Low-Dimensional Materials and Engineered Surfaces for Electronic, Photonic, and Biomedical Applications

Low-dimensional materials and engineered surface architectures have emerged as transformative platforms for next-generation electronic, photonic, and biomedical systems. Reduced dimensionality ranging from two-dimensional atomic layers to one-dimensional nanowires and zero-dimensional quantum dots enables exceptional control over charge transport, light–matter interaction, mechanical flexibility, and interfacial phenomena. Simultaneously, advances in surface engineering techniques, including laser texturing, plasma modification, chemical functionalization, and nano-patterning, allow precise tailoring of wettability, biocompatibility, optical response, and electrical conductivity. This convergence of material design and surface functionality has accelerated the development of high-performance transistors, flexible sensors, energy-efficient photodetectors, implantable bioelectronics, antimicrobial coatings, and controlled drug-delivery platforms. Importantly, engineered interfaces play a critical role in bridging biological systems with electronic and photonic devices, enhancing cellular response while maintaining structural and functional stability. Despite remarkable progress, challenges remain in scalable fabrication, long-term reliability, interfacial stability, and integration with existing manufacturing infrastructures. This review critically examines recent developments in low-dimensional materials and surface engineering strategies, highlights their synergistic roles across electronic, photonic, and biomedical domains, and discusses future research directions toward multifunctional, sustainable, and clinically translatable technologies.