A Covert, Secure and Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol Based on Statistical Machine Learning in Multi-Domain Communication Applications

A Covert, Secure and Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol Based on Statistical Machine Learning in Multi-Domain Communication Applications | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A Covert, Secure and Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol Based on Statistical Machine Learning in Multi-Domain Communication Applications Sobhan Esmaeili, Jamal Ghasemi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5342581/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In recent decades, multi-domain communications (air-water) have garnered significant attention from both scientific and civil communities due to their diverse impacts and applications. However, in addition to security challenges, these types of communications face limitations regarding direct cross-medium communication, transmission capacity, transmission range, and energy consumption due to water properties and reflections occurring at the interface between the two mediums. While various solutions have been proposed to address these challenges, the majority of them are either not energy-efficient or fail to guarantee communication security in specific applications. Therefore, in this research, we propose a secure covert communication protocol with energy efficiency for multi-domain communication applications to address the aforementioned challenges. In this protocol, to enhance security and reduce bandwidth consumption, data is sampled based on its entropy and then simultaneously compressed and encrypted according to its sparsity level. Next, the resulting output is modulated onto amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, hidden, and spread out over time using a chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG). The signal is then transmitted through a wide-field optical system. Here, we utilize an array of ultrasonic sensors and a prediction algorithm to calculate the optimal water surface impact point. We also use OOK pulse-based modulation combined with laser diode switching to reduce energy consumption and increase data transmission capacity. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model, compared to previous methods, not only enhances security but also reduces energy consumption and increases transmission capacity. Covert Communications Secure Communications Multi-Domain Communications Energy-Efficient Communications Statistical Machine Learning Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5342581","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":372909215,"identity":"65720884-4d41-407e-8095-b9e64b54e8ec","order_by":0,"name":"Sobhan Esmaeili","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Mazandaran","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sobhan","middleName":"","lastName":"Esmaeili","suffix":""},{"id":372909216,"identity":"9ea699a4-0a7d-4e25-bb24-1dda9da2790f","order_by":1,"name":"Jamal Ghasemi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA00lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgYGNjCDjb0BKsRMtBaeA0RqASmGUBIJRDqMuYH92oMff2yi+STfmG78wWAnz8DO+4CAw3jKDXvb0nLbpHPMbkgwJBs2MLMbENKSJsHbcBiixYCBOYGBmQ2/w0BaJP/8+Z/bJnnG7EYCQz0xWtiPSfOwHchtk+Axu3GA4TARWpp52KRl25Jz23jSym42GBw3bCOkxbC9/Znkmz92ufPbD2+7+aOiWp6f/xgBLc08yOFjAI8m3AAYDQ8IqRkFo2AUjIKRDgAmyTqcvehMkwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"University of Mazandaran","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jamal","middleName":"","lastName":"Ghasemi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-10-27 19:08:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5342581/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5342581/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":72122999,"identity":"eb479e16-0377-4b97-9bc1-e4e70ea72ea2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-23 02:08:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":572813,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5342581/v1_covered_95f599d5-cb99-4a12-9b4c-534080ae2884.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A Covert, Secure and Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol Based on Statistical Machine Learning in Multi-Domain Communication Applications","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Covert Communications, Secure Communications, Multi-Domain Communications, Energy-Efficient Communications, Statistical Machine Learning","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5342581/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5342581/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn recent decades, multi-domain communications (air-water) have garnered significant attention from both scientific and civil communities due to their diverse impacts and applications. 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