Study of structural, morphological and optical properties of samarium doped with BaTiO3 nanomaterial

Study of structural, morphological and optical properties of samarium doped with BaTiO3 nanomaterial | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Study of structural, morphological and optical properties of samarium doped with BaTiO3 nanomaterial Aravind kumar kumar, Dr Piyush k. patel teacher, Dr Jyoti Rani teacher, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5873087/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Samarium-doped Barium Titanate (Sm: BaTiO 3 ) is a promising material in the field of advanced ceramics and electronics, combining the unique properties of both samarium (Sm) and barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ). Barium titanate is a well-known ferroelectric material, widely studied for its excellent dielectric properties, piezoelectric behaviour, and electro-optical characteristics. The incorporation of samarium ions (Sm³⁺) into the BaTiO 3 lattice aims to enhance the material’s electrical, optical, and magnetic properties. This doping process leads to a modification of the material’s structural, electrical, and magnetic behaviours due to the influence of Sm³⁺ ions on the crystal lattice. These ions can alter the ferroelectric properties, improving the material's dielectric response, increasing magnetic susceptibility, and potentially introducing new functionalities like multiferroic behaviour (simultaneous ferroelectric and magnetic properties). The influence of doping concentrations, synthesis methods, and thermal treatments on the microstructure and phase stability of Sm: BaTiO 3 is crucial for optimizing the material’s performance in potential applications such as capacitors, sensors, actuators, and advanced memory devices. The abstract for Samarium-doped Barium Titanate typically explores how varying the doping levels of Sm affects the materials, crystallography, dielectric constants, electrical conductivity, and magneto electric coupling, with the ultimate goal of tailoring the properties for specific technological applications. XRD Calcination FESEM BET UV PL BaTiO3 Sm Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1 Introduction Barium Titanate (BaTiO₃) is a widely studied ceramic material known for its remarkable ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and dielectric properties. Due to these attributes, BaTiO₃ is extensively used in electronic devices such as capacitors, sensors, actuators, and memory devices. Its ability to undergo phase transitions in response to external stimuli makes it particularly valuable for applications that require tunable electrical properties. However, in many instances, the intrinsic properties of BaTiO₃ may not meet the specific requirements for advanced technological applications. To address these limitations and enhance the material’s performance, doping with various metal ions is a common strategy ( 1 – 2 ). Samarium (Sm), a rare-earth element with a unique electronic configuration and magnetic properties, has been identified as a promising dopant for BaTiO₃. When samarium ions (Sm³⁺) are incorporated into the BaTiO₃ lattice, they introduce significant changes in the material's structural, electrical, and magnetic properties. Sm-doping can enhance dielectric constants, improve magnetic susceptibility, and even induce multiferroic behaviours, where both ferroelectric and magnetic properties coexist within the same material ( 2 – 3 ). The doping of Sm into BaTiO₃ can modify the material’s phase stability, improve the material's thermal stability, and enable the design of novel multifunctional materials with improved performance for diverse applications, such as sensors, actuators, microwave devices, and energy storage systems. The specific effects of samarium doping depend on factors such as the concentration of dopant, the synthesis technique used, and the temperature conditions applied during processing ( 3 – 5 ). This introduction to Samarium-doped Barium Titanate explores the motivation behind doping BaTiO₃ with Sm, highlighting its potential to significantly enhance the material's functionality for advanced applications, while also addressing the challenges and considerations involved in the fabrication and optimization of Sm:BaTiO₃ composites. 2 Experimental technique 2.1) Synthesis of BaTiO 3 nanoparticles Barium chloride (BaCl 3 ), titanium tetra isopropoxide (Ti[OCH(CH 3 ) 2 ] 4 ) and oxalic acid (C 2 H 2 O 4 ) were used for making Barium Ttitanate Oxide (BaTiO 3 ) by co-precipitation technique. 0.05 mol (12.214 grams) of BaCl 3 was dissolved in 200 ml of deionised water and continuously stirred for 2 hours to mix it well. 0.05 mol (14.211 grams) of isopropoxide was dissolved in 200 ml of deionised water and continuously stirred for 2 hours for proper mixing. And another solution containing 0.5 mol (63 gram) of oxalic acid in 100 ml of deionised water was also prepared in similar manner. Know, the solution of (Ti[OCH(CH 3 ) 2 ] 4 ) is added to the solution of oxalic acid (C 2 H 2 O 4 ) dropwise with continuous stirring for 3 hours. Lastly, on adding the mixture solution of oxalic acid and titanium isopropoxide slowly and dropwise to the solution of barium chloride (BaCl 3 ), with continuous stirring, the colour of solution starts changing to white confirming the formation of precipitate. While the stirring is continued for 4 hours for reacting and forming the precipitate well in the solution. After stirring, the solution was left for some time and the precipitate was collected ( 7 – 10 ). The precipitate collected was washed three times by deionized water and lastly by ethanol to remove extra unwanted ions collected with precipitate. Know the drying of precipitate is done at 90°C for 48h to remove the adsorbed extra waste. Know the BaTiO 3 nanoparticles were collected and grinded well. After that it was calcinated at 600°C for 4 h [11–14]. 2.2) Synthesis of composite material Dissolve barium nitrate (Ba(NO₃)₂) in deionized water to obtain a Ba²⁺ solution, dissolved samarium nitrate (Sm(NO₃)₃·6H₂O) in deionized water to obtain a Sm³⁺ solution and .Dissolve titanium precursor (Ti(OiPr)₄ or TiCl₄) in a suitable solvent (like isopropanol or ethanol) to obtain the Ti⁴⁺ solution. Mix the Ba²⁺, Ti⁴⁺, and Sm³⁺ solutions in the desired stoichiometric ratio based on the desired level of samarium doping (e.g., BaTiO₃: Sm with specific doping levels). The Ba:Ti ratio should ideally be 1:1 to maintain stoichiometric BaTiO₃. The Sm concentration is typically in the range of 1–5 mol% relative to Ba. Slowly add ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to the mixed solution to raise the pH and initiate the precipitation of BaTiO₃:Sm.The pH should be adjusted to around 10–11 to ensure proper precipitation of the metal hydroxides (Ba(OH)₂, Ti(OH)₄, and Sm(OH)₃). Stir the solution continuously while adding the base to prevent clumping of the precipitate. After precipitation, allow the precipitate to age for several hours to ensure complete reaction and crystallization. Filter the precipitate to separate the solid from the liquid phase. Wash the precipitate several times with deionized water to remove any soluble salts or residual chemicals. Dry the filtered precipitate in an oven at around 60–80°C for several hours to remove water ( 14 – 18 ). The dried powder is then calcined (heated) at a temperature range of 800–1200°C (depending on the desired crystallization of BaTiO₃) for several hours to form the final samarium-doped BaTiO₃ (BaTiO₃:Sm).The calcination process helps in forming the perovskite crystal structure of BaTiO₃ while incorporating the samarium dopant into the structure(19–21). The crystalline nature of the materials was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique at room temperature using Rigaku – Japan (miniflex) X-ray diffractometer (with source wavelength: 1.54056 Å) for the step size of 20° over the 2θ range of 10–100°. 3 Result and discussion 3.1) X-Ray Diffraction Analysis The average molecule size, of BaTiO 3 at various temperatures were determined utilizing Scherrer's equation: D = 0.9 λ/βcosθ where, D is the typical grain size, λ=1.541 Å (X-beam frequency), and β is the width of the diffraction top at half most extreme for the diffraction point 2θ. The XRD example of Sm-BaTiO 3 nanoparticles at 900 0 C calcination temperature. The XRD pattern of Sm- BaTiO 3 is shown in fig. Sm- BaTiO 3 show sharp X-ray diffraction peaks at 2θ = 21°, 36°, 40°, 46°, 59°, 66°, 77° and 84°, corresponding to (1 0 0), (110), (111), (200 ), (210), (220), structure changes from tetragonal to cubic Sm-BaTiO 3 phase (JCPDS card no. 36-1451) with average crystal size of 37.3 nm, 36.8 nm, 36.5 nm, and 37.8 nm . The Sm- BaTiO 3 show similar peaks at different calcination temperature but there is variation in the intensity of peaks. This may be due to the breaking of bonds and forming new one as the size of atoms is reduced. Fig. 1 Show the XRD images of a composite Sm- BaTiO 3 calcined at 600 0 C temperature The analysis of XRD pattern (matched with JCPDS no. 892475) reveals the formation of cubic phase. The most intense peak (110) is found at 2θ = 32.17◦. BaTiO3 show sharp X-ray diffraction peaks at 2θ = 21.208 o , 32.17 o , 38.898 o , 45.590 o , 50.812 o , 56.127 o , 65.779 o , 70.323 o , 74.788 o and 79.011 o corresponding to (1 0 0), (1 1 0), (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (2 1 0), (2 1 1), (2 2 0), (3 0 0), (3 1 0) and (3 1 1) confirms the formation of cubic phase barium titanate with average crystal size of 182 nm [36,37]. Identification of Phases: The peaks in the XRD pattern correspond to the Bragg diffraction from planes in the crystalline structure. The primary phase expected in undoped BaTiO₃ is the tetragonal perovskite structure. Samarium doping may lead to changes in peak positions, intensities, and possibly the appearance of secondary phases (Sm₂O₃). Effect of Doping: Small amounts of Sm doping may cause slight shifts in the diffraction peaks due to lattice distortion or substitution of Ba or Ti ions. For high doping concentrations, one might observe a reduction in crystallinity or the formation of secondary phases. . Crystallite Size and Strain: The broadening of XRD peaks due to smaller crystallite size and strain in the doped material can be analysed using the Scherer equation to estimate the average crystallite size. 3.2) SEM Analysis Fig. 2 (a)-(d) shows the SEM images of Sm-BaTiO 3 calcined at 600 o C. The grains are unevenly distributed leaving vacant spaces among them known as pores. There is porosity in the material but as the calcination temperature increases the porosity starts decreasing. SEM images are shown in Fig. 2 (a)-(d). The grain size is unevenly distributed as 115 nm, 174 nm, 191 nm, 202 nm and 223 nm respectively. Fig. 2 (a)-(d) Show the SEM images of a composite Sm- BaTiO 3 calcined at 600 0 C temperature Fig. 2 shows the SEM image of BaTiO 3 at the scale of 10 μm. It depicts the porous nature of material with cubic structure and the grains are evenly distributed leaving vacant spaces among them known as pores. The grain size is 191 nm respectively. These pores serve as adsorption centers and quite favorable for the gas sensing mechanism. Fig. 2 (g) shows the SEM image of a composite Cu- ZnO and BaTiO 3 calcined at 600 0 C temperature at the scale of 10 μm. It depicts that the porousity of the material is decreased after calcination and the grains are evenly distributed. The grain size is 111 nm respectively [38]. 3.3) Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Analysis Fig. 3 shows the effect of calcination temperature of Sm- BaTiO3 on the specific surface area of material. Nitrogen based BET analysis were done at room temperature. To remove the adsorbed materials on the material surface, the materials were degassed for 24 h at 120 °C under high vacuum. After that specific surface areas of the material were evaluated by the Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) method low pressure range. The porosity decreases as a result of calcination. The increase in the calcination temperature. A "relative volume versus relative pressure" analysis typically refers to how the volume of the material changes as a function of applied pressure, normalized by the initial volume and pressure. This type of analysis is critical in understanding the mechanical behavior, phase transitions, and structural stability of the material under varying pressure conditions. (Ba 0.95 Sr 0.05 ) Yx : This refers to a solid solution of Barium (Ba) and Strontium (Sr), likely doped with additional elements (X and Y). This could influence the surface and electronic properties of the material. A mixture of barium and strontium, which could affect the dielectric properties. BaTiO₃, for example, is a well-known ferroelectric, and adding Sr could modify the Curie temperature and other properties. The substitution of yttrium (Y) in the material could influence the stability of the perovskite structure or act as a dopant to tune electrical properties (24-28). Fig. 3 (a)- (d) Show the adsorption images of a composite Sm-BaTiO 3 calcined at 600 0 C temperature 3.4) Adsorption-Desorption Analysis (a) Gas Adsorption : The sample is placed in a chamber, and a known quantity of gas (usually nitrogen at liquid nitrogen temperature, 77 K) is introduced. The amount of gas adsorbed by the material surface is measured at various pressures. (b) Desorption Process : After the adsorption phase, the pressure of the gas is gradually reduced, and the amount of gas desorbed from the surface is recorded. The adsorption-desorption isotherm is created from these measurements. 2.7) BET Equation : The BET equation relates the amount of gas adsorbed to the surface area of the material. The equation is- 1/ [V (P 0 /P−1)] = (C−1)/(V m C)⋅(P 0 /P)+1/V m C …………….(1) Where: V is the volume of adsorbed gas,P 0 is the saturation pressure of the gas,P is the pressure of the gas during adsorption,Vm is the monolayer adsorbed volume and C is a constant related to the energy of adsorption. The peaks indicate the characteristics functional group present in the synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles. It is inferred that the samples have absorption peaks at 900 cm 3 /g , 1700 cm 3 /g , 600 cm 3 /g and 646 cm 3 /g . The absorption most peak at 1700 cm 3 /g corresponds to metal-oxygen M-O bond which is the molecular fingerprint of Sm-BaTiO 3 . The main peaks of each BaTiO 3 are at 900 cm 3 /g , 1700 cm 3 /g , 600 cm 3 /g and 646 cm 3 /g .3440 . The sample has a fingerprint of Ti-O-Ti and Ti-O bonds between 500 cm 3 /g and 800 cm 3 /g , which is the molecular fingerprint of BaTiO 3 . The others peak could be Ti-O or C-O and Ti-O or O=C=O, respectively and they might be due to symmetric vibration and asymmetric vibration of O=C=O bond, respectively. The absorption band width is affected by the homogeneity of the chemical bonding. The variations in bond strengths cause small shifts in peak positions resulting in broadening of the absorption band. Also the absorption band intensity is proportionally increases as the concentration of absorbing bonds increases because of increase in the homogeneity of the chemical bonds [41]. Fig.4 (a)- (d) Show the adsorption-desorption images of a composite Sm- BaTiO 3 calcined at 600 0 C temperature 3.4) Raman analysis The Raman study was carried out for the characterization of synthesized Sm- BaTiO 3 nanoparticles and Raman spectrum is shown in Fig. 5. The characterization of Sm-BaTiO 3 nanoparticles peaks were seen in the Raman range from 40 cm -1 to 4500 cm -1 . The most intense peaks between 40 cm -1 to 500 cm -1 .These peaks can be allocated to the design of Sm-BaTiO3. These peaks can be assigned to the structure of Sm-BaTiO 3 [41]. Fig. 5 (a)- (d) Show the raman images of a composite Sm-BaTiO 3 calcined at 600 0 C temperature 3.5) Photoluminescence (PL) spectrum Samarium-doped BaTiO₃ (BaTiO₃:Sm³⁺) is a material of interest in photoluminescence (PL) studies because of its unique optical properties. The presence of samarium (Sm³⁺) ions in the BaTiO₃ lattice can introduce distinct photo luminescent behaviour, which can be useful for various applications in optoelectronics, luminescent devices, and even in solar energy harvesting. The photoluminescence of BaTiO₃:Sm³⁺ arises primarily due to the electronic transitions of Sm³⁺ ions. When the material is excited by UV light, the BaTiO₃ host lattice absorbs the excitation energy, which is then transferred to the Sm³⁺ ions. This energy causes the Sm³⁺ ions to undergo transitions between their electronic states, emitting light as a result. BaTiO₃ (Barium Titanate) is a perovskite material with a tetragonal crystal structure, and it has good dielectric properties. Its large bandgap (about 3.2 eV) allows it to efficiently absorb UV light, which is then transferred to the Sm³⁺ dopants. The crystal field around the Sm³⁺ ions in the BaTiO₃ lattice can affect the energy levels of the Sm³⁺ ions, modifying the emission spectrum and potentially improving the efficiency of energy transfer processes. Temperature Effects: The photoluminescence intensity of BaTiO₃:Sm³⁺ can be influenced by temperature, as higher temperatures can lead to a quenching of the luminescence due to increased non-radiative processes or thermal ionization. Luminescence Efficiency: The luminescence efficiency of BaTiO₃:Sm³⁺ can be influenced by the doping concentration of Sm³⁺. Too high a concentration of Sm³⁺ may lead to concentration quenching, where energy transfer between Sm³⁺ ions reduces the overall efficiency. On the other hand, an optimal doping concentration enhances the PL performance Fig. 6 (a) - (d) Show the photoluminoscent images of a composite Sm-BaTiO 3 calcined at 600 0 C temperature 4 Conclusion Samarium-doped BaTiO₃ (BaTiO₃:Sm³⁺) materials typically exhibit interesting properties, combining the characteristics of both samarium (Sm³⁺) and barium titanate (BaTiO₃). BaTiO₃ is a ferroelectric ceramic material, and doping it with samarium ions can enhance certain properties such as: . Optical Properties : Sm³⁺ ions can introduce optical transitions, leading to luminescent properties. The doped material can be used in applications like phosphors or optoelectronic devices. Structural Stability BaTiO₃ is a widely used material in ferroelectric devices. When doped with Sm³⁺, the resulting material can retain or even improve its structural integrity, especially at high temperatures or under mechanical stress. Enhanced Functionalities The combination of ferroelectric, magnetic, and optical properties in Sm-doped BaTiO₃ makes it promising for various advanced technological applications, including in devices that exploit both magnetic and electric fields (magneto electric devices). In conclusion, samarium doping in BaTiO₃ creates a composite material with potentially enhanced functionalities, especially in terms of magneto electric and optical properties, making it suitable for various advanced electronic, magnetic, and optical applications. Further studies on the optimization of doping levels and processing conditions would be beneficial for improving the performance and applicability of these materials. 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A. 1131 , 64–70 (2013) Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 10 Mar, 2025 Reviews received at journal 01 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Mar, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 27 Feb, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 24 Jan, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Jan, 2025 First submitted to journal 21 Jan, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5873087","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":406692522,"identity":"7fe2a36d-9121-4cce-92a8-21cd567a8c62","order_by":0,"name":"Aravind kumar kumar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aravind","middleName":"kumar","lastName":"kumar","suffix":""},{"id":406692523,"identity":"d9d5416b-1e3e-4bda-b08b-cba59e8bef0b","order_by":1,"name":"Dr Piyush k. patel teacher","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAw0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNoYPFTZAmrHxANFaGGecSQNpaSBeCzNvy2Ewizgt5hLpzx7ObDhvt7b9MNCWGptoglosZ+SYG3zccTt525lEoJZjabkNhLQY3Mhhk5x55nay2QGgFsaGw8RoSX8mzdt2Ltns/EOitSSYAbUcsDO7Qawtlj1vzCRnnElOMLsBtCWBGL+Ys6c/k/hQYWdvdj794YMPNTZEOEwgAUwnglUmEFIO1sJ/AEzbE6N4FIyCUTAKRigAAPuFS7tZiOS9AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"Dr","firstName":"Piyush","middleName":"k. patel","lastName":"teacher","suffix":""},{"id":406692524,"identity":"a237a440-7503-4418-87fc-b2e896a46695","order_by":2,"name":"Dr Jyoti Rani teacher","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"Dr","firstName":"Jyoti","middleName":"Rani","lastName":"teacher","suffix":""},{"id":406692525,"identity":"f69eea61-42d7-4d85-adff-331923d0f6e7","order_by":3,"name":"Dr. M.M. Malik teacher","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"Dr.","firstName":"M.M.","middleName":"Malik","lastName":"teacher","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-21 11:23:42","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5873087/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5873087/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":74937046,"identity":"a7335ce1-7adc-4722-b62d-1c820a4e4d85","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-28 13:33:56","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":56922,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eShow the XRD images of a composite Sm- BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e calcined at 600\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC temperature\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5873087/v1/aa8bb5e19842e11d4b0e6890.png"},{"id":74937047,"identity":"ac8152fa-a9ec-446d-bcc8-e8800ea5601d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-28 13:33:56","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":64696,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a)-(d) Show the SEM images of a composite Sm- BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e calcined at 600\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC temperature\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5873087/v1/7a3b2c15e537bf60f4c2bc98.png"},{"id":74938459,"identity":"6c7863c0-236d-4fbe-9c65-3d07b933c19a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-28 13:41:56","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14071,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a)- (d) Show the adsorption images of a composite Sm-BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e calcined at 600\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC temperature\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5873087/v1/47663b40e99d7e478ef729ec.png"},{"id":74937051,"identity":"d9ab1793-0285-4680-82d4-cbfa16ca3683","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-28 13:33:56","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":19671,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a)- (d) Show the adsorption-desorption images of a composite Sm- BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e calcined at 600\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC temperature\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5873087/v1/076846dea8350112da723067.png"},{"id":74937059,"identity":"e90fdee5-9007-43d2-9007-2cf88224794b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-28 13:33:56","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51715,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a)- (d) Show the raman images of a composite Sm-BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e calcined at 600\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC temperature\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5873087/v1/d65013a2ca9be58f243c2e28.png"},{"id":74937054,"identity":"e294f23b-95a6-4606-afc4-d9e26ae716dc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-28 13:33:56","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":8649,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a)- (d) Show the photoluminoscent images of a composite Sm-BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e calcined at 600\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC temperature\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5873087/v1/c907ee9231366868fe6b8123.png"},{"id":74940053,"identity":"dc2fd479-c73b-4fa4-963f-49c4b27129c7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-28 13:57:57","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":958568,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5873087/v1/f6a152b1-5604-4a77-ba71-348a39241f64.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Study of structural, morphological and optical properties of samarium doped with BaTiO3 nanomaterial","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBarium Titanate (BaTiO₃) is a widely studied ceramic material known for its remarkable ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and dielectric properties. Due to these attributes, BaTiO₃ is extensively used in electronic devices such as capacitors, sensors, actuators, and memory devices. Its ability to undergo phase transitions in response to external stimuli makes it particularly valuable for applications that require tunable electrical properties. However, in many instances, the intrinsic properties of BaTiO₃ may not meet the specific requirements for advanced technological applications. To address these limitations and enhance the material\u0026rsquo;s performance, doping with various metal ions is a common strategy (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamarium (Sm), a rare-earth element with a unique electronic configuration and magnetic properties, has been identified as a promising dopant for BaTiO₃. When samarium ions (Sm\u0026sup3;⁺) are incorporated into the BaTiO₃ lattice, they introduce significant changes in the material's structural, electrical, and magnetic properties. Sm-doping can enhance dielectric constants, improve magnetic susceptibility, and even induce multiferroic behaviours, where both ferroelectric and magnetic properties coexist within the same material (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The doping of Sm into BaTiO₃ can modify the material\u0026rsquo;s phase stability, improve the material's thermal stability, and enable the design of novel multifunctional materials with improved performance for diverse applications, such as sensors, actuators, microwave devices, and energy storage systems. The specific effects of samarium doping depend on factors such as the concentration of dopant, the synthesis technique used, and the temperature conditions applied during processing (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis introduction to Samarium-doped Barium Titanate explores the motivation behind doping BaTiO₃ with Sm, highlighting its potential to significantly enhance the material's functionality for advanced applications, while also addressing the challenges and considerations involved in the fabrication and optimization of Sm:BaTiO₃ composites.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Experimental technique","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1) Synthesis of BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBarium chloride (BaCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), titanium tetra isopropoxide (Ti[OCH(CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) and oxalic acid (C\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) were used for making Barium Ttitanate Oxide (BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) by co-precipitation technique. 0.05 mol (12.214 grams) of BaCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e was dissolved in 200 ml of deionised water and continuously stirred for 2 hours to mix it well. 0.05 mol (14.211 grams) of isopropoxide was dissolved in 200 ml of deionised water and continuously stirred for 2 hours for proper mixing. And another solution containing 0.5 mol (63 gram) of oxalic acid in 100 ml of deionised water was also prepared in similar manner. Know, the solution of (Ti[OCH(CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) is added to the solution of oxalic acid (C\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) dropwise with continuous stirring for 3 hours. Lastly, on adding the mixture solution of oxalic acid and titanium isopropoxide slowly and dropwise to the solution of barium chloride (BaCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), with continuous stirring, the colour of solution starts changing to white confirming the formation of precipitate. While the stirring is continued for 4 hours for reacting and forming the precipitate well in the solution. After stirring, the solution was left for some time and the precipitate was collected (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8 CR9\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). The precipitate collected was washed three times by deionized water and lastly by ethanol to remove extra unwanted ions collected with precipitate. Know the drying of precipitate is done at 90\u0026deg;C for 48h to remove the adsorbed extra waste. Know the BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles were collected and grinded well. After that it was calcinated at 600\u0026deg;C for 4 h [11\u0026ndash;14].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2)\u003c/b\u003e Synthesis of composite material\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDissolve barium nitrate (Ba(NO₃)₂) in deionized water to obtain a Ba\u0026sup2;⁺ solution, dissolved samarium nitrate (Sm(NO₃)₃\u0026middot;6H₂O) in deionized water to obtain a Sm\u0026sup3;⁺ solution and .Dissolve titanium precursor (Ti(OiPr)₄ or TiCl₄) in a suitable solvent (like isopropanol or ethanol) to obtain the Ti⁴⁺ solution. Mix the Ba\u0026sup2;⁺, Ti⁴⁺, and Sm\u0026sup3;⁺ solutions in the desired stoichiometric ratio based on the desired level of samarium doping (e.g., BaTiO₃: Sm with specific doping levels). The Ba:Ti ratio should ideally be 1:1 to maintain stoichiometric BaTiO₃. The Sm concentration is typically in the range of 1\u0026ndash;5 mol% relative to Ba. Slowly add ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to the mixed solution to raise the pH and initiate the precipitation of BaTiO₃:Sm.The pH should be adjusted to around 10\u0026ndash;11 to ensure proper precipitation of the metal hydroxides (Ba(OH)₂, Ti(OH)₄, and Sm(OH)₃). Stir the solution continuously while adding the base to prevent clumping of the precipitate. After precipitation, allow the precipitate to age for several hours to ensure complete reaction and crystallization. Filter the precipitate to separate the solid from the liquid phase. Wash the precipitate several times with deionized water to remove any soluble salts or residual chemicals. Dry the filtered precipitate in an oven at around 60\u0026ndash;80\u0026deg;C for several hours to remove water (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15 CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dried powder is then calcined (heated) at a temperature range of 800\u0026ndash;1200\u0026deg;C (depending on the desired crystallization of BaTiO₃) for several hours to form the final samarium-doped BaTiO₃ (BaTiO₃:Sm).The calcination process helps in forming the perovskite crystal structure of BaTiO₃ while incorporating the samarium dopant into the structure(19\u0026ndash;21).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe crystalline nature of the materials was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique at room temperature using Rigaku \u0026ndash; Japan (miniflex) X-ray diffractometer (with source wavelength: 1.54056 \u0026Aring;) for the step size of 20\u0026deg; over the 2θ range of 10\u0026ndash;100\u0026deg;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3 Result and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1)\u003c/strong\u003e X-Ray Diffraction Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe average molecule size, of BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e at various temperatures were determined utilizing Scherrer\u0026apos;s equation: D = 0.9 \u0026lambda;/\u0026beta;cos\u0026theta; where, D is the typical grain size, \u0026lambda;=1.541 \u0026Aring; (X-beam frequency), and \u0026beta; is the width of the diffraction top at half most extreme for the diffraction point 2\u0026theta;. The XRD example of Sm-BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles at 900\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC calcination temperature. The XRD pattern of Sm- BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is shown in fig. Sm- BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e show sharp X-ray diffraction peaks at 2\u0026theta; = 21\u0026deg;, \u0026nbsp;36\u0026deg;, 40\u0026deg;, 46\u0026deg;, 59\u0026deg;, 66\u0026deg;, 77\u0026deg; and 84\u0026deg;, \u0026nbsp;corresponding to (1 0 0), (110), (111), (200 ), (210), (220), \u0026nbsp;structure changes from tetragonal to cubic Sm-BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e phase (JCPDS card no. 36-1451) with average crystal size of 37.3 nm, 36.8 nm, 36.5 nm, and 37.8 nm . The Sm- BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e show similar peaks at different calcination temperature but there is variation in the intensity of peaks. This may be due to the breaking of bonds and forming new one as the size of atoms is reduced.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig. 1 Show the XRD images of a composite Sm- BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e calcined at 600\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC temperature\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of XRD pattern (matched with JCPDS no. 892475) reveals the formation of cubic phase. The most intense peak (110) is found at 2\u0026theta; = 32.17◦. \u0026nbsp;BaTiO3 show sharp X-ray diffraction peaks at 2\u0026theta; = 21.208\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, 32.17\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, 38.898\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, 45.590\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, 50.812\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, 56.127\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, 65.779\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, 70.323\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, 74.788\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e and 79.011\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e corresponding to (1 0 0), (1 1 0), (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (2 1 0), (2 1 1), (2 2 0), (3 0 0), (3 1 0) and (3 1 1) confirms the formation of cubic phase barium titanate with average crystal size of 182 nm [36,37].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Identification of Phases:\u003c/strong\u003e The peaks in the XRD pattern correspond to the Bragg diffraction from planes in the crystalline structure. The primary phase expected in undoped \u0026nbsp; BaTiO₃ is the tetragonal perovskite structure. Samarium doping may lead to changes in peak positions, intensities, and possibly the appearance of secondary phases (Sm₂O₃).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of Doping:\u003c/strong\u003e Small amounts of Sm doping may cause slight shifts in the diffraction peaks due to lattice distortion or substitution of Ba or Ti ions. For high doping concentrations, one might observe a reduction in crystallinity or the formation of secondary phases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003eCrystallite Size and Strain:\u003c/strong\u003e The broadening of XRD peaks due to smaller crystallite size and strain in the doped material can be analysed using the Scherer equation to estimate the average crystallite size.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2) SEM Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig. 2 (a)-(d) shows the SEM images of Sm-BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e calcined at 600 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. The grains are unevenly distributed leaving vacant spaces among them known as pores. There is porosity in the material but as the calcination temperature increases the porosity starts decreasing. SEM images are shown in Fig. 2 (a)-(d). The grain size is unevenly distributed as 115 nm, 174 nm, 191 nm, 202 nm and 223 nm respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig. 2 (a)-(d) Show the SEM images of a composite Sm- BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e calcined at 600\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC temperature\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig. 2 shows the SEM image of BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e at the scale of 10 \u0026mu;m. It depicts the porous nature of material with cubic structure and the grains are evenly distributed leaving vacant spaces among them known as pores. The grain size is 191 nm respectively. These pores serve as adsorption centers and quite favorable for the gas sensing mechanism. Fig. 2 (g) shows the SEM image of a composite Cu- ZnO and BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e calcined at 600\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC temperature at the scale of 10 \u0026mu;m. It depicts that the porousity of the material is decreased after calcination and the grains are evenly distributed. The grain size is 111 nm respectively [38].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3)\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eBrunauer-Emmett-Teller\u0026nbsp;(BET) Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig. 3 shows the effect of calcination temperature of Sm- BaTiO3 on the specific surface area of material. Nitrogen based BET analysis were done at room temperature. To remove the adsorbed materials on the material surface, the materials were degassed for 24 h at 120 \u0026deg;C under high vacuum. After that specific surface areas of the material were evaluated by the Brunauer\u0026minus;Emmett\u0026minus;Teller (BET) method low pressure range. The porosity decreases as a result of calcination. The increase in the calcination temperature.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA \u0026quot;relative volume versus relative pressure\u0026quot; analysis typically refers to how the volume of the material changes as a function of applied pressure, normalized by the initial volume and pressure. This type of analysis is critical in understanding the mechanical behavior, phase transitions, and structural stability of the material under varying pressure conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e(Ba\u003csub\u003e0.95\u003c/sub\u003eSr\u003csub\u003e0.05\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Yx\u003c/strong\u003e: This refers to a solid solution of Barium (Ba) and Strontium (Sr), likely doped with additional elements (X and Y). This could influence the surface and electronic properties of the material. A mixture of barium and strontium, which could affect the dielectric properties. BaTiO₃, for example, is a well-known ferroelectric, and adding Sr could modify the Curie temperature and other properties. The substitution of yttrium (Y) in the material could influence the stability of the perovskite structure or act as a dopant to tune electrical properties (24-28).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig. 3 (a)- (d) Show the adsorption images of a composite Sm-BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e calcined at 600\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC temperature\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4) Adsorption-Desorption Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a) Gas Adsorption\u003c/strong\u003e: The sample is placed in a chamber, and a known quantity of gas (usually nitrogen at liquid nitrogen temperature, 77 K) is introduced. The amount of gas adsorbed by the material surface is measured at various pressures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(b) Desorption Process\u003c/strong\u003e: After the adsorption phase, the pressure of the gas is gradually reduced, and the amount of gas desorbed from the surface is recorded. The adsorption-desorption isotherm is created from these measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.7) BET Equation\u003c/strong\u003e: The BET equation relates the amount of gas adsorbed to the surface area of the material. The equation is-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1/ [V (P\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e/P\u0026minus;1)] = (C\u0026minus;1)/(V\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003eC)\u0026sdot;(P\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e/P)+1/V\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003eC \u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;.(1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eV is the volume of adsorbed gas,P\u003csub\u003e0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eis the saturation pressure of the gas,P is the pressure of the gas during adsorption,Vm is the monolayer adsorbed volume and C is a constant related to the energy of adsorption.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe peaks indicate the characteristics functional group present in the synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles. It is inferred that the samples have absorption peaks at 900 cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e/g\u003c/sub\u003e, 1700 cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e/g\u003c/sub\u003e, 600 cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e/g\u003c/sub\u003e and 646 cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e/g\u003c/sub\u003e . The absorption most peak at 1700 cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e/g\u003c/sub\u003e corresponds to metal-oxygen M-O bond which is the molecular fingerprint of Sm-BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe main peaks of each BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e are at \u0026nbsp;900 cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e/g\u003c/sub\u003e, 1700 cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e/g\u003c/sub\u003e, 600 cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e/g\u003c/sub\u003e and 646 cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e/g\u003c/sub\u003e .3440 . The sample has a fingerprint of Ti-O-Ti and Ti-O bonds between 500 cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e/g\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp; and 800 cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e/g\u003c/sub\u003e , which is the molecular fingerprint of BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. The others peak could be Ti-O or C-O and Ti-O or O=C=O, respectively and they might be due to symmetric vibration and asymmetric vibration of O=C=O bond, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe absorption band width is affected by the homogeneity of the chemical bonding. The variations in bond strengths cause small shifts in peak positions resulting in broadening of the absorption band. Also the absorption band intensity is proportionally increases as the concentration of absorbing bonds increases because of increase in the homogeneity of the chemical bonds [41].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig.4 (a)- (d) Show the adsorption-desorption images of a composite Sm- BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e calcined at 600\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC temperature\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4) Raman analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Raman study was carried out for the characterization of synthesized Sm- BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles and Raman spectrum is shown in Fig. 5. The characterization of Sm-BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles peaks were seen in the Raman range from 40 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eto 4500 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. The most intense peaks between 40 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e to 500 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e.These peaks can be allocated to the design of Sm-BaTiO3. These peaks can be assigned to the structure of Sm-BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e [41].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig. 5 (a)- (d) Show the raman images of a composite Sm-BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e calcined at 600\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC temperature\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.5) Photoluminescence (PL) spectrum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSamarium-doped BaTiO₃ (BaTiO₃:Sm\u0026sup3;⁺) is a material of interest in photoluminescence (PL) studies because of its unique optical properties. The presence of samarium (Sm\u0026sup3;⁺) ions in the BaTiO₃ lattice can introduce distinct photo luminescent behaviour, which can be useful for various applications in optoelectronics, luminescent devices, and even in solar energy harvesting. The photoluminescence of BaTiO₃:Sm\u0026sup3;⁺ arises primarily due to the electronic transitions of Sm\u0026sup3;⁺ ions. When the material is excited by UV light, the BaTiO₃ host lattice absorbs the excitation energy, which is then transferred to the Sm\u0026sup3;⁺ ions. This energy causes the Sm\u0026sup3;⁺ ions to undergo transitions between their electronic states, emitting light as a result. BaTiO₃ (Barium Titanate) is a perovskite material with a tetragonal crystal structure, and it has good dielectric properties. Its large bandgap (about 3.2 eV) allows it to efficiently absorb UV light, which is then transferred to the Sm\u0026sup3;⁺ dopants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe crystal field around the Sm\u0026sup3;⁺ ions in the BaTiO₃ lattice can affect the energy levels of the Sm\u0026sup3;⁺ ions, modifying the emission spectrum and potentially improving the efficiency of energy transfer processes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Temperature Effects:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The photoluminescence intensity of BaTiO₃:Sm\u0026sup3;⁺ can be influenced by temperature, as higher temperatures can lead to a quenching of the luminescence due to increased non-radiative processes or thermal ionization.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u003cstrong\u003eLuminescence Efficiency:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe luminescence efficiency of BaTiO₃:Sm\u0026sup3;⁺ can be influenced by the doping concentration of Sm\u0026sup3;⁺. Too high a concentration of Sm\u0026sup3;⁺ may lead to concentration quenching, where energy transfer between Sm\u0026sup3;⁺ ions reduces the overall efficiency. On the other hand, an optimal doping concentration enhances the PL performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig. 6 (a) - (d) Show the photoluminoscent images of a composite Sm-BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e calcined at 600\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC temperature\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4 Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eSamarium-doped BaTiO₃ (BaTiO₃:Sm\u0026sup3;⁺) materials typically exhibit interesting properties, combining the characteristics of both samarium (Sm\u0026sup3;⁺) and barium titanate (BaTiO₃). BaTiO₃ is a ferroelectric ceramic material, and doping it with samarium ions can enhance certain properties such as:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003cb\u003eOptical Properties\u003c/b\u003e: Sm\u0026sup3;⁺ ions can introduce optical transitions, leading to luminescent properties. The doped material can be used in applications like phosphors or optoelectronic devices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eStructural Stability\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaTiO₃ is a widely used material in ferroelectric devices. When doped with Sm\u0026sup3;⁺, the resulting material can retain or even improve its structural integrity, especially at high temperatures or under mechanical stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEnhanced Functionalities\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe combination of ferroelectric, magnetic, and optical properties in Sm-doped BaTiO₃ makes it promising for various advanced technological applications, including in devices that exploit both magnetic and electric fields (magneto electric devices).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, samarium doping in BaTiO₃ creates a composite material with potentially enhanced functionalities, especially in terms of magneto electric and optical properties, making it suitable for various advanced electronic, magnetic, and optical applications. Further studies on the optimization of doping levels and processing conditions would be beneficial for improving the performance and applicability of these materials.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e1- Aravind kumar- writing and experiment2- Piyush K. patel- result , discussion and correction.3- Dr Jyoti Rani- result and correction4- Dr. M.M. Malik-lab provided and result\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCross, L.E., Newnham, R.E.: History of ferroelectrics high technology ceramic past present and future: the ceramics and civilization, american Ceramic society. Westerville. \u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e, 289\u0026ndash;305 (1987)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSatyendra Singh, B.C., Yadav, M., Singh, R., Kothari: A review report on nanostructured ferrites as liquefied petroleum gas sensor. Int. J. Sci. 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A. \u003cb\u003e1131\u003c/b\u003e, 64\u0026ndash;70 (2013)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"optical-and-quantum-electronics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"oqel","sideBox":"Learn more about [Optical and Quantum Electronics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11082)","snPcode":"11082","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11082/3","title":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"XRD, Calcination, FESEM, BET, UV, PL, BaTiO3, Sm","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5873087/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5873087/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSamarium-doped Barium Titanate (Sm: BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) is a promising material in the field of advanced ceramics and electronics, combining the unique properties of both samarium (Sm) and barium titanate (BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e). Barium titanate is a well-known ferroelectric material, widely studied for its excellent dielectric properties, piezoelectric behaviour, and electro-optical characteristics. The incorporation of samarium ions (Sm³⁺) into the BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e lattice aims to enhance the material’s electrical, optical, and magnetic properties.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis doping process leads to a modification of the material’s structural, electrical, and magnetic behaviours due to the influence of Sm³⁺ ions on the crystal lattice. These ions can alter the ferroelectric properties, improving the material's dielectric response, increasing magnetic susceptibility, and potentially introducing new functionalities like multiferroic behaviour (simultaneous ferroelectric and magnetic properties). The influence of doping concentrations, synthesis methods, and thermal treatments on the microstructure and phase stability of Sm: BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is crucial for optimizing the material’s performance in potential applications such as capacitors, sensors, actuators, and advanced memory devices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe abstract for Samarium-doped Barium Titanate typically explores how varying the doping levels of Sm affects the materials, crystallography, dielectric constants, electrical conductivity, and magneto electric coupling, with the ultimate goal of tailoring the properties for specific technological applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Study of structural, morphological and optical properties of samarium doped with BaTiO3 nanomaterial","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-28 13:33:51","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5873087/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-03-11T03:39:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-03-02T01:47:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"147854799123247919578354535872813326908","date":"2025-03-01T14:06:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-02-27T09:59:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-01-24T13:22:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-01-24T10:01:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","date":"2025-01-21T11:20:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"optical-and-quantum-electronics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"oqel","sideBox":"Learn more about [Optical and Quantum Electronics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11082)","snPcode":"11082","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11082/3","title":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d624bb42-a270-4331-a445-808db6389d34","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 28th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-13T11:11:52+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-28 13:33:51","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5873087","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5873087","identity":"rs-5873087","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}