Analysis of the efficiency and seasonal performance of the Azores infrasound experimental arrays

Analysis of the efficiency and seasonal performance of the Azores infrasound experimental arrays | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Analysis of the efficiency and seasonal performance of the Azores infrasound experimental arrays Linda Silva, Sandro Matos, Emanuele Marchetti, Nicolau Wallenstein This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9277902/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The infrasound monitoring network in the Azores currently comprises the International Monitoring System (IMS) station IS42 on Graciosa Island, together with two small-aperture (140 m) experimental arrays (SJ1 and TER) deployed on São Jorge and Terceira Islands. This network enables a more comprehensive coverage of the region, improving the detection of seismo-volcanic activity and the characterisation of atmospheric phenomena such as storms and fireballs. In this work, we present a statistical analysis of one year of infrasound detections, focusing on the identification of persistent sources and the assessment of noise level variability. In addition to continuous background activity, the network successfully recorded signals associated with local earthquakes, storms, and aeroplanes. The results showed consistent directional patterns and clear diurnal cycles, with enhanced daytime detections likely related to anthropogenic activity. The study demonstrates the strong performance of the experimental arrays, which provide reliable and complementary observations to IMS station. Also, it highlights the importance of further strengthening the regional infrasound network to improve the understanding of volcanic systems and their behaviour. Therefore, the deployment of additional arrays is recommended to increase spatial coverage, source discrimination, and improved monitoring capability in the Azores. Azores North Atlantic Statistics Infrasound sources Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 18 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 23 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 08 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 08 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 02 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 31 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9277902","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":621019309,"identity":"c7504238-504d-463f-8434-5142727e74ed","order_by":0,"name":"Linda Silva","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABFUlEQVRIie3RwUrDMBjA8S8E6iVdrikt7StkDIricM9SCn2GgaIZhXqp2wuIj7Hzxgd66QPoTdh1h4KXKRWW9qAMUt1RMH9yadMfX0oAbLY/2IACiG5RqgCmRxDnmxBNqoNNaibQfd+mCSmOISfu+nkHpxDdkkK8P1xMuI9Yw8c4Uf5iZT7YID0r9SCJpPDulin15lkmyDxLVIA9/8JiwVpCSS7dJXVkxWIgJY5ApL3EazSJcpIPP+9vmKz4W/0b8dspgGS2cRUKPUU/7jD8gYzOAymYbEnw+CS90olForLQCVCaCOfV8GU7vQ6jBa7W26vLCWd0U9fNmHF/9moc0yWBHb5I9AU5oh+YauDrim02m+3ftwfqsUmsjBRv1gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Instituto de Investigação em Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos (IVAR), Universidade dos Açores","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Linda","middleName":"","lastName":"Silva","suffix":""},{"id":621019310,"identity":"abdd6fba-8c7b-4957-9026-06ecd9d2d31f","order_by":1,"name":"Sandro Matos","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Instituto de Investigação em Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos (IVAR), Universidade dos Açores","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sandro","middleName":"","lastName":"Matos","suffix":""},{"id":621019311,"identity":"866249df-d427-435e-9b22-0beb8a2ea6a5","order_by":2,"name":"Emanuele Marchetti","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Università degli Studi di Firenze","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Emanuele","middleName":"","lastName":"Marchetti","suffix":""},{"id":621019312,"identity":"6bfa6e20-8a25-4d44-be36-68fb14688728","order_by":3,"name":"Nicolau Wallenstein","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Instituto de Investigação em Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos (IVAR), Universidade dos Açores","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nicolau","middleName":"","lastName":"Wallenstein","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-31 09:42:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9277902/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9277902/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":106994178,"identity":"0ec862b3-40f2-4a02-b7a2-3300105b8a07","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-15 15:06:03","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1353330,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SILVALAnalysisoftheefficiencyandseasonalperformanceoftheAzoresinfrasoundexperimentalarrays.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9277902/v1_covered_1212bf5a-0622-4fbe-8780-35df1fc32c60.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Analysis of the efficiency and seasonal performance of the Azores infrasound experimental arrays","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"pure-and-applied-geophysics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"paag","sideBox":"Learn more about [Pure and Applied Geophysics](https://www.springer.com/journal/24)","snPcode":"24","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/24/3","title":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Azores, North Atlantic, Statistics, Infrasound sources","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9277902/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9277902/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe infrasound monitoring network in the Azores currently comprises the International Monitoring System (IMS) station IS42 on Graciosa Island, together with two small-aperture (140 m) experimental arrays (SJ1 and TER) deployed on S\u0026atilde;o Jorge and Terceira Islands. 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