Molecular characterization of human isolates of Strongyloides stercoralis and Rhabditis spp. based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1)

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The aim of this study was molecular characterization and differentiation of human derived isolates of S. stercoralis and Rhabditis species based on the mitochondrial gene of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 ( cox1 ) amplification. Methods: Using parasitological methods, ten isolates of S. stercoralis and three isolates of Rhabditis spp. were obtained from fresh stool samples of patients and the genomic DNA of the samples were extracted. PCR amplification of cox1 gene was carried out for all the isolates and the products were sequenced. Results: The phylogenetic analysis illustrated that S. stercoralis and Rhabditis spp. isolates were placed in two distinguishable separate clades. Inter-species genetic variation between isolates of S. stercoralis and Rhabditis spp . were ranged from 13.5 to 14.5%. Conclusions: Cox1 gene was a suitable marker for discrimination of S. stercoralis from Rhabditis spp. retrieved from human in the current study. The availability of gene sequence information will be helpful in the future development and validation of discriminatory PCR-based assays of these nematodes. Infectious Diseases Strongyloides stercoralis Rhabditis spp. PCR cox1 Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Background In genus Strongyloides , two species are known that infect human beings: Strongyloides fuelleborni that has local importance among human soil transmitted helminthes [1], and the soil-transmitted threadworm, Strongyloides stercoralis , which is one of the most neglected among neglected tropical diseases [2]. It is estimated that 30 to 100 million people are infected with S. stercoralis worldwide [1], mainly in tropical and subtropical areas. However, information on infection rates is missing in many countries [2]. In immunocompetent individuals, S. stercoralis commonly causes chronic, asymptomatic infection but a change in immune status can lead to an increase in parasite burden, hyperinfection syndrome, dissemination [3] and even death if not treated properly [4, 5]. Corticosteroids have a particularly strong and specific association with the development of such infections; other immunosuppressive therapies and underlying conditions may also predispose to dissemination [3].This imposes a serious threat to immunocompromised patients. Thus, an early laboratory diagnosis of this infection has special clinical importance. Given the needs for the application of highly sensitive and specific methods for early diagnosis of strongyloidiasis, various parasitological, immunodiagnostic and molecular assays have been evaluated [6] and novel tests have been implemented [7]. However, a reliable gold standard for the diagnosis of this unique nematode is still lacking [6, 7]. Although molecular biology technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), that can detect DNA of the parasite, is highly specific, it should not yet be recommended for universal screening, nor as a standalone method for individual diagnosis of strongyloidiasis; and it has rather a role as a confirmatory test [7]. In the other words, in clinical parasitology, molecular diagnosis could be extremely useful when a specific parasite or group of parasites are to be studied, however they cannot yet replace microscopy as routine diagnostic tests [8]. In fact, routine microscopy is a catchall technique whereby the presence of any parasite in the clinical specimen can be detected [8]. There are many parasitological tests available for detection of S. stercoralis larvae in stool samples [6]. Agar plate culture (APC) is more efficient for detection of S. stercoralis in comparison with other parasitological tests including direct smear preparation and formalin-ether concentration [9]. Despite the efficiency of this culture method, it raises a possibility for the growth of other nematodes including hookworms [9], Trichostrongylus and free-living nematodes of the genus Rhabditis (Rhabditida) species [10] . In infectivity with the major soil transmitted nematodes of human, including Ascaris lumbricoides , Trichuris trichiura , and hookworms ( Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus ) [1], the main diagnostic stage in stool sample is eggs [11]. While, Rhabditoid nematodes have been reported releasing larvae in human [12, 13, 14, 15]. They are not among main helminthes of human [1], and there is no estimation on population infected in endemic areas of strongyloidiasis in the world. However, due to the similarity with S. stercoralis , in terms of the presence of larval stage in stool samples [12, 13, 14, 15], their morphological differentiation is a challenge, requiring a well-trained microscopist. Human infections with Rhabditis spp. nematodes have been reported as scattered sporadic reports from different parts of the world, for example from China [14], Korea [15], Japan [16], Brazil [13], Rhodesia [17], Germany [18] and Iran [12]. In the past, morphological criteria were used for discrimination of Rhabditis species from S. stercoralis [12-17, 19]. However, given the increasing numbers of immunocompromised individuals throughout the world [20] and necessity for accurate and early detection of S. stercoralis , a more reliable method of differentiation is needed. Utilization of sensitive and specific diagnostic approach of molecular-based methods, associated with sequencing, will be helpful in this aspect. However, such utility is currently restricted due to lack of accurate gene sequence information of pathogenic species of Rhabditis . In this view, in order to pave the way for future development of an discriminative DNA based assay to be used in clinical setting, present study aimed to differentiate human derived isolates of S. stercoralis and Rhabditis species using molecular characterization of mitochondrial gene of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 ( cox1 ) amplification. Methods Sample collection This study was performed in 2016-2017. In order to obtain human isolates of S. stercoralis and Rhabditis spp., fresh stool samples were collected from patients who referred to the Diagnostic Laboratory of Strongyloidiasis in School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and residents in endemic areas of strongyloidiasis in Iran [21] including Mazandaran, Gilan and Khuzestan Provinces. Parasitological methods Collected stool samples were examined by parasitological methods including direct smear preparation, formalin-ether concentration and nutrient agar plate culture (APC). For APC roughly 3 g of each stool sample was subjected to nutrient agar media [9]. Then, after 48-72 hours incubation in room temperature at about 28 °C-30 °C, the plates were examined under a stereomicroscope for the presence of any larvae and free-living adults of S. stercoralis and Rhabditis species. In case of infectivity with Rhabditis spp., triple stool samples were taken to ensure true parasitic infection; and the patients were considered infected if all their triple stool samples had been found positive for Rhabditis species. To prepare the infected samples for further molecular analysis, surface of nutrient agar plates were washed out with lukewarm phosphate buffer saline and after collection of larvae [10] they were preserved in 75% ethanol. Additionally, infected stool samples were also preserved in 75% ethanol after washing by sterile distilled water and sedimentation by centrifuge. DNA extraction Ethanol preserved cultivated and harvested larvae, and stool sediments containing larvae were washed three times with sterile distilled water by centrifugation at 5000 × g for 5 minutes to remove ethanol. Then, they were subjected to five cycles of freezing in liquid nitrogen and thawing in boiling water. Following this, approximately 300 mg glass beads (0.5 mm in diameter) were added and shaken intensively for 5 minutes. Subsequently, the genomic DNA was extracted by genomic DNA extraction kit (GeneAll Exgene, Seoul, Korea) according to the manufacturer’s instructions and stored at -20 °C until the performance of PCR amplification. PCR amplifications and sequencing Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) based on the cox 1 gene were performed with primers cox F (5′TGG TTT GGG TAC TAG TTG-3′) and cox R (5′-GAT GAG CTC AAA CTA CAC A-3′) [22]. Every PCR amplification was carried out in a final reaction mixture containing 15 μL of PCR mix including 1.25 U Taq DNA polymerase, 200 μM of dNTPs and 1.5 mM MgCl2 2x red PCR Master Mix (Ampliqon, Odense, Denmark), 20 pmol of each primer and 2 μL of each sample DNA. A negative control (distilled water) and a positive control (extracted DNA from S. stercoralis filariform larva) were applied in each run. The thermal PCR profile (Applied Biosystems 2720 Thermal Cycler, California, USA), included an initial denaturation step at 95 °C for 6 minutes, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 45 seconds, annealing at 55 °C for 60 seconds and extension at 72 °C for 60 seconds, followed by a final extension step at 72 °C for 6 minutes. The amplified products were run on a 1.5% agarose gel and visualized using a UV transilluminator. These PCR products were submitted to Bioneer Company (South Korea) and were sequenced with Sanger method in both directions using the same PCR primers. All obtained sequences were edited and trimmed by Chromas software version 2.6.1 (South Brisbane, Australia). Analysis of sequencing data was carried out using the National Center for Biotechnology Information BLAST programs and databases (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Multiple sequence alignments were performed with Clustal W method using Bioedit software version 7.1 (http://www.mbio.ncsu.edu/bioedit/bioedit.html) and compared with the sequences present in GenBank database. Phylogenetic analysis The phylogenetic tree was constructed using Maximum-Likelihood algorithm and Tamura-3-Parameter option by Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis software version 6.0 (MEGA). Bootstrap with 1000 replications was utilized for determining the topology reliability of the tree. Results In this study, overall ten isolates of S. stercoralis and three isolates of Rhabditis spp. were obtained from human stool samples. These isolates are listed in Table 1 to show the original province of each patient and the corresponded accession number submitted in GenBank. After optimizing PCR conditions in terms of materials and thermal PCR protocol and the number of cycles, all S. stercoralis and Rhabditis spp . isolates were successfully demonstrated the amplification of about 509-bp target band for the cox1 (Fig. 1). The tests were reliable when the negative control did not yield an amplification band and the positive control replicated the desired amplification band without presenting smears. After trimming the sequences, the isolates were aligned and compared with the sequences available in GenBank. The sequence alignment indicated that there is high level of sequence difference between isolates of S. stercoralis and Rhabditis spp . (Fig. 2). Inter-species and intra-species genetic variation between present isolates of S. stercoralis and Rhabditis spp . were calculated. The inter-species genetic variation between S. stercoralis and Rhabditis spp . were ranged from 13.5 to 14.5%. Pairwise distance indicated the presence of intra-species genetic variation of 0-3.5% among the current isolates of S. stercoralis , and 0 to 5.2% of those with the sequences previously available in GenBank. Furthermore, multiple alignment represented that intra-species similarity among Rhabditis spp. isolates was 100%. The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on cox1 to evaluate the haplotypes recovered in this study along with retrieved sequences from other regions of the world (Fig. 3). The phylogenetic analysis illustrated that S. stercoralis and Rhabditis spp. isolates were placed in two distinguishable separate clades. The tree indicated that the ten sequences of S. stercoralis isolates in the present study were consisted of five haplotypes, placing into two clusters. One cluster included four haplotypes whereas the other one consisted of merely one haplotype (Fig. 3). Intra-species genetic variation between the two clusters was calculated within 2.8% to 5.2%. The cox 1 sequences of all S. stercoralis and Rhabditis spp. were registered in GenBank database. The accession numbers of these sequences are shown in Table 1. Discussion Genus Rhabditis have been reported to infect human digestive system [12-15], urinary system [16, 17, 19], and even outer ear canal [18]; and excreting larvae in stool and urine. As the parasitological diagnosis of S. stercoralis is the detection of parasite larvae in stool exams and other biological materials such as such as sputum, duodenal aspirates, gastric biopsies, cervical smear or CSF liquid [6], therefore, this study pointing out to the challenge for discrimination between S. stercoralis and Rhabditis species. Due to the differences in the managements of infected patients with S. stercoralis [11], the exact differentiations of these two parasites is necessary. The essential of early diagnosis of strongyloidiasis, especially in immunocompromised individuals, urged the efforts for development of molecular biology technique, mostly based on PCR, during recent years. Although, such techniques are highly sensitive and specific, they are recommended as confirmatory tests [7]. Besides, such molecular techniques have not been developed for detection of Rhabditis spp. recovered from human stool samples, and on the other hand, identification of such rare parasites using morphological criteria requires expert microscopists that may be lacking among new generation of laboratory staff [8]. Therefore, in order to attempt for prevention of misdiagnosis between these parasites, the present study was designed to characterize human retrieved isolates of S. stercoralis and Rhabditis spp. based on the amplification of cox1 gene. For this purpose, ten S. stercoralis and three Rhabditis spp. isolates were obtained from infected human stool samples and molecular approach was carried out by utilizing cox1 gene. Although studies comparing quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with microscopy methods for soil-transmitted helminthes are imperfect, they do show a significant increase in sensitivity and specificity of qPCR compared with labor-intensive traditional microscopic techniques [23]. The cox1 gene of mitochondrial DNA, which has been reported to mutate more rapidly than 18S rDNA, is useful sources of sequence data for study on different populations of Strongyloides species [24] and a useful target for molecular diagnosis of strongyloidiasis in human stool samples [22]. Presently, utilization of molecular-based methods in identification of Rhabditis species in human is very rare in clinical settings [18]. The sequence alignments of this study illustrated a considerable difference between nucleotide sequences of S. stercoralis and Rhabditis species. The inter-species genetic variation between S. stercoralis and Rhabditis spp. was 13.5 to 14.5%. According to pairwise distance of the current study isolates, intra-species genetic variation within S. stercoralis nucleotide sequences was 0 to 3.5%. Pairwise difference in cox1 gene among interbreeding strains of a nematode species was reported to be usually less than 6% and that between distinct species in a genus was more than 10% [25]. Pairwise difference in nucleotides sequence of cox1 gene among isolates of S. stercoralis from humans, apes and dogs was less than 4%, regardless of the host and locality of the isolates [24]. The average pairwise distances of cox1 nucleotide sequences were 3.6% for S. stercoralis isolates from human and dog collected mainly from Myanmar [26]. According to the phylogenetic analysis of current study, S. stercoralis isolates were located in a distinct clade from Rhabditis species . Rhabditis spp. clade was included three isolates, all merely from our study, having 100% similarity with each other. There was not any available cox1 gene sequence of Rhabditis species with human origin or other pathogenic isolates to be included in the constructed tree for comparison. The phylogenetic tree indicated that the ten sequences of S. stercoralis consisted of five haplotypes. The haplotype one, which included four isolates, showed 100% homology with GenBank registered sequences of human isolates from Thailand (KY081240), Myanmar (LC179147), and dog isolate from Cambodia (KX226374). The haplotypes two, three and four, each including one isolate, have not been already recorded from other regions in the world. Moreover, haplotype five, locating solely in separate cluster and including three completely similar isolates, was distinctive from any other haplotypes in the tree. Despite the small number of S. stercoralis isolates studied presently, five different haplotypes were recovered which four of them were considered as new reports. Thus far, it seems S. stercoralis represents diverse haplotypes and needs to be speculated further using more isolates from different regions of the world in order to investigate its genetic variations. Among our isolates of S. stercoralis , haplotype one indicated 100% homology with a dog isolate from Cambodia (KX226374), belonging to the population indistinguishable from the population of S. stercoralis isolated from humans in Cambodia [27]. In mentioned study, two genetically different populations of Strongyloides spp. were found in dogs, one of which that the majority of the worms belonged, appeared to be restricted to dogs; the other population was shared with humans [27]. In another study, using nuclear and mitochondrial markers, phylogenetic relationships among S. stercoralis isolates from several human and dog populations in multiple countries of East Asia were examined [26]. Accordingly, two distinct lineage of S. stercoralis were present, referring to as type A parasites isolated both from humans and dogs, and type B parasites founding exclusively in dogs and not adapted to infect humans. All these findings suggest the possibility of zoonotic potential of S. stercoralis and the possibility that human S. stercoralis originated from dogs. Thus, dogs might be considered as a reservoir for human S. stercoralis . Further studies with larger samples of human and dog isolates from different geographical areas is recommended for assessing this assumption particularly in region where people have close contact with dogs. Conclusion The present comparative molecular characterization of S. stercoralis and Rhabditis spp. on human-derived samples, based on cox1 gene, indicated that this gene is a suitable marker for discrimination of S. stercoralis from the species of Rhabditis obtained in the current study. Due to the lower occurrence of Rhabditis spp. in human, only three isolates were available for analysis. However, this is for the first time in the world that human-dervied Rhabditis spp. partial sequences of cox1 gene is compared with human isolates of S. stercoralis and the sequences are now available in GeneBank database. In order to find whether these sequences are representative and conserved among other pathogenic species of Rhabditis spp. more human and even animal retrieved isolates from different geographical areas need to be analysed, with cox1 gene as well as other gene markers. The availability of accurate gene sequence information will be helpful in the future development and validation of discriminatory PCR-based assays, particularly ones with the low cost, rapid and simple method, for first-pass screening in research laboratories, clinical settings and epidemiological studies especially in regions with low resources. Abbreviations List APC: Agar plate culture; Cox1 : cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; qPCR: quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction; S. stercoralis : Strongyloides stercoralis Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The study was approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of the Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The enrolled patients in the study were all among adult individuals whom were referred to the Diagnostic Laboratory of Strongyloidiasis in School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Written informed consent was attained for each participant and confidentiality of the information was assured. The results of the diagnostics tests of the participants were delivered to them in confidential written format and all their diagnostics tests were free of charge. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The data supporting the conclusion of the article are included in the text of the article and its additional files. The accession numbers of sequences deposited in GenBank database are provided in the relevant table of the article. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This study was part of the MSc Thesis of first author (M. Fadaei Tehrani) in the Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The study was financially supported by the Deputy of Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, through grant no. 96-04-27-35349. The funding body played no role in the design of the study, collection, analysis, interpretation of data or writing. Authors’ contributions EBK designed the study. MSH, FZ and RL contributed in collection of the samples. MFT, MSH and FZ carried out the experiments and helped with data analysis. MFT and MSH prepared the draft of the manuscript. EBK directed the project and finalized the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Acknowledgments The authors wish to thanks Mrs. Zohre Fakhrie Kashan for her kind assistance. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests. References Bethony J, Brooker S, Albonico M, Geiger SM, Loukas A, Diemert D, et al. 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Table 1 Table 1 List of Rhabditis spp. (R1, R2, and R3) and Strongyloides stercoralis (S1 to S10) isolates with original province of patients and related accession numbers in GenBank based on amplification of cox1 gene Isolate Patient original province Accession number in GenBank R1 Tehran MG251327 R2 Mazandaran MG251328 R3 Mazandaran MG251329 S1 Guilan MG251318 S2 Mazandaran MG251319 S3 Mazandaran MG251320 S4 Guilan MG251321 S5 Khouzestan MG251322 S6 Guilan MG251323 S7 Khouzestan MG251324 S8 Tehran MG251326 S9 Mazandaran MG251325 S10 Guilan MG251317 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Sep, 2019 Read the published version in BMC Infectious Diseases → Version 4 posted Submission checks completed at journal 06 Nov, 2019 Editorial decision: Accept 23 Aug, 2019 Editor assigned by journal 23 Aug, 2019 Editor invited by journal 22 Aug, 2019 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1015","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":158583,"identity":"fed376df-a147-4575-bf74-9fbdb3110210","order_by":1,"name":"Mandana Fadaei Tehrani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tehran university of medical sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mandana","middleName":"Fadaei","lastName":"Tehrani","suffix":""},{"id":158584,"identity":"a1b625c2-2d76-4cb9-b8a4-c96a396ab5fc","order_by":2,"name":"Meysam Sharifdini","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Guilan university of medical sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Meysam","middleName":"","lastName":"Sharifdini","suffix":""},{"id":158585,"identity":"27fcd218-17d8-4f09-9f22-c817f4fb1002","order_by":3,"name":"Farzaneh Zahabiun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tehran university of medical sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Farzaneh","middleName":"","lastName":"Zahabiun","suffix":""},{"id":158586,"identity":"fd552276-74a7-478b-a482-461d37becd6f","order_by":4,"name":"Robabeh Latifi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tehran university of medical sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Robabeh","middleName":"","lastName":"Latifi","suffix":""},{"id":158587,"identity":"0f9934c5-9912-4e57-9ef6-0b371f89ede9","order_by":5,"name":"Eshrat bigom Kia","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHhCRwMPA3sDATIKWBKAWngMkamFgkEggUgs//9ljH37+SJPhn/nG8HNBhQ0Df3t3Al4tkjPykmf2JOTwSNzOMZaecSaNQeLM2Q14tRjc4DFm4Emo4GG4nWMgzdt2mMFAIhe/FvvzZ4wZ/wC1yN88Y/ybKC0GDDnGzDxAhwGtMyPOFokbQC0yaWk8hmfSyqx5zqTxEPQLfz/QYW9sku3ljh/efJunwkaOv70XvxYkwGEAInmIVQ4C7A9IUT0KRsEoGAUjCAAAx3BAba6f5zcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7995-7336","institution":"University of Tehran","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eshrat","middleName":"bigom","lastName":"Kia","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2019-05-23 13:59:01","currentVersionCode":4,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.9817/v4","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.9817/v4","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4407-3","type":"published","date":"2019-09-05T12:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":123166,"identity":"29af9d85-a00a-4277-929d-d0b7d5ae684a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2019-10-12 12:32:34","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":11098,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Agarose-gel electrophoresis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products amplified with genomic DNA from Strongyloides stercoralis and Rhabditis spp. samples. Lanes 1, 2 and 3: S. stercoralis samples; Lanes 4, 5 and 6: Rhabditis spp. samples; Lane 7: Negative control; Lane 8: Positive control (S. stercoralis filariform larva); and Lane M: 100-bp DNA ladder.","description":"","filename":"Fig1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/57f0678f-f623-4986-b524-a54236f6892f/v4/Fig 1.jpg"},{"id":123167,"identity":"20068592-a170-409f-ba05-8f20fd01538d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2019-10-12 12:32:34","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":180716,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Sequence alignment of Strongyloides stercoralis and Rhabditis spp. isolates obtained in the current study based on cox1 gene by Clustal W method via Bioedit software version 7.1 (http://www.mbio.ncsu.edu/bioedit/bioedit.html).","description":"","filename":"Fig2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/57f0678f-f623-4986-b524-a54236f6892f/v4/Fig 2.jpg"},{"id":123168,"identity":"5be648bc-c791-4ce8-a186-c2610b53dfac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2019-10-12 12:32:35","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44261,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Phylogenetic tree of Strongyloides stercoralis (▲) and Rhabditis spp. () isolates obtained in this study and reference sequences retrieved from GenBank based on cox1 gene sequences and constructed tree using Tamura 3-parameter model by MEGA software version 6.0. Enterobius vermicularis was selected as out-group. Scale bar represented 0.05 changes per nucleotide.","description":"","filename":"Fig3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/57f0678f-f623-4986-b524-a54236f6892f/v4/Fig 3.jpg"},{"id":13477511,"identity":"1ef23264-d73d-4514-9686-cacc91f82ccd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-16 21:31:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":458369,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1015/v4/e34160d5-797b-4230-82a7-108f066dcfea.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Molecular characterization of human isolates of Strongyloides stercoralis and Rhabditis spp. based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1)","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn genus \u003cem\u003eStrongyloides\u003c/em\u003e, two species are known that infect human beings: \u003cem\u003eStrongyloides fuelleborni\u003c/em\u003e that has local importance among human soil transmitted helminthes [1], and the soil-transmitted threadworm, \u003cem\u003eStrongyloides stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e, which is one of the most neglected among neglected tropical diseases [2]. It is estimated that 30 to 100 million people are infected with \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e worldwide [1], mainly in tropical and subtropical areas. However, information on infection rates is missing in many countries [2]. In immunocompetent individuals, \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e commonly causes chronic, asymptomatic infection but a change in immune status can lead to an increase in parasite burden, hyperinfection syndrome, dissemination [3] and even death if not treated properly [4, 5]. Corticosteroids have a particularly strong and specific association with the development of such infections; other immunosuppressive therapies and underlying conditions may also predispose to dissemination [3].This imposes a serious threat to immunocompromised patients. Thus, an early laboratory diagnosis of this infection has special clinical importance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGiven the needs for the application of highly sensitive and specific methods for early diagnosis of strongyloidiasis, various parasitological, immunodiagnostic and molecular assays have been evaluated [6] and novel tests have been implemented [7]. However, a reliable gold standard for the diagnosis of this unique nematode is still lacking [6, 7]. Although molecular biology technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), that can detect DNA of the parasite, is highly specific, it should not yet be recommended for universal screening, nor as a standalone method for individual diagnosis of strongyloidiasis; and it has rather a role as a confirmatory test [7]. In the other words, in clinical parasitology, molecular diagnosis could be extremely useful when a specific parasite or group of parasites are to be studied, however they cannot yet replace microscopy as routine\u0026nbsp; diagnostic tests [8]. In fact, routine microscopy is a catchall technique whereby the presence of any parasite in the clinical specimen can be detected [8].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are many parasitological tests available for detection of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e larvae in stool samples [6]. Agar plate culture (APC) is more efficient for detection of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e in comparison with other parasitological tests including direct smear preparation and formalin-ether concentration [9]. Despite the efficiency of this culture method, it raises a possibility for the growth of other nematodes including hookworms [9], \u003cem\u003eTrichostrongylus\u003c/em\u003e and free-living nematodes of the genus \u003cem\u003eRhabditis \u003c/em\u003e(Rhabditida) species [10]\u003cem\u003e. \u003c/em\u003eIn infectivity with the major soil transmitted nematodes of human, including \u003cem\u003eAscaris lumbricoides\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eTrichuris trichiura\u003c/em\u003e, and hookworms (\u003cem\u003eAncylostoma duodenale\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eNecator americanus\u003c/em\u003e) [1], the main diagnostic stage in stool sample is eggs [11]. While, Rhabditoid nematodes have been reported releasing larvae in human [12, 13, 14, 15]. They are not among main helminthes of human [1], and there is no estimation on population infected in endemic areas of strongyloidiasis in the world. However, due to the similarity with \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e, in terms of the presence of larval stage in stool samples [12, 13, 14, 15], their morphological differentiation is a challenge, requiring a well-trained microscopist.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHuman infections with \u003cem\u003eRhabditis\u003c/em\u003e spp. nematodes have been reported as scattered sporadic reports from different parts of the world, for example from China [14], Korea [15], Japan [16], Brazil [13], Rhodesia [17], Germany [18] and Iran [12]. In the past, morphological criteria were used for discrimination of \u003cem\u003eRhabditis\u003c/em\u003e species from \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis \u003c/em\u003e[12-17, 19]. However, given the increasing numbers of immunocompromised individuals throughout the world [20] and necessity for accurate and early detection of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e, a more reliable method of differentiation is needed. Utilization of sensitive and specific diagnostic approach of molecular-based methods, associated with sequencing, will be helpful in this aspect. However, such utility is currently restricted due to lack of accurate gene sequence information of pathogenic species of \u003cem\u003eRhabditis\u003c/em\u003e. In this view, in order to pave the way for future development of an discriminative DNA based assay to be used in clinical setting, present study aimed to differentiate human derived isolates of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eRhabditis\u003c/em\u003e species using molecular characterization of mitochondrial gene of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (\u003cem\u003ecox1\u003c/em\u003e) amplification.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was performed in 2016-2017. In order to obtain human isolates of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eRhabditis\u003c/em\u003e spp., fresh stool samples were collected from patients who referred to the Diagnostic Laboratory of Strongyloidiasis in School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and residents in endemic areas of strongyloidiasis in Iran [21] including Mazandaran, Gilan and Khuzestan Provinces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParasitological methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCollected stool samples were examined by parasitological methods including direct smear preparation, formalin-ether concentration and nutrient agar plate culture (APC). For APC roughly 3 g of each stool sample was subjected to nutrient agar media [9]. Then, after 48-72 hours incubation in room temperature at about 28 \u0026deg;C-30 \u0026deg;C, the plates were examined under a stereomicroscope for the presence of any larvae and free-living adults of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eRhabditis\u003c/em\u003e species. In case of infectivity with \u003cem\u003eRhabditis\u003c/em\u003e spp., triple stool samples were taken to ensure true parasitic infection; and the patients were considered infected if all their triple stool samples had been found positive for \u003cem\u003eRhabditis\u003c/em\u003e species.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo prepare the infected samples for further molecular analysis, surface of nutrient agar plates were washed out with lukewarm phosphate buffer saline and after collection of larvae [10] they were preserved in 75% ethanol. Additionally, infected stool samples were also preserved in 75% ethanol after washing by sterile distilled water and sedimentation by centrifuge.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDNA extraction \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ethanol preserved cultivated and harvested larvae, and stool sediments containing larvae were washed three times with sterile distilled water by centrifugation at 5000 \u0026times; g for 5 minutes to remove ethanol. Then, they were subjected to five cycles of freezing in liquid nitrogen and thawing in boiling water. Following this, approximately 300 mg glass beads (0.5 mm in diameter) were added and shaken intensively for 5 minutes. Subsequently, the genomic DNA was extracted by genomic DNA extraction kit (GeneAll Exgene, Seoul, Korea) according to the manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s instructions and stored at -20 \u0026deg;C until the performance of PCR amplification.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePCR amplifications and sequencing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePolymerase chain reactions (PCR) based on the \u003cem\u003ecox\u003c/em\u003e1 gene were performed with primers cox F (5\u0026prime;TGG TTT GGG TAC TAG TTG-3\u0026prime;) and cox R (5\u0026prime;-GAT GAG CTC AAA CTA CAC A-3\u0026prime;) [22]. Every PCR amplification was carried out in a final reaction mixture containing 15 \u0026mu;L of PCR mix including 1.25 U Taq DNA polymerase, 200 \u0026mu;M of dNTPs and 1.5 mM MgCl2 2x red PCR Master Mix (Ampliqon, Odense, Denmark), 20 pmol of each primer and 2 \u0026mu;L of each sample DNA. A negative control (distilled water) and a positive control (extracted DNA from \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis \u003c/em\u003efilariform larva) were applied in each run. The thermal PCR profile (Applied Biosystems 2720 Thermal Cycler, California, USA), included an initial denaturation step at 95 \u0026deg;C for 6 minutes, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 95 \u0026deg;C for 45 seconds, annealing at 55 \u0026deg;C for 60 seconds and extension at 72 \u0026deg;C for 60 seconds, followed by a final extension step at 72 \u0026deg;C for 6 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe amplified products were run on a 1.5% agarose gel and visualized using a UV transilluminator.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese PCR products were submitted to Bioneer Company (South Korea) and were sequenced with Sanger method in both directions using the same PCR primers. All obtained sequences were edited and trimmed by Chromas software version 2.6.1 (South Brisbane, Australia).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of sequencing data was carried out using the National Center for Biotechnology Information BLAST programs and databases (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Multiple sequence alignments were performed with Clustal W method using Bioedit software version 7.1 (http://www.mbio.ncsu.edu/bioedit/bioedit.html) and compared with the sequences present in GenBank database.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhylogenetic analysis \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe phylogenetic tree was constructed using Maximum-Likelihood algorithm and Tamura-3-Parameter option by Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis software version 6.0 (MEGA). Bootstrap with 1000 replications was utilized for determining the topology reliability of the tree.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, overall ten isolates of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e and three isolates of \u003cem\u003eRhabditis\u003c/em\u003e spp. were obtained from human stool samples. These isolates are listed in Table 1 to show the original province of each patient and the corresponded accession number submitted in GenBank.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter optimizing PCR conditions in terms of materials and thermal PCR protocol and the number of cycles, all \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eRhabditis \u003c/em\u003espp\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e isolates were successfully demonstrated the amplification of about 509-bp target band for the \u003cem\u003ecox1\u003c/em\u003e (Fig. 1). The tests were reliable when the negative control did not yield an amplification band and the positive control replicated the desired amplification band without presenting smears.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter trimming the sequences, the isolates were aligned and compared with the sequences available in GenBank. The sequence alignment indicated that there is high level of sequence difference between isolates of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eRhabditis \u003c/em\u003espp\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (Fig. 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Inter-species and intra-species genetic variation between present isolates of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eRhabditis \u003c/em\u003espp\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e were calculated. The inter-species genetic variation between\u003cem\u003e S. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eRhabditis \u003c/em\u003espp\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e were ranged from 13.5 to 14.5%. Pairwise distance indicated the presence of intra-species genetic variation of 0-3.5% among the current isolates of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e, and 0 to 5.2% of those with the sequences previously available in GenBank. Furthermore, multiple alignment represented that intra-species similarity among \u003cem\u003eRhabditis\u003c/em\u003e spp. isolates was 100%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe phylogenetic tree was constructed based on \u003cem\u003ecox1\u003c/em\u003e to evaluate the haplotypes recovered in this study along with retrieved sequences from other regions of the world (Fig. 3). The phylogenetic analysis illustrated that \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eRhabditis\u003c/em\u003e spp. isolates were placed in two distinguishable separate clades. The tree indicated that the ten sequences of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e isolates in the present study were consisted of five haplotypes, placing into two clusters. One cluster included four haplotypes whereas the other one consisted of merely one haplotype (Fig. 3). Intra-species genetic variation between the two clusters was calculated within 2.8% to 5.2%.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003ecox\u003c/em\u003e1 sequences of all \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eRhabditis\u003c/em\u003e spp. were registered in GenBank database. The accession numbers of these sequences are shown in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eGenus \u003cem\u003eRhabditis\u003c/em\u003e have been reported to infect human digestive system [12-15], urinary system [16, 17, 19], and even outer ear canal [18]; and excreting larvae in stool and urine.\u0026nbsp; As the parasitological diagnosis of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis \u003c/em\u003eis the detection of parasite larvae in stool exams and other biological materials such as such as sputum, duodenal aspirates, gastric biopsies, cervical smear or CSF liquid [6], therefore, this study pointing out to the challenge for discrimination between \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis \u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e Rhabditis \u003c/em\u003especies. Due to the differences in the managements of infected patients with \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e [11], the exact differentiations of these two parasites is necessary.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe essential of early diagnosis of strongyloidiasis, especially in immunocompromised individuals, urged the efforts for development of molecular biology technique, mostly based on PCR, during recent years. Although, such techniques are highly sensitive and specific, they are recommended as confirmatory tests [7]. Besides, such molecular techniques have not been developed for detection of \u003cem\u003eRhabditis\u003c/em\u003e spp. recovered from human stool samples, and on the other hand, identification of such rare parasites using morphological criteria requires expert microscopists that may be lacking among new generation of laboratory staff [8]. Therefore, in order to attempt for prevention of misdiagnosis between these parasites, the present study was designed to characterize human retrieved isolates of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e and\u003cem\u003e Rhabditis \u003c/em\u003espp. based on the amplification of \u003cem\u003ecox1\u003c/em\u003e gene. For this purpose, ten\u003cem\u003e S. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e and three \u003cem\u003eRhabditis \u003c/em\u003espp. isolates were obtained from infected human stool samples and molecular approach was carried out by utilizing \u003cem\u003ecox1\u003c/em\u003e gene.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough studies comparing quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with microscopy methods for soil-transmitted helminthes are imperfect, they do show a significant increase in sensitivity and specificity of qPCR compared with labor-intensive traditional microscopic techniques [23]. The \u003cem\u003ecox1\u003c/em\u003e gene of mitochondrial DNA, which has been reported to mutate more rapidly than 18S rDNA, is useful sources of sequence data for study on different populations of \u003cem\u003eStrongyloides\u003c/em\u003e species [24] and a useful target for molecular diagnosis of strongyloidiasis in human stool samples [22]. Presently, utilization of molecular-based methods in identification of \u003cem\u003eRhabditis\u003c/em\u003e species in human is very rare in clinical settings [18]. The sequence alignments of this study illustrated a considerable difference between nucleotide sequences of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eRhabditis \u003c/em\u003especies. The inter-species genetic variation between \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eRhabditis \u003c/em\u003espp. was 13.5 to 14.5%. According to pairwise distance of the current study isolates, intra-species genetic variation within \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e nucleotide sequences was 0 to 3.5%. Pairwise difference in \u003cem\u003ecox1\u003c/em\u003e gene among interbreeding strains of a nematode species was reported to be usually less than 6% and that between distinct species in a genus was more than 10% [25]. Pairwise difference in nucleotides sequence of \u003cem\u003ecox1\u003c/em\u003e gene among isolates of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e from humans, apes and dogs was less than 4%, regardless of the host and locality of the isolates [24]. The average pairwise distances of \u003cem\u003ecox1\u003c/em\u003e nucleotide sequences were 3.6% for \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis \u003c/em\u003eisolates from human and dog collected mainly from Myanmar [26].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the phylogenetic analysis of current study, \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e isolates were located in a distinct clade from \u003cem\u003eRhabditis \u003c/em\u003especies\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eRhabditis\u003c/em\u003e spp. clade was included three isolates, all merely from our study, having 100% similarity with each other. There was not any available\u003cem\u003e cox1\u003c/em\u003e gene sequence of \u003cem\u003eRhabditis \u003c/em\u003especies with human origin or other pathogenic isolates to be included in the constructed tree for comparison. The phylogenetic tree indicated that the ten sequences of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e consisted of five haplotypes. The haplotype one, which included four isolates, showed 100% homology with GenBank registered sequences of human isolates from Thailand (KY081240), Myanmar (LC179147), and dog isolate from Cambodia (KX226374). The haplotypes two, three and four, each including one isolate, have not been already recorded from other regions in the world. Moreover, haplotype five, locating solely in separate cluster and including three completely similar isolates, was distinctive from any other haplotypes in the tree. Despite the small number of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e isolates studied presently, five different haplotypes were recovered which four of them were considered as new reports. Thus far, it seems\u003cem\u003e S. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e represents diverse haplotypes and needs to be speculated further using more isolates from different regions of the world in order to investigate its genetic variations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong our isolates of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e, haplotype one indicated 100% homology with a dog isolate from Cambodia (KX226374), belonging to the population indistinguishable from the population of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e isolated from humans in Cambodia [27]. In mentioned study, two genetically different populations of \u003cem\u003eStrongyloides \u003c/em\u003espp. were found in dogs, one of which that the majority of the worms belonged, appeared to be restricted to dogs; the other population was shared with humans [27]. In another study, using nuclear and mitochondrial markers, phylogenetic relationships among \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e isolates from several human and dog populations in multiple countries of East Asia were examined [26]. Accordingly, two distinct lineage of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e were present, referring to as type A parasites isolated both from humans and dogs, and type B parasites founding exclusively in dogs and not adapted to infect humans.\u0026nbsp; All these findings suggest the possibility of zoonotic potential of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e and the possibility that human \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e originated from dogs. Thus, dogs might be considered as a reservoir for human\u003cem\u003e S. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e. Further studies with larger samples of human and dog isolates from different geographical areas is recommended for assessing this assumption particularly in region where people have close contact with dogs.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present comparative molecular characterization of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eRhabditis\u003c/em\u003e spp. on human-derived samples, based on \u003cem\u003ecox1\u003c/em\u003e gene, indicated that this gene is a suitable marker for discrimination of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e from the species of \u003cem\u003eRhabditis\u003c/em\u003e obtained in the current study. Due to the lower occurrence of \u003cem\u003eRhabditis\u003c/em\u003e spp. in human, only three isolates were available for analysis. However, this is for the first time in the world that human-dervied \u003cem\u003eRhabditis\u003c/em\u003e spp. partial sequences of \u003cem\u003ecox1\u003c/em\u003e gene is compared with human isolates of \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e and the sequences are now available in GeneBank database. In order to find whether these sequences are representative and conserved among other pathogenic species of \u003cem\u003eRhabditis\u003c/em\u003e spp. more human and even animal retrieved isolates from different geographical areas need to be analysed, with \u003cem\u003ecox1\u003c/em\u003e gene as well as other gene markers. The availability of accurate gene sequence information will be helpful in the future development and validation of discriminatory PCR-based assays, particularly ones with the low cost, rapid and simple method, for first-pass screening in research laboratories, clinical settings and epidemiological studies especially in regions with low resources.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations List","content":"\u003cp\u003eAPC: Agar plate culture; \u003cem\u003eCox1\u003c/em\u003e: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; qPCR: quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction; \u003cem\u003eS. stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e: \u003cem\u003eStrongyloides stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of the Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The enrolled patients in the study were all among adult individuals whom were referred to the Diagnostic Laboratory of Strongyloidiasis in School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Written informed consent was attained for each participant and confidentiality of the information was assured. The results of the diagnostics tests of the participants were delivered to them in confidential written format and all their diagnostics tests were free of charge.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data supporting the conclusion of the article are included in the text of the article and its additional files. The accession numbers of sequences deposited in GenBank database are provided in the relevant table of the article.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was part of the MSc Thesis of first author (M. Fadaei Tehrani) in the Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was financially supported by the Deputy of Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, through grant no. 96-04-27-35349. The funding body played no role in the design of the study, collection, analysis, interpretation of data or writing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEBK designed the study. MSH, FZ and RL contributed in collection of the samples. MFT, MSH and FZ carried out the experiments and helped with data analysis. MFT and MSH prepared the draft of the manuscript. EBK directed the project and finalized the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors wish to thanks Mrs. Zohre Fakhrie Kashan for her kind assistance. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBethony J, Brooker S, Albonico M, Geiger SM, Loukas A, Diemert D, et al. 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Comparison of Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction and Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction with parasitological methods for detection of \u003cem\u003eStrongyloides stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e in human fecal Samples. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015; 93(6):1285-91.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eO'Connell EM, Nutman TB. Molecular Diagnostics for Soil-Transmitted Helminths. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016; 95(3):508-13.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHasegawa H, Sato H, Fujita S, Nguema PP, Nobusue K, Miyagi K, et al. Molecular identification of the causative agent of human strongyloidiasis acquired in Tanzania: dispersal and diversity of Strongyloides spp. and their hosts. Parasitol Int. 2010; 59(3):407-13.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBlouin MS. Molecular prospecting for cryptic species of nematodes: mitochondrial DNA versus internal transcribed spacer. Int J Parasitol. 2002; 32(5):527-31.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNagayasu E, Aung M, Hortiwakul T, Hino A, Tanaka T, Higashiarakawa M, et al. A possible origin population of pathogenic intestinal nematodes, \u003cem\u003eStrongyloides stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e, unveiled by molecular phylogeny. Sci Rep. 2017; 7(1):4844.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJaleta TG, Zhou S, Bemm FM, Schar F, Khieu V, Muth S, et al. Different but overlapping populations of \u003cem\u003eStrongyloides stercoralis\u003c/em\u003e in dogs and humans-Dogs as a possible source for zoonotic strongyloidiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017; 11(8):e0005752.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Table 1","content":"\u003cbody\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable 1\u003c/b\u003e List of \u003ci\u003eRhabditis\u003c/i\u003e spp. (R1, R2, and R3) and \u003ci\u003eStrongyloides stercoralis\u003c/i\u003e (S1 to S10) isolates with original province of patients and related accession numbers in GenBank based on amplification of \u003ci\u003ecox1\u003c/i\u003e gene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp/\u003e\n\u003ctable class=table\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\t\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003eIsolate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\t\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003ePatient original province\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\t\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccession number in 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more about [BMC Infectious Diseases](http://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/infd","title":"BMC Infectious Diseases","twitterHandle":"#bmcinfectdis","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Strongyloides stercoralis, Rhabditis spp., PCR, cox1","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.2.9817/v4","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.9817/v4","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Abstract\nBackground: Due to the similarity of Strongyloides stercoralis with free-living nematodes of Rhabditis species they might be miss-diagnosed with each other in microscopical examination of stool samples. The aim of this study was molecular characterization and differentiation of human derived isolates of S. stercoralis and Rhabditis species based on the mitochondrial gene of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 ( cox1 ) amplification.\nMethods: Using parasitological methods, ten isolates of S. stercoralis and three isolates of Rhabditis spp. were obtained from fresh stool samples of patients and the genomic DNA of the samples were extracted. PCR amplification of cox1 gene was carried out for all the isolates and the products were sequenced.\nResults: The phylogenetic analysis illustrated that S. stercoralis and Rhabditis spp. isolates were placed in two distinguishable separate clades. Inter-species genetic variation between isolates of S. stercoralis and Rhabditis spp . were ranged from 13.5 to 14.5%.\nConclusions: Cox1 gene was a suitable marker for discrimination of S. stercoralis from Rhabditis spp. retrieved from human in the current study. The availability of gene sequence information will be helpful in the future development and validation of discriminatory PCR-based assays of these nematodes.","manuscriptTitle":"Molecular characterization of human isolates of Strongyloides stercoralis and Rhabditis spp. based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":4,"date":"2019-10-12 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