Desired support system to eradicate urban homelessness: an exploratory descriptive study

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Hassan" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Al-Mansor Abu Said" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Burhanuddin Bachik" } ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "F1000Research", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 480, "width": 60 } }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 1200, "width": 150 }, "description": "Background - The new increasing homeless lately consist of women, children, youth, the elderly and marginalized ethnic or migrant groups. Some of them are working and earn salaries, however, the income is not sufficient to live modestly. Purpose – The purpose of this research is to establish a desired support system to eradicate urban homelessness in the country. Design/methodology/approach – This is an exploratory descriptive method study which employed quantitative techniques. The study employed a social ecological model to investigate behavior of homeless via multiple levels of influences including intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community and public policy. Surveys have been conducted on sixty-five homeless individuals. Findings – It was found that support systems and structures should be derived from the whole streams from families, communities, organizations and government. Employment opportunities, long-term shelters within the community places and highly demanded skills are needed to improve their living condition. Research limitations – This study is only focused on the socio-economic structures of the homeless in a capital city. Originality/value – This is an empirical research using a social ecological model for the homeless in the Kuala Lumpur area. Research on homeless study has received little attention and has yet to be fully explored." } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/11-41", "name": "Desired support system to eradicate urban homelessness: an exploratory..." } } ] } Home Browse Desired support system to eradicate urban homelessness: an exploratory... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Mohd Rom NA, Md. Hassan N, Abu Said AM and Bachik B. Desired support system to eradicate urban homelessness: an exploratory descriptive study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :41 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73536.2 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Revised Desired support system to eradicate urban homelessness: an exploratory descriptive study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] Noor Ashikin Mohd Rom https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-172X 1 , Nurbani Md. Hassan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3098-682X 1 , Al-Mansor Abu Said 2 , Burhanuddin Bachik 3 Noor Ashikin Mohd Rom https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-172X 1 , Nurbani Md. Hassan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3098-682X 1 , Al-Mansor Abu Said 2 , Burhanuddin Bachik 3 PUBLISHED 16 Sep 2024 Author details Author details 1 Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, 63100, Malaysia 2 Faculty of Business, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, 63100, Malaysia 3 Kementerian Pembangunan Wanita, Keluarga dan Masyarakat, Bandar Melaka, Melaka, 75564, Malaysia Noor Ashikin Mohd Rom Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Nurbani Md. Hassan Roles: Project Administration, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Al-Mansor Abu Said Roles: Methodology, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Burhanuddin Bachik Roles: Visualization OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Research Synergy Foundation gateway. Abstract Background - The new increasing homeless lately consist of women, children, youth, the elderly and marginalized ethnic or migrant groups. Some of them are working and earn salaries, however, the income is not sufficient to live modestly. Purpose – The purpose of this research is to establish a desired support system to eradicate urban homelessness in the country. Design/methodology/approach – This is an exploratory descriptive method study which employed quantitative techniques. The study employed a social ecological model to investigate behavior of homeless via multiple levels of influences including intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community and public policy. Surveys have been conducted on sixty-five homeless individuals. Findings – It was found that support systems and structures should be derived from the whole streams from families, communities, organizations and government. Employment opportunities, long-term shelters within the community places and highly demanded skills are needed to improve their living condition. Research limitations – This study is only focused on the socio-economic structures of the homeless in a capital city. Originality/value – This is an empirical research using a social ecological model for the homeless in the Kuala Lumpur area. Research on homeless study has received little attention and has yet to be fully explored. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Homeless, vagrants, social-ecological model, government policy, support system Corresponding Author(s) Noor Ashikin Mohd Rom ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Noor Ashikin Mohd Rom Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2024 Mohd Rom NA et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Mohd Rom NA, Md. Hassan N, Abu Said AM and Bachik B. Desired support system to eradicate urban homelessness: an exploratory descriptive study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :41 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73536.2 ) First published: 13 Jan 2022, 11 :41 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73536.1 ) Latest published: 16 Sep 2024, 11 :41 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73536.2 ) Revised Amendments from Version 1 The revised article presents several significant improvements compared to the previously published version. Firstly, the literature review has been expanded to include a broader range of recent studies, enhancing the context and relevance of the research. This comprehensive review allows for a more nuanced understanding of the topic that the study addresses. Secondly, the research methodology has been thoroughly updated, with a detailed explanation of the sampling technique, ensuring it aligns effectively with the study's objectives. Furthermore, the discussion section has been elaborated to more thoroughly interpret the results in light of the expanded literature. It reflects a deeper analysis of the implications of the findings, connecting them to broader debates in the field. Lastly, the conclusion has been refined to succinctly summarize the key findings while also highlighting the practical implications and suggesting directions for future research. Overall, these changes collectively contribute to a more robust and insightful article. The revised article presents several significant improvements compared to the previously published version. Firstly, the literature review has been expanded to include a broader range of recent studies, enhancing the context and relevance of the research. This comprehensive review allows for a more nuanced understanding of the topic that the study addresses. Secondly, the research methodology has been thoroughly updated, with a detailed explanation of the sampling technique, ensuring it aligns effectively with the study's objectives. Furthermore, the discussion section has been elaborated to more thoroughly interpret the results in light of the expanded literature. It reflects a deeper analysis of the implications of the findings, connecting them to broader debates in the field. Lastly, the conclusion has been refined to succinctly summarize the key findings while also highlighting the practical implications and suggesting directions for future research. Overall, these changes collectively contribute to a more robust and insightful article. See the authors' detailed response to the review by Zakiyah Jamaluddin See the authors' detailed response to the review by K. Rewathy READ REVIEWER RESPONSES Introduction According to the Malaysian National Key Result Area (NKRA), every citizen should have access to necessities, including a home. Homeless people are often portrayed as causing inconvenience and annoyance to the public. The living conditions of the homeless people and surrounding environments may tarnish the image of the capital city, Kuala Lumpur. It was reported that homeless people have not been fully accepted by the authorities and are perceived as a public nuisance. 1 The Malaysian Department of Social Welfare ( Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat ) reported approximately 2,472 homeless people comprising 3,117 adults and 355 children. In terms of ethnicity, 48.9% are Malay, 15.6% are Indian, 13.4% are Chinese, and 1.8% are other ethnicities. Nonetheless, 20.4% of homeless people are non-Malaysians. The Malaysian government has established the Desa Bina Diri (DBD) for homeless and impoverished people. The DBD offers protection, provides rehabilitation, and equips them with essential skills to be productive, independent, secure a job, and adapt to the community. In addition, homeless individuals can join DBD voluntarily or by court order following the provisions of the Destitute Persons Act 1977. 1 The number of homeless people is increasing due to the global economic uncertainty of the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide. This phenomenon is worrying and should not only be the responsibility of policymakers, but the whole structure consisting of the family, society, and organisations to collaborate to curb the desperate living conditions of unfortunate individuals. Therefore, this study aims to establish a desired support system to eradicate urban homelessness in the country. Related works A home is a place that provides shelter, privacy, warmth, love, relaxation, health, happiness, stability, and paradise 2 and is essential for the wellbeing of man. 3 , 4 Economic uncertainty and the increased living costs contribute to the increase of homeless people in Malaysia. 5 One common perception is that homeless people worldwide are deprived of fundamental human needs and are often poor and financially insecure. 5 – 7 Homeless’ lives becoming worsen due to lack of family and social support. 8 They felt abandoned and lost hope. 9 Housing costs and food prices have been increasing rapidly over the years, leading to an increase in beggars and vagrants. 10 The cause of homelessness varies and is linked to unemployment, low income, unable to afford a proper house, lack of affordable housing, and unavailability of transport to work. 7 , 9 Nevertheless, Policymakers should understand the diverse factors influencing homelessness, including socio-economic systems, inadequate housing, and inequitable welfare, as these issues have severe consequences for families and individuals. 7 , 10 Homelessness eradication program must focus on providing stable housing to reduce stress and improve well-being, particularly in quality neighbourhoods that foster social connections. 9 The unemployment issue among the homeless can be prevented through training and equipping them with essential skills, including reading, grooming, and job interview skills. 6 , 11 , 12 It was suggested that developing occupational skills can positively impact the well-being and outcomes of those experiencing unemployment and homelessness. 13 – 15 It was also noted that while homeless individuals can improve and able to plan for better future with proper training and rehabilitation, success depends on their determination to change. 16 , 17 Surprisingly there was 17.8% of those who underwent rehabilitation, or eight out of 45, returned to the streets. 18 The concept of community is inherently complex, often defined by the specific and narrow scope of interpersonal relationships among residents in a particular area. 19 When individuals feel disconnected from society and unable to participate in valued activities, it can lead to reduced social trust and cohesion, particularly as people experience vastly different living conditions. 20 , 21 People experiencing homelessness are especially vulnerable to intense social stigma and are often marginalized. 21 Despite their isolation, homeless individuals still hope for basic physical assistance, such as shelter, food, and medical care, along with societal support, meaningful connections with caregivers, and integrated care programs. 22 , 23 Homelessness prevention should be a collaborative effort involving all levels of government and various institutions beyond the homelessness sector. Structural and systems prevention need active participation from mainstream systems, while prevention methods within the homelessness sector, such as early intervention, housing stabilization and eviction prevention, work best when integrated with these broader systems. 24 Neoliberal policies reinforce deep-rooted systems of care and control, influencing Malaysia’s homelessness policy through a mix of punitive and supportive state measures. Rights and protections should not be nullified simply because someone becomes ‘destitute’. 25 The Social Ecological Model describes that the behaviour of individuals is influenced and encouraged by their surroundings. There are five influence levels: individual/intrapersonal, interpersonal, organisational, community, and public policy. 26 , 27 Homelessness is influenced by circumstances, socio-economy, and environmental conditions. 27 , 28 A framework that incorporates the five crucial levels of the Social Ecological Model has been established. The first level consists of the individual’s demography and economic status, and the second level is the interpersonal relationship with family, peers and network. Additionally, the third level consists of the relationship between the individual and the community, including associations and informal networks. The fourth level is organisations that deal with rules and regulations, and the fifth level is policy which comprises local, state, and national policies for citizens. 29 Methods This study employed an exploratory descriptive study using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Statistics 26) to investigate the behaviour of homeless via multiple influences, such as intrapersonal, interpersonal, organisational, community, and public policy. Convenience sampling was applied in this study, as this method involves selecting individuals who are readily available and willing to participate. The study employed a social ecological Model to survey sixty-five (65) homeless people. The survey respondents were identified by Pertubuhan Kebajikan ArRiqab , one of the active non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that assisting homeless people in Kuala Lumpur area. A simple regression analysis requires a minimum of 50 samples and sample-to-variable ratio suggests a minimum observation-to-variable ratio of 5:1. 30 Additionally, minimum sample size of N ≥ 50+m (where m is the number of predictors) was recommended. 31 The minimum sample size by applying 31 method is 55, however, the researchers managed to get 65 respondents. The interviews were conducted at the respondents’ location with their full consent. The Ethical Approval No.: EA1042021 was obtained from Technology Transfer Office (TTO), Multimedia University, to conduct this study. Before the survey session, the objectives of the study were explained, and respondents’ consent for data collection was obtained. All 65 respondents provided their verbal consent to participate in the survey. This is a structured interview using questionnaires. The questionnaires designed included close-ended questions with a 5-Point Likert scale. The survey questionnaire was divided into five sections, namely section (1) individual, (2) interpersonal, (3) community, (4) organisational and (5) policy. Section 1 aimed to collect demographic information of respondents, reasons for homelessness and challenges faced. Section 2 included relationships with families and peers, while Section 3 determined relationships in the community. Moreover, Section 4 collected information on the aid received from various organisations and Section 5 focused on the respondent’s perception of the government’s policies towards them. Findings The findings on the demography of the respondents are illustrated in Table 1 below. Table 1. Demographic of respondents. Frequency Percentage Gender Male 47 72.3 Female 18 27.7 Ethnicity Malay 45 69.2 Chinese 9 13.8 Indian 11 16.9 Age (Years Old) 18-30 3 4.6 31-50 29 44.7 51-70 19 29.2 > 70 14 21.5 Marital status Single 30 46.2 Married 5 7.7 Divorce 27 41.5 Widowed 3 4.6 Education Primary and Secondary 44 67.7 STPM/Diploma/Certificate 18 27.7 None 3 4.6 Duration of vagrancy 30 years 11 16.9 Current economic activity Working (monthly salary) 11 16.9 Daily income 15 23.1 Unemployed 29 44.6 Begging 10 15.4 The crosstab analysis indicates that single, Malay males represent the highest number of homeless individuals staying on the streets in Kuala Lumpur. Divorcees are the second-highest individuals that had to leave their houses to live on their own. The majority of respondents were between 18-50 years old. Conversely, there are around 33(50.7%) individuals who are more than 50 years old. In addition, 67.7% possess basic education, and 27.7% have higher qualifications. Nevertheless, most of the respondents are computer illiterate. Approximately 78% of respondents have been living on the streets for more than five years. Eleven respondents who were above 70 years old have been homeless for more than 30 years. Most of the respondents below 60 years old claimed that they needed a job to survive, while those above 60 years old were unaware of how to generate income. Lastly, 10 (15.4%) respondents admitted earning their living by begging. Based on the mean score results shown in Table 2 , the respondents became homeless due to loss of jobs, family breakdown, and the inability to afford accommodation. Most of the respondents are in dire need of shelter and wish to live a conventional life. Conversely, several respondents were forced to live on the street due to unforeseen circumstances; however, some chose to live on the streets as it is easier for them to commute. The low mean scores indicate that the respondents are not computer literate, unskilled, and lack administration, marketing or business knowledge. Nevertheless, they are inclined towards service jobs, such as cleaning, shop assistants, selling tins, and other odd jobs. Table 2. Mean and standard deviation. Section Measures of the constructs Mean Std. Dev. Individual Unemployment/Loss of Income 4.5231 1.25135 I became homeless by choice 2.7538 1.69587 Family Breakdown 3.5077 1.56248 Lack of affordable place 4.5385 .90272 Basic computer literacy 2.5077 1.77767 Intermediate computer 1.7692 1.49759 Administration/Marketing 2.1231 1.51562 Services 4.2308 1.49759 Business knowledge 1.1846 .72656 Interpersonal Have a good relationship with family 1.4462 .79118 I keep in touch with friends, families or relatives 1.7692 .96451 Do not aware of family matters 3.1077 .83147 I have plans for future 3.3538 1.02211 I can get out from this situation in future 3.4000 1.23491 Community Going to worship places or other community places 1.9077 3.38528 Have an opportunity for involvement in community activities 1.6154 1.04122 Felt uncared and alone 2.4000 1.22219 Feel insecure to join the community 3.4769 1.44814 Not rely on others 1.8923 .97023 Organization I received food assistance 4.8154 .84580 I received one-off monetary assistance 3.2615 1.91439 I received regularly monetary assistance 1.0462 .21145 I received donations other than food (sanitary, etc) 4.7538 .96874 I am happy staying at Desa Bina Diri (DBD) 1.7538 1.26282 Policy I do not like to be caught by government agency/KLCH ( DBKL ) 4.6615 .56670 Government should leave us alone 2.2154 1.12489 Government agencies are friendly towards homeless 3.5538 .81069 Current policies did not favour us 2.8615 .74743 The low mean score and standard deviation score for the interpersonal section illustrate that most respondents do not have a good relationship with their families. Most of the respondents are unaware of their children’s progress and have not kept in touch with their families in a long time. In addition, respondents do not want to reunite with their families, have lost contact with friends, and live in their circle. Nonetheless, they claimed to have future plans and wished to free themselves from this situation as soon as possible. The low mean score for the community section indicates that homeless people lack of community relationships. Nonetheless, the high standard deviation result demonstrates that several respondents visit places of worship and other community spaces. The low community involvement indicates that they prefer to interact within their small selected circle of homeless peers. Moreover, they hardly participate in community activities and are insecure about interacting with outsiders. Nevertheless, the respondents acknowledged that they required assistance for food and other necessities from others. The high mean scores for the organisation section indicate that respondents are overwhelmed with the aids provided by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as food, sanitary products, and one-off monetary assistance from the religious office, Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan (MAIWP) . Conversely, respondents are not happy to stay in Desa Bina Diri (DBD) , a shelter that offers protection, provides rehabilitation, and equips them with essential skills to be productive, independent, secure a job, and adapt to the community. The high mean scores for policy denotes that the respondents do not like to be apprehended by government agencies such as Kuala Lumpur City Hall, also known as Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur (DBKL) and placed at DBD. Additionally, the respondents claimed that the current governmental policies do not favour them. Alternately, respondents perceived these government agencies as friendly and helpful. Discussion The first level of the Social Ecological Model highlights how individual demographics and economic status play a crucial role in homelessness. It shows that many homeless individuals in Malaysia struggle with insufficient income, inability to afford housing, and a lack of skills. Previous studies have identified economic instability and rising living costs as significant contributors to the growing homeless population in the country. 5 These findings are further supported by Refs. 5 , 10 linking homelessness to factors such as unemployment, low income, inability to secure proper housing, lack of affordable housing, and limited access to transportation for work. 7 , 10 Compounding these challenges, many homeless individuals experience a sense of abandonment due to fractured family relationships. 8 The study also revealed that homeless respondents lacked the essential skills needed to obtain stable employment. This observation aligns with the research of Refs. 14 , 15 which demonstrated that developing occupational skills can significantly enhance the well-being and prospects of those facing unemployment and homelessness. The persistent lack of education, training, and life skills continues to be a major barrier to employment. 13 , 32 The second level of the Social Ecological Model emphasizes that homeless individuals frequently suffer from weak interpersonal relationships with family, peers, and social networks. Many respondents reported experiencing family conflicts and strained ties with relatives and friends. This observation is consistent with previous studies 5 , 7 , 9 which indicate that homeless individuals often feel abandoned, endure social isolation, and lack sufficient social support and resources. It was revealed that homeless individuals suffer from deficiencies in familial and community support, as well as limited interactions with service providers. 9 Nevertheless, the finding revealed that some respondents expressed confidence in their ability to overcome their current situation. The finding is consistent with 17 who found that the homeless who often viewed as a burden on society due to their nonconformity to social norms, can transform themselves when given proper training and rehabilitation, as they possess the ability to plan for a better future. However, these efforts are unlikely to succeed if the homeless lack the determination to resolve their issues, causing them to revert to their old ways, even after receiving support 16 , 18 discovered that about eight out of 45, returned to the streets despite undergoing rehabilitation programs. The third level focuses on the relationship between homeless individuals and the broader community, including associations and informal networks, revealing that they often feel insecure and marginalized from societal participation due to their circumstances. This finding aligns with the study by Ref. 9 who observed that homeless individuals frequently experience isolation, remain silent, and perceive discrimination because of their situation . Similarly, it was noted that perceived estrangement and social exclusion can exacerbate societal divides, diminishing social trust and cohesion, and leaving individuals feeling disconnected and unable to engage in meaningful activities. 20 , 21 The fourth level of the model focuses on the role of organizations in impacting the lives of homeless individuals. These organizations provide essential support, such as food, monetary assistance, and shelter. This finding aligns with 22 , 23 who emphasized that homeless individuals require physical support in the form of shelter, food, and medical care, as well as societal interventions to address fundamental human needs. Supportive relationships with caregivers and targeted programs that integrate care and services are crucial approaches to consider in effectively assisting the homeless. The fifth level is policy which comprises local, state, and national policies for citizens. The respondents claimed that the current governmental policies do not favour them and should not interfere with their life. The findings align with the study conducted by Ref. 25 stated that the authorities under Destitute Persons Act 1977 (DPA 1977) can forcibly remove individuals they consider homeless and place them in Desa Bina Diri (DBD), a shelter that offers protection with the court order. DPA 1977 has faced significant criticism for violating personal liberty and freedom of movement of person who is categorized as a destitute person. Nonetheless, the finding also show that some respondents viewed these government agencies as friendly and supportive. The finding corroborates with 25 , 33 who revealed that some homeless individuals, particularly senior citizens, were rescued from their difficult lives on the streets by the authorities. They were given necessary assistance including shelter. Nevertheless, the concept of ‘rehabilitation’ must be critically examined to determine whether it genuinely addresses the needs of those experiencing homelessness. 25 The policies should focus on establishing a robust support system for the homeless, while also empowering the elderly and strengthening their communities. 33 Conclusion To conclude, eradicating urban homelessness requires a comprehensive approach rooted in the five pillars of the structural ecological model. This study underscores the importance of equipping homeless individuals with employment skills (individual), fostering peer support (interpersonal), promoting social acceptance (community), ensuring access to rehabilitation services (organizational), and implementing a coordinated governmental strategy (policy). While current efforts provide essential support like health services, temporary shelters, and food, they often fail to address the other root causes of homelessness, such as unemployment, loss of income, lack of skills and social support. Therefore, it is imperative for the government to intensify efforts by funding programs that enhance literacy and provide Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). These programs should offer formal, non-formal, and informal learning opportunities that may collaborate with communities and organizations that empower individuals to secure meaningful employment and rebuild their lives. Additionally, the government shall prioritize accessible housing for the homeless, similar to the “Projek Perumahan Rakyat Termiskin (PPRT)” or Housing Project for the Absolute Poor, ensuring that these projects are widespread and located near essential amenities. Providing permanent housing to meet the basic needs of the homeless can significantly alleviate their hardships and improve their overall well-being. By providing stable housing, communities, and organizations can further support the homeless by offering employment opportunities, with the government incentivizing employers to participate. This integrated approach is vital to enabling homeless individuals to reintegrate into society and sustain long-term stability. A comprehensive and well-structured support system is essential to effectively eradicate urban homelessness in the country. This system should be designed to address the root causes of homelessness, such as poverty, lack of affordable housing, unemployment and lack of social support. It would involve coordinated efforts from government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector, focusing on providing not only immediate relief but also long-term solutions. These solutions could include affordable housing programs, job training and employment opportunities, and social support networks. By integrating these components into a cohesive and sustainable framework, the desired support system would not only provide immediate assistance to those experiencing homelessness but also work towards preventing future homelessness, ultimately leading to the complete eradication of urban homelessness in the country. Author contributions First author conceptualized the research idea, theoretical framework and write the paper. Second author revised the article; fourth visualized and third author reviewed the article for submission. Data availability Figshare. Desired Support System to Eradicate Urban Homelessness: An Exploratory Descriptive Study. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.16529391.v1 34 Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC BY 4.0 Public domain dedication). Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical Approval No.: EA1042021 for Homeless project was obtained from Technology Transfer Office (TTO), Multimedia University. Respondents have given verbal consent to publish. Acknowledgement We thank Ms. Nor Akma and Mr. Alwi Abdullah for their assistance in coordinating respondents for the interview sessions. References 1. Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat Malaysia: 2021. 2. Dear MJ, Wolch JR: Landscapes of Despair: From Deinstitutionalization to Homelessness. Princeton University Press; 2016. 3. 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Rewathy K: Vagrant Community and Their Basic Needs: A Case study Based on Thotalanga Homeless People. Sri Lanka Journal of Population Studies. February 2021; 22 (1): 45–57. 24. Dej E, Gaetz S, Schwan K: Turning Off the Tap: A Typology for Homelessness Prevention. J. Primary Prevent. 2020; 41 : 397–412. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 25. Rusenko RM: Imperatives of care and control in the regulation of homelessness in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: 1880s to present. Urban Studies. 2018; 55 (10): 2123–2141. Publisher Full Text 26. McLeroy K, Bibeau D, Steckler A, et al. : An Ecological Perspective on Health Promotion Programs. Health Educ. Behav. 1988; 15 (4): 351–377. Publisher Full Text 27. Embleton L, Lee H, Gunn J, et al. : Causes of Child and Youth Homelessness in Developed and Developing Countries. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2016; 1170 (5): 435–444. Publisher Full Text 28. Nooe R, Patterson D: The Ecology of Homelessness. J. Hum. Behav. Soc. Environ. 2013; 20 : 105–152. 2010 - Issue 2: The Complexities of Homelessness: Theoretical and Empirical Analyses. Publisher Full Text 29. Center for Disease Control and Prevention - CDC: The Social-Ecological Model: A Framework for Prevention. 2014. 30. Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, et al. : Multivariate Data Analysis. 8th ed.United Kingdom: Cengage Learning; 2018. 31. Harris RJ: A primer of multivariate statistics. New York: Academic Press; 1975. 32. Stephen G, O’Grady B: Youth homelessness in Canada: Implications for policy and practice.Why don’t you just get a job? Homeless Youth, Social Exclusion and Employment Training. [Google Scholar] 2013. 33. Noor ‘Aza Ahmad: Welfare Protection of the Homeless and Poor Senior Citizen under the Destitute Persons Act 1977: A Legal Review Perlindungan Kebajikan Warga Emas.Gelandangan dan Daif Menurut Akta Orang-Orang Papa 1977: Suatu Tinjauan PerundanganKanun: Jurnal Undang-undang Malaysia; 2021; 33 (1): 79–96. 34. Mohd Rom NA, Md Hassan N: Desired Support System to Eradicate Urban Homelessness: An Exploratory Descriptive Study. figshare. Dataset. 2021. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (1) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 16 Sep 2024 Revised Comment ADD YOUR COMMENT Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 13 Jan 2022 Discussion is closed on this version, please comment on the latest version above. Reader Comment 25 Apr 2022 Habibullah Habibullah , National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia 25 Apr 2022 Reader Comment Abstract does not describe the results of the study. Competing Interests: I am interested in the results of this research Abstract does not describe the results of the study. Abstract does not describe the results of the study. Competing Interests: I am interested in the results of this research Close Report a concern Discussion is closed on this version, please comment on the latest version above. Author details Author details 1 Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, 63100, Malaysia 2 Faculty of Business, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, 63100, Malaysia 3 Kementerian Pembangunan Wanita, Keluarga dan Masyarakat, Bandar Melaka, Melaka, 75564, Malaysia Noor Ashikin Mohd Rom Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Nurbani Md. Hassan Roles: Project Administration, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Al-Mansor Abu Said Roles: Methodology, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Burhanuddin Bachik Roles: Visualization Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (2) version 2 Revised Published: 16 Sep 2024, 11:41 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73536.2 version 1 Published: 13 Jan 2022, 11:41 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73536.1 Copyright © 2024 Mohd Rom NA et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Mohd Rom NA, Md. Hassan N, Abu Said AM and Bachik B. Desired support system to eradicate urban homelessness: an exploratory descriptive study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :41 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73536.2 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 16 Sep 2024 Revised Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Rewathy K. Reviewer Report For: Desired support system to eradicate urban homelessness: an exploratory descriptive study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :41 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.171283.r324087 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-41/v2#referee-response-324087 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 25 Sep 2024 K. Rewathy , Lecturer in Geography, University of Colombo, Colombo, Western Province, Sri Lanka Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.171283.r324087 The article was well revised ... Continue reading READ ALL The article was well revised and no further comments to make. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Social Geography, Human geography, GIS and Remote sensing, Urban Geography, Environmental studies I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Rewathy K. Reviewer Report For: Desired support system to eradicate urban homelessness: an exploratory descriptive study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :41 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.171283.r324087 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-41/v2#referee-response-324087 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Jamaluddin Z. Reviewer Report For: Desired support system to eradicate urban homelessness: an exploratory descriptive study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :41 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.171283.r324088 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-41/v2#referee-response-324088 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 18 Sep 2024 Zakiyah Jamaluddin , School of Applied Psychology, Social Work & Policy, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.171283.r324088 I have read all the revised statements and information ... Continue reading READ ALL I have read all the revised statements and information and I accept the correction being made by the authors. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Jamaluddin Z. Reviewer Report For: Desired support system to eradicate urban homelessness: an exploratory descriptive study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :41 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.171283.r324088 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-41/v2#referee-response-324088 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 13 Jan 2022 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Rewathy K. Reviewer Report For: Desired support system to eradicate urban homelessness: an exploratory descriptive study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :41 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.77191.r169771 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-41/v1#referee-response-169771 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 09 May 2023 K. Rewathy , Lecturer in Geography, University of Colombo, Colombo, Western Province, Sri Lanka Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.77191.r169771 The paper is well-written, it addresses the major issues of homelessness in Malaysia and it tries to identify a suitable system to eradicate the homelessness to some extent. It addresses a timely important topic. However, there are a few instances where ... Continue reading READ ALL The paper is well-written, it addresses the major issues of homelessness in Malaysia and it tries to identify a suitable system to eradicate the homelessness to some extent. It addresses a timely important topic. However, there are a few instances where it may be improved: Italicize any local terms that are utilized to identify the term clearly. The literature section should be expanded with relevant content that highlights homelessness eradication approaches. For the justification, previous research must be acknowledged in the discussion section. The findings must back up the conclusion, rather than more general. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Social Geography, Human geography, GIS and Remote sensing, Urban Geography, Environmental studies I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Rewathy K. Reviewer Report For: Desired support system to eradicate urban homelessness: an exploratory descriptive study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :41 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.77191.r169771 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-41/v1#referee-response-169771 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 26 Sep 2024 Noor Ashikin Mohd Rom , Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, 63100, Malaysia 26 Sep 2024 Author Response 1. All local terms in Italic font. 2. The literature review on approaches to eradicating homelessness has been updated accordingly. 9 Nevertheless, policymakers should understand the diverse factors influencing homelessness, ... Continue reading 1. All local terms in Italic font. 2. The literature review on approaches to eradicating homelessness has been updated accordingly. 9 Nevertheless, policymakers should understand the diverse factors influencing homelessness, including socio-economic systems, inadequate housing, and inequitable welfare, as these issues have severe consequences for families and individuals. 7 , 10 Homelessness eradication program must focus on providing stable housing to reduce stress and improve well-being, particularly in quality neighbourhoods that foster social connections 9 . It was suggested that developing occupational skills can positively impact the well-being and outcomes of those experiencing unemployment and homelessness. 13,14,15 Homelessness prevention should be a collaborative effort involving all levels of government and various institutions beyond the homelessness sector. Structural and systems prevention need active participation from mainstream systems, while prevention methods within the homelessness sector, such as early intervention, housing stabilization and eviction prevention, work best when integrated with these broader systems 24 3. Previous research has been acknowledged in the discussion section. The first level of the Social Ecological Model highlights how individual demographics and economic status play a crucial role in homelessness. It shows that many homeless individuals in Malaysia struggle with insufficient income, inability to afford housing, and a lack of skills. Previous studies have identified economic instability and rising living costs as significant contributors to the growing homeless population in the country. 5 These findings are further supported by 5,10 linking homelessness to factors such as unemployment, low income, inability to secure proper housing, lack of affordable housing, and limited access to transportation for work . 7,10 Compounding these challenges, many homeless individuals experience a sense of abandonment due to fractured family relationships 8 . The study also revealed that homeless respondents lacked the essential skills needed to obtain stable employment. This observation aligns with the research of 14,15 which demonstrated that developing occupational skills can significantly enhance the well-being and prospects of those facing unemployment and homelessness. The persistent lack of education, training, and life skills continues to be a major barrier to employment 13,32 The second level of the Social Ecological Model emphasizes that homeless individuals frequently suffer from weak interpersonal relationships with family, peers, and social networks. Many respondents reported experiencing family conflicts and strained ties with relatives and friends. This observation is consistent with previous studies 5,7,9 which indicate that homeless individuals often feel abandoned, endure social isolation, and lack sufficient social support and resources. It was revealed that homeless individuals suffer from deficiencies in familial and community support, as well as limited interactions with service providers 9 . Nevertheless, the finding revealed that some respondents expressed confidence in their ability to overcome their current situation. The finding is consistent with 17 who found that the homeless who often viewed as a burden on society due to their nonconformity to social norms, can transform themselves when given proper training and rehabilitation, as they possess the ability to plan for a better future. However, these efforts are unlikely to succeed if the homeless lack the determination to resolve their issues, causing them to revert to their old ways, even after receiving support 16 . 18 discovered that about eight out of 45, returned to the streets despite undergoing rehabilitation programs. The third level focuses on the relationship between homeless individuals and the broader community, including associations and informal networks, revealing that they often feel insecure and marginalized from societal participation due to their circumstances. This finding aligns with the study by 9 who observed that homeless individuals frequently experience isolation, remain silent, and perceive discrimination because of their situation . Similarly, it was noted that perceived estrangement and social exclusion can exacerbate societal divides, diminishing social trust and cohesion, and leaving individuals feeling disconnected and unable to engage in meaningful activities 20,21 The fourth level of the model focuses on the role of organizations in impacting the lives of homeless individuals. These organizations provide essential support, such as food, monetary assistance, and shelter. This finding aligns with 22,23 who emphasized that homeless individuals require physical support in the form of shelter, food, and medical care, as well as societal interventions to address fundamental human needs. Supportive relationships with caregivers and targeted programs that integrate care and services are crucial approaches to consider in effectively assisting the homeless. The fifth level is policy which comprises local, state, and national policies for citizens. The respondents claimed that the current governmental policies do not favour them and should not interfere with their life. The findings align with the study conducted by 25 stated that the authorities under Destitute Persons Act 1977 (DPA 1977) can forcibly remove individuals they consider homeless and place them in Desa Bina Diri (DBD), a shelter that offers protection with the court order. DPA 1977 has faced significant criticism for violating personal liberty and freedom of movement of person who is categorized as a destitute person. Nonetheless, the finding also show that some respondents viewed these government agencies as friendly and supportive. The finding corroborates with 25,33 who revealed that some homeless individuals, particularly senior citizens, were rescued from their difficult lives on the streets by the authorities. They were given necessary assistance including shelter. Nevertheless, the concept of 'rehabilitation' must be critically examined to determine whether it genuinely addresses the needs of those experiencing homelessness 25 The policies should focus on establishing a robust support system for the homeless, while also empowering the elderly and strengthening their communities 33 . 4. The conclusion has been updated accordingly. To conclude, eradicating urban homelessness requires a comprehensive approach rooted in the five pillars of the structural ecological model. This study underscores the importance of equipping homeless individuals with employment skills (individual), fostering peer support (interpersonal), promoting social acceptance (community), ensuring access to rehabilitation services (organizational), and implementing a coordinated governmental strategy (policy). While current efforts provide essential support like health services, temporary shelters, and food, they often fail to address the other root causes of homelessness, such as unemployment, loss of income, lack of skills and social support. Therefore, it is imperative for the government to intensify efforts by funding programs that enhance literacy and provide Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). These programs should offer formal, non-formal, and informal learning opportunities that may collaborate with communities and organizations that empower individuals to secure meaningful employment and rebuild their lives. Additionally, the government shall prioritize accessible housing for the homeless, similar to the " Projek Perumahan Rakyat Termiskin (PPRT) " or Housing Project for the Absolute Poor, ensuring that these projects are widespread and located near essential amenities. Providing permanent housing to meet the basic needs of the homeless can significantly alleviate their hardships and improve their overall well-being. By providing stable housing, communities, and organizations can further support the homeless by offering employment opportunities, with the government incentivizing employers to participate. This integrated approach is vital to enabling homeless individuals to reintegrate into society and sustain long-term stability. A comprehensive and well-structured support system is essential to effectively eradicate urban homelessness in the country. This system should be designed to address the root causes of homelessness, such as poverty, lack of affordable housing, unemployment and lack of social support. It would involve coordinated efforts from government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector, focusing on providing not only immediate relief but also long-term solutions. These solutions could include affordable housing programs, job training and employment opportunities, and social support networks. By integrating these components into a cohesive and sustainable framework, the desired support system would not only provide immediate assistance to those experiencing homelessness but also work towards preventing future homelessness, ultimately leading to the complete eradication of urban homelessness in the country. Future research could investigate the effectiveness of specific support system components, such as job training or affordable housing programs, in preventing homelessness. Additionally, it could focus on assessing the long-term sustainability and scalability of these solutions across different urban areas to optimize and adapt the support system for eradicating homelessness. 1. All local terms in Italic font. 2. The literature review on approaches to eradicating homelessness has been updated accordingly. 9 Nevertheless, policymakers should understand the diverse factors influencing homelessness, including socio-economic systems, inadequate housing, and inequitable welfare, as these issues have severe consequences for families and individuals. 7 , 10 Homelessness eradication program must focus on providing stable housing to reduce stress and improve well-being, particularly in quality neighbourhoods that foster social connections 9 . It was suggested that developing occupational skills can positively impact the well-being and outcomes of those experiencing unemployment and homelessness. 13,14,15 Homelessness prevention should be a collaborative effort involving all levels of government and various institutions beyond the homelessness sector. Structural and systems prevention need active participation from mainstream systems, while prevention methods within the homelessness sector, such as early intervention, housing stabilization and eviction prevention, work best when integrated with these broader systems 24 3. Previous research has been acknowledged in the discussion section. The first level of the Social Ecological Model highlights how individual demographics and economic status play a crucial role in homelessness. It shows that many homeless individuals in Malaysia struggle with insufficient income, inability to afford housing, and a lack of skills. Previous studies have identified economic instability and rising living costs as significant contributors to the growing homeless population in the country. 5 These findings are further supported by 5,10 linking homelessness to factors such as unemployment, low income, inability to secure proper housing, lack of affordable housing, and limited access to transportation for work . 7,10 Compounding these challenges, many homeless individuals experience a sense of abandonment due to fractured family relationships 8 . The study also revealed that homeless respondents lacked the essential skills needed to obtain stable employment. This observation aligns with the research of 14,15 which demonstrated that developing occupational skills can significantly enhance the well-being and prospects of those facing unemployment and homelessness. The persistent lack of education, training, and life skills continues to be a major barrier to employment 13,32 The second level of the Social Ecological Model emphasizes that homeless individuals frequently suffer from weak interpersonal relationships with family, peers, and social networks. Many respondents reported experiencing family conflicts and strained ties with relatives and friends. This observation is consistent with previous studies 5,7,9 which indicate that homeless individuals often feel abandoned, endure social isolation, and lack sufficient social support and resources. It was revealed that homeless individuals suffer from deficiencies in familial and community support, as well as limited interactions with service providers 9 . Nevertheless, the finding revealed that some respondents expressed confidence in their ability to overcome their current situation. The finding is consistent with 17 who found that the homeless who often viewed as a burden on society due to their nonconformity to social norms, can transform themselves when given proper training and rehabilitation, as they possess the ability to plan for a better future. However, these efforts are unlikely to succeed if the homeless lack the determination to resolve their issues, causing them to revert to their old ways, even after receiving support 16 . 18 discovered that about eight out of 45, returned to the streets despite undergoing rehabilitation programs. The third level focuses on the relationship between homeless individuals and the broader community, including associations and informal networks, revealing that they often feel insecure and marginalized from societal participation due to their circumstances. This finding aligns with the study by 9 who observed that homeless individuals frequently experience isolation, remain silent, and perceive discrimination because of their situation . Similarly, it was noted that perceived estrangement and social exclusion can exacerbate societal divides, diminishing social trust and cohesion, and leaving individuals feeling disconnected and unable to engage in meaningful activities 20,21 The fourth level of the model focuses on the role of organizations in impacting the lives of homeless individuals. These organizations provide essential support, such as food, monetary assistance, and shelter. This finding aligns with 22,23 who emphasized that homeless individuals require physical support in the form of shelter, food, and medical care, as well as societal interventions to address fundamental human needs. Supportive relationships with caregivers and targeted programs that integrate care and services are crucial approaches to consider in effectively assisting the homeless. The fifth level is policy which comprises local, state, and national policies for citizens. The respondents claimed that the current governmental policies do not favour them and should not interfere with their life. The findings align with the study conducted by 25 stated that the authorities under Destitute Persons Act 1977 (DPA 1977) can forcibly remove individuals they consider homeless and place them in Desa Bina Diri (DBD), a shelter that offers protection with the court order. DPA 1977 has faced significant criticism for violating personal liberty and freedom of movement of person who is categorized as a destitute person. Nonetheless, the finding also show that some respondents viewed these government agencies as friendly and supportive. The finding corroborates with 25,33 who revealed that some homeless individuals, particularly senior citizens, were rescued from their difficult lives on the streets by the authorities. They were given necessary assistance including shelter. Nevertheless, the concept of 'rehabilitation' must be critically examined to determine whether it genuinely addresses the needs of those experiencing homelessness 25 The policies should focus on establishing a robust support system for the homeless, while also empowering the elderly and strengthening their communities 33 . 4. The conclusion has been updated accordingly. To conclude, eradicating urban homelessness requires a comprehensive approach rooted in the five pillars of the structural ecological model. This study underscores the importance of equipping homeless individuals with employment skills (individual), fostering peer support (interpersonal), promoting social acceptance (community), ensuring access to rehabilitation services (organizational), and implementing a coordinated governmental strategy (policy). While current efforts provide essential support like health services, temporary shelters, and food, they often fail to address the other root causes of homelessness, such as unemployment, loss of income, lack of skills and social support. Therefore, it is imperative for the government to intensify efforts by funding programs that enhance literacy and provide Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). These programs should offer formal, non-formal, and informal learning opportunities that may collaborate with communities and organizations that empower individuals to secure meaningful employment and rebuild their lives. Additionally, the government shall prioritize accessible housing for the homeless, similar to the " Projek Perumahan Rakyat Termiskin (PPRT) " or Housing Project for the Absolute Poor, ensuring that these projects are widespread and located near essential amenities. Providing permanent housing to meet the basic needs of the homeless can significantly alleviate their hardships and improve their overall well-being. By providing stable housing, communities, and organizations can further support the homeless by offering employment opportunities, with the government incentivizing employers to participate. This integrated approach is vital to enabling homeless individuals to reintegrate into society and sustain long-term stability. A comprehensive and well-structured support system is essential to effectively eradicate urban homelessness in the country. This system should be designed to address the root causes of homelessness, such as poverty, lack of affordable housing, unemployment and lack of social support. It would involve coordinated efforts from government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector, focusing on providing not only immediate relief but also long-term solutions. These solutions could include affordable housing programs, job training and employment opportunities, and social support networks. By integrating these components into a cohesive and sustainable framework, the desired support system would not only provide immediate assistance to those experiencing homelessness but also work towards preventing future homelessness, ultimately leading to the complete eradication of urban homelessness in the country. Future research could investigate the effectiveness of specific support system components, such as job training or affordable housing programs, in preventing homelessness. Additionally, it could focus on assessing the long-term sustainability and scalability of these solutions across different urban areas to optimize and adapt the support system for eradicating homelessness. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 26 Sep 2024 Noor Ashikin Mohd Rom , Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, 63100, Malaysia 26 Sep 2024 Author Response 1. All local terms in Italic font. 2. The literature review on approaches to eradicating homelessness has been updated accordingly. 9 Nevertheless, policymakers should understand the diverse factors influencing homelessness, ... Continue reading 1. All local terms in Italic font. 2. The literature review on approaches to eradicating homelessness has been updated accordingly. 9 Nevertheless, policymakers should understand the diverse factors influencing homelessness, including socio-economic systems, inadequate housing, and inequitable welfare, as these issues have severe consequences for families and individuals. 7 , 10 Homelessness eradication program must focus on providing stable housing to reduce stress and improve well-being, particularly in quality neighbourhoods that foster social connections 9 . It was suggested that developing occupational skills can positively impact the well-being and outcomes of those experiencing unemployment and homelessness. 13,14,15 Homelessness prevention should be a collaborative effort involving all levels of government and various institutions beyond the homelessness sector. Structural and systems prevention need active participation from mainstream systems, while prevention methods within the homelessness sector, such as early intervention, housing stabilization and eviction prevention, work best when integrated with these broader systems 24 3. Previous research has been acknowledged in the discussion section. The first level of the Social Ecological Model highlights how individual demographics and economic status play a crucial role in homelessness. It shows that many homeless individuals in Malaysia struggle with insufficient income, inability to afford housing, and a lack of skills. Previous studies have identified economic instability and rising living costs as significant contributors to the growing homeless population in the country. 5 These findings are further supported by 5,10 linking homelessness to factors such as unemployment, low income, inability to secure proper housing, lack of affordable housing, and limited access to transportation for work . 7,10 Compounding these challenges, many homeless individuals experience a sense of abandonment due to fractured family relationships 8 . The study also revealed that homeless respondents lacked the essential skills needed to obtain stable employment. This observation aligns with the research of 14,15 which demonstrated that developing occupational skills can significantly enhance the well-being and prospects of those facing unemployment and homelessness. The persistent lack of education, training, and life skills continues to be a major barrier to employment 13,32 The second level of the Social Ecological Model emphasizes that homeless individuals frequently suffer from weak interpersonal relationships with family, peers, and social networks. Many respondents reported experiencing family conflicts and strained ties with relatives and friends. This observation is consistent with previous studies 5,7,9 which indicate that homeless individuals often feel abandoned, endure social isolation, and lack sufficient social support and resources. It was revealed that homeless individuals suffer from deficiencies in familial and community support, as well as limited interactions with service providers 9 . Nevertheless, the finding revealed that some respondents expressed confidence in their ability to overcome their current situation. The finding is consistent with 17 who found that the homeless who often viewed as a burden on society due to their nonconformity to social norms, can transform themselves when given proper training and rehabilitation, as they possess the ability to plan for a better future. However, these efforts are unlikely to succeed if the homeless lack the determination to resolve their issues, causing them to revert to their old ways, even after receiving support 16 . 18 discovered that about eight out of 45, returned to the streets despite undergoing rehabilitation programs. The third level focuses on the relationship between homeless individuals and the broader community, including associations and informal networks, revealing that they often feel insecure and marginalized from societal participation due to their circumstances. This finding aligns with the study by 9 who observed that homeless individuals frequently experience isolation, remain silent, and perceive discrimination because of their situation . Similarly, it was noted that perceived estrangement and social exclusion can exacerbate societal divides, diminishing social trust and cohesion, and leaving individuals feeling disconnected and unable to engage in meaningful activities 20,21 The fourth level of the model focuses on the role of organizations in impacting the lives of homeless individuals. These organizations provide essential support, such as food, monetary assistance, and shelter. This finding aligns with 22,23 who emphasized that homeless individuals require physical support in the form of shelter, food, and medical care, as well as societal interventions to address fundamental human needs. Supportive relationships with caregivers and targeted programs that integrate care and services are crucial approaches to consider in effectively assisting the homeless. The fifth level is policy which comprises local, state, and national policies for citizens. The respondents claimed that the current governmental policies do not favour them and should not interfere with their life. The findings align with the study conducted by 25 stated that the authorities under Destitute Persons Act 1977 (DPA 1977) can forcibly remove individuals they consider homeless and place them in Desa Bina Diri (DBD), a shelter that offers protection with the court order. DPA 1977 has faced significant criticism for violating personal liberty and freedom of movement of person who is categorized as a destitute person. Nonetheless, the finding also show that some respondents viewed these government agencies as friendly and supportive. The finding corroborates with 25,33 who revealed that some homeless individuals, particularly senior citizens, were rescued from their difficult lives on the streets by the authorities. They were given necessary assistance including shelter. Nevertheless, the concept of 'rehabilitation' must be critically examined to determine whether it genuinely addresses the needs of those experiencing homelessness 25 The policies should focus on establishing a robust support system for the homeless, while also empowering the elderly and strengthening their communities 33 . 4. The conclusion has been updated accordingly. To conclude, eradicating urban homelessness requires a comprehensive approach rooted in the five pillars of the structural ecological model. This study underscores the importance of equipping homeless individuals with employment skills (individual), fostering peer support (interpersonal), promoting social acceptance (community), ensuring access to rehabilitation services (organizational), and implementing a coordinated governmental strategy (policy). While current efforts provide essential support like health services, temporary shelters, and food, they often fail to address the other root causes of homelessness, such as unemployment, loss of income, lack of skills and social support. Therefore, it is imperative for the government to intensify efforts by funding programs that enhance literacy and provide Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). These programs should offer formal, non-formal, and informal learning opportunities that may collaborate with communities and organizations that empower individuals to secure meaningful employment and rebuild their lives. Additionally, the government shall prioritize accessible housing for the homeless, similar to the " Projek Perumahan Rakyat Termiskin (PPRT) " or Housing Project for the Absolute Poor, ensuring that these projects are widespread and located near essential amenities. Providing permanent housing to meet the basic needs of the homeless can significantly alleviate their hardships and improve their overall well-being. By providing stable housing, communities, and organizations can further support the homeless by offering employment opportunities, with the government incentivizing employers to participate. This integrated approach is vital to enabling homeless individuals to reintegrate into society and sustain long-term stability. A comprehensive and well-structured support system is essential to effectively eradicate urban homelessness in the country. This system should be designed to address the root causes of homelessness, such as poverty, lack of affordable housing, unemployment and lack of social support. It would involve coordinated efforts from government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector, focusing on providing not only immediate relief but also long-term solutions. These solutions could include affordable housing programs, job training and employment opportunities, and social support networks. By integrating these components into a cohesive and sustainable framework, the desired support system would not only provide immediate assistance to those experiencing homelessness but also work towards preventing future homelessness, ultimately leading to the complete eradication of urban homelessness in the country. Future research could investigate the effectiveness of specific support system components, such as job training or affordable housing programs, in preventing homelessness. Additionally, it could focus on assessing the long-term sustainability and scalability of these solutions across different urban areas to optimize and adapt the support system for eradicating homelessness. 1. All local terms in Italic font. 2. The literature review on approaches to eradicating homelessness has been updated accordingly. 9 Nevertheless, policymakers should understand the diverse factors influencing homelessness, including socio-economic systems, inadequate housing, and inequitable welfare, as these issues have severe consequences for families and individuals. 7 , 10 Homelessness eradication program must focus on providing stable housing to reduce stress and improve well-being, particularly in quality neighbourhoods that foster social connections 9 . It was suggested that developing occupational skills can positively impact the well-being and outcomes of those experiencing unemployment and homelessness. 13,14,15 Homelessness prevention should be a collaborative effort involving all levels of government and various institutions beyond the homelessness sector. Structural and systems prevention need active participation from mainstream systems, while prevention methods within the homelessness sector, such as early intervention, housing stabilization and eviction prevention, work best when integrated with these broader systems 24 3. Previous research has been acknowledged in the discussion section. The first level of the Social Ecological Model highlights how individual demographics and economic status play a crucial role in homelessness. It shows that many homeless individuals in Malaysia struggle with insufficient income, inability to afford housing, and a lack of skills. Previous studies have identified economic instability and rising living costs as significant contributors to the growing homeless population in the country. 5 These findings are further supported by 5,10 linking homelessness to factors such as unemployment, low income, inability to secure proper housing, lack of affordable housing, and limited access to transportation for work . 7,10 Compounding these challenges, many homeless individuals experience a sense of abandonment due to fractured family relationships 8 . The study also revealed that homeless respondents lacked the essential skills needed to obtain stable employment. This observation aligns with the research of 14,15 which demonstrated that developing occupational skills can significantly enhance the well-being and prospects of those facing unemployment and homelessness. The persistent lack of education, training, and life skills continues to be a major barrier to employment 13,32 The second level of the Social Ecological Model emphasizes that homeless individuals frequently suffer from weak interpersonal relationships with family, peers, and social networks. Many respondents reported experiencing family conflicts and strained ties with relatives and friends. This observation is consistent with previous studies 5,7,9 which indicate that homeless individuals often feel abandoned, endure social isolation, and lack sufficient social support and resources. It was revealed that homeless individuals suffer from deficiencies in familial and community support, as well as limited interactions with service providers 9 . Nevertheless, the finding revealed that some respondents expressed confidence in their ability to overcome their current situation. The finding is consistent with 17 who found that the homeless who often viewed as a burden on society due to their nonconformity to social norms, can transform themselves when given proper training and rehabilitation, as they possess the ability to plan for a better future. However, these efforts are unlikely to succeed if the homeless lack the determination to resolve their issues, causing them to revert to their old ways, even after receiving support 16 . 18 discovered that about eight out of 45, returned to the streets despite undergoing rehabilitation programs. The third level focuses on the relationship between homeless individuals and the broader community, including associations and informal networks, revealing that they often feel insecure and marginalized from societal participation due to their circumstances. This finding aligns with the study by 9 who observed that homeless individuals frequently experience isolation, remain silent, and perceive discrimination because of their situation . Similarly, it was noted that perceived estrangement and social exclusion can exacerbate societal divides, diminishing social trust and cohesion, and leaving individuals feeling disconnected and unable to engage in meaningful activities 20,21 The fourth level of the model focuses on the role of organizations in impacting the lives of homeless individuals. These organizations provide essential support, such as food, monetary assistance, and shelter. This finding aligns with 22,23 who emphasized that homeless individuals require physical support in the form of shelter, food, and medical care, as well as societal interventions to address fundamental human needs. Supportive relationships with caregivers and targeted programs that integrate care and services are crucial approaches to consider in effectively assisting the homeless. The fifth level is policy which comprises local, state, and national policies for citizens. The respondents claimed that the current governmental policies do not favour them and should not interfere with their life. The findings align with the study conducted by 25 stated that the authorities under Destitute Persons Act 1977 (DPA 1977) can forcibly remove individuals they consider homeless and place them in Desa Bina Diri (DBD), a shelter that offers protection with the court order. DPA 1977 has faced significant criticism for violating personal liberty and freedom of movement of person who is categorized as a destitute person. Nonetheless, the finding also show that some respondents viewed these government agencies as friendly and supportive. The finding corroborates with 25,33 who revealed that some homeless individuals, particularly senior citizens, were rescued from their difficult lives on the streets by the authorities. They were given necessary assistance including shelter. Nevertheless, the concept of 'rehabilitation' must be critically examined to determine whether it genuinely addresses the needs of those experiencing homelessness 25 The policies should focus on establishing a robust support system for the homeless, while also empowering the elderly and strengthening their communities 33 . 4. The conclusion has been updated accordingly. To conclude, eradicating urban homelessness requires a comprehensive approach rooted in the five pillars of the structural ecological model. This study underscores the importance of equipping homeless individuals with employment skills (individual), fostering peer support (interpersonal), promoting social acceptance (community), ensuring access to rehabilitation services (organizational), and implementing a coordinated governmental strategy (policy). While current efforts provide essential support like health services, temporary shelters, and food, they often fail to address the other root causes of homelessness, such as unemployment, loss of income, lack of skills and social support. Therefore, it is imperative for the government to intensify efforts by funding programs that enhance literacy and provide Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). These programs should offer formal, non-formal, and informal learning opportunities that may collaborate with communities and organizations that empower individuals to secure meaningful employment and rebuild their lives. Additionally, the government shall prioritize accessible housing for the homeless, similar to the " Projek Perumahan Rakyat Termiskin (PPRT) " or Housing Project for the Absolute Poor, ensuring that these projects are widespread and located near essential amenities. Providing permanent housing to meet the basic needs of the homeless can significantly alleviate their hardships and improve their overall well-being. By providing stable housing, communities, and organizations can further support the homeless by offering employment opportunities, with the government incentivizing employers to participate. This integrated approach is vital to enabling homeless individuals to reintegrate into society and sustain long-term stability. A comprehensive and well-structured support system is essential to effectively eradicate urban homelessness in the country. This system should be designed to address the root causes of homelessness, such as poverty, lack of affordable housing, unemployment and lack of social support. It would involve coordinated efforts from government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector, focusing on providing not only immediate relief but also long-term solutions. These solutions could include affordable housing programs, job training and employment opportunities, and social support networks. By integrating these components into a cohesive and sustainable framework, the desired support system would not only provide immediate assistance to those experiencing homelessness but also work towards preventing future homelessness, ultimately leading to the complete eradication of urban homelessness in the country. Future research could investigate the effectiveness of specific support system components, such as job training or affordable housing programs, in preventing homelessness. Additionally, it could focus on assessing the long-term sustainability and scalability of these solutions across different urban areas to optimize and adapt the support system for eradicating homelessness. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Jamaluddin Z. Reviewer Report For: Desired support system to eradicate urban homelessness: an exploratory descriptive study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :41 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.77191.r119654 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-41/v1#referee-response-119654 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 07 Feb 2022 Zakiyah Jamaluddin , School of Applied Psychology, Social Work & Policy, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.77191.r119654 1. The method section should include the following details : a. sampling technique - how were all 65 respondents chosen? is it based on purposive or convenience sampling? b. face to face interview - is it a structured ... Continue reading READ ALL 1. The method section should include the following details : a. sampling technique - how were all 65 respondents chosen? is it based on purposive or convenience sampling? b. face to face interview - is it a structured interview using questionnaires, or a semi structured/unstructured interview using protocol interview? 2. Table 2 should be in Findings. 3. Discussion - Should be related to the literature review and how it relates to the title of this manuscript. 4. Conclusion - Should be related to the findings and discussion but there was little discussion in the article, only highlighting of results instead. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Youth and Community I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Jamaluddin Z. Reviewer Report For: Desired support system to eradicate urban homelessness: an exploratory descriptive study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :41 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.77191.r119654 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-41/v1#referee-response-119654 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 16 Sep 2024 Noor Ashikin Mohd Rom , Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, 63100, Malaysia 16 Sep 2024 Author Response 1. Method Section a. Convenience sampling was applied in this study, as this method involves selecting individuals who are readily available and willing to participate. The study employed a social ... Continue reading 1. Method Section a. Convenience sampling was applied in this study, as this method involves selecting individuals who are readily available and willing to participate. The study employed a social ecological Model to survey sixty-five (65) homeless people. The survey respondents were identified by Pertubuhan Kebajikan ArRiqab , one of the active non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that assisting homeless people in Kuala Lumpur area A simple regression analysis requires a minimum of 50 samples and sample-to-variable ratio suggests a minimum observation-to-variable ratio of 5:1. 30 Additionally, minimum sample size of N ≥ 50+m (where m is the number of predictors) was recommended. 31 The minimum sample size by applying 31 method is 55, however, the researchers managed to get 65 respondents. b. This is a structured interview using questionnaires. 2. Table 2 has been included in Findings. 3. Discussion has been updated accordingly that related to literature review and title. The first level of the Social Ecological Model highlights how individual demographics and economic status play a crucial role in homelessness. It shows that many homeless individuals in Malaysia struggle with insufficient income, inability to afford housing, and a lack of skills. Previous studies have identified economic instability and rising living costs as significant contributors to the growing homeless population in the country. 5 These findings are further supported by 5,10 linking homelessness to factors such as unemployment, low income, inability to secure proper housing, lack of affordable housing, and limited access to transportation for work . 7,10 Compounding these challenges, many homeless individuals experience a sense of abandonment due to fractured family relationships 8 . The study also revealed that homeless respondents lacked the essential skills needed to obtain stable employment. This observation aligns with the research of 14,15 which demonstrated that developing occupational skills can significantly enhance the well-being and prospects of those facing unemployment and homelessness. The persistent lack of education, training, and life skills continues to be a major barrier to employment 13,32 The second level of the Social Ecological Model emphasizes that homeless individuals frequently suffer from weak interpersonal relationships with family, peers, and social networks. Many respondents reported experiencing family conflicts and strained ties with relatives and friends. This observation is consistent with previous studies 5,7,9 which indicate that homeless individuals often feel abandoned, endure social isolation, and lack sufficient social support and resources. It was revealed that homeless individuals suffer from deficiencies in familial and community support, as well as limited interactions with service providers 9 . Nevertheless, the finding revealed that some respondents expressed confidence in their ability to overcome their current situation. The finding is consistent with 17 who found that the homeless who often viewed as a burden on society due to their nonconformity to social norms, can transform themselves when given proper training and rehabilitation, as they possess the ability to plan for a better future. However, these efforts are unlikely to succeed if the homeless lack the determination to resolve their issues, causing them to revert to their old ways, even after receiving support 16 . 18 discovered that about eight out of 45, returned to the streets despite undergoing rehabilitation programs. The third level focuses on the relationship between homeless individuals and the broader community, including associations and informal networks, revealing that they often feel insecure and marginalized from societal participation due to their circumstances. This finding aligns with the study by 9 who observed that homeless individuals frequently experience isolation, remain silent, and perceive discrimination because of their situation . Similarly, it was noted that perceived estrangement and social exclusion can exacerbate societal divides, diminishing social trust and cohesion, and leaving individuals feeling disconnected and unable to engage in meaningful activities 20,21 The fourth level of the model focuses on the role of organizations in impacting the lives of homeless individuals. These organizations provide essential support, such as food, monetary assistance, and shelter. This finding aligns with 22,23 who emphasized that homeless individuals require physical support in the form of shelter, food, and medical care, as well as societal interventions to address fundamental human needs. Supportive relationships with caregivers and targeted programs that integrate care and services are crucial approaches to consider in effectively assisting the homeless. The fifth level is policy which comprises local, state, and national policies for citizens. The respondents claimed that the current governmental policies do not favour them and should not interfere with their life. The findings align with the study conducted by 25 stated that the authorities under Destitute Persons Act 1977 (DPA 1977) can forcibly remove individuals they consider homeless and place them in Desa Bina Diri (DBD), a shelter that offers protection with the court order. DPA 1977 has faced significant criticism for violating personal liberty and freedom of movement of person who is categorized as a destitute person. Nonetheless, the finding also show that some respondents viewed these government agencies as friendly and supportive. The finding corroborates with 25,33 who revealed that some homeless individuals, particularly senior citizens, were rescued from their difficult lives on the streets by the authorities. They were given necessary assistance including shelter. Nevertheless, the concept of 'rehabilitation' must be critically examined to determine whether it genuinely addresses the needs of those experiencing homelessness 25 The policies should focus on establishing a robust support system for the homeless, while also empowering the elderly and strengthening their communities 33 . 4. Conclusion has been updated accordingly. To conclude, eradicating urban homelessness requires a comprehensive approach rooted in the five pillars of the structural ecological model. This study underscores the importance of equipping homeless individuals with employment skills (individual), fostering peer support (interpersonal), promoting social acceptance (community), ensuring access to rehabilitation services (organizational), and implementing a coordinated governmental strategy (policy). While current efforts provide essential support like health services, temporary shelters, and food, they often fail to address the other root causes of homelessness, such as unemployment, loss of income, lack of skills and social support. Therefore, it is imperative for the government to intensify efforts by funding programs that enhance literacy and provide Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). These programs should offer formal, non-formal, and informal learning opportunities that may collaborate with communities and organizations that empower individuals to secure meaningful employment and rebuild their lives. Additionally, the government shall prioritize accessible housing for the homeless, similar to the "Projek Perumahan Rakyat Termiskin (PPRT)" or Housing Project for the Absolute Poor, ensuring that these projects are widespread and located near essential amenities. Providing permanent housing to meet the basic needs of the homeless can significantly alleviate their hardships and improve their overall well-being. By providing stable housing, communities, and organizations can further support the homeless by offering employment opportunities, with the government incentivizing employers to participate. This integrated approach is vital to enabling homeless individuals to reintegrate into society and sustain long-term stability. A comprehensive and well-structured support system is essential to effectively eradicate urban homelessness in the country. This system should be designed to address the root causes of homelessness, such as poverty, lack of affordable housing, unemployment and lack of social support. It would involve coordinated efforts from government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector, focusing on providing not only immediate relief but also long-term solutions. These solutions could include affordable housing programs, job training and employment opportunities, and social support networks. By integrating these components into a cohesive and sustainable framework, the desired support system would not only provide immediate assistance to those experiencing homelessness but also work towards preventing future homelessness, ultimately leading to the complete eradication of urban homelessness in the country. Future research could investigate the effectiveness of specific support system components, such as job training or affordable housing programs, in preventing homelessness. Additionally, it could focus on assessing the long-term sustainability and scalability of these solutions across different urban areas to optimize and adapt the support system for eradicating homelessness. 1. Method Section a. Convenience sampling was applied in this study, as this method involves selecting individuals who are readily available and willing to participate. The study employed a social ecological Model to survey sixty-five (65) homeless people. The survey respondents were identified by Pertubuhan Kebajikan ArRiqab , one of the active non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that assisting homeless people in Kuala Lumpur area A simple regression analysis requires a minimum of 50 samples and sample-to-variable ratio suggests a minimum observation-to-variable ratio of 5:1. 30 Additionally, minimum sample size of N ≥ 50+m (where m is the number of predictors) was recommended. 31 The minimum sample size by applying 31 method is 55, however, the researchers managed to get 65 respondents. b. This is a structured interview using questionnaires. 2. Table 2 has been included in Findings. 3. Discussion has been updated accordingly that related to literature review and title. The first level of the Social Ecological Model highlights how individual demographics and economic status play a crucial role in homelessness. It shows that many homeless individuals in Malaysia struggle with insufficient income, inability to afford housing, and a lack of skills. Previous studies have identified economic instability and rising living costs as significant contributors to the growing homeless population in the country. 5 These findings are further supported by 5,10 linking homelessness to factors such as unemployment, low income, inability to secure proper housing, lack of affordable housing, and limited access to transportation for work . 7,10 Compounding these challenges, many homeless individuals experience a sense of abandonment due to fractured family relationships 8 . The study also revealed that homeless respondents lacked the essential skills needed to obtain stable employment. This observation aligns with the research of 14,15 which demonstrated that developing occupational skills can significantly enhance the well-being and prospects of those facing unemployment and homelessness. The persistent lack of education, training, and life skills continues to be a major barrier to employment 13,32 The second level of the Social Ecological Model emphasizes that homeless individuals frequently suffer from weak interpersonal relationships with family, peers, and social networks. Many respondents reported experiencing family conflicts and strained ties with relatives and friends. This observation is consistent with previous studies 5,7,9 which indicate that homeless individuals often feel abandoned, endure social isolation, and lack sufficient social support and resources. It was revealed that homeless individuals suffer from deficiencies in familial and community support, as well as limited interactions with service providers 9 . Nevertheless, the finding revealed that some respondents expressed confidence in their ability to overcome their current situation. The finding is consistent with 17 who found that the homeless who often viewed as a burden on society due to their nonconformity to social norms, can transform themselves when given proper training and rehabilitation, as they possess the ability to plan for a better future. However, these efforts are unlikely to succeed if the homeless lack the determination to resolve their issues, causing them to revert to their old ways, even after receiving support 16 . 18 discovered that about eight out of 45, returned to the streets despite undergoing rehabilitation programs. The third level focuses on the relationship between homeless individuals and the broader community, including associations and informal networks, revealing that they often feel insecure and marginalized from societal participation due to their circumstances. This finding aligns with the study by 9 who observed that homeless individuals frequently experience isolation, remain silent, and perceive discrimination because of their situation . Similarly, it was noted that perceived estrangement and social exclusion can exacerbate societal divides, diminishing social trust and cohesion, and leaving individuals feeling disconnected and unable to engage in meaningful activities 20,21 The fourth level of the model focuses on the role of organizations in impacting the lives of homeless individuals. These organizations provide essential support, such as food, monetary assistance, and shelter. This finding aligns with 22,23 who emphasized that homeless individuals require physical support in the form of shelter, food, and medical care, as well as societal interventions to address fundamental human needs. Supportive relationships with caregivers and targeted programs that integrate care and services are crucial approaches to consider in effectively assisting the homeless. The fifth level is policy which comprises local, state, and national policies for citizens. The respondents claimed that the current governmental policies do not favour them and should not interfere with their life. The findings align with the study conducted by 25 stated that the authorities under Destitute Persons Act 1977 (DPA 1977) can forcibly remove individuals they consider homeless and place them in Desa Bina Diri (DBD), a shelter that offers protection with the court order. DPA 1977 has faced significant criticism for violating personal liberty and freedom of movement of person who is categorized as a destitute person. Nonetheless, the finding also show that some respondents viewed these government agencies as friendly and supportive. The finding corroborates with 25,33 who revealed that some homeless individuals, particularly senior citizens, were rescued from their difficult lives on the streets by the authorities. They were given necessary assistance including shelter. Nevertheless, the concept of 'rehabilitation' must be critically examined to determine whether it genuinely addresses the needs of those experiencing homelessness 25 The policies should focus on establishing a robust support system for the homeless, while also empowering the elderly and strengthening their communities 33 . 4. Conclusion has been updated accordingly. To conclude, eradicating urban homelessness requires a comprehensive approach rooted in the five pillars of the structural ecological model. This study underscores the importance of equipping homeless individuals with employment skills (individual), fostering peer support (interpersonal), promoting social acceptance (community), ensuring access to rehabilitation services (organizational), and implementing a coordinated governmental strategy (policy). While current efforts provide essential support like health services, temporary shelters, and food, they often fail to address the other root causes of homelessness, such as unemployment, loss of income, lack of skills and social support. Therefore, it is imperative for the government to intensify efforts by funding programs that enhance literacy and provide Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). These programs should offer formal, non-formal, and informal learning opportunities that may collaborate with communities and organizations that empower individuals to secure meaningful employment and rebuild their lives. Additionally, the government shall prioritize accessible housing for the homeless, similar to the "Projek Perumahan Rakyat Termiskin (PPRT)" or Housing Project for the Absolute Poor, ensuring that these projects are widespread and located near essential amenities. Providing permanent housing to meet the basic needs of the homeless can significantly alleviate their hardships and improve their overall well-being. By providing stable housing, communities, and organizations can further support the homeless by offering employment opportunities, with the government incentivizing employers to participate. This integrated approach is vital to enabling homeless individuals to reintegrate into society and sustain long-term stability. A comprehensive and well-structured support system is essential to effectively eradicate urban homelessness in the country. This system should be designed to address the root causes of homelessness, such as poverty, lack of affordable housing, unemployment and lack of social support. It would involve coordinated efforts from government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector, focusing on providing not only immediate relief but also long-term solutions. These solutions could include affordable housing programs, job training and employment opportunities, and social support networks. By integrating these components into a cohesive and sustainable framework, the desired support system would not only provide immediate assistance to those experiencing homelessness but also work towards preventing future homelessness, ultimately leading to the complete eradication of urban homelessness in the country. Future research could investigate the effectiveness of specific support system components, such as job training or affordable housing programs, in preventing homelessness. Additionally, it could focus on assessing the long-term sustainability and scalability of these solutions across different urban areas to optimize and adapt the support system for eradicating homelessness. Competing Interests: No Competing Interests Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 16 Sep 2024 Noor Ashikin Mohd Rom , Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, 63100, Malaysia 16 Sep 2024 Author Response 1. Method Section a. Convenience sampling was applied in this study, as this method involves selecting individuals who are readily available and willing to participate. The study employed a social ... Continue reading 1. Method Section a. Convenience sampling was applied in this study, as this method involves selecting individuals who are readily available and willing to participate. The study employed a social ecological Model to survey sixty-five (65) homeless people. The survey respondents were identified by Pertubuhan Kebajikan ArRiqab , one of the active non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that assisting homeless people in Kuala Lumpur area A simple regression analysis requires a minimum of 50 samples and sample-to-variable ratio suggests a minimum observation-to-variable ratio of 5:1. 30 Additionally, minimum sample size of N ≥ 50+m (where m is the number of predictors) was recommended. 31 The minimum sample size by applying 31 method is 55, however, the researchers managed to get 65 respondents. b. This is a structured interview using questionnaires. 2. Table 2 has been included in Findings. 3. Discussion has been updated accordingly that related to literature review and title. The first level of the Social Ecological Model highlights how individual demographics and economic status play a crucial role in homelessness. It shows that many homeless individuals in Malaysia struggle with insufficient income, inability to afford housing, and a lack of skills. Previous studies have identified economic instability and rising living costs as significant contributors to the growing homeless population in the country. 5 These findings are further supported by 5,10 linking homelessness to factors such as unemployment, low income, inability to secure proper housing, lack of affordable housing, and limited access to transportation for work . 7,10 Compounding these challenges, many homeless individuals experience a sense of abandonment due to fractured family relationships 8 . The study also revealed that homeless respondents lacked the essential skills needed to obtain stable employment. This observation aligns with the research of 14,15 which demonstrated that developing occupational skills can significantly enhance the well-being and prospects of those facing unemployment and homelessness. The persistent lack of education, training, and life skills continues to be a major barrier to employment 13,32 The second level of the Social Ecological Model emphasizes that homeless individuals frequently suffer from weak interpersonal relationships with family, peers, and social networks. Many respondents reported experiencing family conflicts and strained ties with relatives and friends. This observation is consistent with previous studies 5,7,9 which indicate that homeless individuals often feel abandoned, endure social isolation, and lack sufficient social support and resources. It was revealed that homeless individuals suffer from deficiencies in familial and community support, as well as limited interactions with service providers 9 . Nevertheless, the finding revealed that some respondents expressed confidence in their ability to overcome their current situation. The finding is consistent with 17 who found that the homeless who often viewed as a burden on society due to their nonconformity to social norms, can transform themselves when given proper training and rehabilitation, as they possess the ability to plan for a better future. However, these efforts are unlikely to succeed if the homeless lack the determination to resolve their issues, causing them to revert to their old ways, even after receiving support 16 . 18 discovered that about eight out of 45, returned to the streets despite undergoing rehabilitation programs. The third level focuses on the relationship between homeless individuals and the broader community, including associations and informal networks, revealing that they often feel insecure and marginalized from societal participation due to their circumstances. This finding aligns with the study by 9 who observed that homeless individuals frequently experience isolation, remain silent, and perceive discrimination because of their situation . Similarly, it was noted that perceived estrangement and social exclusion can exacerbate societal divides, diminishing social trust and cohesion, and leaving individuals feeling disconnected and unable to engage in meaningful activities 20,21 The fourth level of the model focuses on the role of organizations in impacting the lives of homeless individuals. These organizations provide essential support, such as food, monetary assistance, and shelter. This finding aligns with 22,23 who emphasized that homeless individuals require physical support in the form of shelter, food, and medical care, as well as societal interventions to address fundamental human needs. Supportive relationships with caregivers and targeted programs that integrate care and services are crucial approaches to consider in effectively assisting the homeless. The fifth level is policy which comprises local, state, and national policies for citizens. The respondents claimed that the current governmental policies do not favour them and should not interfere with their life. The findings align with the study conducted by 25 stated that the authorities under Destitute Persons Act 1977 (DPA 1977) can forcibly remove individuals they consider homeless and place them in Desa Bina Diri (DBD), a shelter that offers protection with the court order. DPA 1977 has faced significant criticism for violating personal liberty and freedom of movement of person who is categorized as a destitute person. Nonetheless, the finding also show that some respondents viewed these government agencies as friendly and supportive. The finding corroborates with 25,33 who revealed that some homeless individuals, particularly senior citizens, were rescued from their difficult lives on the streets by the authorities. They were given necessary assistance including shelter. Nevertheless, the concept of 'rehabilitation' must be critically examined to determine whether it genuinely addresses the needs of those experiencing homelessness 25 The policies should focus on establishing a robust support system for the homeless, while also empowering the elderly and strengthening their communities 33 . 4. Conclusion has been updated accordingly. To conclude, eradicating urban homelessness requires a comprehensive approach rooted in the five pillars of the structural ecological model. This study underscores the importance of equipping homeless individuals with employment skills (individual), fostering peer support (interpersonal), promoting social acceptance (community), ensuring access to rehabilitation services (organizational), and implementing a coordinated governmental strategy (policy). While current efforts provide essential support like health services, temporary shelters, and food, they often fail to address the other root causes of homelessness, such as unemployment, loss of income, lack of skills and social support. Therefore, it is imperative for the government to intensify efforts by funding programs that enhance literacy and provide Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). These programs should offer formal, non-formal, and informal learning opportunities that may collaborate with communities and organizations that empower individuals to secure meaningful employment and rebuild their lives. Additionally, the government shall prioritize accessible housing for the homeless, similar to the "Projek Perumahan Rakyat Termiskin (PPRT)" or Housing Project for the Absolute Poor, ensuring that these projects are widespread and located near essential amenities. Providing permanent housing to meet the basic needs of the homeless can significantly alleviate their hardships and improve their overall well-being. By providing stable housing, communities, and organizations can further support the homeless by offering employment opportunities, with the government incentivizing employers to participate. This integrated approach is vital to enabling homeless individuals to reintegrate into society and sustain long-term stability. A comprehensive and well-structured support system is essential to effectively eradicate urban homelessness in the country. This system should be designed to address the root causes of homelessness, such as poverty, lack of affordable housing, unemployment and lack of social support. It would involve coordinated efforts from government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector, focusing on providing not only immediate relief but also long-term solutions. These solutions could include affordable housing programs, job training and employment opportunities, and social support networks. By integrating these components into a cohesive and sustainable framework, the desired support system would not only provide immediate assistance to those experiencing homelessness but also work towards preventing future homelessness, ultimately leading to the complete eradication of urban homelessness in the country. Future research could investigate the effectiveness of specific support system components, such as job training or affordable housing programs, in preventing homelessness. Additionally, it could focus on assessing the long-term sustainability and scalability of these solutions across different urban areas to optimize and adapt the support system for eradicating homelessness. 1. Method Section a. Convenience sampling was applied in this study, as this method involves selecting individuals who are readily available and willing to participate. The study employed a social ecological Model to survey sixty-five (65) homeless people. The survey respondents were identified by Pertubuhan Kebajikan ArRiqab , one of the active non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that assisting homeless people in Kuala Lumpur area A simple regression analysis requires a minimum of 50 samples and sample-to-variable ratio suggests a minimum observation-to-variable ratio of 5:1. 30 Additionally, minimum sample size of N ≥ 50+m (where m is the number of predictors) was recommended. 31 The minimum sample size by applying 31 method is 55, however, the researchers managed to get 65 respondents. b. This is a structured interview using questionnaires. 2. Table 2 has been included in Findings. 3. Discussion has been updated accordingly that related to literature review and title. The first level of the Social Ecological Model highlights how individual demographics and economic status play a crucial role in homelessness. It shows that many homeless individuals in Malaysia struggle with insufficient income, inability to afford housing, and a lack of skills. Previous studies have identified economic instability and rising living costs as significant contributors to the growing homeless population in the country. 5 These findings are further supported by 5,10 linking homelessness to factors such as unemployment, low income, inability to secure proper housing, lack of affordable housing, and limited access to transportation for work . 7,10 Compounding these challenges, many homeless individuals experience a sense of abandonment due to fractured family relationships 8 . The study also revealed that homeless respondents lacked the essential skills needed to obtain stable employment. This observation aligns with the research of 14,15 which demonstrated that developing occupational skills can significantly enhance the well-being and prospects of those facing unemployment and homelessness. The persistent lack of education, training, and life skills continues to be a major barrier to employment 13,32 The second level of the Social Ecological Model emphasizes that homeless individuals frequently suffer from weak interpersonal relationships with family, peers, and social networks. Many respondents reported experiencing family conflicts and strained ties with relatives and friends. This observation is consistent with previous studies 5,7,9 which indicate that homeless individuals often feel abandoned, endure social isolation, and lack sufficient social support and resources. It was revealed that homeless individuals suffer from deficiencies in familial and community support, as well as limited interactions with service providers 9 . Nevertheless, the finding revealed that some respondents expressed confidence in their ability to overcome their current situation. The finding is consistent with 17 who found that the homeless who often viewed as a burden on society due to their nonconformity to social norms, can transform themselves when given proper training and rehabilitation, as they possess the ability to plan for a better future. However, these efforts are unlikely to succeed if the homeless lack the determination to resolve their issues, causing them to revert to their old ways, even after receiving support 16 . 18 discovered that about eight out of 45, returned to the streets despite undergoing rehabilitation programs. The third level focuses on the relationship between homeless individuals and the broader community, including associations and informal networks, revealing that they often feel insecure and marginalized from societal participation due to their circumstances. This finding aligns with the study by 9 who observed that homeless individuals frequently experience isolation, remain silent, and perceive discrimination because of their situation . Similarly, it was noted that perceived estrangement and social exclusion can exacerbate societal divides, diminishing social trust and cohesion, and leaving individuals feeling disconnected and unable to engage in meaningful activities 20,21 The fourth level of the model focuses on the role of organizations in impacting the lives of homeless individuals. These organizations provide essential support, such as food, monetary assistance, and shelter. This finding aligns with 22,23 who emphasized that homeless individuals require physical support in the form of shelter, food, and medical care, as well as societal interventions to address fundamental human needs. Supportive relationships with caregivers and targeted programs that integrate care and services are crucial approaches to consider in effectively assisting the homeless. The fifth level is policy which comprises local, state, and national policies for citizens. The respondents claimed that the current governmental policies do not favour them and should not interfere with their life. The findings align with the study conducted by 25 stated that the authorities under Destitute Persons Act 1977 (DPA 1977) can forcibly remove individuals they consider homeless and place them in Desa Bina Diri (DBD), a shelter that offers protection with the court order. DPA 1977 has faced significant criticism for violating personal liberty and freedom of movement of person who is categorized as a destitute person. Nonetheless, the finding also show that some respondents viewed these government agencies as friendly and supportive. The finding corroborates with 25,33 who revealed that some homeless individuals, particularly senior citizens, were rescued from their difficult lives on the streets by the authorities. They were given necessary assistance including shelter. Nevertheless, the concept of 'rehabilitation' must be critically examined to determine whether it genuinely addresses the needs of those experiencing homelessness 25 The policies should focus on establishing a robust support system for the homeless, while also empowering the elderly and strengthening their communities 33 . 4. Conclusion has been updated accordingly. To conclude, eradicating urban homelessness requires a comprehensive approach rooted in the five pillars of the structural ecological model. This study underscores the importance of equipping homeless individuals with employment skills (individual), fostering peer support (interpersonal), promoting social acceptance (community), ensuring access to rehabilitation services (organizational), and implementing a coordinated governmental strategy (policy). While current efforts provide essential support like health services, temporary shelters, and food, they often fail to address the other root causes of homelessness, such as unemployment, loss of income, lack of skills and social support. Therefore, it is imperative for the government to intensify efforts by funding programs that enhance literacy and provide Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). These programs should offer formal, non-formal, and informal learning opportunities that may collaborate with communities and organizations that empower individuals to secure meaningful employment and rebuild their lives. Additionally, the government shall prioritize accessible housing for the homeless, similar to the "Projek Perumahan Rakyat Termiskin (PPRT)" or Housing Project for the Absolute Poor, ensuring that these projects are widespread and located near essential amenities. Providing permanent housing to meet the basic needs of the homeless can significantly alleviate their hardships and improve their overall well-being. By providing stable housing, communities, and organizations can further support the homeless by offering employment opportunities, with the government incentivizing employers to participate. This integrated approach is vital to enabling homeless individuals to reintegrate into society and sustain long-term stability. A comprehensive and well-structured support system is essential to effectively eradicate urban homelessness in the country. This system should be designed to address the root causes of homelessness, such as poverty, lack of affordable housing, unemployment and lack of social support. It would involve coordinated efforts from government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector, focusing on providing not only immediate relief but also long-term solutions. These solutions could include affordable housing programs, job training and employment opportunities, and social support networks. By integrating these components into a cohesive and sustainable framework, the desired support system would not only provide immediate assistance to those experiencing homelessness but also work towards preventing future homelessness, ultimately leading to the complete eradication of urban homelessness in the country. Future research could investigate the effectiveness of specific support system components, such as job training or affordable housing programs, in preventing homelessness. Additionally, it could focus on assessing the long-term sustainability and scalability of these solutions across different urban areas to optimize and adapt the support system for eradicating homelessness. Competing Interests: No Competing Interests Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (1) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 16 Sep 2024 Revised Comment ADD YOUR COMMENT Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 13 Jan 2022 Discussion is closed on this version, please comment on the latest version above. Reader Comment 25 Apr 2022 Habibullah Habibullah , National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia 25 Apr 2022 Reader Comment Abstract does not describe the results of the study. Competing Interests: I am interested in the results of this research Abstract does not describe the results of the study. Abstract does not describe the results of the study. Competing Interests: I am interested in the results of this research Close Report a concern Discussion is closed on this version, please comment on the latest version above. keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 Version 2 (revision) 16 Sep 24 read read Version 1 13 Jan 22 read read Zakiyah Jamaluddin , Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia K. Rewathy , University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka Comments on this article All Comments (1) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Rewathy K. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 25 Sep 2024 | for Version 2 K. Rewathy , Lecturer in Geography, University of Colombo, Colombo, Western Province, Sri Lanka 0 Views copyright © 2024 Rewathy K. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The article was well revised and no further comments to make. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Social Geography, Human geography, GIS and Remote sensing, Urban Geography, Environmental studies I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Rewathy K. Peer Review Report For: Desired support system to eradicate urban homelessness: an exploratory descriptive study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :41 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.171283.r324087) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-41/v2#referee-response-324087 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Jamaluddin Z. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 18 Sep 2024 | for Version 2 Zakiyah Jamaluddin , School of Applied Psychology, Social Work & Policy, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 0 Views copyright © 2024 Jamaluddin Z. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions I have read all the revised statements and information and I accept the correction being made by the authors. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Jamaluddin Z. Peer Review Report For: Desired support system to eradicate urban homelessness: an exploratory descriptive study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :41 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.171283.r324088) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-41/v2#referee-response-324088 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2023 Rewathy K. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 09 May 2023 | for Version 1 K. Rewathy , Lecturer in Geography, University of Colombo, Colombo, Western Province, Sri Lanka 0 Views copyright © 2023 Rewathy K. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The paper is well-written, it addresses the major issues of homelessness in Malaysia and it tries to identify a suitable system to eradicate the homelessness to some extent. It addresses a timely important topic. However, there are a few instances where it may be improved: Italicize any local terms that are utilized to identify the term clearly. The literature section should be expanded with relevant content that highlights homelessness eradication approaches. For the justification, previous research must be acknowledged in the discussion section. The findings must back up the conclusion, rather than more general. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Social Geography, Human geography, GIS and Remote sensing, Urban Geography, Environmental studies I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 26 Sep 2024 Noor Ashikin Mohd Rom, Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, 63100, Malaysia 1. All local terms in Italic font. 2. The literature review on approaches to eradicating homelessness has been updated accordingly. 9 Nevertheless, policymakers should understand the diverse factors influencing homelessness, including socio-economic systems, inadequate housing, and inequitable welfare, as these issues have severe consequences for families and individuals. 7 , 10 Homelessness eradication program must focus on providing stable housing to reduce stress and improve well-being, particularly in quality neighbourhoods that foster social connections 9 . It was suggested that developing occupational skills can positively impact the well-being and outcomes of those experiencing unemployment and homelessness. 13,14,15 Homelessness prevention should be a collaborative effort involving all levels of government and various institutions beyond the homelessness sector. Structural and systems prevention need active participation from mainstream systems, while prevention methods within the homelessness sector, such as early intervention, housing stabilization and eviction prevention, work best when integrated with these broader systems 24 3. Previous research has been acknowledged in the discussion section. The first level of the Social Ecological Model highlights how individual demographics and economic status play a crucial role in homelessness. It shows that many homeless individuals in Malaysia struggle with insufficient income, inability to afford housing, and a lack of skills. Previous studies have identified economic instability and rising living costs as significant contributors to the growing homeless population in the country. 5 These findings are further supported by 5,10 linking homelessness to factors such as unemployment, low income, inability to secure proper housing, lack of affordable housing, and limited access to transportation for work . 7,10 Compounding these challenges, many homeless individuals experience a sense of abandonment due to fractured family relationships 8 . The study also revealed that homeless respondents lacked the essential skills needed to obtain stable employment. This observation aligns with the research of 14,15 which demonstrated that developing occupational skills can significantly enhance the well-being and prospects of those facing unemployment and homelessness. The persistent lack of education, training, and life skills continues to be a major barrier to employment 13,32 The second level of the Social Ecological Model emphasizes that homeless individuals frequently suffer from weak interpersonal relationships with family, peers, and social networks. Many respondents reported experiencing family conflicts and strained ties with relatives and friends. This observation is consistent with previous studies 5,7,9 which indicate that homeless individuals often feel abandoned, endure social isolation, and lack sufficient social support and resources. It was revealed that homeless individuals suffer from deficiencies in familial and community support, as well as limited interactions with service providers 9 . Nevertheless, the finding revealed that some respondents expressed confidence in their ability to overcome their current situation. The finding is consistent with 17 who found that the homeless who often viewed as a burden on society due to their nonconformity to social norms, can transform themselves when given proper training and rehabilitation, as they possess the ability to plan for a better future. However, these efforts are unlikely to succeed if the homeless lack the determination to resolve their issues, causing them to revert to their old ways, even after receiving support 16 . 18 discovered that about eight out of 45, returned to the streets despite undergoing rehabilitation programs. The third level focuses on the relationship between homeless individuals and the broader community, including associations and informal networks, revealing that they often feel insecure and marginalized from societal participation due to their circumstances. This finding aligns with the study by 9 who observed that homeless individuals frequently experience isolation, remain silent, and perceive discrimination because of their situation . Similarly, it was noted that perceived estrangement and social exclusion can exacerbate societal divides, diminishing social trust and cohesion, and leaving individuals feeling disconnected and unable to engage in meaningful activities 20,21 The fourth level of the model focuses on the role of organizations in impacting the lives of homeless individuals. These organizations provide essential support, such as food, monetary assistance, and shelter. This finding aligns with 22,23 who emphasized that homeless individuals require physical support in the form of shelter, food, and medical care, as well as societal interventions to address fundamental human needs. Supportive relationships with caregivers and targeted programs that integrate care and services are crucial approaches to consider in effectively assisting the homeless. The fifth level is policy which comprises local, state, and national policies for citizens. The respondents claimed that the current governmental policies do not favour them and should not interfere with their life. The findings align with the study conducted by 25 stated that the authorities under Destitute Persons Act 1977 (DPA 1977) can forcibly remove individuals they consider homeless and place them in Desa Bina Diri (DBD), a shelter that offers protection with the court order. DPA 1977 has faced significant criticism for violating personal liberty and freedom of movement of person who is categorized as a destitute person. Nonetheless, the finding also show that some respondents viewed these government agencies as friendly and supportive. The finding corroborates with 25,33 who revealed that some homeless individuals, particularly senior citizens, were rescued from their difficult lives on the streets by the authorities. They were given necessary assistance including shelter. Nevertheless, the concept of 'rehabilitation' must be critically examined to determine whether it genuinely addresses the needs of those experiencing homelessness 25 The policies should focus on establishing a robust support system for the homeless, while also empowering the elderly and strengthening their communities 33 . 4. The conclusion has been updated accordingly. To conclude, eradicating urban homelessness requires a comprehensive approach rooted in the five pillars of the structural ecological model. This study underscores the importance of equipping homeless individuals with employment skills (individual), fostering peer support (interpersonal), promoting social acceptance (community), ensuring access to rehabilitation services (organizational), and implementing a coordinated governmental strategy (policy). While current efforts provide essential support like health services, temporary shelters, and food, they often fail to address the other root causes of homelessness, such as unemployment, loss of income, lack of skills and social support. Therefore, it is imperative for the government to intensify efforts by funding programs that enhance literacy and provide Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). These programs should offer formal, non-formal, and informal learning opportunities that may collaborate with communities and organizations that empower individuals to secure meaningful employment and rebuild their lives. Additionally, the government shall prioritize accessible housing for the homeless, similar to the " Projek Perumahan Rakyat Termiskin (PPRT) " or Housing Project for the Absolute Poor, ensuring that these projects are widespread and located near essential amenities. Providing permanent housing to meet the basic needs of the homeless can significantly alleviate their hardships and improve their overall well-being. By providing stable housing, communities, and organizations can further support the homeless by offering employment opportunities, with the government incentivizing employers to participate. This integrated approach is vital to enabling homeless individuals to reintegrate into society and sustain long-term stability. A comprehensive and well-structured support system is essential to effectively eradicate urban homelessness in the country. This system should be designed to address the root causes of homelessness, such as poverty, lack of affordable housing, unemployment and lack of social support. It would involve coordinated efforts from government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector, focusing on providing not only immediate relief but also long-term solutions. These solutions could include affordable housing programs, job training and employment opportunities, and social support networks. By integrating these components into a cohesive and sustainable framework, the desired support system would not only provide immediate assistance to those experiencing homelessness but also work towards preventing future homelessness, ultimately leading to the complete eradication of urban homelessness in the country. Future research could investigate the effectiveness of specific support system components, such as job training or affordable housing programs, in preventing homelessness. Additionally, it could focus on assessing the long-term sustainability and scalability of these solutions across different urban areas to optimize and adapt the support system for eradicating homelessness. View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Rewathy K. Peer Review Report For: Desired support system to eradicate urban homelessness: an exploratory descriptive study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :41 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.77191.r169771) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-41/v1#referee-response-169771 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2022 Jamaluddin Z. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 07 Feb 2022 | for Version 1 Zakiyah Jamaluddin , School of Applied Psychology, Social Work & Policy, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 0 Views copyright © 2022 Jamaluddin Z. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions 1. The method section should include the following details : a. sampling technique - how were all 65 respondents chosen? is it based on purposive or convenience sampling? b. face to face interview - is it a structured interview using questionnaires, or a semi structured/unstructured interview using protocol interview? 2. Table 2 should be in Findings. 3. Discussion - Should be related to the literature review and how it relates to the title of this manuscript. 4. Conclusion - Should be related to the findings and discussion but there was little discussion in the article, only highlighting of results instead. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Youth and Community I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 16 Sep 2024 Noor Ashikin Mohd Rom, Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, 63100, Malaysia 1. Method Section a. Convenience sampling was applied in this study, as this method involves selecting individuals who are readily available and willing to participate. The study employed a social ecological Model to survey sixty-five (65) homeless people. The survey respondents were identified by Pertubuhan Kebajikan ArRiqab , one of the active non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that assisting homeless people in Kuala Lumpur area A simple regression analysis requires a minimum of 50 samples and sample-to-variable ratio suggests a minimum observation-to-variable ratio of 5:1. 30 Additionally, minimum sample size of N ≥ 50+m (where m is the number of predictors) was recommended. 31 The minimum sample size by applying 31 method is 55, however, the researchers managed to get 65 respondents. b. This is a structured interview using questionnaires. 2. Table 2 has been included in Findings. 3. Discussion has been updated accordingly that related to literature review and title. The first level of the Social Ecological Model highlights how individual demographics and economic status play a crucial role in homelessness. It shows that many homeless individuals in Malaysia struggle with insufficient income, inability to afford housing, and a lack of skills. Previous studies have identified economic instability and rising living costs as significant contributors to the growing homeless population in the country. 5 These findings are further supported by 5,10 linking homelessness to factors such as unemployment, low income, inability to secure proper housing, lack of affordable housing, and limited access to transportation for work . 7,10 Compounding these challenges, many homeless individuals experience a sense of abandonment due to fractured family relationships 8 . The study also revealed that homeless respondents lacked the essential skills needed to obtain stable employment. This observation aligns with the research of 14,15 which demonstrated that developing occupational skills can significantly enhance the well-being and prospects of those facing unemployment and homelessness. The persistent lack of education, training, and life skills continues to be a major barrier to employment 13,32 The second level of the Social Ecological Model emphasizes that homeless individuals frequently suffer from weak interpersonal relationships with family, peers, and social networks. Many respondents reported experiencing family conflicts and strained ties with relatives and friends. This observation is consistent with previous studies 5,7,9 which indicate that homeless individuals often feel abandoned, endure social isolation, and lack sufficient social support and resources. It was revealed that homeless individuals suffer from deficiencies in familial and community support, as well as limited interactions with service providers 9 . Nevertheless, the finding revealed that some respondents expressed confidence in their ability to overcome their current situation. The finding is consistent with 17 who found that the homeless who often viewed as a burden on society due to their nonconformity to social norms, can transform themselves when given proper training and rehabilitation, as they possess the ability to plan for a better future. However, these efforts are unlikely to succeed if the homeless lack the determination to resolve their issues, causing them to revert to their old ways, even after receiving support 16 . 18 discovered that about eight out of 45, returned to the streets despite undergoing rehabilitation programs. The third level focuses on the relationship between homeless individuals and the broader community, including associations and informal networks, revealing that they often feel insecure and marginalized from societal participation due to their circumstances. This finding aligns with the study by 9 who observed that homeless individuals frequently experience isolation, remain silent, and perceive discrimination because of their situation . Similarly, it was noted that perceived estrangement and social exclusion can exacerbate societal divides, diminishing social trust and cohesion, and leaving individuals feeling disconnected and unable to engage in meaningful activities 20,21 The fourth level of the model focuses on the role of organizations in impacting the lives of homeless individuals. These organizations provide essential support, such as food, monetary assistance, and shelter. This finding aligns with 22,23 who emphasized that homeless individuals require physical support in the form of shelter, food, and medical care, as well as societal interventions to address fundamental human needs. Supportive relationships with caregivers and targeted programs that integrate care and services are crucial approaches to consider in effectively assisting the homeless. The fifth level is policy which comprises local, state, and national policies for citizens. The respondents claimed that the current governmental policies do not favour them and should not interfere with their life. The findings align with the study conducted by 25 stated that the authorities under Destitute Persons Act 1977 (DPA 1977) can forcibly remove individuals they consider homeless and place them in Desa Bina Diri (DBD), a shelter that offers protection with the court order. DPA 1977 has faced significant criticism for violating personal liberty and freedom of movement of person who is categorized as a destitute person. Nonetheless, the finding also show that some respondents viewed these government agencies as friendly and supportive. The finding corroborates with 25,33 who revealed that some homeless individuals, particularly senior citizens, were rescued from their difficult lives on the streets by the authorities. They were given necessary assistance including shelter. Nevertheless, the concept of 'rehabilitation' must be critically examined to determine whether it genuinely addresses the needs of those experiencing homelessness 25 The policies should focus on establishing a robust support system for the homeless, while also empowering the elderly and strengthening their communities 33 . 4. Conclusion has been updated accordingly. To conclude, eradicating urban homelessness requires a comprehensive approach rooted in the five pillars of the structural ecological model. This study underscores the importance of equipping homeless individuals with employment skills (individual), fostering peer support (interpersonal), promoting social acceptance (community), ensuring access to rehabilitation services (organizational), and implementing a coordinated governmental strategy (policy). While current efforts provide essential support like health services, temporary shelters, and food, they often fail to address the other root causes of homelessness, such as unemployment, loss of income, lack of skills and social support. Therefore, it is imperative for the government to intensify efforts by funding programs that enhance literacy and provide Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). These programs should offer formal, non-formal, and informal learning opportunities that may collaborate with communities and organizations that empower individuals to secure meaningful employment and rebuild their lives. Additionally, the government shall prioritize accessible housing for the homeless, similar to the "Projek Perumahan Rakyat Termiskin (PPRT)" or Housing Project for the Absolute Poor, ensuring that these projects are widespread and located near essential amenities. Providing permanent housing to meet the basic needs of the homeless can significantly alleviate their hardships and improve their overall well-being. By providing stable housing, communities, and organizations can further support the homeless by offering employment opportunities, with the government incentivizing employers to participate. This integrated approach is vital to enabling homeless individuals to reintegrate into society and sustain long-term stability. A comprehensive and well-structured support system is essential to effectively eradicate urban homelessness in the country. This system should be designed to address the root causes of homelessness, such as poverty, lack of affordable housing, unemployment and lack of social support. It would involve coordinated efforts from government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector, focusing on providing not only immediate relief but also long-term solutions. These solutions could include affordable housing programs, job training and employment opportunities, and social support networks. By integrating these components into a cohesive and sustainable framework, the desired support system would not only provide immediate assistance to those experiencing homelessness but also work towards preventing future homelessness, ultimately leading to the complete eradication of urban homelessness in the country. Future research could investigate the effectiveness of specific support system components, such as job training or affordable housing programs, in preventing homelessness. Additionally, it could focus on assessing the long-term sustainability and scalability of these solutions across different urban areas to optimize and adapt the support system for eradicating homelessness. View more View less Competing Interests No Competing Interests reply Respond Report a concern Jamaluddin Z. Peer Review Report For: Desired support system to eradicate urban homelessness: an exploratory descriptive study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :41 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.77191.r119654) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. 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