Effect of Oscillation Process Parameters in Direct Laser Metal Deposition 3d Printing Deposition for Single Layer Track Using Ti-6al-4v: Microhardness Analysis

Effect of Oscillation Process Parameters in Direct Laser Metal Deposition 3d Printing Deposition for Single Layer Track Using Ti-6al-4v: Microhardness Analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effect of Oscillation Process Parameters in Direct Laser Metal Deposition 3d Printing Deposition for Single Layer Track Using Ti-6al-4v: Microhardness Analysis Jailani Jamaludin, Mohd Azlan Suhaimi, Safian Sharif, Yusuf Kaynak, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6441743/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study focuses on optimizing Direct Laser Metal Deposition (DLMD) process parameters to enhance microhardness across deposition regions using Ti-6Al-4V materials for powder and substrate. DLMD, a prominent additive manufacturing method, is valued for its precision in creating complex 3D geometries; however, achieving consistent and high microhardness remains challenging. Through the application of the Taguchi method and ANOVA, the research identifies optimal oscillation parameters with an overlap value, OL of 70% and a travel rate, RV of 800 mm/min significantly improve microhardness. Signal-to-noise ratio analysis highlights the travel rate as the most influential factor, particularly affecting the top and middle deposition layers. Microscopic analysis reveals distinct microstructures, including equiaxed grains at the top, cellular structures in the middle, and columnar grains near the substrate, attributed to varying cooling rates and thermal gradients. Regression models further clarify the relationship between process parameters and microhardness. The findings present a robust framework for optimizing DLMD processes, ensuring improved material properties, stability, and manufacturing precision. Direct Laser Metal Deposition (DLMD) Additive manufacturing (AM) Ti-6Al-4V Parameters optimization Microhardness Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 1.0 Introduction One of the most transformative applications of machine tools is additive manufacturing (AM), commonly referred to as 3D printing. This innovative technique, which creates physical objects through the incremental addition of material based on geometrical models, is revolutionizing the way components are designed and fabricated [ 1 – 3 ]. AM encompasses several methods tailored to specific production needs and is broadly categorized into seven primary processes: binder jetting (BJT), directed energy deposition (DED), material extrusion (MEX), material jetting (MJT), powder bed fusion (PBF), sheet lamination (SHL), and vat photopolymerization (VPP) [ 4 ]. Among these methods, BJT, DED, and PBF are particularly significant for manufacturing metal components. Directed Energy Deposition (DED) stands out for its ability to directly fabricate intricate 3D shapes from digital designs, distinguishing it from conventional techniques like welding and cladding. A notable variant of DED is Direct Laser Metal Deposition (DLMD). Figure 1 provides a visual representation of the DLMD process. The process employs a laser as a focused heat source to melt and deposit metal powder, forming complex structures. Extensive research has established the suitability of DLMD for manufacturing, with studies highlighting its potential in producing components with superior mechanical properties [ 5 – 9 ]. DLMD systems can be tailored to specific applications through three primary mechanisms. First mechanism is laser condition and material feeding, where the laser beam melts and deposits powder onto the substrate. Second mechanism is melt-pool formation which involving the generation of molten material by the laser and third mechanism is solidification, where the molten material cools and solidifies into the final structure [ 10 , 11 ]. These mechanisms also have been thoroughly explored in prior research [ 12 ]. The versatility of DLMD extends to various metals, including Inconel, stainless steel, tool steel, titanium alloys, chromium, and tungsten [ 9 , 13 – 22 ]. However, different materials introduce challenges, such as variations in mechanical properties [ 18 , 23 – 25 ], microstructural characteristics [ 7 , 26 , 27 ], surface roughness [ 11 , 28 , 29 ], and defect formation [ 30 – 32 ]. Recent advancements have emphasized the potential of DLMD for part repair, particularly in the aerospace industry where using of Ti-6Al-4V in component repair, highlighting its mechanical properties, especially at material interfaces, and its promise for both part repair and full-component manufacturing [ 33 , 34 ]. Despite the versatility and advantages of DLMD in fabricating metal components, achieving consistent and high microhardness remains a significant challenge. This study aims to optimize oscillation process parameters, specifically overlap value and travel speed, to enhance the microhardness of deposition layers, ensuring improved robustness, stability, and performance. 2.0 Methodology The necessary parameters for producing the deposition part were identified, with key benchmarks including scanning speed, powder delivery rate, and laser power. Subsequently, parameters related to oscillation motion, such as overlap values and travel speed, were configured to achieve the desired outcomes. Motion control was based on the traversal movement of the deposition head, and the input parameters were categorized into three distinct levels. To analyze the effects of these input parameters on the output parameters, a series of nine experiments were conducted. The output parameters measured microstructural response such as microhardness of a single-layer track. Table 1 provides a detailed overview of the experimental conditions. Table 1 Oscillation parameters with design levels Factors Acronym Unit Level Overlapping values OL % 50 / 70 / 90 Rate of travel speed RV mm/min 100 / 450 / 800 On the materials side, Ti-6Al-4V powder particles were deposited onto a 10mm x 20mm x 3mm Ti-6Al-4V plate using the DLMD process. The elemental composition and morphology of the powder particles were examined with a scanning electron microscope (Hitachi S-3400N). Table 2 details the composition of the Ti-6Al-4V powder while Fig. 2 shows the SEM images of the powder morphology and Fig. 3 shows substrate plate used in the experiment. Table 2 Composition of powder Ti-6Al-4V Factors Weight % Weight % σ Atomic % Aluminium 5.247 0.264 8.975 Titanium 90.206 0.600 86.907 Vanadium 4.547 0.570 4.119 The powder was produced via the gas atomization method, resulting in spherical particles with some satellite formations on their surfaces. Particle sizes ranged from 10 to 60 µm. The substrate, prepared using wire cut Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM), measured 20mm x 10mm x 3mm as shown in Fig. 3 . For the DLMD process, a 1.5kW fiber laser equipped with a laser cladding head (LT-CH002A) was employed, featuring a 3mm spot size, a focal position 15mm vertically, and a 50mm clear aperture. A coaxial nozzle design ensured even spray onto the substrate [ 35 ]. The powder particles were directed from three annular channels into the powder concentration zone, identified between 15mm until 20mm below the nozzle. The cladding head, paired with a Raycus model RFL-C1500X laser fiber power supply, operated at a wavelength of 1080nm in continuous wave mode. Table 3 provides a summary of all the fixed factors used. Table 3 Fixed factors variable Variables Unit Value Laser power W 450 Laser spot diameter mm 3 Laser focal distance mm 15 Laser focal length mm 300 Laser wavelength nm 1080 Powder particle size µm 10–60 Powder deposition rate g/min 3.5 Substrate dimension mm 10 x 20 x 3 Argon gas flow rate (Shielding) litre/min 10 Argon gas flow rate (Carrier) litre/min 3 Preliminary results indicate successful deposition using 450W of laser power, a scanning speed of 100 mm/min, and a powder deposition rate of 3.5 g/min, based on parameters derived from a straight-line deposition for a single-layer track. Building on these results, an oscillation strategy was introduced, requiring determination of two main input parameters: overlap value and travel speed (Table 1 ). Figure 4 illustrates the oscillation pattern path utilized in the experiment. The overlap is determined by the distance covered from the centerline of the laser's circular motion to the subsequent circles [ 36 , 37 ]. The value for overlap is calculated using Eq. 1 below. The path of the circular motion is measured from the center of the spot size diameter, specified as 3mm according to the laser specifications, while the amplitude is measured from the center path to the maximum distance of the track centerline. The overlap value represents the percentage of the circular track diameter and the distance covered by the intersection of consecutive circular tracks. Since the oscillation strategy utilizes circular motion, the deposition rate is influenced by the speed of this motion. One sample was prepared for each experimental setting, and each was analyzed using the same technique to ensure consistent results. The DLMD process sample was bisected and mounted in resin. The sample then underwent a grinding process using 600, 1200, and 2000 grit papers, followed by polishing with a cloth pad before etching to prepare a valid sample for microstructure and metallographic analysis. Microscopic images were captured using an optical microscope (XOPTRON XST150), and SEM images were taken with a scanning electron microscope (Hitachi S-3400N). Figure 5 shows the printed AM sample using DLMD in both side and top views. The microhardness test was performed using a Vickers hardness machine (DVK-2 from Matsuzawa Seiki Co. Ltd.), following Vickers standards, with a load of 1000g and a dwell time of 30 seconds. Microhardness indentations were made in three regions: top, middle, and substrate below deposition, with three indentations per region and a distance of 10 µm between indentations. The average microhardness of the sample was calculated, as the hardness values determine the mechanical properties of the deposition and substrate, which can be analyzed and observed to evaluate the performance of the DLMD process. Figure 6 displays the cross-sectioned area of the AM sample. 3.0 Results and Discussions The average microhardness for each region of the AM sample was tabulated in Table 4 . All output results from the experimental design were analyzed using the Taguchi method for process optimization. Further investigation was conducted using ANOVA, and regression equations for each output were illustrated separately. Table 4 Results overview No. Input parameters Output response OL values (%) RV (mm/min) Average Microhardness (HV) Top region Middle region Substrate region 1 50 100 366.57 385.03 302.33 2 50 450 361.93 262.27 257.23 3 50 800 447.00 404.77 309.43 4 70 100 382.40 350.00 254.67 5 70 450 425.33 460.13 328.77 6 70 800 407.63 393.97 386.40 7 90 100 298.80 275.80 341.90 8 90 450 407.73 394.87 318.60 9 90 800 401.60 406.77 316.90 Typically, the highest SN ratio indicates the best combination of factors that minimize variability and improve consistency in the deposition in term of average microhardness which is larger the better. Figure 7 indicate three main effect plots for SN ratio of each region separately. The analysis of the top deposition reveals for the overlap value at 70% achieves the highest SN ratio of 52.1, indicating its stable performance. Similarly, for the rate of travel, at 800 mm/min exhibits the highest SN ratio of 52.4, suggesting that travel rate has a more pronounced effect on deposition performance. These results highlight the rate of travel as the dominant parameter influencing the top deposition hardness. In the middle deposition the overlap value peaks at 70% (52.1). For the rate of travel, a progressive increase in SN ratio is observed, rising from 50.8 at 100 mm/min to 52.0 at 450 mm/min, and reaching the highest at 52.4 at 800 mm/min. These findings affirm that an overlap value of 70% and a travel rate of 800 mm/min are the optimal parameters for achieving superior robustness and process stability in middle deposition layers. For the substrate below deposition, the SN ratio analysis shows a gradual improvement with increasing overlap values, rising from 49.2 at 50% to 50.4 at 90%, reflecting incremental gains in stability. Conversely, the rate of travel has a more significant effect, with the SN ratio climbing sharply to 50.6 at 800 mm/min, demonstrating a significant enhancement in process indicating substantial impact at higher speeds. Hence, the optimal parameters for achieving superior hardness and robustness across all deposition regions are an overlap value of 70% and a rate of travel of 800 mm/min, with the rate of travel consistently showing the most pronounced effect on performance as compare to overlap value. Additionally, the regression equation offers valuable insights into the relationships between the predictor variables and the response variable, specifically the average microhardness across the top deposition, middle deposition, and substrate below deposition. By quantifying the influence of parameters such as overlap value and rate of travel, these equation highlights how predictors contribute to variations in average microhardness at each deposition regions. Equations 2 , 3 , and 4 represent the specific regression models developed for predicting the average microhardness (HV) in the top deposition, middle deposition, and substrate regions, respectively. The top surface region exhibits contrasting behavior due to the interaction of its parameter coefficients. The negative overlap value coefficient (-0.561) indicates that higher overlap percentages decrease microhardness, while the positive rate of travel coefficient (0.0993) improves it. The negative overlap effect may be attributed to increased heat input and slower cooling at higher overlap values. The positive rate of travel effect shows that higher travel rates reduce heat input per unit length, increasing cooling rates and which enhances hardness. This combination of opposing effects creates a skewed sensitivity in the top surface. While the layer responds positively to adjustments in rate of travel, the negative impact of the overlap value diminishes its overall robustness. This highlights the top surface layer exhibits high sensitivity to the rate of travel but faces challenges from the opposing effects of overlap value, making it less robust overall. In the middle deposition region, both the overlap value (0.21) and rate of travel (0.0927) have positive coefficients in the regression model, indicating that increases in either parameter lead to microhardness improvement. Since the effects of these two parameters are complementary, they collectively enhance the robustness of the middle deposition region. This balance is indicative of the intermediate position, where thermal dissipation is more controlled compared to the top deposition. The positive overlap value effect suggests that higher overlap percentages contribute to uniform heat distribution and material consolidation, improving microstructural refinement and hardness. The positive rate of travel effect supports consistent cooling and reduces excessive heat input. This synergy between the two parameters makes the middle layer less sensitive to extreme variations resulting in enhanced robustness and ease of optimization in a more predictable and stable response to changes in deposition parameters. The substrate below deposition demonstrates a markedly different sensitivity profile, characterized by a strong positive overlap value coefficient (0.903) and a minor positive rate of travel coefficient (0.0542). These values indicate that the substrate responds more strongly to overlap value adjustments than to changes in travel rate. The dominance of the overlap value reflects the substrate's dependence on cumulative heat input and material consolidation. A higher overlap percentage contributes significantly to substrate hardness by increasing material density and uniformity during the deposition process. The minor effect of rate of travel suggests that changes in cooling rate have limited influence on the substrate, likely because the substrate's position beneath deposition material buffers it from rapid thermal gradients. The substrate's response to parameter changes is gradual, with relatively low sensitivity compared to the top surface or middle layer. This reflects the thermal insulation provided by the upper layers, resulting in a more uniform but less dynamic cooling environment. The revised ANOVA analysis in Table 5 indicates that rate of travel is a statistically significant predictor of top deposition, with a P-value of 0.047. A P-value less than the conventional significance level of 0.05 (α = 0.05) suggests that the observed relationship between rate of travel and top deposition is unlikely to be due to random chance. This implies that modifying the rate of travel has a meaningful and consistent impact on the response variable, likely through its effects on heat input, cooling rates, and microstructural characteristics. Table 5 Revised ANOVA average microhardness top deposition Source Degree of freedom Sum of squares Mean squares F-Value P-Value Regression 2 7999.4 3999.7 3.45 0.101 Overlap Value (%) 1 756.4 756.4 0.65 0.450 Rate of Travel (mm/min) 1 7243.1 7243.1 6.25 0.047 Residual 6 6956.6 1159.4 Total 8 14956.0 This relationship is further supported by the Pareto chart (Fig. 8 ), where the rate of travel bar extends beyond the significance threshold (α = 0.05), represented by the red dashed line at 2.447. The significance threshold marks the point at which the predictor's standardized effect is strong enough to be considered statistically significant. Since the Rate of Travel's effect exceeds this threshold, it is clear that it has a substantial and statistically significant impact on deposition. In contrast, the overlap value does not have a significant effect on top deposition, with a P-value of 0.450. A P-value greater than 0.05 indicates that there is no statistically significant relationship between overlap value and the response variable. This is further supported by the Pareto chart, where the overlap value bar does not extend beyond the significance threshold. For middle deposition, the revised ANOVA analysis reveals that both overlap value and rate of travel exhibit minimal effects on the middle deposition as tabulated in Table 6 below. The overlap value has a p-value of 0.881, which is far above the significance threshold, indicating that it does not have a meaningful effect on the response variable. Similarly, the rate of travel has a p-value of 0.277, which also exceeds the 0.05 threshold, confirming that it does not significantly influence the middle deposition. The Pareto chart (Fig. 9 ) visually reinforces the ANOVA findings. In this case, both overlap value and rate of travel have bars that do not exceed this threshold. This indicates that neither predictor has a statistically significant effect on the middle deposition, supporting the ANOVA results. Table 6 Revised ANOVA average microhardness middle deposition Source Degree of freedom Sum of squares Mean squares F-Value P-Value Regression 2 6423.1 3211.6 0.73 0.522 Overlap Value (%) 1 107.2 107.2 0.02 0.881 Rate of Travel (mm/min) 1 6315.9 6315.9 1.43 0.277 Residual 6 26558.8 4426.5 Total 8 32981.9 Finally, the statistical analysis presented in Table 7 provides a view of the influence of process parameters on average microhardness for the substrate below deposition while Fig. 10 shows Pareto chart respectively. Table 7 Revised ANOVA average microhardness substrate below deposition Source Degree of freedom Sum of squares Mean squares F-Value P-Value Regression 2 4118 2059 1.37 0.324 Overlap Value (%) 1 1958 1958 1.30 0.298 Rate of Travel (mm/min) 1 2160 2160 1.43 0.276 Residual 6 9039 1506 Total 8 13157 The findings from the ANOVA and the Pareto chart both suggest that the model and the individual parameters exhibit limited predictive power. Similarly, both overlap value (p-value: 0.298) and rate of travel (p-value: 0.276) fail to reach the 0.05 significance threshold, suggesting that these parameters do not have a meaningful effect on the response. The Pareto chart in Fig. 10 further supports these findings. Neither both exceed the significance threshold of 2.447 (α = 0.05), reinforcing that neither factor has a statistically significant impact. Further trend analysis was conducted by plotting contour and surface plots shown in Fig. 11 to provide a comprehensive overview of the parameter effects. For top deposition, optimal conditions are visually represented by the green regions on the contour plot and the peaks on the surface plot, highlighting favorable parameter ranges. The hardness of the middle deposition layer shows an upward trend, though the effects are less pronounced compared to the top surface. The impact is moderate. This suggests that the middle layer's thermal and structural evolution is less responsive to parameter adjustments, reflecting a more stabilized energy transfer and microstructural transformation compared to the surface layer. Meanwhile, the substrate below deposition exhibits the least sensitivity to parameter variations, reflecting a gradual and more stabilized response. This behavior is likely due to reduced thermal gradients and energy transfer intensity at greater depths due to heat flux [ 5 ]. The hardness at the top surface can be explained by rapid cooling and localized thermal gradients during deposition, which accelerate phase transformations. Variations in hardness across the layers reflect a dynamic heat treatment phenomenon [ 38 – 40 ], where factors such as overlap values and travel rates modulate thermal input, facilitating microstructural refinement. The top surface likely experiences rapid transformation due to near-instantaneous cooling, leading to a high dislocation density and increased yield strength [ 41 ]. In contrast, the middle and substrate layers, subjected to more gradual thermal dissipation, undergo moderated structural evolution, reflecting a progressive attenuation of thermal gradients. In Fig. 12 , the cross-sectional images highlight the influence of travel speed (RV) on the geometry of depositions, with the overlap value (OL) fixed at 50%. The three examined travel speeds are 100 mm/min, 450mm/min and 800mm/min demonstrate distinct variations in deposition height and width while associated its thermal effects. At a low travel speed of 100 mm/min, the deposition profile is characterized by increased height and small variance of average width due to greater material accumulation and higher heat input, leading to deeper material melting and a taller profile. Medium travel speed (450 mm/min) achieves a balanced profile with moderate height and average width, reflecting a stable equilibrium between heat input and material deposition rate, which minimizes extremes in thermal gradients and promotes finer microstructures. At the highest travel speed of 800 mm/min, the deposition becomes shallower due to reduced material deposition and faster cooling rates, resulting in a thinner layer with rapid solidification contributing to finer grain structures. The microscopic analysis was conducted to observe the grain structure of the deposition material. Figure 13 presents the images obtained from the cross-section of the deposited material, showcasing both optical microscope images and SEM images. These images provide a detailed view of the microstructural characteristics, highlighting the differences in grain structure. The observed microstructure in the deposition layers reveals a combination of columnar, cellular, and equiaxed dendrites, each influenced by thermal gradients and solidification rates during the DLMD process. The top section of the deposited material, exposed to the surrounding environment and shielding gas, undergoes rapid heat dissipation, significantly reducing the solidification time and suppressing the directional growth of columnar dendrites, leading to an equiaxed structure as shown in Fig. 13 (b). A low thermal gradient to solidification rate promotes the transition to equiaxed growth [ 42 ]. The high cooling rate enhances heterogeneous nucleation, resulting in a larger number of small grains that grow independently in different directions, forming an equidimensional structure as mentioned by previous researchers [ 23 , 43 , 44 ]. Equiaxed grains exhibit superior microhardness attributed to their fine grain size and elevated dislocation density. Figure 13 (c) illustrates the formation of cellular structures in the middle region of the DLMD process, governed by unique thermal and solidification conditions. In this region, the cooling rate is slower compared to the top. This intermediate cooling rate promotes the growth of elongated cellular structures by providing sufficient time for their development [ 45 ]. The temperature gradient reflects a balance between heat conduction and solidification rates, favoring the formation of cellular structures aligned perpendicular to the solidification front [ 18 ]. While these structures exhibit a slightly lower microhardness compared to equiaxed grains, their morphology aids in resisting crack propagation, thus contributing to the mechanical robustness of the material. The border between the deposited material and the substrate in Fig. 13 (d) shows a mix of cellular and columnar structures due to the steep temperature gradient caused by heat conduction into the substrate. These gradient drives directional solidification, with cellular grains forming near the deposited material where the cooling rate is moderate. The higher gradient in the substrate promotes the growth of columnar grains aligned with the heat flow. Such alignment, a result of directional solidification, enhances both strength and hardness [ 18 ]. Last but not least, the formation of columnar structures predominantly in the substrate HAZ region shown in Fig. 134(e). In this region, the cooling rate is slower compared to the middle and top regions, allowing the material sufficient time to solidify in a columnar pattern. The steep temperature gradient shown near the substrate facilitates directional heat flow away from the molten pool, promoting the alignment of elongated columnar grains parallel to the heat flow direction [ 46 ]. This alignment ensures a denser and more uniform microstructure, bolstering the material's hardness and strength as compare to the typical grain of Ti-6Al-4V. 4.0 Conclusion The analysis of the DLMD process for microhardness optimization revealed significant insights into the effects of overlap value (OL) and rate of travel speed (RV) on the microstructural characteristics across different deposition regions. Optimal parameters were identified as an overlap value of 70% and a rate of travel of 800 mm/min, which consistently demonstrated superior robustness and process stability. The Taguchi method and ANOVA confirmed the rate of travel as the dominant factor influencing microhardness, especially in the top and middle deposition regions. The regression analysis highlighted the differing sensitivities of the top, middle, and substrate regions to parameter adjustments, with the top surface exhibiting the highest sensitivity to the rate of travel speed (RV). The contour and surface plots further validated these findings, highlighting the sensitivity of the top layer to parameter adjustments. The microscopic analysis revealed distinct microstructural formations, including equiaxed grains in the top region, cellular structures in the middle, and columnar grains in the substrate, were closely associated with the thermal gradients and solidification rates, providing a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between process parameters and material properties. Declarations Data availability: Not applicable. Code availability: Not applicable. Acknowledgement This research is fully supported by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia under grant No: Q.J130000.4351.09G66 and partial financial support from UOW Malaysia. Their support has made this important research viable and effective. Ethics approval: Not applicable. Consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests. Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process During the preparation of this work the author(s) used Microsoft Copilot services in order to improve language style of writing. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication. References Jadhav, A., & Jadhav, V. S. (2022). A review on 3D printing: An additive manufacturing technology. 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Journal of Alloys and Compounds , 632 , 505–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.01.256 Henry, S., Cle, F., Wagnie, J., & Kurz, W. (1999). Epitaxial laser metal forming : analysis of microstructure formation, 271 , 232–241. Zhao, Z., Wang, C., Yu, Q., Song, L., Yang, G., & Zhang, J. (2022). New β-type Ti-Zr-V-Nb alloys used for laser-based direct energy deposition: Design, microstructure, and properties. Materials Characterization . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2022.111917 Baek, G. Y., Shin, G. Y., Lee, E. M., Shim, D. S., Lee, K. Y., Yoon, H. S., & Kim, M. H. (2017). Mechanical characteristics of a tool steel layer deposited by using direct energy deposition. Metals and Materials International , 23 (4), 770–777. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-017-6442-1 Luo, X., Yang, C., Fu, Z. Q., Liu, L. H., Lu, H. Z., Ma, H. W., … Li, Y. Y. (2021). Achieving ultrahigh-strength in beta-type titanium alloy by controlling the melt pool mode in selective laser melting. Materials Science and Engineering A , 823 (December 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.141731 Supplementary Files Graphicalabstract.png Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 03 May, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 01 May, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 15 Apr, 2025 First submitted to journal 13 Apr, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6441743","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":450777684,"identity":"a0f5d115-127b-4aab-ac12-24a402ec41d9","order_by":0,"name":"Jailani Jamaludin","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA30lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgbGxgMMDBIMjO0NUAEitDRAtPQcIFILCEDUSiQQqYW5/XDDgZ87LBiYZ74xfMzDYCO74QB3mgReh/UkNhzsPQN02OwcY2MehjTjDQd4t+HX0pDYcIC3DazFTDqH4XAiYS39DxsO/gVpmXkGpOU/EVpmJDYcBtsygwek5QAxWh42HJZtk+Bh7EkrNv5jkGw88zDvZgt8Wgz70x8+fNtWJ2fYfnjjwxkVdrJ9x3s33sCrpQFC80AYBkDMzMCC12HyGAyQpg/4tIyCUTAKRsGIAwDv+E0C8c9mQwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3359-8799","institution":"UOW Malaysia KDU University College","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jailani","middleName":"","lastName":"Jamaludin","suffix":""},{"id":450777685,"identity":"59a59eca-0840-40d4-add5-4a0deeaa585c","order_by":1,"name":"Mohd Azlan 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02:08:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6441743/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6441743/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":82154660,"identity":"68941845-9ec5-4a49-9f6c-52bb84522b3c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 07:32:28","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":178949,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic diagram for DLMD process [5].\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6441743/v1/4f8114a79ab82ad0d84cce5d.png"},{"id":82153029,"identity":"41f4a85e-7b10-4003-a7eb-a33d21759562","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 07:24:28","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":214802,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM image of Ti-6Al-4V powder particles\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6441743/v1/1e8ecb598a8303295dba048e.png"},{"id":82153116,"identity":"60e79e2a-113b-4bb6-8465-979e06f05cce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 07:24:33","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":148075,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eImage of Ti-6Al-4V substrate plate\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6441743/v1/7635e77f9b5f2c8f4c7eaa6c.png"},{"id":82154645,"identity":"f486d29c-1b64-42f5-84af-dc3084e7f9d1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 07:32:28","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":120824,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOscillation pattern strategy\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6441743/v1/4a484a23d533aff370d63d60.png"},{"id":82153023,"identity":"402977fe-b9a3-40ff-9aec-244e75415fba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 07:24:27","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":197303,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAM sample with side view and top view\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6441743/v1/0b12d05721eafe501b1171b6.png"},{"id":82153031,"identity":"34f76ed7-69ba-4d39-9c4f-665c861823f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 07:24:28","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":343900,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eArea of microhardness testing in cross section view of the AM sample\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6441743/v1/a43ba82c8caf84b68f8117d6.png"},{"id":82155996,"identity":"7b38b606-23ac-45b7-8006-509e5b659595","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 07:40:28","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":98820,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePlot of SN Ratios for average microhardness (a) top deposition, (b) middle deposition (c) substrate below deposition\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6441743/v1/a38e05c0567130f357251892.png"},{"id":82155989,"identity":"7a0ba893-8b07-47ce-a221-3362d22b8e20","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 07:40:27","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":49143,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePareto chart average microhardness top deposition\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6441743/v1/b222c85087e9e01710757bb6.png"},{"id":82154651,"identity":"3154c677-fd87-44f6-b09c-8420a2cd2e07","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 07:32:28","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51058,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePareto chart average microhardness middle deposition\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6441743/v1/c62c5cce5d782a38313dc2e8.png"},{"id":82154664,"identity":"ee697c75-7fde-4649-9b67-fcd93934208f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 07:32:28","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50721,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePareto chart average microhardness substrate below deposition\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6441743/v1/3c23302c6a6650d9aaadb5e2.png"},{"id":82155990,"identity":"4273fd57-facd-4f5b-8942-fc3a72679deb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 07:40:28","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":250512,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSummary of contour plot (i) and surface plot (ii): (a) top deposition (b) middle deposition (c) substrate below deposition\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6441743/v1/adee030a59652a65b82a3437.png"},{"id":82153046,"identity":"a7171e0c-188c-4bc3-85e7-4cc5688b7918","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 07:24:28","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":585581,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCross sectional view of deposited material with parameter OL=50% and (a) RV=100mm/min (b) RV=450mm/min (c) RV=800mm/min\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6441743/v1/32680a2f561c75974cf0ef91.png"},{"id":82154667,"identity":"e21d7b32-3a0d-4888-b23f-27321d3686e0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 07:32:28","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1348782,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eImages of deposited material (a) microscopic view of the cross sectioned sample (b) microstructure at top region using optical microscope (c) microstructure at middle region using optical microscope(d) microstructure at the border between deposited material and substrate using SEM analysis (e) microstructure at border between HAZ and substrate using SEM analysis\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6441743/v1/d4af6084368c73fff9c64faa.png"},{"id":82157377,"identity":"19aaa171-580f-4d56-a00c-cc60a151ba8f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 07:56:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4972895,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6441743/v1/f2d8103e-95d5-4e93-911e-954c80f2fbff.pdf"},{"id":82153020,"identity":"213a6a81-ab6f-4bcf-a9af-ca33ddbd51e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 07:24:27","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":70338,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Graphicalabstract.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6441743/v1/c041529e383f68848e2e063a.png"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Effect of Oscillation Process Parameters in Direct Laser Metal Deposition 3d Printing Deposition for Single Layer Track Using Ti-6al-4v: Microhardness Analysis","fulltext":[{"header":"1.0 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the most transformative applications of machine tools is additive manufacturing (AM), commonly referred to as 3D printing. This innovative technique, which creates physical objects through the incremental addition of material based on geometrical models, is revolutionizing the way components are designed and fabricated [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. AM encompasses several methods tailored to specific production needs and is broadly categorized into seven primary processes: binder jetting (BJT), directed energy deposition (DED), material extrusion (MEX), material jetting (MJT), powder bed fusion (PBF), sheet lamination (SHL), and vat photopolymerization (VPP) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Among these methods, BJT, DED, and PBF are particularly significant for manufacturing metal components. Directed Energy Deposition (DED) stands out for its ability to directly fabricate intricate 3D shapes from digital designs, distinguishing it from conventional techniques like welding and cladding. A notable variant of DED is Direct Laser Metal Deposition (DLMD). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e provides a visual representation of the DLMD process. The process employs a laser as a focused heat source to melt and deposit metal powder, forming complex structures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtensive research has established the suitability of DLMD for manufacturing, with studies highlighting its potential in producing components with superior mechanical properties [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6 CR7 CR8\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. DLMD systems can be tailored to specific applications through three primary mechanisms. First mechanism is laser condition and material feeding, where the laser beam melts and deposits powder onto the substrate. Second mechanism is melt-pool formation which involving the generation of molten material by the laser and third mechanism is solidification, where the molten material cools and solidifies into the final structure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. These mechanisms also have been thoroughly explored in prior research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe versatility of DLMD extends to various metals, including Inconel, stainless steel, tool steel, titanium alloys, chromium, and tungsten [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14 CR15 CR16 CR17 CR18 CR19 CR20 CR21\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. However, different materials introduce challenges, such as variations in mechanical properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR24\" citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e], microstructural characteristics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], surface roughness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e], and defect formation [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR31\" citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Recent advancements have emphasized the potential of DLMD for part repair, particularly in the aerospace industry where using of Ti-6Al-4V in component repair, highlighting its mechanical properties, especially at material interfaces, and its promise for both part repair and full-component manufacturing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite the versatility and advantages of DLMD in fabricating metal components, achieving consistent and high microhardness remains a significant challenge. This study aims to optimize oscillation process parameters, specifically overlap value and travel speed, to enhance the microhardness of deposition layers, ensuring improved robustness, stability, and performance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2.0 Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe necessary parameters for producing the deposition part were identified, with key benchmarks including scanning speed, powder delivery rate, and laser power. Subsequently, parameters related to oscillation motion, such as overlap values and travel speed, were configured to achieve the desired outcomes. Motion control was based on the traversal movement of the deposition head, and the input parameters were categorized into three distinct levels. To analyze the effects of these input parameters on the output parameters, a series of nine experiments were conducted. The output parameters measured microstructural response such as microhardness of a single-layer track. Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e provides a detailed overview of the experimental conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOscillation parameters with design levels\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcronym\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverlapping values\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 / 70 / 90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRate of travel speed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emm/min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100 / 450 / 800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the materials side, Ti-6Al-4V powder particles were deposited onto a 10mm x 20mm x 3mm Ti-6Al-4V plate using the DLMD process. The elemental composition and morphology of the powder particles were examined with a scanning electron microscope (Hitachi S-3400N). Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e details the composition of the Ti-6Al-4V powder while Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the SEM images of the powder morphology and Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows substrate plate used in the experiment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComposition of powder Ti-6Al-4V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeight %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeight % \u0026sigma;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAtomic %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAluminium\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.247\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.264\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.975\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTitanium\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.206\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.907\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVanadium\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.547\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.570\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe powder was produced via the gas atomization method, resulting in spherical particles with some satellite formations on their surfaces. Particle sizes ranged from 10 to 60 \u0026micro;m. The substrate, prepared using wire cut Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM), measured 20mm x 10mm x 3mm as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. For the DLMD process, a 1.5kW fiber laser equipped with a laser cladding head (LT-CH002A) was employed, featuring a 3mm spot size, a focal position 15mm vertically, and a 50mm clear aperture. A coaxial nozzle design ensured even spray onto the substrate [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. The powder particles were directed from three annular channels into the powder concentration zone, identified between 15mm until 20mm below the nozzle. The cladding head, paired with a Raycus model RFL-C1500X laser fiber power supply, operated at a wavelength of 1080nm in continuous wave mode. Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e provides a summary of all the fixed factors used.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFixed factors variable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLaser power\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e450\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLaser spot diameter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLaser focal distance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLaser focal length\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLaser wavelength\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1080\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePowder particle size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePowder deposition rate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eg/min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubstrate dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 x 20 x 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArgon gas flow rate (Shielding)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elitre/min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArgon gas flow rate (Carrier)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elitre/min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePreliminary results indicate successful deposition using 450W of laser power, a scanning speed of 100 mm/min, and a powder deposition rate of 3.5 g/min, based on parameters derived from a straight-line deposition for a single-layer track. Building on these results, an oscillation strategy was introduced, requiring determination of two main input parameters: overlap value and travel speed (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the oscillation pattern path utilized in the experiment. The overlap is determined by the distance covered from the centerline of the laser\u0026apos;s circular motion to the subsequent circles [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. The value for overlap is calculated using Eq. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e below.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"502\" height=\"84\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe path of the circular motion is measured from the center of the spot size diameter, specified as 3mm according to the laser specifications, while the amplitude is measured from the center path to the maximum distance of the track centerline. The overlap value represents the percentage of the circular track diameter and the distance covered by the intersection of consecutive circular tracks. Since the oscillation strategy utilizes circular motion, the deposition rate is influenced by the speed of this motion. One sample was prepared for each experimental setting, and each was analyzed using the same technique to ensure consistent results. The DLMD process sample was bisected and mounted in resin. The sample then underwent a grinding process using 600, 1200, and 2000 grit papers, followed by polishing with a cloth pad before etching to prepare a valid sample for microstructure and metallographic analysis. Microscopic images were captured using an optical microscope (XOPTRON XST150), and SEM images were taken with a scanning electron microscope (Hitachi S-3400N). Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the printed AM sample using DLMD in both side and top views.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe microhardness test was performed using a Vickers hardness machine (DVK-2 from Matsuzawa Seiki Co. Ltd.), following Vickers standards, with a load of 1000g and a dwell time of 30 seconds. Microhardness indentations were made in three regions: top, middle, and substrate below deposition, with three indentations per region and a distance of 10 \u0026micro;m between indentations. The average microhardness of the sample was calculated, as the hardness values determine the mechanical properties of the deposition and substrate, which can be analyzed and observed to evaluate the performance of the DLMD process. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e displays the cross-sectioned area of the AM sample.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3.0 Results and Discussions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe average microhardness for each region of the AM sample was tabulated in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. All output results from the experimental design were analyzed using the Taguchi method for process optimization. Further investigation was conducted using ANOVA, and regression equations for each output were illustrated separately.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e Results overview\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInput parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutput response\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOL values (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRV (mm/min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage Microhardness (HV)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTop region\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiddle region\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubstrate region\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e366.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e385.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e302.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e450\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e361.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e262.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e257.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e447.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e404.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e309.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e382.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e254.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e450\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e425.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e460.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e328.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e407.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e393.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e386.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e298.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e275.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e341.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e450\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e407.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e394.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e318.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e401.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e406.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e316.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTypically, the highest SN ratio indicates the best combination of factors that minimize variability and improve consistency in the deposition in term of average microhardness which is larger the better. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e indicate three main effect plots for SN ratio of each region separately.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of the top deposition reveals for the overlap value at 70% achieves the highest SN ratio of 52.1, indicating its stable performance. Similarly, for the rate of travel, at 800 mm/min exhibits the highest SN ratio of 52.4, suggesting that travel rate has a more pronounced effect on deposition performance. These results highlight the rate of travel as the dominant parameter influencing the top deposition hardness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the middle deposition the overlap value peaks at 70% (52.1). For the rate of travel, a progressive increase in SN ratio is observed, rising from 50.8 at 100 mm/min to 52.0 at 450 mm/min, and reaching the highest at 52.4 at 800 mm/min. These findings affirm that an overlap value of 70% and a travel rate of 800 mm/min are the optimal parameters for achieving superior robustness and process stability in middle deposition layers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the substrate below deposition, the SN ratio analysis shows a gradual improvement with increasing overlap values, rising from 49.2 at 50% to 50.4 at 90%, reflecting incremental gains in stability. Conversely, the rate of travel has a more significant effect, with the SN ratio climbing sharply to 50.6 at 800 mm/min, demonstrating a significant enhancement in process indicating substantial impact at higher speeds. Hence, the optimal parameters for achieving superior hardness and robustness across all deposition regions are an overlap value of 70% and a rate of travel of 800 mm/min, with the rate of travel consistently showing the most pronounced effect on performance as compare to overlap value.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the regression equation offers valuable insights into the relationships between the predictor variables and the response variable, specifically the average microhardness across the top deposition, middle deposition, and substrate below deposition. By quantifying the influence of parameters such as overlap value and rate of travel, these equation highlights how predictors contribute to variations in average microhardness at each deposition regions. Equations \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e represent the specific regression models developed for predicting the average microhardness (HV) in the top deposition, middle deposition, and substrate regions, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e\u003cimg 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\" width=\"746\" height=\"244\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe top surface region exhibits contrasting behavior due to the interaction of its parameter coefficients. The negative overlap value coefficient (-0.561) indicates that higher overlap percentages decrease microhardness, while the positive rate of travel coefficient (0.0993) improves it. The negative overlap effect may be attributed to increased heat input and slower cooling at higher overlap values. The positive rate of travel effect shows that higher travel rates reduce heat input per unit length, increasing cooling rates and which enhances hardness. This combination of opposing effects creates a skewed sensitivity in the top surface. While the layer responds positively to adjustments in rate of travel, the negative impact of the overlap value diminishes its overall robustness. This highlights the top surface layer exhibits high sensitivity to the rate of travel but faces challenges from the opposing effects of overlap value, making it less robust overall.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the middle deposition region, both the overlap value (0.21) and rate of travel (0.0927) have positive coefficients in the regression model, indicating that increases in either parameter lead to microhardness improvement. Since the effects of these two parameters are complementary, they collectively enhance the robustness of the middle deposition region. This balance is indicative of the intermediate position, where thermal dissipation is more controlled compared to the top deposition. The positive overlap value effect suggests that higher overlap percentages contribute to uniform heat distribution and material consolidation, improving microstructural refinement and hardness. The positive rate of travel effect supports consistent cooling and reduces excessive heat input. This synergy between the two parameters makes the middle layer less sensitive to extreme variations resulting in enhanced robustness and ease of optimization in a more predictable and stable response to changes in deposition parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe substrate below deposition demonstrates a markedly different sensitivity profile, characterized by a strong positive overlap value coefficient (0.903) and a minor positive rate of travel coefficient (0.0542). These values indicate that the substrate responds more strongly to overlap value adjustments than to changes in travel rate. The dominance of the overlap value reflects the substrate\u0026apos;s dependence on cumulative heat input and material consolidation. A higher overlap percentage contributes significantly to substrate hardness by increasing material density and uniformity during the deposition process. The minor effect of rate of travel suggests that changes in cooling rate have limited influence on the substrate, likely because the substrate\u0026apos;s position beneath deposition material buffers it from rapid thermal gradients. The substrate\u0026apos;s response to parameter changes is gradual, with relatively low sensitivity compared to the top surface or middle layer. This reflects the thermal insulation provided by the upper layers, resulting in a more uniform but less dynamic cooling environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe revised ANOVA analysis in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e indicates that rate of travel is a statistically significant predictor of top deposition, with a P-value of 0.047. A P-value less than the conventional significance level of 0.05 (\u0026alpha;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05) suggests that the observed relationship between rate of travel and top deposition is unlikely to be due to random chance. This implies that modifying the rate of travel has a meaningful and consistent impact on the response variable, likely through its effects on heat input, cooling rates, and microstructural characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRevised ANOVA average microhardness top deposition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDegree of freedom\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSum of squares\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean squares\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF-Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegression\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7999.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3999.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverlap Value (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e756.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e756.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.450\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRate of Travel (mm/min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7243.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7243.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidual\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6956.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1159.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14956.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis relationship is further supported by the Pareto chart (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e), where the rate of travel bar extends beyond the significance threshold (\u0026alpha;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05), represented by the red dashed line at 2.447. The significance threshold marks the point at which the predictor\u0026apos;s standardized effect is strong enough to be considered statistically significant. Since the Rate of Travel\u0026apos;s effect exceeds this threshold, it is clear that it has a substantial and statistically significant impact on deposition. In contrast, the overlap value does not have a significant effect on top deposition, with a P-value of 0.450. A P-value greater than 0.05 indicates that there is no statistically significant relationship between overlap value and the response variable. This is further supported by the Pareto chart, where the overlap value bar does not extend beyond the significance threshold.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor middle deposition, the revised ANOVA analysis reveals that both overlap value and rate of travel exhibit minimal effects on the middle deposition as tabulated in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e below. The overlap value has a p-value of 0.881, which is far above the significance threshold, indicating that it does not have a meaningful effect on the response variable. Similarly, the rate of travel has a p-value of 0.277, which also exceeds the 0.05 threshold, confirming that it does not significantly influence the middle deposition. The Pareto chart (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e) visually reinforces the ANOVA findings. In this case, both overlap value and rate of travel have bars that do not exceed this threshold. This indicates that neither predictor has a statistically significant effect on the middle deposition, supporting the ANOVA results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRevised ANOVA average microhardness middle deposition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDegree of freedom\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSum of squares\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean squares\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF-Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegression\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6423.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3211.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.522\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverlap Value (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.881\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRate of Travel (mm/min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6315.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6315.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.277\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidual\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26558.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4426.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32981.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, the statistical analysis presented in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e provides a view of the influence of process parameters on average microhardness for the substrate below deposition while Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e shows Pareto chart respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRevised ANOVA average microhardness substrate below deposition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDegree of freedom\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSum of squares\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean squares\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF-Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegression\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.324\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverlap Value (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1958\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1958\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRate of Travel (mm/min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidual\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1506\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings from the ANOVA and the Pareto chart both suggest that the model and the individual parameters exhibit limited predictive power. Similarly, both overlap value (p-value: 0.298) and rate of travel (p-value: 0.276) fail to reach the 0.05 significance threshold, suggesting that these parameters do not have a meaningful effect on the response. The Pareto chart in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e further supports these findings. Neither both exceed the significance threshold of 2.447 (\u0026alpha;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05), reinforcing that neither factor has a statistically significant impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurther trend analysis was conducted by plotting contour and surface plots shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e to provide a comprehensive overview of the parameter effects. For top deposition, optimal conditions are visually represented by the green regions on the contour plot and the peaks on the surface plot, highlighting favorable parameter ranges. The hardness of the middle deposition layer shows an upward trend, though the effects are less pronounced compared to the top surface. The impact is moderate. This suggests that the middle layer\u0026apos;s thermal and structural evolution is less responsive to parameter adjustments, reflecting a more stabilized energy transfer and microstructural transformation compared to the surface layer. Meanwhile, the substrate below deposition exhibits the least sensitivity to parameter variations, reflecting a gradual and more stabilized response. This behavior is likely due to reduced thermal gradients and energy transfer intensity at greater depths due to heat flux [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe hardness at the top surface can be explained by rapid cooling and localized thermal gradients during deposition, which accelerate phase transformations. Variations in hardness across the layers reflect a dynamic heat treatment phenomenon [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e], where factors such as overlap values and travel rates modulate thermal input, facilitating microstructural refinement. The top surface likely experiences rapid transformation due to near-instantaneous cooling, leading to a high dislocation density and increased yield strength [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, the middle and substrate layers, subjected to more gradual thermal dissipation, undergo moderated structural evolution, reflecting a progressive attenuation of thermal gradients.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, the cross-sectional images highlight the influence of travel speed (RV) on the geometry of depositions, with the overlap value (OL) fixed at 50%. The three examined travel speeds are 100 mm/min, 450mm/min and 800mm/min demonstrate distinct variations in deposition height and width while associated its thermal effects. At a low travel speed of 100 mm/min, the deposition profile is characterized by increased height and small variance of average width due to greater material accumulation and higher heat input, leading to deeper material melting and a taller profile. Medium travel speed (450 mm/min) achieves a balanced profile with moderate height and average width, reflecting a stable equilibrium between heat input and material deposition rate, which minimizes extremes in thermal gradients and promotes finer microstructures. At the highest travel speed of 800 mm/min, the deposition becomes shallower due to reduced material deposition and faster cooling rates, resulting in a thinner layer with rapid solidification contributing to finer grain structures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe microscopic analysis was conducted to observe the grain structure of the deposition material. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e presents the images obtained from the cross-section of the deposited material, showcasing both optical microscope images and SEM images. These images provide a detailed view of the microstructural characteristics, highlighting the differences in grain structure. The observed microstructure in the deposition layers reveals a combination of columnar, cellular, and equiaxed dendrites, each influenced by thermal gradients and solidification rates during the DLMD process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe top section of the deposited material, exposed to the surrounding environment and shielding gas, undergoes rapid heat dissipation, significantly reducing the solidification time and suppressing the directional growth of columnar dendrites, leading to an equiaxed structure as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e(b). A low thermal gradient to solidification rate promotes the transition to equiaxed growth [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. The high cooling rate enhances heterogeneous nucleation, resulting in a larger number of small grains that grow independently in different directions, forming an equidimensional structure as mentioned by previous researchers [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. Equiaxed grains exhibit superior microhardness attributed to their fine grain size and elevated dislocation density.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e(c) illustrates the formation of cellular structures in the middle region of the DLMD process, governed by unique thermal and solidification conditions. In this region, the cooling rate is slower compared to the top. This intermediate cooling rate promotes the growth of elongated cellular structures by providing sufficient time for their development [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. The temperature gradient reflects a balance between heat conduction and solidification rates, favoring the formation of cellular structures aligned perpendicular to the solidification front [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. While these structures exhibit a slightly lower microhardness compared to equiaxed grains, their morphology aids in resisting crack propagation, thus contributing to the mechanical robustness of the material.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe border between the deposited material and the substrate in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e(d) shows a mix of cellular and columnar structures due to the steep temperature gradient caused by heat conduction into the substrate. These gradient drives directional solidification, with cellular grains forming near the deposited material where the cooling rate is moderate. The higher gradient in the substrate promotes the growth of columnar grains aligned with the heat flow. Such alignment, a result of directional solidification, enhances both strength and hardness [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLast but not least, the formation of columnar structures predominantly in the substrate HAZ region shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;134(e). In this region, the cooling rate is slower compared to the middle and top regions, allowing the material sufficient time to solidify in a columnar pattern. The steep temperature gradient shown near the substrate facilitates directional heat flow away from the molten pool, promoting the alignment of elongated columnar grains parallel to the heat flow direction [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]. This alignment ensures a denser and more uniform microstructure, bolstering the material\u0026apos;s hardness and strength as compare to the typical grain of Ti-6Al-4V.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4.0 Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of the DLMD process for microhardness optimization revealed significant insights into the effects of overlap value (OL) and rate of travel speed (RV) on the microstructural characteristics across different deposition regions. Optimal parameters were identified as an overlap value of 70% and a rate of travel of 800 mm/min, which consistently demonstrated superior robustness and process stability. The Taguchi method and ANOVA confirmed the rate of travel as the dominant factor influencing microhardness, especially in the top and middle deposition regions. The regression analysis highlighted the differing sensitivities of the top, middle, and substrate regions to parameter adjustments, with the top surface exhibiting the highest sensitivity to the rate of travel speed (RV). The contour and surface plots further validated these findings, highlighting the sensitivity of the top layer to parameter adjustments. The microscopic analysis revealed distinct microstructural formations, including equiaxed grains in the top region, cellular structures in the middle, and columnar grains in the substrate, were closely associated with the thermal gradients and solidification rates, providing a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between process parameters and material properties.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode availability:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research is fully supported by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia under grant No: Q.J130000.4351.09G66 and partial financial support from UOW Malaysia. Their support has made this important research viable and effective.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the preparation of this work the author(s) used Microsoft Copilot services in order to improve language style of writing. 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Achieving ultrahigh-strength in beta-type titanium alloy by controlling the melt pool mode in selective laser melting. \u003cem\u003eMaterials Science and Engineering A\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e823\u003c/em\u003e(December 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.141731\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"the-international-journal-of-advanced-manufacturing-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jamt","sideBox":"Learn more about [The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology](https://www.springer.com/journal/170)","snPcode":"170","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/170/3","title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Direct Laser Metal Deposition (DLMD), Additive manufacturing (AM), Ti-6Al-4V, Parameters optimization, Microhardness","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6441743/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6441743/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"This study focuses on optimizing Direct Laser Metal Deposition (DLMD) process parameters to enhance microhardness across deposition regions using Ti-6Al-4V materials for powder and substrate. DLMD, a prominent additive manufacturing method, is valued for its precision in creating complex 3D geometries; however, achieving consistent and high microhardness remains challenging. Through the application of the Taguchi method and ANOVA, the research identifies optimal oscillation parameters with an overlap value, OL of 70% and a travel rate, RV of 800 mm/min significantly improve microhardness. Signal-to-noise ratio analysis highlights the travel rate as the most influential factor, particularly affecting the top and middle deposition layers. Microscopic analysis reveals distinct microstructures, including equiaxed grains at the top, cellular structures in the middle, and columnar grains near the substrate, attributed to varying cooling rates and thermal gradients. Regression models further clarify the relationship between process parameters and microhardness. The findings present a robust framework for optimizing DLMD processes, ensuring improved material properties, stability, and manufacturing precision.","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of Oscillation Process Parameters in Direct Laser Metal Deposition 3d Printing Deposition for Single Layer Track Using Ti-6al-4v: Microhardness Analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-07 07:24:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6441743/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-05-03T14:14:28+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-01T20:49:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-04-15T22:55:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","date":"2025-04-13T22:06:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"the-international-journal-of-advanced-manufacturing-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jamt","sideBox":"Learn more about [The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology](https://www.springer.com/journal/170)","snPcode":"170","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/170/3","title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8e0b14bf-1dcd-47a7-931f-eee7b0d69d68","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 7th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-22T06:26:38+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-07 07:24:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6441743","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6441743","identity":"rs-6441743","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}