Pathogenicity and transmissibility of bovine-derived HPAI H5N1 B3.13 virus in pigs

Abstract Since the first emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses in dairy cattle, the virus has continued to spread, reaching at least 17 states and at least 970 dairy herds in the United States. Subsequently, spillovers of the virus from dairy cattle to humans have been reported. Pigs are an important reservoir in influenza ecology because they serve as a mixing vessel in which novel reassortant viruses with pandemic potential can be generated. Here, we show that oro-respiratory infection of pigs resulted in productive replication of a bovine-derived HPAI H5N1 B3.13 virus. Infectious virus was mainly identified in the lower respiratory tract of principal infected pigs, and sero-conversion was observed in most of the principal pigs at later time points. In one animal, we detected the emergence of a mutation in hemagglutinin (HA) previously associated with increased affinity for “mammalian-type” α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors, but this mutation did not reach consensus levels. Sentinel contact pigs remained sero-negative throughout the study, indicating lack of transmission. The results support that pigs are susceptible to a bovine-derived HPAI H5N1 B3.13 virus, but this virus did not replicate as robustly in pigs as mink-derived HPAI H5N1 and swine-adapted influenza viruses. Competing Interest Statement Declaration of interest statement The J.A.R. laboratory received support from Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Xing Technologies, Esperovax, and Zoetis, outside of the reported work. J.A.R. is inventor on patents and patent applications on the use of antivirals and vaccines for the treatment and prevention of virus infections, owned by Kansas State University. Footnotes Grammatical corrections and update on the numbers of infected farms.