The relation between religious attitude, psychological resilience and hope in female heads of households in Sirjan, Iran

The relation between religious attitude, psychological resilience and hope in female heads of households in Sirjan, Iran | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The relation between religious attitude, psychological resilience and hope in female heads of households in Sirjan, Iran Reza Sadeghi, parniya Abolghaseminejad, Vahidreza Borhaninejad, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3054883/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Female heads of households struggle with many problems and may encounter a lot of psychological pressure. Religious attitude may alleviate psychological pressures, and improve resilience. This study aimed to determine the relation between religious attitude, psychological resilience and hope in female heads of households in Sirjan in 2021. Methods This descriptive-analytical study used convenience sampling to enroll 400 eligible female heads of households covered by the Imam Khomeini relief committee in Sirjan in 2021. The Golriz-Barahani religious attitude questionnaire, the Connor-Davidson resilience scale, and the Snyder’ hope scale were used to collect information. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26, and descriptive statistics and Spearman's correlation coefficients were reported. Results The mean age of the participants was 43.22 ± 9.78 years. The mean scores of religious attitude, resilience, and hope were 66.03 ± 7.57 (from 100), 75.74 ± 8.93 (from 100), and 32.22 ± 3.50 (from 60), respectively. The results showed a significant positive relation between religious attitude and psychological resilience (P < 0.001) and between religious attitude and hope (P < 0.001). Conclusions Increasing religious attitude may help improve resilience and hope among female heads of households. religious attitude resilience hope women Introduction The number of female-headed households has risen in recent years. Female heads of households refer to women in charge of managing the family in addition to motherhood and housewifeliness; they maybe under a lot of pressures due to their high burden of responsibility, poor economic status and concern about future. Thus, they may lose their peace of mind and have poor resilience ( 1 , 2 ). Psychological resilience is the ability to deal with stressors and adapt to difficult situations, which helps a person to overcome problems and obstacles easily ( 3 ), so those with high resilience are optimistic and hopeful about the future and have a better psychological and physical health compared with those with poor resilience ( 4 ). Psychological resilience can adjust a person's stress levels in difficult events and gradually diminish the negative consequences of anxiety and depression. Therefore, resilience is a kind of resistance against stressors and many factors are helpful in its growth ( 3 ). According to some research, religion can make a person resilient and resistant to psychological pressures ( 5 ),failures, and disappointments. Researchers think belief in God gives a person hope and enough strength to endure problems; therefore, she/he does not despair or feel useless, and keeps trying hopefully ( 6 ).Hope encourages a person to strive for a better future ( 7 ). Hopeful people know that there are different ways to achieve their goals, and focus on positive emotions to choose the best way ( 8 ). Some researchers reported that religious female heads of households felt more hopeful and calm during hardship by strengthening their resilience ( 6 ). Other studies indicated that religious female heads of households coped with problems more easily through improving their resilience and acceptance of reality ( 5 ) and that religious people perceived the meaning of life deeply and could cope with their problems ( 9 ). This study aimed to determine the relation between religious attitude, psychological resilience and hope in female heads of households in Sirjan in 2021. Method This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted on female heads of households covered by the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee. Four hundred (400) female heads of households who met inclusion criteria were selected by convenience sampling. The inclusion criteria were the participant’s willingness to participate in the research, being the head of household at the time of completing the questionnaire, and not having physical problems or being diagnosed with mental disorders. The exclusion criterion was failure to answer more than one-third of the questions. Data were collected by a four-part questionnaire: the first part was demographic characteristics, including age, coverage reason (the reason they were receiving stipend from the Relief Committee), number of children, education level, housing, and place of residence. The second part was the Golriz-Barahani religious attitude questionnaire ( 10 ), which contains 25 items on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 0 to 4, and the total score of 100. In this questionnaire, 76-100meansexcellent religious attitude, 51–75 means good religious attitude, 26–50 means moderate religious attitude, and < 25 means poor religious attitude. The validity and reliability of this questionnaire in Persian were confirmed in previous study. The reliability coefficient of Cronbach's alpha method in this research was 0.78 ( 11 ). The third part was the Connor-Davidson resilience scale, which includes 25 items rated on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 0 to 4;and is scored as not true at all (0), rarely true ( 1 ), sometimes true ( 2 ), often true ( 3 ), and true nearly all the time ( 4 ), with a higher score indicating a higher level of resilience. The highest total score of the scale is 100. Dehghani standardized and validated this scale in Persian, in 2005 and reported the reliability of 0.89 using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the construct validity of 0.87 using factor analysis ( 12 ). The fourth part was the Snyder’ hope scale, which has 12 items to measure the level of hope on a five-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree (a score of 1 to 5). The adult hope scale contains two subscales, with one measuring agency thinking (Questions2, 9, 10 and 12), and one measuring pathway thinking (Questions1, 4, 7 and 8), while four items are mixed (Questions3, 5, 6 and 11). The minimum score in this scale is 12, while the maximum score is 60. Scores of 12–24 mean poor hope, 24–36 means moderately hopeful, and 36 or higher means high hope. Snyder and Lopez reported the internal consistency (alpha Cronbach) of 0.71 − 0.67 and 0.63–0.8 for agency thinking and pathway thinking, respectively ( 13 ). Kermani et al. studied 371 students in Tehran and reported Cronbach's alpha coefficient of this questionnaire in Persian to be 0.86 ( 14 ), while Shareh and Robati reported the Cronbach's alpha of 0.89 for this scale ( 15 ). Data was analyzed by SPSS26. Descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Spearman's correlation coefficient), were used to analyze the data. A significance level of < 0.05 was considered. Results The mean age of the participants was 43.22 ± 9.78 years (minimum = 24 and maximum = 65). Most of the participants were urban and divorced, had a diploma and two children, and lived in their own house (Table 1 ). Table 1 Demographic characteristics of study participants Variables Groups Frequency Percent Age groups 20–30 48 12 30–40 114 28.5 40–50 142 35.5 > 50 96 24 Number of Children 0 27 6.8 1 103 25.8 2 141 35.3 3 66 16.5 >=4 63 15.8 Coverage reason Widowed 253 63.2 Divorced 147 36.8 Education level Uneducated 46 11.5 Middle/high school 97 24.3 Diploma 194 48.5 Higher 63 15.8 Housing Personal 227 56.8 Rented 173 43.3 Place of residence City 261 65.3 Village 139 34.8 Total 400 100 The mean score of religious attitude was 66.03 ± 7.57, and the mean score of psychological resilience was 75.74 ± 8.93, which both were higher than the midpoint of the questionnaire (50). The mean score of hope was 32.22 ± 3.50, which was less than the mid-point ( 36 ) (Table 2 ). Table 2 Descriptive statistics of religious attitude, psychological resilience and hope among participants Variables Mean SD Minimum Maximum Score Range of the questionnaire Religious Attitude 66.03 7.57 48 83 0-100 Psychological Resilience 75.74 8.93 56 95 0-100 Hope 32.22 3.50 21 39 12–60 Table 3 shows the positive and significant relation between religious attitude, psychological resilience and hope. Table 3 The relation between religious attitude, psychological resilience and hope among participants Psychological resilience Hope Religious attitude Spearman correlation coefficient Significance level Spearman correlation coefficient Significance level 0.380 < 0.001 0.323 < 0.001 Discussion This study aimed to determine the relation between religious attitude, psychological resilience and hope in female heads of households in Sirjan. The results showed more than average religious attitude in female heads of households, but Godrati et al., Kazemi et al., Jajarmi and Pourakbaran, Zareipour et al., and Azimi et al. showed moderate or poor religious attitude in most of the participating women in the cities of Mashhad, Shiraz, Rasht, Urmia and Tehran ( 16 – 20 ). Female heads of households are the main person in the household who supports the children to deal with personal, psychological, social, emotional, economic, family, educational and behavioral problems, and is the main role model for the children. Therefore, they need to be strong in dealing with problems and have good mental health. Religious attitude may be an effective way to increase tolerance, endurance and mental health in female heads of households ( 21 ). In this study, we found moderate psychological resilience in women; Kteily-Hawa et al. reported high levels of resilience in women living with AIDS in Canada ( 22 ), while Abdi et al. indicated that resilience of women with breast cancer in Qom was higher than average ( 23 ). However, there are a few studies investigating the level of resilience in women, and more studies are needed. Li et al. and Wu et al. found a moderate level of hope in women with cancer in China ( 24 , 25 ), and Moqtader showed a low level of hope in women with breast cancer and healthy women in Rasht, but healthy women had significantly higher hope than women with cancer ( 26 ). Aghajani et al. found that hope in women with breast cancer in Rasht, Iran was lower than average ( 27 ). Different target populations, and data collection tools were among the reasons for contradictory results. Patients usually have lower hope than healthy people, but we found no study that showed whether female heads of households were more or less hopeful than other women. We found a positive and significant relation between religious attitude, psychological resilience and hope. According to some researchers, religious people experience less stress and psychological pressure and have higher mental health than others. Religious orientation is an independent factor in human personality, but it can integrate into other factors and affect personality. Some researchers think more religious people have better mental health, but the more one uses religion for welfare and social needs and forgets its principles, the less mental health he/she has ( 28 ). Roberto et al. indicated that women improved their hope by trust in God, receiving love from others, and strengthening resilience and optimism ( 29 ). A day et al. argued that religious beliefs and spiritual activities played an important role in accepting and coping with problems( 30 ). Manning reported that belief in and appreciation ofGod and a sense of purpose in life made women more resilient against life's adversities( 31 ). Mahmoudpour et al., Jajarmi and Pourakbaran, and Kalantar Hormazi et al. showed that religious attitude could increase psychological resilience among divorced and married women in Tehran and among students in Mashhad ( 18 , 31 , 32 ). Probably, belief in God increases people’s tolerance to overcome life's challenges and hardships. Salimi et al. also found that religion and mental health could strengthen hope in female nurses in Tehran ( 33 ). Zokaei et al. and Purbarar and Yaghubi reported a positive and significant correlation between spirituality and resilience among female heads of households, divorced women, women whose husbands were addicted, and women whose one of their family members was admitted to the ICU, in Tehran ( 34 , 35 ). Religious beliefs and practices can be a vital source of resilience because religious people have a more optimistic attitude towards life, are better able to deal with problems and strengthen their coping skills ( 36 ), and find constructive solutions when facing life's challenges and events ( 37 ). Qiao et al. considered religion and spirituality as the main sources of resilience ( 38 ). Religious attitude can probably give meaning and hope to people's lives and cause peace of mind. Attending religious places strengthen one’s spiritual relationship with God, and may lead to happiness and people who are more religious may have more peace of mind and satisfaction with life ( 11 ). This study had several limitations. The study participants of this study were only the female heads of households in Sirjan, Iran chosen through convenience sampling; therefore, we have to generalize the study results to others with caution. Conclusion The study results showed a positive and significant relation between religious attitude, psychological resilience and hope. Religious adherence may increase women’s resilience and hope and improved mental health. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate After receiving the code of ethics No. IR.KMU.REC.1400.688 and an official introduction letter from Kerman University of Medical Sciences, the researcher (first author) went to the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Sirjan, coordinated with the relevant authorities, and explained the study objectives to the participants. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All participants were assured that the questionnaires would be anonymous and their information would be confidential. Also, all methods were performed according to the relevant guidelines and regulations contained in the Declaration of Helsinki. All protocols of study were approved by an ethics committee of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This study was financially supported by the Research & Technology Department of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Authors' contributions All authors equally contributed to preparing this article. Acknowledgements All the authors appreciate and thank the officials of Kerman University of Medical Sciences and Imam Khomeini Relief Committee of Sirjan city for implementing this project. 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Qiao S, Ingram L, Deal ML, Li X, Weissman SB. Resilience Resources Among African American Women Living With HIV in Southern United States. AIDS (London, England). 2019;33:S35-S44. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3054883","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":218330933,"identity":"c3aecb7f-24b0-45d1-86b5-fe0479cc5010","order_by":0,"name":"Reza Sadeghi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sirjan School of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Reza","middleName":"","lastName":"Sadeghi","suffix":""},{"id":218330934,"identity":"7311d253-81ae-4659-9fc2-a06b191f7b9e","order_by":1,"name":"parniya Abolghaseminejad","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLCCBBAhwcD4IKECyGBmbiBaC7PBhzMgLYxEaGGAaGGTnNkGYhHQYs5+9tmDh212DPyzGxikeefVRvO3A7X8qNiGU4tlT7q5QWJbMoPEnQMMxrzbjufOOMzYwNhz5jZOLQYH0tgkEtuYGRhuJDAk8247ltsA1MLM2IZHy/lnIC31DPJALYd55xzLnU9Qyw2wLYeBjATGxpkNNbkbCGmxnAG0JeHccR7DOwebGT4cO5C7EajlID6/mPOnsUn+KKuWk7vdfPxHQk1d7rzzhw8++FGBx2EggpGNgQcaHYfBogdwqodpYfgD59fhUzwKRsEoGAUjFAAA9X1aznLZ514AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Kerman University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"parniya","middleName":"","lastName":"Abolghaseminejad","suffix":""},{"id":218330935,"identity":"03bf73f2-172d-445f-a796-ee788a3f9b79","order_by":2,"name":"Vahidreza Borhaninejad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kerman University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vahidreza","middleName":"","lastName":"Borhaninejad","suffix":""},{"id":218330938,"identity":"cade0661-7e5d-4f48-bff3-7e8ced692347","order_by":3,"name":"Mohammad Moqaddasi Amir","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sirjan School of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"Moqaddasi","lastName":"Amir","suffix":""},{"id":218330939,"identity":"cb789fcb-33dc-4c7f-a8b0-4c3154ff37ed","order_by":4,"name":"Batool Zeidabadi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sirjan School of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Batool","middleName":"","lastName":"Zeidabadi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-06-12 19:59:17","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3054883/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3054883/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":43622788,"identity":"f1957867-d68c-4751-94cf-7fa3ecd12457","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-25 11:22:33","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":322585,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3054883/v1/d6dc3867-c069-4259-a9ac-91c0f01e1dc4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The relation between religious attitude, psychological resilience and hope in female heads of households in Sirjan, Iran","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe number of female-headed households has risen in recent years. Female heads of households refer to women in charge of managing the family in addition to motherhood and housewifeliness; they maybe under a lot of pressures due to their high burden of responsibility, poor economic status and concern about future. Thus, they may lose their peace of mind and have poor resilience (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological resilience is the ability to deal with stressors and adapt to difficult situations, which helps a person to overcome problems and obstacles easily (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), so those with high resilience are optimistic and hopeful about the future and have a better psychological and physical health compared with those with poor resilience (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Psychological resilience can adjust a person's stress levels in difficult events and gradually diminish the negative consequences of anxiety and depression. Therefore, resilience is a kind of resistance against stressors and many factors are helpful in its growth (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to some research, religion can make a person resilient and resistant to psychological pressures (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e),failures, and disappointments. Researchers think belief in God gives a person hope and enough strength to endure problems; therefore, she/he does not despair or feel useless, and keeps trying hopefully (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).Hope encourages a person to strive for a better future (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Hopeful people know that there are different ways to achieve their goals, and focus on positive emotions to choose the best way (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome researchers reported that religious female heads of households felt more hopeful and calm during hardship by strengthening their resilience (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Other studies indicated that religious female heads of households coped with problems more easily through improving their resilience and acceptance of reality (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) and that religious people perceived the meaning of life deeply and could cope with their problems (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to determine the relation between religious attitude, psychological resilience and hope in female heads of households in Sirjan in 2021.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted on female heads of households covered by the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee. Four hundred (400) female heads of households who met inclusion criteria were selected by convenience sampling. The inclusion criteria were the participant\u0026rsquo;s willingness to participate in the research, being the head of household at the time of completing the questionnaire, and not having physical problems or being diagnosed with mental disorders. The exclusion criterion was failure to answer more than one-third of the questions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were collected by a four-part questionnaire: the first part was demographic characteristics, including age, coverage reason (the reason they were receiving stipend from the Relief Committee), number of children, education level, housing, and place of residence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe second part was the Golriz-Barahani religious attitude questionnaire (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e), which contains 25 items on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 0 to 4, and the total score of 100. In this questionnaire, 76-100meansexcellent religious attitude, 51\u0026ndash;75 means good religious attitude, 26\u0026ndash;50 means moderate religious attitude, and \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25 means poor religious attitude. The validity and reliability of this questionnaire in Persian were confirmed in previous study. The reliability coefficient of Cronbach's alpha method in this research was 0.78 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe third part was the Connor-Davidson resilience scale, which includes 25 items rated on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 0 to 4;and is scored as not true at all (0), rarely true (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), sometimes true (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), often true (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), and true nearly all the time (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), with a higher score indicating a higher level of resilience. The highest total score of the scale is 100. Dehghani standardized and validated this scale in Persian, in 2005 and reported the reliability of 0.89 using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the construct validity of 0.87 using factor analysis (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fourth part was the Snyder\u0026rsquo; hope scale, which has 12 items to measure the level of hope on a five-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree (a score of 1 to 5). The adult hope scale contains two subscales, with one measuring agency thinking (Questions2, 9, 10 and 12), and one measuring pathway thinking (Questions1, 4, 7 and 8), while four items are mixed (Questions3, 5, 6 and 11). The minimum score in this scale is 12, while the maximum score is 60. Scores of 12\u0026ndash;24 mean poor hope, 24\u0026ndash;36 means moderately hopeful, and 36 or higher means high hope. Snyder and Lopez reported the internal consistency (alpha Cronbach) of 0.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.67 and 0.63\u0026ndash;0.8 for agency thinking and pathway thinking, respectively (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). Kermani et al. studied 371 students in Tehran and reported Cronbach's alpha coefficient of this questionnaire in Persian to be 0.86 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e), while Shareh and Robati reported the Cronbach's alpha of 0.89 for this scale (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData was analyzed by SPSS26. Descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Spearman's correlation coefficient), were used to analyze the data. A significance level of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe mean age of the participants was 43.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.78 years (minimum\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;24 and maximum\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;65). Most of the participants were urban and divorced, had a diploma and two children, and lived in their own house (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics of study participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge groups\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20\u0026ndash;30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30\u0026ndash;40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e40\u0026ndash;50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of Children\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026gt;=4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCoverage reason\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWidowed\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e253\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDivorced\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUneducated\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMiddle/high school\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiploma\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHigher\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHousing\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePersonal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRented\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlace of residence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e261\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVillage\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean score of religious attitude was 66.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.57, and the mean score of psychological resilience was 75.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.93, which both were higher than the midpoint of the questionnaire (50). The mean score of hope was 32.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.50, which was less than the mid-point (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics of religious attitude, psychological resilience and hope among participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScore Range of the questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReligious Attitude\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePsychological Resilience\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHope\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the positive and significant relation between religious attitude, psychological resilience and hope.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relation between religious attitude, psychological resilience and hope among participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological resilience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReligious attitude\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpearman correlation coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificance level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpearman correlation coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificance level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.380\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.323\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to determine the relation between religious attitude, psychological resilience and hope in female heads of households in Sirjan.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results showed more than average religious attitude in female heads of households, but Godrati et al., Kazemi et al., Jajarmi and Pourakbaran, Zareipour et al., and Azimi et al. showed moderate or poor religious attitude in most of the participating women in the cities of Mashhad, Shiraz, Rasht, Urmia and Tehran (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17 CR18 CR19\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). Female heads of households are the main person in the household who supports the children to deal with personal, psychological, social, emotional, economic, family, educational and behavioral problems, and is the main role model for the children. Therefore, they need to be strong in dealing with problems and have good mental health. Religious attitude may be an effective way to increase tolerance, endurance and mental health in female heads of households (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, we found moderate psychological resilience in women; Kteily-Hawa et al. reported high levels of resilience in women living with AIDS in Canada (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e), while Abdi et al. indicated that resilience of women with breast cancer in Qom was higher than average (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). However, there are a few studies investigating the level of resilience in women, and more studies are needed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLi et al. and Wu et al. found a moderate level of hope in women with cancer in China (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e), and Moqtader showed a low level of hope in women with breast cancer and healthy women in Rasht, but healthy women had significantly higher hope than women with cancer (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). Aghajani et al. found that hope in women with breast cancer in Rasht, Iran was lower than average (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). Different target populations, and data collection tools were among the reasons for contradictory results. Patients usually have lower hope than healthy people, but we found no study that showed whether female heads of households were more or less hopeful than other women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe found a positive and significant relation between religious attitude, psychological resilience and hope. According to some researchers, religious people experience less stress and psychological pressure and have higher mental health than others. Religious orientation is an independent factor in human personality, but it can integrate into other factors and affect personality. Some researchers think more religious people have better mental health, but the more one uses religion for welfare and social needs and forgets its principles, the less mental health he/she has (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoberto et al. indicated that women improved their hope by trust in God, receiving love from others, and strengthening resilience and optimism (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). A day et al. argued that religious beliefs and spiritual activities played an important role in accepting and coping with problems(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). Manning reported that belief in and appreciation ofGod and a sense of purpose in life made women more resilient against life's adversities(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMahmoudpour et al., Jajarmi and Pourakbaran, and Kalantar Hormazi et al. showed that religious attitude could increase psychological resilience among divorced and married women in Tehran and among students in Mashhad (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e). Probably, belief in God increases people\u0026rsquo;s tolerance to overcome life's challenges and hardships. Salimi et al. also found that religion and mental health could strengthen hope in female nurses in Tehran (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). Zokaei et al. and Purbarar and Yaghubi reported a positive and significant correlation between spirituality and resilience among female heads of households, divorced women, women whose husbands were addicted, and women whose one of their family members was admitted to the ICU, in Tehran (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligious beliefs and practices can be a vital source of resilience because religious people have a more optimistic attitude towards life, are better able to deal with problems and strengthen their coping skills (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e), and find constructive solutions when facing life's challenges and events (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e). Qiao et al. considered religion and spirituality as the main sources of resilience (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligious attitude can probably give meaning and hope to people's lives and cause peace of mind. Attending religious places strengthen one\u0026rsquo;s spiritual relationship with God, and may lead to happiness and people who are more religious may have more peace of mind and satisfaction with life (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study had several limitations. The study participants of this study were only the female heads of households in Sirjan, Iran chosen through convenience sampling; therefore, we have to generalize the study results to others with caution.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study results showed a positive and significant relation between religious attitude, psychological resilience and hope. Religious adherence may increase women\u0026rsquo;s resilience and hope and improved mental health.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter receiving the code of ethics No. IR.KMU.REC.1400.688 and an official introduction letter from Kerman University of Medical Sciences, the researcher (first author) went to the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Sirjan, coordinated with the relevant authorities, and explained the study objectives to the participants. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All participants were assured that the questionnaires would be anonymous and their information would be confidential. Also, all methods were performed according to the relevant guidelines and regulations contained in the Declaration of Helsinki. All protocols of study were approved by an ethics committee of Kerman University of Medical Sciences.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was financially supported by the Research \u0026amp; Technology Department of Kerman University of Medical Sciences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors equally contributed to preparing this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the authors appreciate and thank the officials of Kerman University of Medical Sciences and Imam Khomeini Relief Committee of Sirjan city for implementing this project. We are also grateful to all the women heads of households who participated in this project.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShiyani M, Zare H. A meta-analysis of female-headed household studies in Iran. Sociological Review. 2020;26(55):67-97.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003esedghi p, Cheraghi A. The effectiveness of the mindfulness training on Psychological well-being and resiliency of female-headed household. Journal of Family Research. 2018;14(4):549-62.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYahyazadeh H, Naderi malek z. Investigating the effectiveness of social group intervention with cognitive-behavioral approach to resilience: Case study: Female headed households supported by the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee of Qom Province. A Research Journal on Social Work. 2016;3(9):107-39.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJavadian SR, h m, Behzadmanesh M. 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The Relationship between Religious Attitude and Domestic Violence against Women of Reproductive Age. Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health. 2019; 7(1): 1529-1533. .\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKazemi P, Tarkhan M, Golpour R. Predicting of marital conflict based on religious attitudes in women applicants for divorce. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health 2018 Jul-Aug; 20(4):225-229.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJajarmi M, Pourakbaran E. The relationship between religious attitude, mental health and resiliency in women.. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health 2017; 19(3-Special Issue): 395-400.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZareipour M, Sadeghi R, Abdolkarimi M, Ghasemi Afshar N, Jadgal M. The relationship between religious attitudes and psychological symptoms in pregnant women referring to Urima health centers in 1395. Journal of Research on Religion \u0026amp; Health. 2019;4(5):45-56.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAzimi Z, Hobbi M. Predicting Marital Satisfactions Based on Religious Attitude and Forgiveness in Women of Military Families. Scientific Journal of Military Psychology. 2022;13:165-86.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eParvandi A, Moradi A, Arefi M. Prediction of Mental Health Based on Hope and Religious Orientation among Female Householders. Religion and Health, Autumn \u0026amp; Winter 2017; 5(2): 13-22 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKteily-Hawa R, Warren L, Kazemi M, Logie CH, Islam S, Kaida A, Conway T, Persad Y, de Pokomandy A, Loutfy M. Examining Multilevel Factors Associated with the Process of Resilience among Women Living with HIV in a Large Canadian Cohort Study: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdi Zarrin S, masoumi H, tavalaye Nejad Z. Comparison of Lifestyle, Coping Strategies with Stress and Resilience in Women with Breast Cancer and Healthy Women. IJCA 2021; 2 (1) :55-65.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi Y, Ni N, Zhou Z, Dong J, Fu Y, Li J, Luan Z, Peng X. Hope and symptom burden of women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy: A cross-sectional study. J Clin Nurs. 2021 Aug;30(15-16):2293-2300. .\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWu, Z., Liu, Y. E., Li, X., \u0026amp; Li, X. Resilience and associated factors among mainland Chinese women newly diagnosed with breast cancer. PLoS One, 2016,11(12), e0167976.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoghtader L, Akbari B, Minaei H. Comparison of life expectancy, spiritual intelligence and depression in women with breast cancer and healthy women in Shahr Rasht. Women and family studies. 2015;7(28):115-28.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAghajani MJ, Akbari B. Relationship of Praying and Life Expectancy with General Health of the Women Suffering from Breast Cancer. Religion and Health, Spring \u0026amp; Summer 2017; 5(1): 1-10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKarimi N, Mousavi S, Falah-Neudehi M. 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Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal(RRJ). 2020;9(4):93-102.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKalantar Hormazi A, Talkoee S, Moradi G. Predicting Psychological Resiliency based on the Level of Religious Affiliation in Married Women. Clinical Psychology Studies. 2015;5(19):119-38.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSalimi Bajestani H, Hosseini Ghomi T, Zakeri N. Relationship religious orientation and hope with health anxiety among women nurses in Imam Khomeini hospital of Tehran. Nursing research. 2014;9(1):17-24.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZokaei N, Hassan Karyari M, Kordmirzanikozadeh E. Virtues of character and resilience in women heads of households and ordinary women. Contemporary Psychology. 2017;12(1):710-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePurbarar F, Yaghubi T. Effect of Spirituality on Women\u0026apos;s Resilience. IHJ 2021; 6 (2) :59-68.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVitorino LM, Lopes-J\u0026uacute;nior LC, de Oliveira GH, Tenaglia M, Brunheroto A, Cortez PJO, Lucchetti G. Spiritual and religious coping and depression among family caregivers of pediatric cancer patients in Latin America. Psycho-Oncology. 2018;27(8):1900\u0026ndash;1907.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKrok D, Zarzycka B, Telka E. The Religious Meaning System and Resilience in Spouse Caregivers of Cancer Patients: A Moderated Mediation Model of Hope and Affect. J Relig Health. 2021 Aug;60(4):2960-2976.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQiao S, Ingram L, Deal ML, Li X, Weissman SB. Resilience Resources Among African American Women Living With HIV in Southern United States. AIDS (London, England). 2019;33:S35-S44.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"religious attitude, resilience, hope, women","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3054883/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3054883/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale heads of households struggle with many problems and may encounter a lot of psychological pressure. Religious attitude may alleviate psychological pressures, and improve resilience. This study aimed to determine the relation between religious attitude, psychological resilience and hope in female heads of households in Sirjan in 2021.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis descriptive-analytical study used convenience sampling to enroll 400 eligible female heads of households covered by the Imam Khomeini relief committee in Sirjan in 2021. The Golriz-Barahani religious attitude questionnaire, the Connor-Davidson resilience scale, and the Snyder\u0026rsquo; hope scale were used to collect information. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26, and descriptive statistics and Spearman's correlation coefficients were reported.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean age of the participants was 43.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.78 years. The mean scores of religious attitude, resilience, and hope were 66.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.57 (from 100), 75.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.93 (from 100), and 32.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.50 (from 60), respectively. The results showed a significant positive relation between religious attitude and psychological resilience (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and between religious attitude and hope (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncreasing religious attitude may help improve resilience and hope among female heads of households.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The relation between religious attitude, psychological resilience and hope in female heads of households in Sirjan, Iran","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-07-18 09:05:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3054883/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ea58da8e-1295-4201-b2d3-850f72b1c990","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 18th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-09-25T11:14:26+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-07-18 09:05:35","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3054883","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3054883","identity":"rs-3054883","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}