Inductor Based I-V Curve Tracer for Photovoltaic Panels

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BOREKCİ, N. C. ACAR This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2791207/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 31 Jan, 2024 Read the published version in Engineering Research Express → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The output power of a photovoltaic panel (PV) panel is depend on temperature and irradiance. Aging, partial shading and electrical load can also affect the operating current and voltage of a PV. The usage of I-V curves take important place in the designing and operating PV system. I-V curve tracers are used to determine the performance of PV panels at any environmental condition. In this study, a simple, effective, and rapid I-V curve tracer method is described for photovoltaic (PV) panels. The method is developed based on transient analyses of current and voltage of an inductor which is connected to the 175 W standalone PV panel as a load via a semiconductor switch. The I-V and P-V characteristics curves of the PV panel are obtained in few microseconds rapidly. PV Panel Inductor Load I-V Curve PV Charactersitics Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 I. Introduction In recent years, due to the increasing population density and technological developments, the need for energy has been gradually increasing throughout the world. The increase in energy consumption obtained from fossil fuels causes negative environmental effects. Therefore, the use of renewable energy sources, which can be an alternative to fossil fuels, is becoming popular. Photovoltaic (PV) energy systems are one of the widely used renewable energy sources. PV panels convert sunlight directly to electricity without environmental pollution and minimal maintenance requirements. However, the energy efficiency of PV systems ranges between %8 and %20 [ 1 ]. The performance of photovoltaic panels is directly affected by irradiance, temperature, electrical load and age of panel. A PV panel power performance is evaluated by its I-V characteristics curve [ 2 ]. For high power applications, several PV panels are assembled in power plants. In the design process of power plants, PV panel characteristics become one of the most crucial design parameters [ 3 , 4 ]. From I-V characteristics, PV panel electrical parameters, open circuit voltage (V oc ), short circuit current (I sc ), and the voltage and current levels at the maximum power generated defined as Maximum Power Point (MPP) can be obtained. I-V characteristic curves can be obtained from PV’s datasheet or generated by I-V curve test methods [ 5 – 8 ]. Many studies in the literature involve a complex control algorithm and electric circuitry to create I-V curves [ 3 , 6 , 9 – 11 ]. Among them capacitor charging and resistive load methods are widely presented in the literature because they are simple and have low-cost features. In the resistive load method, a variable resistive is connected to the PV as a load, and its value is varied from zero to infinity in order to determine the I-V curve of the PV at any irradiation and temperature condition. Longer test duration, size of the resistive load and inevitable power losses are the disadvantages of using the resistive load method [ 3 , 12 , 13 ]. The capacitor charging method is an alternative technique to eliminate the disadvantages of resistive load method. In this method, the I-V curve of a photovoltaic (PV) panel is obtained by charging the capacitors [ 14 – 16 ]. The PV panel is short-circuited through capacitors and the instantaneous voltage and current of PV panel are measured. Thus, using capacitors as a load for the I-V test is provides better solution, in terms of simplicity and accuracy [ 2 , 12 , 17 ]. However longer test period and requiring large capacitors are the drawbacks of this technique [ 18 ],[ 8 , 12 , 19 – 21 ]. In addition, during I-V test procedure, capacitors are shorted and test circuit is subjected to inrush current which reduces the lifespan of the capacitors. Besides, uncontrollable equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the capacitor affects the test results. In this research, a new technique is developed and analyzed to obtain I-V characteristics of the PV panel. An inductor is used as a load and its transient current and voltage are used to obtained I-V curve of the PV panel. Proposed inductive load method in this work offers very short test duration than resistive and capacitive approaches. Besides, I-V curve obtained from real time measurement data that results in better accuracy and power losses are eliminated due to not required any resistive load. Firstly, the performance of PV panel is analytically analyzed. Then, I-V test circuit parameters are determined based on presented design procedure. Finally, a prototype is built to validate performance of the proposed method. Ii. Equivalent Circuit Of Pv Panels The PV arrays consist of series and parallel connected PV panels which are assembled by PV cells. They are the building block of the PV panels. To analyze the electrical behavior of PV cells, single or two diode circuit representations are commonly used [ 22 , 23 ]. The single diode model given in Fig. 1 is often utilized due to its simple circuit topology and adequate performance. R s , R sh , I ph , ID, VD, V, and I represent the series resistance, shunt resistance, photocurrent, diode current, diode voltage, output voltage, and output current, respectively, in the Fig. 1 . Initially; R sh is ignored for a simplicity and below equation can be written from Fig. 1 $${I}_{D}+I={I}_{Ph}$$ 1 $${R}_{s}I+V={V}_{D}$$ 2 V and I are the output voltage and current of a PV cell respectively. Voltage and current of the diode in the single diode model are defined in (3) and (4). $${I}_{D}= {I}_{0}\left[{exp}\left(\frac{{V}_{D}}{A{V}_{T}}\right)-1\right]$$ 3 $${V}_{D}= {V}_{T}{ln}\left(\frac{{I}_{D}+{I}_{0}}{{I}_{0}}\right)$$ 4 where VT represents the thermal voltage, A represents the ideality factor, and I0 represents the diode's reverse saturation current. There are numerous studies in the literature to determine circuit parameters including the ideality factor (A), saturation current (I o ), photocurrent (I ph ), and shunt (R sh ) and series (R s ) resistances [ 24 – 26 ] Basically two methods are used to determine the parameters for a single diode model of a PV cell: analytical and numerical or iterative subtraction approaches.[ 27 – 29 ] In the analytical approach, the parameters are derived by evaluating a few important points of the cell's I-V curve: the short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, maximum voltage and maximum current values, and the slopes of the curve at the axes' intersections. In the numerical method, parameters are determined with optimization techniques that minimize the difference between the theoretically computed I-V curve and the experimental data. In this study, analytical method was used to determine the parameters because of simplicity. The PV panel parameters I o , R sh , I ph , A, and R s are as shown in Table II. As this is not the primary focus of this study, the details of obtaining the parameters is not included. Iii. Design Procedure Of Proposed Method In order to determine the I-V characteristics of a PV panel, an inductor is employed as a load, as seen in Fig. 2 . For the simplicity, initial inductor current is assumed to be zero and R sh is ignored. Under a constant quantity of irradiation, (1) can be rearranged as follows: $$\frac{d{I}_{d}}{dt}+\frac{dI}{dt}=0. \left(5\right)$$ From the circuit theory, the relationship between the inductor current and voltage can be expressed as $$\frac{V}{L}= \frac{dI}{dt}. \left(6\right)$$ The equations ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) with are substituted in (1). In the following diode equation, the output voltage becomes a variable. $${I}_{d}= {I}_{o}.\left({e}^{\frac{V}{A{.V}_{T}}}-1 \right) . \left(7\right)$$ The current deviation of a diode can be expressed as follows: $$\frac{d{I}_{d}}{dt}= \frac{{I}_{o}}{A{.V}_{T}} . \left({e}^{\frac{V}{A.{V}_{T}}}\right), \left(8\right)$$ $$\frac{d{I}_{d}}{dt} . \frac{dV}{dt}= \frac{{I}_{o}}{A.{V}_{T}} \left({e}^{\frac{V}{A.{V}_{T}}}\right). \left(9\right)$$ As a load, the inductor is connected to the single diode model. The inductor voltage and current become the output voltage and current of the PV cell. Substituting (6) and (9) in (5), and (10) is obtained. $$\frac{{I}_{o}}{A.{V}_{T}} .\left({e}^{\frac{V}{A.{V}_{T}}}\right) .\frac{dV}{dt}+ \frac{V}{L}=0. \left(10\right)$$ Equation 10 is rearranged to yield (11). $$\frac{{I}_{o}}{A{.V}_{T}} .\left( {e}^{\frac{V}{A{.V}_{T}}}\right) dV+ \frac{V}{L}.dt=0. \left(11\right)$$ After applying integral function to (11), Eq. (12) is obtained. $$\int \frac{{I}_{o}}{A{V}_{T}} . {e}^{\frac{V}{A{V}_{T}}}dV+ \int \frac{V}{L}dt=M. \left(12\right)$$ To determine the coefficient M, the initial condition is assumed: V (0) = V oc and M is represented by (13). Thus (12) is solved as given in (14). $$M= {I}_{o}.{e}^{\frac{{V}_{oc}}{A{.V}_{T}} }, \left(13\right)$$ $${I}_{o}{.e}^{\frac{V}{A.{V}_{T}}}+\frac{V}{L}.t= {I}_{o.}{e}^{\frac{{V}_{oc}}{A{.V}_{T}}} . \left(14\right)$$ Applying Taylor series expansion to (14), (15) can be expressed by $$0 ={I}_{o}.\left[1+\frac{V}{A.{V}_{T}}+\sum _{n=2}^{N}\left[{\left(\frac{V}{A.{V}_{T}}\right)}^{n}.\frac{1}{n!}\right]\right]+\frac{V}{L}.t-{I}_{o}.{e}^{\frac{{V}_{oc}}{A.{V}_{T}}} . \left(15\right)$$ For simplicity Eq. (15) can be rewritten as follows: $$V\left(t\right)=\frac{A{V}_{T}\sqrt{{A}^{2}{.V}_{T}^{2}{.t}^{2}-{I}_{o}^{2}{.L}^{2}+2{.I}_{o}^{2}.{L}^{2}.{e}^{\frac{{V}_{oc}}{A.{V}_{T}}}+2.A{.I}_{o}.L.{V}_{T}.t}}{{I}_{o}L}-A.{V}_{T}-\frac{{A}^{2}{.V}_{T}^{2}.t}{{I}_{o}.L} . \left(16\right)$$ The size of the inductor and the duration of the I-V test are important key parameters that should be determined. Eq. (16) facilitates determination of the inductor selection and approximate test period. The inductor value (L) can be extracted from Eq. (18) based on the PV cell specifications and desired test duration. $$V\left({t}_{test}\right)= \frac{{V}_{oc}}{20} , \left(17\right)$$ $$\frac{t\_test}{L}=\frac{{I}_{o}.{e}^{\frac{{V}_{oc}}{A{.V}_{T}}}}{\frac{{V}_{oc}}{20}} . \left(18\right)$$ The output current can be derived from (2) and (16), it can be expressed as $$I\left(t\right)= \frac{{V}_{T}.ln\left(\frac{{I}_{ph}}{{I}_{o}}\right)-V\left(t\right)}{{R}_{s}}. \left(19\right)$$ Iv. Experimental Study To validate the suggested method, a 175W PV panel with the characteristics listed in Table I is used. In order to validate the proposed method, a prototype is built with a 175 watt monocrystalline standalone PV panel. The properties of the PV panel used in the porotype are given in Table I. Table 1 PV Panel Properties Based on the PV panel parameter determination method given in section II, the values in Table II are obtained. Max Power (W) 175 Open Circuit Volatge ( Volt) 43.30 Short Circuit Current (Amper) 5.43 Max. Power Voltage Vmmp (Volt) 35.20 Max. Power Current (Amper) 4.98 Number of Cell 6x12 Tempratrure coefficient %°C -0.35 Table 2 PV Panel Parameters I o (Amper) 9.464 x 10 − 9 R sh (Ω) 216.66 I ph (a) 5.43 A 1.178 R s (Ω) 0.457 After acquiring the PV panel specifications, the test duration is intended to be roughly 90 microseconds, which is a reasonably fast enough to I-V curve test of a PV panel. Thus, the inductor value is calculated, using (18) and based on 90 microseconds desired test duration, as 0.98 mH. $${L=t}_{test}.\frac{\frac{{V}_{oc}}{20}}{\left({I}_{o}{e}^{\frac{{V}_{oc}}{A.{V}_{T}}}\right)}={0.98 10}^{-3} H .$$ According to determined circuit parameters, the prototype circuit model is given in Fig. 3 . A IRF740 power MOSFET was used as a switch and its driver was also designed to generate the 90 µs control signal. During the test process, the output current and the voltage of the PV system were measured by using a Tektronix DPO04104B oscilloscope equipped with a TCP 300A current probe. Iv. Result And Discussions Since the inductor and PV panel are connected in series through a MOSFET, they have the same current and the voltage. While the switching turning ON, PV panel changes its state from open circuit to short circuit. The instantaneous current and the voltage of the PV panel are monitored under the irradiance of 760 W/m2 and the temperature of 38 °C as illustrated in Fig. 4 . Using the data acquisition feature of the oscilloscope, it is possible to determine the instantaneous PV current and voltage during the transition. The PV current increases from 0 A to 5 A, while the PV voltage lowers from 40 V to 2.5 V, as depicted in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 , respectively. The I-V and P-V characteristics curves of PV panel are determined based on the data of instantaneous current and voltage and illustrated in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 . V. Conclusion In this study, a simple, efficient and fast I–V curve test method for PV panels is presented. In the proposed method, an inductor is connected to the PV panel as a load. Inductor characteristics are defined by the desired test time and PV panel characteristics. The PV panel is short-circuited by a semiconductor switch through the inductor. During the short circuit, the transient current and voltage of the PV panel are analyzed to obtain the I-V and P-V characteristic curves of the PV panel. To validate the proposed method, a 175 W stand-alone PV panel is tested under 760 W/m2 irradiation and 38°C ambient temperature. As load, a 0.98 mH inductor was designed based on the desired test time of 90 microseconds. With the presented method, I-V characteristics of PV panels can be obtained in a few tens of microseconds. This research offers a short test time and better accuracy for testing PV panel. This technique can also be incorporated into several maximum power point tracker algorithms to increase their performance and accuracy. Declarations Ethical Approval Ethical Approval is not required for this study. Competing İnterests I declare that the authors have no competing interests Authors' contributions S.Borekci and N. C.Acar have prepared and checked the entire article together, corresponding author is Nihal Çetin Acar. 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2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21527,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSingle Diode Model of PV Cell with Inductor Load\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2791207/v1/5980beca89c78cf550330812.png"},{"id":36064479,"identity":"11ea178d-1914-439d-b752-1849f70df273","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-04-20 13:29:46","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":19366,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eModel of Proposed Circuit\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2791207/v1/e3a4175fa1836515da45faae.png"},{"id":36064480,"identity":"b323941c-097b-4ced-ad0b-7fe75cf3b3be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-04-20 13:29:47","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":174948,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePV panel Open circuit, short circuit and transition states\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2791207/v1/7cc38cb8d8e23969240ae0a5.png"},{"id":36065094,"identity":"cd19debb-e1c9-47ac-ad86-b030d23b02c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-04-20 13:37:48","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44016,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Variation of PV Output Current with Time\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2791207/v1/87abd2a6b27069f335c48824.png"},{"id":36064481,"identity":"5a62e0c5-a205-47d6-abdd-5cdfd72f5722","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-04-20 13:29:47","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":57294,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe PV Voltage Variation Versus Time\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2791207/v1/1c1abf94a2f51a6ef165e975.png"},{"id":36064488,"identity":"1f56463d-30ab-4830-8aae-a731bd46e708","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-04-20 13:29:47","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":63483,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe PV Output Power Variation Versus Voltage\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2791207/v1/8315ab80e926fb101e0d5bc6.png"},{"id":36064496,"identity":"614faaf5-8db2-4cff-8fcb-b3d2ca3e20e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-04-20 13:29:48","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":55419,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe PV Panel I-V Curve\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2791207/v1/fbef460de4947cf19544dfe5.png"},{"id":77720873,"identity":"ca021834-a509-40be-a5a8-e897ce29e6a6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-04 16:12:42","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":895751,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2791207/v1/dff9fb60-c949-47b9-9cc9-c7af52bc404d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Inductor Based I-V Curve Tracer for Photovoltaic Panels","fulltext":[{"header":"I. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn recent years, due to the increasing population density and technological developments, the need for energy has been gradually increasing throughout the world. The increase in energy consumption obtained from fossil fuels causes negative environmental effects. Therefore, the use of renewable energy sources, which can be an alternative to fossil fuels, is becoming popular. Photovoltaic (PV) energy systems are one of the widely used renewable energy sources.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePV panels convert sunlight directly to electricity without environmental pollution and minimal maintenance requirements. However, the energy efficiency of PV systems ranges between %8 and %20 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. The performance of photovoltaic panels is directly affected by irradiance, temperature, electrical load and age of panel. A PV panel power performance is evaluated by its I-V characteristics curve [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor high power applications, several PV panels are assembled in power plants. In the design process of power plants, PV panel characteristics become one of the most crucial design parameters [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom I-V characteristics, PV panel electrical parameters, open circuit voltage (V\u003csub\u003eoc\u003c/sub\u003e), short circuit current (I\u003csub\u003esc\u003c/sub\u003e), and the voltage and current levels at the maximum power generated defined as Maximum Power Point (MPP) can be obtained. I-V characteristic curves can be obtained from PV\u0026rsquo;s datasheet or generated by I-V curve test methods [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6 CR7\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany studies in the literature involve a complex control algorithm and electric circuitry to create I-V curves [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Among them capacitor charging and resistive load methods are widely presented in the literature because they are simple and have low-cost features. In the resistive load method, a variable resistive is connected to the PV as a load, and its value is varied from zero to infinity in order to determine the I-V curve of the PV at any irradiation and temperature condition. Longer test duration, size of the resistive load and inevitable power losses are the disadvantages of using the resistive load method [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe capacitor charging method is an alternative technique to eliminate the disadvantages of resistive load method. In this method, the I-V curve of a photovoltaic (PV) panel is obtained by charging the capacitors [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The PV panel is short-circuited through capacitors and the instantaneous voltage and current of PV panel are measured. Thus, using capacitors as a load for the I-V test is provides better solution, in terms of simplicity and accuracy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever longer test period and requiring large capacitors are the drawbacks of this technique [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR20\" citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, during I-V test procedure, capacitors are shorted and test circuit is subjected to inrush current which reduces the lifespan of the capacitors. Besides, uncontrollable equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the capacitor affects the test results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this research, a new technique is developed and analyzed to obtain I-V characteristics of the PV panel. An inductor is used as a load and its transient current and voltage are used to obtained I-V curve of the PV panel. Proposed inductive load method in this work offers very short test duration than resistive and capacitive approaches. Besides, I-V curve obtained from real time measurement data that results in better accuracy and power losses are eliminated due to not required any resistive load.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirstly, the performance of PV panel is analytically analyzed. Then, I-V test circuit parameters are determined based on presented design procedure. Finally, a prototype is built to validate performance of the proposed method.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Ii. Equivalent Circuit Of Pv Panels","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe PV arrays consist of series and parallel connected PV panels which are assembled by PV cells. They are the building block of the PV panels. To analyze the electrical behavior of PV cells, single or two diode circuit representations are commonly used [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. The single diode model given in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e is often utilized due to its simple circuit topology and adequate performance. R\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e, R\u003csub\u003esh\u003c/sub\u003e, I\u003csub\u003eph\u003c/sub\u003e, ID, VD, V, and I represent the series resistance, shunt resistance, photocurrent, diode current, diode voltage, output voltage, and output current, respectively, in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitially; R\u003csub\u003esh\u003c/sub\u003e is ignored for a simplicity and below equation can be written from Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${I}_{D}+I={I}_{Ph}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${R}_{s}I+V={V}_{D}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eV and I are the output voltage and current of a PV cell respectively. Voltage and current of the diode in the single diode model are defined in (3) and (4).\u003cdiv id=\"Equ3\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ3\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${I}_{D}= {I}_{0}\\left[{exp}\\left(\\frac{{V}_{D}}{A{V}_{T}}\\right)-1\\right]$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ4\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ4\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${V}_{D}= {V}_{T}{ln}\\left(\\frac{{I}_{D}+{I}_{0}}{{I}_{0}}\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere VT represents the thermal voltage, A represents the ideality factor, and I0 represents the diode's reverse saturation current.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are numerous studies in the literature to determine circuit parameters including the ideality factor (A), saturation current (I\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e), photocurrent (I\u003csub\u003eph\u003c/sub\u003e), and shunt (R\u003csub\u003esh\u003c/sub\u003e) and series (R\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e) resistances [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR25\" citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] Basically two methods are used to determine the parameters for a single diode model of a PV cell: analytical and numerical or iterative subtraction approaches.[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR28\" citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] In the analytical approach, the parameters are derived by evaluating a few important points of the cell's I-V curve: the short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, maximum voltage and maximum current values, and the slopes of the curve at the axes' intersections. In the numerical method, parameters are determined with optimization techniques that minimize the difference between the theoretically computed I-V curve and the experimental data. In this study, analytical method was used to determine the parameters because of simplicity. The PV panel parameters I\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e, R\u003csub\u003esh\u003c/sub\u003e, I\u003csub\u003eph\u003c/sub\u003e, A, and R\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e are as shown in Table II. As this is not the primary focus of this study, the details of obtaining the parameters is not included.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Iii. Design Procedure Of Proposed Method","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn order to determine the I-V characteristics of a PV panel, an inductor is employed as a load, as seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. For the simplicity, initial inductor current is assumed to be zero and R\u003csub\u003esh\u003c/sub\u003e is ignored.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder a constant quantity of irradiation, (1) can be rearranged as follows:\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\frac{d{I}_{d}}{dt}+\\frac{dI}{dt}=0. \\left(5\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the circuit theory, the relationship between the inductor current and voltage can be expressed as\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\frac{V}{L}= \\frac{dI}{dt}. \\left(6\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe equations (\u003cspan refid=\"Equ2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) and (\u003cspan refid=\"Equ3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) with are substituted in (1). In the following diode equation, the output voltage becomes a variable.\u003cdiv id=\"Equc\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equc\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${I}_{d}= {I}_{o}.\\left({e}^{\\frac{V}{A{.V}_{T}}}-1 \\right) . \\left(7\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current deviation of a diode can be expressed as follows:\u003cdiv id=\"Equd\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equd\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\frac{d{I}_{d}}{dt}= \\frac{{I}_{o}}{A{.V}_{T}} . \\left({e}^{\\frac{V}{A.{V}_{T}}}\\right), \\left(8\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Eque\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Eque\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\frac{d{I}_{d}}{dt} . \\frac{dV}{dt}= \\frac{{I}_{o}}{A.{V}_{T}} \\left({e}^{\\frac{V}{A.{V}_{T}}}\\right). \\left(9\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a load, the inductor is connected to the single diode model. The inductor voltage and current become the output voltage and current of the PV cell. Substituting (6) and (9) in (5), and (10) is obtained.\u003cdiv id=\"Equf\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equf\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\frac{{I}_{o}}{A.{V}_{T}} .\\left({e}^{\\frac{V}{A.{V}_{T}}}\\right) .\\frac{dV}{dt}+ \\frac{V}{L}=0. \\left(10\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation 10 is rearranged to yield (11).\u003cdiv id=\"Equg\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equg\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\frac{{I}_{o}}{A{.V}_{T}} .\\left( {e}^{\\frac{V}{A{.V}_{T}}}\\right) dV+ \\frac{V}{L}.dt=0. \\left(11\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter applying integral function to (11), Eq.\u0026nbsp;(12) is obtained.\u003cdiv id=\"Equh\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equh\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\int \\frac{{I}_{o}}{A{V}_{T}} . {e}^{\\frac{V}{A{V}_{T}}}dV+ \\int \\frac{V}{L}dt=M. \\left(12\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine the coefficient M, the initial condition is assumed: V\u003csub\u003e(0)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;V\u003csub\u003eoc\u003c/sub\u003e and M is represented by (13). Thus (12) is solved as given in (14).\u003cdiv id=\"Equi\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equi\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$M= {I}_{o}.{e}^{\\frac{{V}_{oc}}{A{.V}_{T}} }, \\left(13\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equj\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equj\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${I}_{o}{.e}^{\\frac{V}{A.{V}_{T}}}+\\frac{V}{L}.t= {I}_{o.}{e}^{\\frac{{V}_{oc}}{A{.V}_{T}}} . \\left(14\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplying Taylor series expansion to (14), (15) can be expressed by\u003cdiv id=\"Equk\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equk\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$0 ={I}_{o}.\\left[1+\\frac{V}{A.{V}_{T}}+\\sum _{n=2}^{N}\\left[{\\left(\\frac{V}{A.{V}_{T}}\\right)}^{n}.\\frac{1}{n!}\\right]\\right]+\\frac{V}{L}.t-{I}_{o}.{e}^{\\frac{{V}_{oc}}{A.{V}_{T}}} . \\left(15\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor simplicity Eq.\u0026nbsp;(15) can be rewritten as follows:\u003cdiv id=\"Equl\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equl\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$V\\left(t\\right)=\\frac{A{V}_{T}\\sqrt{{A}^{2}{.V}_{T}^{2}{.t}^{2}-{I}_{o}^{2}{.L}^{2}+2{.I}_{o}^{2}.{L}^{2}.{e}^{\\frac{{V}_{oc}}{A.{V}_{T}}}+2.A{.I}_{o}.L.{V}_{T}.t}}{{I}_{o}L}-A.{V}_{T}-\\frac{{A}^{2}{.V}_{T}^{2}.t}{{I}_{o}.L} . \\left(16\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe size of the inductor and the duration of the I-V test are important key parameters that should be determined. Eq.\u0026nbsp;(16) facilitates determination of the inductor selection and approximate test period. The inductor value (L) can be extracted from Eq.\u0026nbsp;(18) based on the PV cell specifications and desired test duration.\u003cdiv id=\"Equm\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equm\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$V\\left({t}_{test}\\right)= \\frac{{V}_{oc}}{20} , \\left(17\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equn\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equn\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\frac{t\\_test}{L}=\\frac{{I}_{o}.{e}^{\\frac{{V}_{oc}}{A{.V}_{T}}}}{\\frac{{V}_{oc}}{20}} . \\left(18\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe output current can be derived from (2) and (16), it can be expressed as\u003cdiv id=\"Equo\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equo\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$I\\left(t\\right)= \\frac{{V}_{T}.ln\\left(\\frac{{I}_{ph}}{{I}_{o}}\\right)-V\\left(t\\right)}{{R}_{s}}. \\left(19\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Iv. Experimental Study","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo validate the suggested method, a 175W PV panel with the characteristics listed in Table I is used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to validate the proposed method, a prototype is built with a 175 watt monocrystalline standalone PV panel. The properties of the PV panel used in the porotype are given in Table I.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePV Panel Properties Based on the PV panel parameter determination method given in section II, the values in Table II are obtained.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMax Power (W)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpen Circuit Volatge ( Volt)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShort Circuit Current (Amper)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMax. Power Voltage Vmmp (Volt)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMax. Power Current (Amper)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of Cell\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6x12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTempratrure coefficient %\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePV Panel Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e(Amper)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.464 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csub\u003esh\u003c/sub\u003e(Ω)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e216.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003eph\u003c/sub\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e(Ω)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.457\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter acquiring the PV panel specifications, the test duration is intended to be roughly 90 microseconds, which is a reasonably fast enough to I-V curve test of a PV panel. Thus, the inductor value is calculated, using (18) and based on 90 microseconds desired test duration, as 0.98 mH.\u003cdiv id=\"Equp\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equp\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${L=t}_{test}.\\frac{\\frac{{V}_{oc}}{20}}{\\left({I}_{o}{e}^{\\frac{{V}_{oc}}{A.{V}_{T}}}\\right)}={0.98 10}^{-3} H .$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to determined circuit parameters, the prototype circuit model is given in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. A IRF740 power MOSFET was used as a switch and its driver was also designed to generate the 90 \u0026micro;s control signal. During the test process, the output current and the voltage of the PV system were measured by using a Tektronix DPO04104B oscilloscope equipped with a TCP 300A current probe.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Iv. Result And Discussions","content":"\u003cp\u003eSince the inductor and PV panel are connected in series through a MOSFET, they have the same current and the voltage. While the switching turning ON, PV panel changes its state from open circuit to short circuit. The instantaneous current and the voltage of the PV panel are monitored under the irradiance of 760 W/m2 and the temperature of 38 \u0026deg;C as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing the data acquisition feature of the oscilloscope, it is possible to determine the instantaneous PV current and voltage during the transition. The PV current increases from 0 A to 5 A, while the PV voltage lowers from 40 V to 2.5 V, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe I-V and P-V characteristics curves of PV panel are determined based on the data of instantaneous current and voltage and illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"V. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, a simple, efficient and fast I\u0026ndash;V curve test method for PV panels is presented. In the proposed method, an inductor is connected to the PV panel as a load. Inductor characteristics are defined by the desired test time and PV panel characteristics. The PV panel is short-circuited by a semiconductor switch through the inductor. During the short circuit, the transient current and voltage of the PV panel are analyzed to obtain the I-V and P-V characteristic curves of the PV panel.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo validate the proposed method, a 175 W stand-alone PV panel is tested under 760 W/m2 irradiation and 38\u0026deg;C ambient temperature. As load, a 0.98 mH inductor was designed based on the desired test time of 90 microseconds. With the presented method, I-V characteristics of PV panels can be obtained in a few tens of microseconds. This research offers a short test time and better accuracy for testing PV panel. This technique can also be incorporated into several maximum power point tracker algorithms to increase their performance and accuracy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical Approval is not required for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting İnterests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eI declare that the authors have no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS.Borekci and N. C.Acar have prepared and checked the entire article together, corresponding author \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;is Nihal \u0026Ccedil;etin Acar.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is no funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo additional data available.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKaya F, Şahin G, Alma MH. Investigation effects of environmental and operating factors on PV panel efficiency using by multivariate linear regression. Int J Energy Res 2021;45:554\u0026ndash;67. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.5717.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen Z, Lin Y, Wu L, Cheng S, Lin P. Development of a capacitor charging based quick I-V curve tracer with automatic parameter extraction for photovoltaic arrays. Energy Convers Manag 2020;226:113521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113521.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMorales-Aragon\u0026eacute;s JI, D\u0026aacute;vila-Sacoto M, Gonz\u0026aacute;lez LG, Alonso-G\u0026oacute;mez V, Gallardo-Saavedra S, Hern\u0026aacute;ndez-Callejo L. A Review of I\u0026ndash;V Tracers for Photovoltaic Modules: Topologies and Challenges. Electronics 2021;10:1283. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10111283.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRam JP, Manghani H, Pillai DS, Babu TS, Miyatake M, Rajasekar N. Analysis on solar PV emulators: A review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2018;81:149\u0026ndash;60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.039.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBasu Pal S, Das A, Das (Bhattacharya) K, Mukherjee D. Design of a low-cost measuring and plotting device for photovoltaic modules. 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Estimation of MPP of a Double Diode Model PV Module From Explicit \u003cem\u003eI\u0026ndash;V\u003c/em\u003e Characteristic. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 2019;66:7032\u0026ndash;42. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2018.2877116.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKuai Y, Yuvarajan S. An electronic load for testing photovoltaic panels. J Power Sources 2006;154:308\u0026ndash;13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.04.016.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNavabi R, Abedi S, Hosseinian SH, Pal R. On the fast convergence modeling and accurate calculation of PV output energy for operation and planning studies. Energy Convers Manag 2015;89:497\u0026ndash;506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.09.070.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSayyad J, Nasikkar P. Design and Development of Low Cost, Portable, On-Field I-V Curve Tracer Based on Capacitor Loading for High Power Rated Solar Photovoltaic Modules. IEEE Access 2021;9:70715\u0026ndash;31. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3078532.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDuran E, Piliougine M, Sidrach-de-Cardona M, Galan J, Andujar JM. Different methods to obtain the I\u0026amp;#x2013;V curve of PV modules: A review. 2008 33rd IEEE Photovolatic Spec. Conf., San Diego, CA, USA: IEEE; 2008, p. 1\u0026ndash;6. https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2008.4922578.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMahmoud MM. Transient analysis of a PV power generator charging a capacitor for measurement of the I\u0026ndash;V characteristics. Renew Energy 2006;31:2198\u0026ndash;206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2005.09.019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSpertino F, Ahmad J, Ciocia A, Di Leo P, Murtaza AF, Chiaberge M. Capacitor charging method for I\u0026ndash;V curve tracer and MPPT in photovoltaic systems. 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Appl Energy 2019;236:728\u0026ndash;42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.12.036.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDe Soto W, Klein SA, Beckman WA. Improvement and validation of a model for photovoltaic array performance. Sol Energy 2006;80:78\u0026ndash;88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2005.06.010.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNdegwa R, Simiyu J, Ayieta E, Odero N. A Fast and Accurate Analytical Method for Parameter Determination of a Photovoltaic System Based on Manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s Data. J Renew Energy 2020;2020:1\u0026ndash;18. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7580279.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStornelli, Muttillo, de Rubeis, Nardi. A New Simplified Five-Parameter Estimation Method for Single-Diode Model of Photovoltaic Panels. Energies 2019;12:4271. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12224271.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHussein A. A simple approach to extract the unknown parameters of PV modules n.d.:14.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBai J, Cao Y, Hao Y, Zhang Z, Liu S, Cao F. Characteristic output of PV systems under partial shading or mismatch conditions. Sol Energy 2015;112:41\u0026ndash;54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2014.09.048.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMacabebe EQB, Sheppard CJ, van Dyk EE. Parameter extraction from I\u0026ndash;V characteristics of PV devices. Sol Energy 2011;85:12\u0026ndash;8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2010.11.005.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBenahmida A, Maouhoub N, Sahsah H. An Efficient Iterative Method for Extracting Parameters of Photovoltaic Panels with Single Diode Model. 2020 5th Int. Conf. Renew. Energ. Dev. Ctries. REDEC, Marrakech, Morocco, Morocco: IEEE; 2020, p. 1\u0026ndash;6. https://doi.org/10.1109/REDEC49234.2020.9163858.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"PV Panel, Inductor Load, I-V Curve, PV Charactersitics","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2791207/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2791207/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe output power of a photovoltaic panel (PV) panel is depend on temperature and irradiance. Aging, partial shading and electrical load can also affect the operating current and voltage of a PV. The usage of I-V curves take important place in the designing and operating PV system. I-V curve tracers are used to determine the performance of PV panels at any environmental condition. In this study, a simple, effective, and rapid I-V curve tracer method is described for photovoltaic (PV) panels. The method is developed based on transient analyses of current and voltage of an inductor which is connected to the 175 W standalone PV panel as a load via a semiconductor switch. The I-V and P-V characteristics curves of the PV panel are obtained in few microseconds rapidly.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Inductor Based I-V Curve Tracer for Photovoltaic Panels","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-04-20 13:29:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2791207/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5e377fb2-3957-40f4-90d2-791fd28ecf1d","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 20th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-04T16:12:33+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-2791207","link":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ad21c4","journal":{"identity":"engineering-research-express","isVorOnly":true,"title":"Engineering Research Express"},"publishedOn":"2024-02-01 00:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 1st, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2023-04-20 13:29:29","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1088/2631-8695/ad21c4","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ad21c4","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2791207","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2791207","identity":"rs-2791207","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"FbvkV6FR0MCFSLy54lSbu","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}