13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25% (2/8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10% (4/38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreeclampsia/Hypertension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4% (1/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40% (2/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7% (3/41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGestational diabetes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamiliar history of thromboembolism\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11% (3/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14% (2/14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40% (2/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12% (5/41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnticoagulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7% (2/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5% (2/41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThrombophilia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48% (11/23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43% (3/7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67% (2/3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25% (1/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42% (14/30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV Leiden factor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7% (2/23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7% (2/30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePT- g20210a mutation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4% (1/23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3% (1/30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein c deficiency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4% (1/23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (1/3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7% (2/30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30% (8/23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (1/3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25% (1/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (10/30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutoimmune disorders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7% (1/14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20% (1/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2% (1/41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlacentar disorders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8% (2/24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8% (1/13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12% (1/8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8% (3/37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRisk factors\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarious risk factors were identified, including complicated delivery (15/40, 38% of cases), prematurity (17/42, 40%, with a higher incidence in Group 4), Apgar score below 7 or the need for neonatal resuscitation in the delivery room (13/42, 31%), cardiac congenital conditions (20/42, 48%), and sepsis (6/15, 40% of DMVT cases). A history of thromboembolism in parents and/or family members of the highest second degree was reported in 5 out of 41 cases (12%). Additionally, seven out of 37 newborns (19%) were conceived using medically assisted procreation (MAP).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eClinical presentation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEighty percent of newborns exhibited clinical symptoms, such as seizures (22/42, 52%), lethargy (15/42, 36%) and irritability (5/42, 12%). The median onset of symptoms for all patients was 8 days, with an interquartile range (IQR) between 4 and 14 days. The remaining 20% of asymptomatic patients underwent a cerebral MRI after routine cranial ultrasound, revealing abnormal echogenicity. Eighty-eight percent of patients (37 out of 42) required admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical and neuroradiological characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCVT\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDMVT+/-CVT\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDMVT\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDMVT\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;CVT\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnset (days), Median (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (4\u0026ndash;14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (4\u0026ndash;12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (4\u0026ndash;9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (7\u0026ndash;19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (4\u0026ndash;13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNICU stay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89% (24/26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87% (13/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78% (7/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100% (6/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88% (37/40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymptoms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81% (1/26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86% (12/14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78% (7/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100% (5/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83% (33/40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeizures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52% (14/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20% (3/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44% (4/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67% (4/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52% (22/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20% (3/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (3/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2% (1/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVomit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17% (1/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,4% (1/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeeding problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11% (3/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13% (2/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7% (3/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrritability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11% (3/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13% (2/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22% (2/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12% (5/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrowsiness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41% (11/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53% (8/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22% (2/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (2/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36% (15/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypo/Hypertonus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44% (12/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40% (6/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (3/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50% (3/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43% (18/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMRI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93% (25/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93% (14/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100% (9/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83% (5/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93% (39/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEdema\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13% (2/14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30% (2/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5% (2/39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft side lesion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11% (1/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20% (1/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%(0/2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (1/3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16% (3/19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight side lesion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44% (4/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40% (2/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50% (1/2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (1/3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44% (8/18)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBilateral lesions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44% (4/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40% (2/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50% (1/2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (1/3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42% (8/19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrontal lesion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20% (1/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43% (3/7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50% (2/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (1/3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37% (7/19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemporal lesion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60% (3/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43% (3/7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50% (2/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (1/3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47% (9/19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParietal lesion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29% (2/7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25% (1/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (1/3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21% (4/19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccipital lesion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40% (2/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43% (3/7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25% (1/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67% (2/3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42% (8/19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal capsule region lesion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20% (1/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29% (2/7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25% (1/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (1/3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26% (5/19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThalamus lesion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29% (2/7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25% (1/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (1/3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21% (4/19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosterior fossa lesion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8% (1/7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (1/3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11% (2/19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemorrhagic infarction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48% (12/25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67% (10/14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77% (7/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60% (3/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52% (22/39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntraparenchymal hemorrhage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11% (3/25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47% (7/14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56% (5/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (2/5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24% (10/39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherapy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30% (8/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47% (7/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22% (2/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83% (5/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36% (15/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnfractionated Heparin (UFH)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19% (5/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13% (2/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0%0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (2/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21% (7/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow molecular weight heparin (LMWH)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19% (5/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47% (7/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22% (2/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83% (5/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29% (12/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRadiological presentation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThirty-nine out of 42 patients (93%) underwent a brain MRI, with 36% of all thrombotic lesions (14 out of 39) located on the right side or bilaterally. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage and hemorrhagic infarction were identified in 7 out of 9 (86%) and 5 out of 9 (77%) of DMVT patients, respectively. No ischemic lesions were identified. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNeurological impairment and follow-up\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe median hospitalization duration for these patients was 34 days (IQR 20\u0026ndash;48 days), with one patient died during their hospital stay. Neurological deficits were present in 20 out of 42 newborns (48%) at discharge, with 10 out of 42 (24%) experiencing motor impairment. The median follow-up duration for DMVT patients was 1.5 years, longer for CVT patients (3.6 years, IQR 1.43\u0026ndash;7.07), and was available for 31 out of 42 patients. Eighteen out of 31 infants presented one or more neurological deficits, particularly motor impairment, 4 out of 31, 13% (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShort and long term outcomes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCVT\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDMVT+/-CVT\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDMVT\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDMVT\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;CVT\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelapse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4% (1/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4% (1/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeath\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7% (1/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11% (1/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2% (1/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDischarge days, median (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (21\u0026ndash;50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(19\u0026ndash;36)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(19\u0026ndash;36)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (30\u0026ndash;53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (20\u0026ndash;48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeizures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30% (8/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (5/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44%(4/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17% (1/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32% (13/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntiseizure drugs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26% (7/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20% (3/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (3/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24% (10/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbnormal neurological examination at discharge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48% (13/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47% (7/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (3/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67% (4/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48% (20/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotor impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26% (7/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20% (3/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22% (2/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17% (1/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24% (10/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTonus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26% (7/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (5/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22% (2/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50% (3/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29% (12/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisual impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30% (8/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13% (2/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11% (1/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17% (1/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24% (10/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHearing impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4% (1/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4% (1/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge at last follow-up visit (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,61\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1,43\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7,07)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,42\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0,63\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2,84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0,69\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2,84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0,92\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2,13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,01\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1,13, 6,07)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelapse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4% (1/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4% (1/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeath\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7% (1/15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11% (1/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2% (1/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon standardized neurological examination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48% (10/21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79% (7/10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67% (4/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75% (3/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55% (17/31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCognitive impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5% (1/21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10% (1/10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%(0/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25% (1/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7% (2/31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBehavioral impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5% (1/21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10% (1/10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25% (1/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7% (2/31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotor impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5% (1/21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30% (3/10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (2/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25% (1/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13% (4/31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscular tone abnormality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5% (1/21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10% (1/10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25% (1/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7% (2/31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisual impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHearing impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne or more neurological deficits\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52% (11/21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70% (7/10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67% (4/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75% (3/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58% (18/31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eComparison between CVT and DMVT\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis comparing Group 1 (CVT without DMVT) and Group 3 (isolated DMVT) revealed no statistically significant differences for most variables considered (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). However, regarding risk factors, the incidence of maternal infection during pregnancy, positive vaginal swab, and prolonged rupture of the membrane was higher in Group 3 (25%) compared to Group 1, which were 4% and 8%, respectively. Additionally, 4 out of 9 newborns (44%) developed neonatal sepsis in Group 3 vs. 5 out of 27 (15%) in Group 1, with p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison between group 1 (CVT without DMVT) and group 3 (isolated DMVT)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCVT n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDMVT n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep- value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"9\" rowspan=\"10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaternal risk factors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssisted reproductive technology\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16% (4/25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29% (2/7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVaginal swab +\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4% (1/25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25% (2/8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePROM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4% (1/25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25% (2/8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfection during pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8% (2/25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25% (2/8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreeclampsia/Hypertension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4% (1/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGestational diabetes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamiliar history of thromboembolism\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11% (3/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnticoagulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7% (2/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutoimmune disorders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlacental disorders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8% (2/24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12% (1/8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNeonatal risk factors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale sex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56% (15/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56% (5/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrematurity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41% (11/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (3/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCongenital cardiopathy\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePDA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePFO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48%(13/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4% (1/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11% (3/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22% (2/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVasculopathy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4% (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSepsis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15% (5/27)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e44% (4/9)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApgar score\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7 at 5\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26% (7/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44% (4/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThrombophilia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e50% (11/22)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25% (1/4)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.036\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eClinical characteristics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnset (days), Median (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (4\u0026ndash;14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (4\u0026ndash;9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeizures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52% (14/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44% (4/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (3/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVomit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeeding problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11% (3/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrritability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11% (3/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22% (2/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrowsiness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41% (11/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22% (2/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypotonus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44% (12/42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (3/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypertonus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19% (5/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRadiological findings\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMRI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93% (25/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100% (9/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEdema\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemorrhagic infarction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48% (12/25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77% (7/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntraparenchymal hemorrhage\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11% (3/25)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e56% (5/9)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.013\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTherapy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30% (8/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22% (2/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnfractionated Heparin (UFH)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19% (5/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLMWH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19% (5/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22% (2/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"19\" rowspan=\"20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eShort and long term follow up\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelapse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4% (1/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeath\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11% (1/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDischarge days M (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (21\u0026ndash;50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(19\u0026ndash;36)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeizures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30%(8/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44%(4/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntiepileptic drugs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26%(7/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (3/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbnormal neurological examination at discharge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48% (13/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (3/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotor impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26% (7/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22% (2/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTonus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26% (7/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22% (2/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisual impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30% (8/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11% (1/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHearing impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4% (1/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge at last follow-up visit (years)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMedian (IQR)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.61 (1.43\u0026ndash;7.07)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.5 (0.69\u0026ndash;2.84)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.049\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelapse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4% (1/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeath\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11% (1/9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon standardized neurological examination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48% (10/21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67% (4/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCognitive impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5% (1/21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBehavioral impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5% (1/21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotor impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5% (1/21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33% (2/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTonus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5% (1/21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisual impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHearing impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0% (0/6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the contrary, the impact of thrombophilia appears to be less implicated in the development of DMVT than CVT without medullary involvement (25% vs. 50%, respectively, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Placenta disorders were similar in the two groups (8% vs. 12% in Group 1 and 3, respectively).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeizures were the most common symptoms for both groups (52% in Group 1 vs. 44% in Group 3). From a radiological perspective, the hemorrhagic evolution of brain lesions in Group 3 patients was significantly higher compared to Group 1 patients (56% vs. 11%, p 0.013, refer to Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). No significant differences emerged in the anticoagulant treatment received by the two groups: LWMH seemed the most preferred choice, as well as neurological impairment at discharge and at follow-up (refer to Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The median at follow-up was statistically different between the two groups (3.6 years vs. 1.5 years in Group 1 and 3, respectively, p 0.049).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecomparison between patients treated and not treated with heparin.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatients treated with heparin (UFH or LMWH) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatients not treated with heparin (UFH or LMWH) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eClinical and radiological characteristics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnset (days), Median (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (6\u0026ndash;21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (4\u0026ndash;12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNICU stay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 / 15 (13%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 / 27 (11%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymptoms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12/15 (80%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21/27 (78%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMRI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 / 15 (93%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 / 27 (93%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEdema\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 / 15 (13%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 / 27 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemorrhagic infarction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 / 15 (33%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 / 27 (63%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStraight sinus thrombosis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 / 15 (27%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0 / 27 (0%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.012\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInternal cerebral vein thrombosis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 / 15 (20%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0 / 27 (0%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.040\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"14\" rowspan=\"15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eShort and long term outcomes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelapse during hospital stay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 / 15 (6.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 / 27 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeath\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 / 15 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 / 27 (3.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDischarge days M (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (25\u0026ndash;38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (18\u0026ndash;51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeizures at discharge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5/ 15 (33%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8/ 26 (31%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntiepileptic drugs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2/5 (40%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/8 (13%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbnormal neurological examination at discharge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 / 15 (53%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 / 26 (46%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotor impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 / 15 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 / 27 (26%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTonus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 / 15 (27%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 / 27 (30%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisual impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 / 15 (73%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 / 27 (26%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHearing impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 / 15 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 / 27 (3.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLost at follow up\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3/15 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8/27 (30%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLast follow up visit age (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.52 (0.58\u0026ndash;5.52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.01 (1.48\u0026ndash;6.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelapse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 / 12 (42%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 / 19 (53%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpilepsy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 / 12 (8.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 / 19 (5.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne or more neurological deficits\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 / 12 (42%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 / 19 (68%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTherapy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntithrombotic treatment was administered in 15 out of 42 patients (36%), mainly low weight molecular heparin (LWMH). A comparison between treated and non-treated patients revealed no significant differences in terms of hospitalization duration and short- and long-term neurological outcomes (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Thrombosis of the straight vein and internal cerebral vein were statistically more treated (p 0.012 and 0.040, respectively).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo our knowledge, this is one of the main single-center series of patients with neonatal CVT and DMVT. In the entire Paduan cohort as well as in all subgroups, there is a preponderance of the male sex in analogy with what is also reported in the literature. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the population investigated, no significant family history of thromboembolism emerged. In purely speculative terms, the absence of family history of thromboembolism could be considered an indirect demonstration of the predominantly acquired nature of the neonatal cerebral venous thrombotic phenomenon. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] Furthermore, the absence of a consistent finding of fetal thrombosis in patients (only one in our population) places the cerebral venous thrombotic phenomenon, especially that of the medullary veins, in a neonatal/perinatal rather than prenatal context, stressing the important role of causal factors attributable to the perinatal period. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] Analyzing the maternal risk factors, almost a fifth of newborns with cerebral venous thrombosis were conceived using medically assisted procreation (MAP). This percentage is significantly higher than the 2.8% reported in Italy by the ISS (Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u0026agrave;) in 2020 for the general population,[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] suggesting a potential association between MAP and thrombotic risk in the newborn, which however were not previously reported. The presence of risk factors of placental origin, predominantly infectious, had been identified in approximately 8% of our population, which raised to 12% if we consider exclusively patients with DMVT. Furthermore, approximately one third of patients with DMVT were born through a complicated birth, (i.e. urgent caesarean section or dystocic vaginal delivery). There is a lack of reference data in the literature regarding this group and the expansion of the population could be useful to verify any associations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn relation to neonatal risk factors, one third of patients with DMVT and two thirds of patients with DMVT associated with thrombosis in other intracerebral venous sites, was born preterm. Similar results were also obtained regarding the need for neonatal resuscitation and low Apgar score. Considerations related to low birth weight are limited by the fact that in the register this data was not associated to gestational age. Unlike neonatal arterial stroke, in which there is a relatively high rate of congenital heart disease, 39.5% in the Italian registry [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], only 10% of newborns with CVT were affected. Analyzing the subgroups, in approximately one fifth of the subjects with CVT without DMVT there was a major congenital heart disease (excluding patent ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale), while this condition was not diagnosed in any of the patients with DMVT. The finding of a neonatal infection was rather common in our cohort, affecting approximately a quarter of cases, similar to other case series previously reported.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] In particular, infectious events reached a higher percentage in the case of involvement of the medullary veins (40% of newborns).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnset of symptoms within the first 7\u0026ndash;10 days of life was comparable to data previously reported. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] This timing was very different from other neonatal neurological conditions, such as hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy which manifested itself in the first 12 hours of life or arterial ischemic stroke which presented with epileptic seizures starting from 72 hours of life.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] We highlighted that 20% of newborn with CVT was asymptomatic and the diagnosis represented an incidental finding to the cranial ultrasound. This data was also confirmed by considering the subgroup of patients with isolated DMVT, unlike previously reported. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] This discrepancy suggested that this condition could sometimes be underdiagnosed due to the presence of asymptomatic patients. In any case, seizures were the predominant clinical presentation in all subgroups, which, similarly to the literature, occurred in approximately 50% of cases, followed by drowsiness and irritability.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the radiological presentation, in the present study we analyzed parenchymal involvement secondary to the thrombotic event. The data relating to the occurrence of parenchymal lesions was similar to previously published data about isolated DMVT. [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR22 CR23\" citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] As previously reported, DMVT was associated to hemorrhagic venous infarctions in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR26 CR27\" citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Therapy of neonatal CVT is a controversial topic: there are no definitive therapeutic guidelines, and the decision of starting treatment is often left to physician\u0026rsquo;s personal experience. In our case series, a third of total CVT received anticoagulation treatment, of which a quarter of patients with isolated DMVT. This data was comparable to those previously reported. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] More than a half of the subjects had no neurological impairment at discharge, which is similar to previous published data.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the comparison between the two groups, no statistically significant differences emerged from the point of view of clinical presentation, and outcomes, even if patients with isolated DMVT. Regarding risk factors, sepsis and thrombophilia seemed to be more related to isolated DMVT and CVT respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemorrhagic lesions appeared to be more common in case of isolated DMVT. This could be explained by a greater fragility of small caliber vessels of the deep cerebral venous circulation. Furthermore, the vulnerability of the periventricular regions, sites of the well-known periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), whose multifactorial genesis included also prematurity, which presented 33% of DMVT newborns. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparing our DMVT case series to recent systematic review conducted by Pin et al, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] our cohort differed for the presence of asymptomatic patients, for the higher incidence of uneventful pregnancies and the lack of family history of thromboembolism. However, a greater tendency towards neonatal thrombophilia was observed within our population, although this data was limited to a few patients for whom the outcome of thrombophilic tests were known (3 out of 9).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome limitations must be taken into consideration for the correct interpretation of this study. First of all, the small number of the sample did not allow us to identify statistically significant differences for most of the variables. Secondly, the retrospective nature of the study can lead to distortions and missed data. Consulting multiple sources, both paper and electronic data, as well as reviewing brain MRIs with an expert neuroradiologist was attempted in order to improve the quality of the research. Although the Department of Women's and Children's Health of Padua is a Hub third level neonatal stroke unit, our study is monocentric. Finally, we cannot ignore the paucity of data regarding long term follow up both clinical and radiological.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study provided a quite large analysis of CVT with or without DMVT diagnosed at the Department of Woman\u0026rsquo;s and Child\u0026rsquo;s Health of the University Hospital of Padua over the past two decades and highlighted the importance of studying the deep medullary vein thrombosis phenomenon, often misdiagnosed. DMVT represented an important entity compared to other cerebral venous thromboses, which occurred in over a third of neonates with CVT. Multicentric, prospective studies are needed to create standardized protocols regarding therapy, neuroimaging and follow up of these patients.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank GIRTI (Italian Group for the Registry of Infantile Thrombosis) and ALT (Associazione per la Lotta alla Trombosi e alle malattie cerebrovascolari) for the support to the RITI registry received over the years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was carried out within the project «Pediatric thrombosis» (DOR2211211), PI prof. Stefano Sartori, University of Padova, Italy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatement of Ethics:\u003c/strong\u003e The study protocol complied with the Helsinki Declaration and was notified to the Institutional Ethical Committee in Padua. Parents signed an informed consent for data collection and study inclusion.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to this article to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding support statement:\u003c/strong\u003e There was no source of funding for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContributors’ Statement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDr Cavicchiolo, Dr Sartori and Dr Pin conceived the study and drafted the initial manuscript, in collaboration with Dr. Ancona and Dr Toldo. \u0026nbsp;Dr. Vincenti and Dr. D’Errico collected data and reviewed the MRIs of the patients. Dr. Brigiari run the statistical part. Dr Nosadini, Dr Baraldi and Dr Simioni critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRopper, A. H. \u0026amp; Klein, J. P. Cerebral Venous Thrombosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 385, 59\u0026ndash;64 (2021).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMankad, K. et al. Venous pathologies in paediatric neuroradiology: from foetal to adolescent life. Neuroradiology 62, 15\u0026ndash;37 (2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLee, S. et al. Pathways for Neuroimaging of Neonatal Stroke. Pediatr. Neurol. 69, 37\u0026ndash;48 (2017).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArrigoni, F. et al. Deep Medullary Vein Involvement in Neonates with Brain Damage: An MR Imaging Study. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 32, 2030\u0026ndash;2036 (2011).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMR Imaging Scoring System for White Matter Injury after Deep Medullary Vein Thrombosis and Infarction in Neonates | American Journal of Neuroradiology. https://www.ajnr.org/content/40/2/347.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCain, D. W., Dingman, A. L., Stence, N. V., Jensen, A. M. \u0026amp; Mirsky, D. M. Subpial Hemorrhage of the Neonate. Stroke 51, 315\u0026ndash;318 (2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMiller, J. H., Bardo, D. M. E. \u0026amp; Cornejo, P. Neonatal Neuroimaging. Semin. Pediatr. Neurol. 33, 100796 (2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePin, J. N. et al. Deep Medullary Vein Thrombosis in Newborns: A Systematic Literature Review. Neonatology 1\u0026ndash;9 (2023) doi:10.1159/000530647.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRaju, T. N. K., Nelson, K. B., Ferriero, D., Lynch, J. K., \u0026amp; and the NICHD-NINDS Perinatal Stroke Workshop Participants. Ischemic Perinatal Stroke: Summary of a Workshop Sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Pediatrics 120, 609\u0026ndash;616 (2007).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGovaert, P., Ramenghi, L., Taal, R., De Vries, L. \u0026amp; DeVeber, G. Diagnosis of perinatal stroke I: definitions, differential diagnosis and registration. Acta Paediatr. 98, 1556\u0026ndash;1567 (2009).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFerriero, D. M. et al. Management of Stroke in Neonates and Children: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 50, e51\u0026ndash;e96 (2019).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePelizza, M. F. et al. The new Italian registry of infantile thrombosis (RITI): A reflection on its journey, challenges and pitfalls. Front. Pediatr. 11, 1094246 (2023).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePA Harris, R Taylor, R Thielke, J Payne, N Gonzalez, JG. Conde, Research electronic data capture (REDCap) \u0026ndash; A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support, J Biomed Inform. 2009 Apr;42(2):377-81.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePA Harris, R Taylor, BL Minor, V Elliott, M Fernandez, L O\u0026rsquo;Neal, L McLeod, G Delacqua, F Delacqua, J Kirby, SN Duda, REDCap Consortium, The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software partners, J Biomed Inform. 2019 May 9 [doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103208]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchmidt, B. \u0026amp; Andrew, M. Neonatal thrombosis: report of a prospective Canadian and international registry. Pediatrics 96, 939\u0026ndash;943 (1995).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMonagle, P. et al. Developmental haemostasis. Impact for clinical haemostasis laboratories. Thromb. Haemost. 95, 362\u0026ndash;372 (2006).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKenet, G., Cohen, O., Bajorat, T. \u0026amp; Nowak-G\u0026ouml;ttl, U. Insights into neonatal thrombosis. Thromb. Res. 181, S33\u0026ndash;S36 (2019).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIstituto Superiore della Sanit\u0026agrave;, registro PMA. Available at: https://www.iss.it/rpma, last access November 2023\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSorg, A.-L. et al. Incidence and risk factors of cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in infants. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 63, 697\u0026ndash;704 (2021).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNowak-G\u0026ouml;ttl, U., Duering, C., Kempf-Bielack, B. \u0026amp; Str\u0026auml;ter, R. Thromboembolic diseases in neonates and children. Pathophysiol. Haemost. Thromb. 33, 269\u0026ndash;274 (2003).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eClaessens, N. H. P. et al. Clinical and neuroimaging characteristics of cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 155, 1150\u0026ndash;1158 (2018).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStam, J. Thrombosis of the Cerebral Veins and Sinuses. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 1791\u0026ndash;1798 (2005).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNwosu, M. E., Williams, L. S., Edwards-Brown, M., Eckert, G. J. \u0026amp; Golomb, M. R. Neonatal Sinovenous Thrombosis: Presentation and Association With Imaging. Pediatr. Neurol. 39, 155\u0026ndash;161 (2008).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDeep Medullary Vein White Matter Injury Global Severity Score Predicts Neurodevelopmental Impairment - Kristen L. Benninger, Tara L. Benninger, Melissa Moore-Clingenpeel, Lynne Ruess, Jerome A. Rusin, Nathalie L. Maitre, 2021. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTeksam, M., Moharir, M., deVeber, G. \u0026amp; Shroff, M. Frequency and Topographic Distribution of Brain Lesions in Pediatric Cerebral Venous Thrombosis. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 29, 1961\u0026ndash;1965 (2008).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHuang, A. H. \u0026amp; Robertson, R. L. Spontaneous Superficial Parenchymal and Leptomeningeal Hemorrhage in Term Neonates. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 25, 469\u0026ndash;475 (2004).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOkudera, T. et al. Micro-angiographical studies of the medullary venous system of the cerebral hemisphere. Neuropathology 19, 93\u0026ndash;111 (1999).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhalatbari, H. et al. Deep medullary vein engorgement and superficial medullary vein engorgement: two patterns of perinatal venous stroke. Pediatr. Radiol. 51, 675\u0026ndash;685 (2021).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKersbergen, K. J., Groenendaal, F., Benders, M. J. N. L. \u0026amp; de Vries, L. S. Neonatal Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis: Neuroimaging and Long-term Follow-up. J. Child Neurol. 26, 1111\u0026ndash;1120 (2011).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWu, Y. W. et al. Intraventricular hemorrhage in term neonates caused by sinovenous thrombosis. Ann. Neurol. 54, 123\u0026ndash;126 (2003).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKonanki, R., Varma, D. R., Ratha, C., Lingappa, L. \u0026amp; Shah, N. Teaching NeuroImages: Fetal deep medullary vein thrombosis presenting as progressive intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 85, e5\u0026ndash;e6 (2015).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"european-journal-of-pediatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ejpe","sideBox":"Learn more about [European Journal of Pediatrics](https://www.springer.com/journal/431)","snPcode":"431","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/431/3","title":"European Journal of Pediatrics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"cerebral venous thrombosis, deep medullar vein thrombosis, newborn","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4047776/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4047776/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a cerebrovascular disorder that constitutes 20% of perinatal strokes. The incidence of CVT ranges from 0.67 to 1.12 per 100,000 newborns, while the incidence of \"deep medullary vein thrombosis\" (DMVT), a subtype of CVT, cannot be accurately estimated. This study aims to analyze the case history of CVT in the neonatal period, with a specific focus on DMVT.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterials and Methods:\u003c/strong\u003e Newborns diagnosed with CVT, with or without DMVT, between January 2002 and April 2023, were collected using the Italian Registry of Infantile Thrombosis (RITI), a national thrombosis registry. Cerebral MRIs were reviewed by an expert neuroradiologist following a standardized protocol.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e Forty-two newborns with CVT were identified, of which 27/42 (64%) had CVT without DMVT, and the remaining 15/42 (36%) had DMVT (isolated DMVT in 9/15, DMVT associated with CVT in another localization in 6/15). Symptom onset occurred in the first week of life (median 8 days, IQR 4-14) with a male prevalence of 59%. The most common risk factors were complicated delivery in 38% of cases, prematurity in 40% of all patients, congenital heart diseases (48%), and infections (40% of newborns). Seizures were the predominant presenting symptom in 52% of all cases. Hemorrhagic infarction was higher in cases with isolated DMVT compared to patients with CVT without DMVT (78% vs. 11%, p=0.013). Antithrombotic treatment was initiated in 30% of the total, and admission to the NICU was required in 87% of patients with isolated DMVT. Neurological impairment was observed in 48% of cases at discharge.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions:\u003c/strong\u003e Our study investigates a CVT, a rare subtype of perinatal stroke, showing that DMVT occurs in over a third of neonates with CVT. Multicentric studies are essential to establish standardized protocols for therapy, neuroimaging, and follow-up in these patients.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Cerebral venous thrombosis and deep medullary vein thrombosis: Padua experience over the last two decades","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-14 19:50:27","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4047776/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-04-13T14:54:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-04-10T20:31:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"c86b815c-57c1-412d-af41-1dbc64261cae","date":"2024-03-26T21:08:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-03-24T16:48:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-03-12T04:53:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-03-12T04:53:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"European Journal of Pediatrics","date":"2024-03-08T17:28:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"european-journal-of-pediatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ejpe","sideBox":"Learn more about [European Journal of Pediatrics](https://www.springer.com/journal/431)","snPcode":"431","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/431/3","title":"European Journal of Pediatrics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"856a9afa-1db1-42a9-b38d-c7837c7f882b","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 14th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-22T09:21:34+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4047776","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-024-05602-7","journal":{"identity":"european-journal-of-pediatrics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"European Journal of Pediatrics"},"publishedOn":"2024-05-23 09:21:34","publishedOnDateReadable":"May 23rd, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-14 19:50:27","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00431-024-05602-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-024-05602-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4047776","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4047776","identity":"rs-4047776","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"zQwnuV7TCBrMSSSToR1PI","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}
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