Creating opportunities for coexistence to overcome the food–biodiversity challenge

This is a Preprint and has not been peer reviewed. This is version 1 of this Preprint. You must log in to post a comment. There are no comments or no comments have been made public for this article. This is a Preprint and has not been peer reviewed. This is version 1 of this Preprint. Add a Comment You must log in to post a comment. Comments There are no comments or no comments have been made public for this article. Coexistence with biodiversity in agricultural landscapes is a global vision by 2050. However, the co-occurrence of wildlife and human food production often results in conflicts which require resolution. Therefore, agroecological landscapes that emerge when sharing land ultimately require achieving human-nature coexistence. We conceptualize human-nature coexistence as an n-dimensional space located in the intersection of multiple components of food security and biodiversity each acting as a dimensional axis and coalesce them into a single framework. Here, we expand upon the concept of coexistence parameters to introduce the concept of opportunities for coexistence to explain how different combinations of parameters can meet the needs of both food security and biodiversity conservation in different agroecological landscapes. Establishing this framework in an ‘Agroecological Systems Model of Coexistence’ provides further insight into understanding human-nature coexistence as a system state unique to every landscape and serves as a tool to conceptualize components as explanatory factors of such a state to inform policy and management when dealing with the food-biodiversity challenge at the local level. https://doi.org/10.32942/X21T06 Life Sciences human–nature coexistence, Conflict Resolution, basin of coexistence, coexistence niche, Social-ecological systems, coexistence parameters Published: 2026-02-02 16:55 Last Updated: 2026-02-02 16:55 CC BY Attribution 4.0 International Data and Code Availability Statement: Not applicable Language: English