Magnitude and Predictors of Urologic Emergencies outcome: a Tertiary Hospital-based cross-sectional study

Magnitude and Predictors of Urologic Emergencies outcome: a Tertiary Hospital-based cross-sectional study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Magnitude and Predictors of Urologic Emergencies outcome: a Tertiary Hospital-based cross-sectional study Eyerusalem Fissehatsion Dejene, Ayalkibet Alemayehu Debele, Tilaneh Leyeh Demilow This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8490608/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Urologic emergencies are conditions related to urology that need to be managed immediately to prevent severe and permanent morbidity or death. These include a different spectrum of diseases and may be related to traumatic or non-traumatic causes. There have been few studies conducted on this aspect, and accordingly, although they don’t account for the majority of causes of emergency visits, the disease burden is high. It also revealed geographical variations in the presentation of urological emergencies, with an incidence ranging from 1.5% to 34% of emergency department admissions. Method A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary hospital between August 1 and November 30, 2024, among all adult patients with urologic emergencies who visited the emergency department during the study period. Data were collected using Kobo Toolbox and analyzed with SPSS v27. Descriptive statistics were presented in tables and figures. Variables with P < 0.25 in bivariate analysis were entered into multivariate logistic regression. Associations were expressed as adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and P < 0.05 indicated significance. Result About 162 patients were included in the study, and urologic emergencies account for 12.2% (176/1446) of all surgical emergencies. The most common presentation of urologic emergency patients was flank pain, at 100 (61.7%), followed by urinary retention, at 23 (14.2%), and hematuria, at 12 (7.4%). Trauma related to the Genitourinary system, which is seen in 14(8.6%), is among the reasons for emergency visits during the study period. Emergency intervention was done for (n = 151, 93%) of the patients, with the most common procedure performed for non-traumatic urologic emergencies being Ureteric stenting for 46 (30.5%), Percutaneous nephrostomy for 27(17.9%), transurethral catheterization for 23(15.2%), and stone extraction for (n = 19 12.5%). Patients who came within 1 month or less duration of symptoms have approximately 4.3 times higher odds of improved outcome when compared with those with duration of symptoms of > 1month (AOR: 4,34; 95% CI: 1.45–12.99). Additionally, having increased abnormal creatinine at presentation has inversely affected improved outcome by an odds ratio of 0.1(95% CI: 0.01–0.82). Conclusion Urological emergencies account for a significant proportion of all emergency surgery presentations. Renal colic with or without obstructive uropathy is the leading cause of surgical emergency admissions in this geographic area. Delayed presentation and abnormal creatinine level at presentation negatively affect the outcome of patients. urologic emergencies obstructive uropathy Urolithiasis Emergency department INTRODUCTION Urology is a specialty that addresses disease conditions related to the male reproductive system and the urinary system of both sexes. Urological emergencies are conditions related to the urinary system that need to be treated right away to prevent morbidity and death. Fortunately, they are usually not life-threatening, but to avoid long-term consequences and to obtain excellent results, early and expeditious action is needed. The majority need surgical intervention of some kind as the final course of treatment. Around 5.84% of all surgical emergency admissions were cases of urology, which accounts for a significant proportion of total urology admissions (27.18%)[ 1 , 2 ]. Urological emergencies are one of the common reasons for patients to visit the emergency department (ED). Even though there is variation in the types of emergencies in the world, there is an overall increase in the admission of patients to the ED due to urologic emergencies. The prevalence of urological emergencies may vary depending on the socioeconomic status and demographics of the local populations around the globe [ 1 – 3 ]. Among those who need medical or surgical interventions, 34% of cases require urologists, with a greater occurrence of patients in their sixth and seventh decades of life, as well as a higher frequency of men[ 4 ]. From all surgical emergency admissions, urologic conditions have a variable share across the studies, ranging from 1.5% to 21.9% [ 3 , 5 ]. In resource-limited setups like sub-Saharan countries, urologic emergencies account for a significant fraction of emergency admissions. They can be fatal; thus, it's important to identify them quickly and get treatment right away to reduce mortality and enhance quality of life[ 2 ]. According to a study done at a regional Hospital in West Africa, urological emergencies accounted for 3.7% of all emergencies[ 6 ]. Urologic emergencies can be traumatic or non-traumatic urinary tract diseases that can impact the proper functioning of the urinary system in both sexes.[ 7 , 8 ] Urine retention, hematuria, testicular torsion, priapism, phimosis, urosepsis, renal colic, and hemorrhagic testicular tumors are some examples of non-traumatic urologic emergencies[ 3 , 7 , 9 ]. Urinary retention is the most frequent urological emergency, as shown in studies[ 6 , 7 , 9 ]. The failure to micturate or completely empty the bladder because of a mechanical or functional blockage of the bladder outlet is known as urinary retention. Urethral catheterization or suprapubic catheter insertion is the first line of treatment, which relieves retention while the etiology is assessed and treated[ 9 ]. The genitourinary system is largely shielded from direct external impact, except for the scrotum and male urethra. Reports from a study in Burkina Faso showed urogenital trauma accounting for 6.51% of urological emergencies, with the most frequent injury being to the urethra (47.06%)[ 6 ]. Trauma often includes blunt traumas such as those sustained in car crashes, falls from a height, sports injuries, or open wounds from sharp objects like gunshot or stabbing wounds. The avoidance and treatment of consequences, including renal impairment and urosepsis, as well as the early presentation, identification, and quick care of urologic malignancies, will all contribute to a lower death rate[ 2 ]. A crucial aspect of urology practice is treating urological emergencies. Different regions have different patterns of disease presentation[ 10 , 11 ]. Surgical conditions, including urology, cause 28–32% of the world's disease burden[ 12 ]. Measuring the surgical burden of disease, especially urological cases, in sub-Saharan Africa is inherently challenging. Characteristics such as endemic poverty, poor literacy rates, cultural beliefs, and overall skepticism of healthcare, combined with the absence of national health insurance, cause diseases to be underestimated [ 13 , 14 ]. Therefore, it is typical to present late with an advanced illness. Determining the incidence of a condition will help allocate these limited resources for the delivery of effective and efficient surgical care. Due to the relative lack of data on the various emergency presentation patterns in Ethiopia, this review of acute urology presentations is a crucial discussion to have to raise awareness and provide vital information for public health interventions, resource allocation, and health planning in resource-limited settings. The primary aim of this study is to describe the burden, predictors of outcome, and early management outcomes of urological emergencies. This cross-sectional study has been reported in line with the STROBE guideline.[ 15 ] METHODOLOGY Study area The study was conducted in Hawassa Specialized Hospital. Hawassa is the capital city of the Sidama Region, located 275km south of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Urology is one of the six subspecialties in the surgical department at this tertiary hospital. The emergency department is a broad department with a separate space for the adult and pediatric age groups. The adult emergency room has a total of 54 beds and receives patients presenting with both medical and surgical complaints. And patients are stratified again as medical and surgical after triage. The surgical emergency unit accepts patients of different subspecialties such as urology, neurosurgery, vascular, orthopedic, hepatobiliary, cardiothoracic, and plastic surgery. Study design and period A cross-sectional study was conducted from August 1, 2024, to November 30, 2024, among patients admitted to the ED from August 1 to November 30, 2024. All patients who presented to the emergency department with any emergency urologic condition were included in the study population. Sample size determination The minimum sample size required for this study was determined using a single population proportion formula with assumptions of confidence level at 95%, a margin of error ( d ) = 0.05, and based on an estimated proportion of urologic emergencies among all surgical admissions at the emergency department, 21.9% was used to obtain a sample size of 262. Data collection procedure After obtaining approval of the proposal from the institutional review board (IRB), data were collected from the emergency department by two trained nurses and supervised by two surgical residents, after receiving detailed orientation and an explanation of the study objectives. Data was taken by directly evaluating the patient and reviewing the management done from the charts according to the medical records of the patients. Subsequent decisions and courses of action regarding the patient's condition were followed according to the target variables and documented at discharge from the hospital. Data Quality Assurance A thorough analysis of pertinent research and related literature preceded the preparation of the data collection tool to ensure the quality of the data. Enough information regarding the variables and cases, along with their measurement units, was provided to the data collectors. A readable and clear record format was also prepared, and the researcher oversaw the data collection process. The supervisors evaluated and cross-checked the collected data every day, and the investigator used the Kobo Toolbox software every other day to verify completeness. If any data was missing, the patient was traced back through the registered contact number, and the data was completed. Data processing and Analysis Using SPSS version 27, data were entered, cleaned, recoded, and examined. Once the distribution of the data had been verified, descriptive statistics were used to describe the frequencies, percentages, and rates, as well as to compute the mean and standard deviation. For multivariate analysis, a logistic regression model will be employed to determine the independent variable groups that determine the outcome of cases managed with urologic emergencies. Biologically plausible and marginally associated independent variables (p-value < 0.05) that demonstrated a substantial association in prior research were included in the multivariate analysis to account for all potential confounders. To identify a statistically significant relationship between variables, a P-value of less than 0.05 was utilized. The crude and adjusted odds ratios (AORs), together with their corresponding 95% confidence interval, were employed. RESULTS Magnitude and socio-demographic characteristics of study participants Of all surgical emergencies hospitalized throughout the study period, urological emergencies account for 12.2% (176/1446). During the 4 months (August 1- November 30, 2024), we managed to include 162 study participants identified presenting to the emergency with complaints of urologic conditions. In terms of sociodemographic characteristics, the study found that the majority of participants came from rural areas, accounting for 108(66.7%), and 54(33.3%) came from urban areas. Based on the region of residence, 111(68.5%) came from Sidama, 37(22.8%) came from Oromia, and 14(8.6%) came from other regions. There were 36 (22%) female participants and 126 (78%) male participants, making up the majority of the study. The mean age of the patients was 44 ± 17.1 years, with extremes of 17 and 99 years. Regarding marital status, 127(78.4%) of the study participants were married, 29(17.9%) were unmarried, and 6(3.7%) were divorced. The socio-professional category with the highest representation in 80(49.4%) of the cases was farmers, followed by housewives 18 (21.6%), employees 14(11.1%), and others like students, merchants, and drivers accounting for the rest of the share. Regarding health insurance coverage of the participants, 64(39.5%) lacked health insurance, whereas 98(60.5%) had it. The educational status distribution of the study shows that 70 (43.2%) of participants can’t read or write, 49 (30.2%) have primary level education, and 43 (26.6%) have secondary education level and above. Table 1 Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of Urologic emergency patients (n = 162) Frequency (n = 162) Percentage Sex Male 126 77.8% Female 36 22.2% Address Rural 108 66.7% Urban 54 33.3% Occupation Farmer 80 49.1% Housewife 34 20.9% Merchant 10 6.1% Employee 18 11.0% Student 14 8.6% Driver 7 4.3% health insurance coverage Yes 98 60.5% No 64 39.5% marital status Married 127 78.4% Single 29 17.9% Widowed 6 3.7% Clinical presentation of urologic emergencies The analysis based on mode of arrival revealed that 102 participants (63%) were referred from various health facilities with emergency conditions, 37 (22.8%) linked from the urologic referral clinic, 6(3.7%) directly came from home, and the remaining 17(10.5%) linked from other departments of the hospital, like gynecology and obstetrics. The commonest presentation of urologic emergency patients was flank pain 100(61.7%), followed by urinary retention 23(14.2%) and hematuria 12(7.4%). Trauma related to the Genitourinary system, which is seen in 14 (8.6%), is among the reasons for emergency visits during the study period. Motor vehicle accident is the most common cause of trauma n = 7, followed by iatrogenic injuries n = 4. Though those patients presenting with non-traumatic urologic emergencies came to the health facility within one month of noticing the symptoms 74(50.3%), great number of patients 73(49.7%) are found to have the symptoms for long (> 1 month) but did not present early to our hospital for different reasons like financial 20(27.8%), lack of awareness 21(29.2%) undermining symptoms 20(27.8%), delayed referral 11(13.9%). Complete blood count was determined for all patients, and 63(38.9%) were anemic, while 99(61.1%) had a normal hematocrit level. Renal function was also determined, and 102(63%) participants had raised creatinine values, while 60(37%) had normal range creatinine at presentation to the hospital. Urinalysis was done for 148 patients, and 88(59.5%) showed signs of urinary tract infection (UTI) on either dipstick or microscopic examination, while 60(40.5) did not show any sign of UTI. Abdominopelvic ultrasound was done for 144 of the study participants with nontraumatic causes, and hydronephrosis was seen at least in one of the kidneys in 105(72.9%), the leading cause being urolithiasis in 73(69%) of those with hydronephrosis. Urolithiasis, or the presence of a stone at any anatomic region of the urinary tract, is the major cause of flank pain, 69/100 (69%) of urologic emergencies resulting in Obstructive uropathy. Other causes of obstructive uropathy, such as advanced cervical cancer 15(10.4%) and late complication of benign prostatic hyperplasia 12(8.3%). Urinary bladder retention is the second common presentation observed in 25(15.4%) participants with Urethral stricture, in 9 cases being the primary cause for retention, followed by Benign prostatic hyperplasia seen in 7 cases. Benign prostatic Hyperplasia/ bleeding prostate was the main etiology of gross hematuria in 50% (6/12), and Bladder cancer in 4/12 of the participants. Table 2 Table 2 Clinical characteristics of participants at presentation Category Variables Frequency Percentage presenting chief complaint * urinary retention 23 14.2% Hematuria 12 7.4% Flank pain with fever 13 8.0% flank pain without fever 87 53.7% anuria or oliguria 8 4.9% burning type of urination 4 2.5% Genital ulcer/wound 1 0.6% Trauma 11 6.8% Other 3 1.9% for non-traumatic causes, duration of complaint less than 1 month 74 50.3% between 1month and 1 year 61 41.5% above 1 year 12 8.2% Total 147 100% Reason delayed presentation of greater than 1 month Financial 20 27.8% lack of awareness 21 29.2% unavailability of transportation 1 1.4% undermining symptoms 20 27.8% delayed referral 10 13.9% Total 72 100% Mode of arrival at the hospital * direct from home 6 3.7% linked from the urology clinic 37 22.8% Referral from other institutions 102 63.0% transferred from another department 17 10.5% hematocrit interpretation * Normal 99 61.1% Anemia 63 38.9% Creatinine * Normal 60 37.0% Increased 102 63.0% urine analysis at presentation show signs of urinary tract infection 88 59.5% No sign of urinary tract infection 60 40.5% Ultrasound findings for non-traumatic causes hydronephrosis with stone 73 50.7 Hydronephrosis with bladder mass 5 3.5 Hydronephrosis with an enlarged prostate 12 8.3 enlarged prostate 14 9.7 other finding 25 17.4 Hydronephrosis with cervical cancer 15 10.4 Total 144 100.0 Causes of trauma for traumatic causes Motor Vehicle accident 7 50 Falling accident 1 7.1 Fighting injury 1 7.1 Iatrogenic 4 28.7 Unknown 1 7.1 Total 13 100 Diagnosis for non-traumatic causes BPH 17 11.4 Prostatic cancer 8 5.4 Cervical Cancer 15 10.1 Urethral stricture 11 7.4 Bladder Cancer 8 5.4 Urolithiasis 77 51.7 other diagnosis 13 8.7 Total 149 100.0 Note: n = 162 for categories with asterisks (*) Management and initial outcome of urologic emergencies Emergency intervention was done for (n = 151, 93%) of the patients, with the remaining managed with follow-up and observation conservatively, though some were not managed due to being discharged against medical advice for financial reasons (n = 11, 6.8%). The most common procedure performed for non-traumatic urologic emergencies was Ureteric stenting for 46 (30.5%), Percutaneous nephrostomy 27(17.9%), transurethral catheterization 23(15.2%), and stone extraction (each n = 19, 12.5%). Of the 14 trauma cases, emergency interventions were done for 12 participants. 6 were surgically explored and managed, 3 suprapubic cystostomy the rest with stenting, transurethral successful catheterization, and percutaneous nephrostomy. 1 participant was managed conservatively with follow-up for Grade 3 renal injury, and 1 patient left against medical advice. The majority of patients, n = 131 (80.9%), had favorable outcomes. However, complications included mortality of 3 participants and n = 14(8.6%) left against medical advice, while the remaining 14 (8.6%) cases were discharged with a link to Nephrology for management end end-stage renal disease. Table 3 Table 3 Emergency surgical interventions for urologic emergencies Frequency Percent Emergency surgical intervention Done 151 93.2 Not Done 11 6.8 Total 162 100 Type of surgical intervention * Transurethral catheterization 23 15.2 Suprapubic catheterization 9 6.0 Bladder irrigation 8 5.3 Stenting 46 30.5 Percutaneous nephrostomy 27 17.9 stone extraction 19 12.6 Debridement 3 2.0 other interventions 14 10.6 Patient outcome Death 3 1.9 Improved 113 69.8 Admitted to the ward 18 11.1 Discharged against medical advice 14 8.6 Same condition 14 8.6 Not improved 31 19.1 Overall outcome Improved 131 80.9 Note: n = 151 for categories with asterisks (*) Factors associated with the overall outcome of the urologic emergency patients Binary regression analysis was done to identify variables that affect the outcome and tested individually. The sociodemographic variables, such as Sex, occupation, educational status, marital status, mode of arrival, and the ownership of health insurance, have no significant association with the outcome of patients managed with urologic emergencies. As well as analysis was done to test other variables such as presenting complaints, ultrasound findings, presence of infection on urinalysis, and working diagnosis, which all did not show a statistically significant association with the overall outcome. On bivariate analysis, duration of symptoms, elevated creatinine above the normal range, and presence of intervention independently showed a significant association with the overall outcome of the participants. The multivariable logistic regression demonstrated that those who came within 1 month or less duration of symptoms have approximately 4.3 times higher odds of improved outcome when compared with those with duration of symptoms of > 1month (AOR: 4,34; 95% CI: 1.45–12.99). Additionally, having increased creatinine at presentation has inversely affected improved outcome by an odds ratio of 0.1(95% CI: 0.01–0.82). Table 4 Table 4 Factors associated with outcome of urologic emergencies Variables Category Outcome COR (95%CI) p-value AOR (95%CI) Improved Not Improved Emergency intervention Done 130 21 0.016(0.002–0.133) Not done 1 10 Creatinine at presentation Normal 56 4 0.032 Elevated 75 27 0.19(0.06–0.59) 0.105(0.013–0.824) Duration of symptoms ≤ 1 month 73 5 8.2(2.9–23.34) 0.009 4.343 (1.45–12.9) > 1month 44 25 *Significant at a-p value < 0,05; AOR: adjusted odds ratio; COR: crude odds ratio DISCUSSION The average age of participants with the urologic emergency was 44 ± 17.1 years, which is in line with the study done in Turkey, which was 44.84 ± 19.80 for females and slightly higher, 51.65 ± 19.99 for males, 41.3 ± 21.6 years at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria.[ 3 , 5 ] We observed a definite male predominance in our series, with a sex ratio of 3.5. In fact, almost all reports on urological emergencies show this male predominance.[ 6 , 16 , 17 ] This is ascribed to the increased number of urethro-prostatic pathology-related emergencies.[ 8 ] Urolithiasis is the most common cause of non-traumatic urologic emergencies, accounting for 77(52%), and having flank pain as its main presenting complaint in 88.3% of all cases. Though slightly higher in this study, renal colic is seen similarly as the commonest urologic emergency with obstructive uropathy observed in 24.2% Shyam et al.'s study in India and 25% Fabrice Mondet et al.'s study in France[ 1 , 18 ]. In contrast, most of the studies done in Africa showed urinary retention being the leading cause of urologic emergency admission. [ 3 , 6 , 8 , 19 ]. This could be explained by the increasing prevalence of stone disease in Sub-Saharan Nations, with the highest prevalence in Ethiopia (30%) of all urologic admissions. [ 20 , 21 ]. With this regard, the commonest procedures performed in our study to alleviate the obstruction were Ureteric stenting (30.5%) and percutaneous nephrostomy tube insertion (17.9%), which make high demand and require easy availability of these materials with an affordable price for areas with low socio-economic status. This high magnitude was reported similarly in India for where 997 cases were managed with percutaneous nephrostomies to mitigate obstructive uropathy of different causes, with the highest indication being renal colic (24.2%)[ 1 ] The second most common urological emergency in our study, accounting for 15.4% of cases, was urinary bladder retention. The majority of causes for retention were urethral stricture (n = 9) followed by chronic retentions exacerbated by acute provoking factors of benign prostatic hyperplasia (n = 7). This is similar to the one reported by Talreja et al. in India.[ 1 ] But urinary retention is primarily associated with prostate tumors and continues to be the first urological emergency in most African series.[ 6 , 8 , 19 ] Due to specific socioeconomic and cultural limitations, patients in Africa typically only visit medical institutions at the stage of complications. In most cases, patients are not concerned by the initial signs of a prostate tumor. Also, older people tend to view things that influence the urogenital system as taboo.[ 11 ] Urethral stricture is also reported as the commonest cause of urologic admissions in Malawi, similar to our study, due to an equivalent increase in urethral injury from increased Motor Vehicle use and civil violence.[ 22 ] The two main methods of managing urine retention were Transurethral catheterization n = 16 and suprapubic catheterization n = 5. Two other patients were managed with Urethral dilation and urethral stone extraction. The same way patients were managed in other reported studies[ 16 ] Benign prostatic hyperplasia (bleeding prostate) followed by Bladder cancer were the commonest causes for emergency visits among participants with Hematuria, which accounts for 7.4% and third cause of all urologic emergencies. This figure is similar to the studies reported by Traore M, et al. in Burkina Faso, which was 7.28%[ 6 ] To manage these patients, a three-way urinary catheter must be inserted, and continuous bladder irrigation using normal saline must be started to remove any bladder clots. A blood transfusion can be necessary if the patient's hemodynamic stability is impacted by the bleeding. According to our study, the short-term outcome of patients managed for urologic emergencies is a favorable outcome of 80.9%. The mortality rate was 1.85%, with 8.6% left against medical advice due to financial reasons, commonly due to unavailability of materials (logistic issues), which are frequently requested for management of majorly encountered urologic emergencies, and unaffordable prices in private settings. 8.6% are found to have end-stage renal disease due to long-term effects and complications of urologic conditions. In the study, it has been identified that negative outcome of patients was associated with and majorly affected by long duration of complaint or delayed presentation due to different reasons, and elevated creatinine at presentation, similar to other reports done in Africa. CONCLUSION According to this study, urological emergencies account for a significant proportion of all emergency surgery presentations, with the most frequent non-traumatic presentation being renal colic, while the most common traumatic presentation is motor vehicle accident. The commonest intervention done was ureteric stenting to alleviate obstruction. Delays in presentation and abnormal creatinine at presentation were responsible for the negative outcomes, such as death, end-stage renal disease, and the patient leaving against medical advice with no intervention. Nonetheless, the management outcome used to be satisfactory for individuals who were diagnosed and treated early in the course of the illness. We recommend further study of why urolithiasis is common in this geographic area. Limitations of the study The analysis was conducted on a cross-sectional basis, which inherently carries the possibility of selection and measurement biases. In addition, the study was carried out in a single institution, which may limit the external validity and generalizability of the findings across different levels of the health system. Abbreviations AOR Adjusted odds ratio BPH Benign prostatic hyperplasia CI confidence interval COR Crude odds ratio ED Emergency department IRB institutional review board UTI Urinary tract infections Declarations Consent to publish: not applicable Ethics approval and consent to participate Approval of the Ethical and Protocol Review Committee of the College was obtained for this study. Informed consent was then obtained from each participant, ensuring that their participation was voluntary and based on a clear understanding of the research process. It has been registered at the research registry with registration number- researchregistry11621 . Conflict Of Interest The authors affirm that they have no financial, personal, or institutional conflicts of interest that could have influenced the conduct, outcomes, or reporting of this study. All aspects of the research, including its design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, and manuscript preparation, were carried out independently and without any external influence. Consent to Publish- not applicable Funding No funding received Author Contribution EFD was responsible for Conceptualization and supervised data collection, co-designed the study, and oversaw the study’s procedures. TLD and AAD co-designed the study, analyzed data, approved the proposal, and the manuscript. Acknowledgement WE would like to thank our families for their unwavering support Data Availability The electronic datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to confidentiality and ethical restrictions, but they can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Access will be granted to qualified researchers for purposes of academic inquiry, provided that appropriate ethical considerations are met. References Talreja S, Banerjee I, Teli R, et al. A Spectrum of Urological Emergency Reported at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital: An Experience. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9:PC12–5. 10.7860/JCDR/2015/15793.6821 . Salako A, Badmus T, Babalola R, et al. Urologic emergencies in a low-resource setting: A 10-year review from South-Western Nigeria. Niger J Med. 2020;29:291. 10.4103/njm.njm_62_20 . Muhammad AS, Onwuasoanya U, Khalid A, Abdulwahab-Ahmed A, Mungadi I, Agwu NP. Spectrum and Management of Urological Emergencies at Tertiary Hospital in Northwestern Nigeria. 2021, 2:79–86. 10.5281/zenodo.5809551 Parra Muntaner L, López Pacios JC, Piñeiro Fernández MC, et al. [Urologic disease emergency. Clinico-epidemiologic analysis at a district hospital]. Arch Esp Urol. 2001;54:411–5. Gün M, Çakmak F, İkizceli İ, Özkan S, İpekci A, Biberoğlu S, Akdeniz YS. Evaluation Of Urological Emergency Cases Admitted To Emergency Department. Archives of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2022, 7:77–81. 10.25000/ACEM.1219948 Traore MT, Yameogo CAMKD, Kabore M, Ouedraogo S. Epidemiology of Urological Emergencies at the Regional University Hospital Center of Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso. Open J Urol. 2020;10:177–83. 10.4236/oju.2020.106020 . Atim T, Obiatuegwu K, Eniola S, Ajibola H, Aisuodionoe-Shadrach O, Dakum N. Urological emergencies at the university of abuja teaching hospital Gwagwalada, Nigeria: Spectrum and initial outcome. Niger J Med. 2017;26:235. 10.4103/1115-2613.278846 . Adama O, Abdoul-Karim P, Delphine Y, et al. Management of Non-Traumatic Urological Emergencies at Souro Sanou University Teaching Hospital of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). Open J Urol. 2023;13:353–62. 10.4236/oju.2023.139040 . Mavrotas J, Gandhi A, Kalogianni V, Patel V, Batura D. Acute urinary retention. Br J Hosp Med. 2022;83:1–8. 10.12968/hmed.2021.0278 . Martin L, Pillot P, Bardonnaud N, et al. [Evaluation of the activity of a urological emergency unit in university hospital]. Prog Urol. 2014;24:62–6. 10.1016/j.purol.2013.06.004 . Fall B, Diao B, Fall PA, et al. [Urological emergencies at the Dakar university teaching hospital: epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic features]. Prog Urol. 2008;18:650–3. 10.1016/j.purol.2008.04.004 . Shrime MG, Bickler SW, Alkire BC, Mock C. Global burden of surgical disease: an estimation from the provider perspective. Lancet Glob Health. 2015;3(Suppl 2):S8–9. 10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70384-5 . Meara JG, Leather AJM, Hagander L, et al. Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2016;25:75–8. 10.1016/j.ijoa.2015.09.006 . Raykar NP, Yorlets RR, Liu C, et al. The How Project: understanding contextual challenges to global surgical care provision in low-resource settings. BMJ Glob Health. 2016;1:e000075. 10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000075 . von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. BMJ. 2007;335:806–8. 10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.AD . Ndiaye M, Sow O, Sarr A, et al. Urological Emergency in a University Hospital Setting: Epidemiological, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Aspects. Int J Clin Urol. 2020;4:51. 10.11648/j.ijcu.20200402.13 . Tela UM, Mainasara R. Spectrum of urological procedures in Yobe State University Teaching Hospital: an initial experience in a young west African hospital. Int Surg J. 2021;8:455. 10.18203/2349–2902.isj20210053 . Mondet F, Chartier-Kastler E, Yonneau L, Bohin D, Barrou B, Richard F. [Epidemiology of urological emergencies in a teaching hospital]. Prog Urol. 2002;12:437–42. Hamza BK, Ahmed M, Tolani MA, et al. Spectrum of urological emergencies and surgical interventions in a single tertiary health center. Afr J Emerg Med. 2021;11:223–6. 10.1016/j.afjem.2021.02.003 . Kassaw AB, Belete M, Assefa EM, Tareke AA. Prevalence and clinical patterns of urolithiasis in sub-saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMC Nephrol. 2024;25:334. 10.1186/s12882-024-03780-y . Mohammed S, Yohannes B, Tegegne A, Abebe K. Urolithiasis: Presentation and Surgical Outcome at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Ethiopia. Res Rep Urol. 2020;12:623–31. 10.2147/RRU.S284706 . Juvet T, Hayes JR, Ferrara S, Goche D, Macmillan RD, Singal RK. The burden of urological disease in Zomba, Malawi: A needs assessment in a sub-Saharan tertiary care center. Can Urol Association J. 2019;14. 10.5489/cuaj.5837 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 05 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 25 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 09 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 08 Jan, 2026 Editor invited by journal 05 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 02 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 02 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 31 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8490608","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":572446385,"identity":"0f1eba59-a151-4ca4-bf96-c90b404f1bae","order_by":0,"name":"Eyerusalem Fissehatsion Dejene","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hawassa University college of medicine and health sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eyerusalem","middleName":"Fissehatsion","lastName":"Dejene","suffix":""},{"id":572446386,"identity":"36ddaa26-4111-4472-a553-d61182619a71","order_by":1,"name":"Ayalkibet Alemayehu Debele","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACxoMNDBJy8uwNQLaBBXF6gFosjA17DoC0SBCtpSKx4UYCiE2EFv4ZyQ8OzqiQYGyc+fzqhh8FEgz87d0JeLVI3EgzOLjhjAQzu3RO2c0eoMMkzpzdgN+aGwkGBx+2SbAxzs5Ju8ED1GIgkYtfi/yN9A8HH/6T4GG4eSbt5h9itBjcyDE4uLFBQoLhBvux20TZYnjmTcHBGcckDAx7cthuyxhI8BD0i9zx9I0Pe2rq6uezH392880fGzn+9l4C3hdIgLF4DMAkfuUgwH8AxmJ/QFj1KBgFo2AUjEgAAEhLT6Wzkwb3AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Hawassa University college of medicine and health sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ayalkibet","middleName":"Alemayehu","lastName":"Debele","suffix":""},{"id":572446387,"identity":"d5462e12-003f-4878-b0b5-a212b8d94cb6","order_by":2,"name":"Tilaneh Leyeh Demilow","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hawassa University college of medicine and health sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tilaneh","middleName":"Leyeh","lastName":"Demilow","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-12-31 14:53:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8490608/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8490608/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":100005464,"identity":"4a348a22-b6e9-4c8b-81a5-3271f3668939","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 05:34:00","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":257998,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscriptfinal.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8490608/v1/ff19c5dfa1437f5e884c3a15.docx"},{"id":100005462,"identity":"04a9db11-315e-4ea8-96a4-a826e39aa9a4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 05:33:59","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6581,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"b0fbaa322978494b9826c481a5332d80.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8490608/v1/4da645f1970970d5f85d4204.json"},{"id":100005466,"identity":"5c562160-67a5-480e-bf53-0e5c71ee0fd6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 05:34:00","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":99243,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"b0fbaa322978494b9826c481a5332d801enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8490608/v1/79c987bc23da7370f405cdd7.xml"},{"id":100005467,"identity":"5f5de71f-0ae5-4187-8478-bfd9f44cc52b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 05:34:00","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":97672,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"b0fbaa322978494b9826c481a5332d801structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8490608/v1/477e964352941dfcdd61b08d.xml"},{"id":100005463,"identity":"6a208447-f2b2-4e04-a29e-e053cac4d685","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 05:34:00","extension":"html","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":105175,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8490608/v1/5ab04692a7ffb6b45b23e39b.html"},{"id":100360623,"identity":"47066b4b-c615-46e1-8f18-b0ab94fe9150","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:39:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1068565,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8490608/v1/a557df65-094d-4a91-aa5a-e4d829b8fcaa.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Magnitude and Predictors of Urologic Emergencies outcome: a Tertiary Hospital-based cross-sectional study","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eUrology is a specialty that addresses disease conditions related to the male reproductive system and the urinary system of both sexes. Urological emergencies are conditions related to the urinary system that need to be treated right away to prevent morbidity and death. Fortunately, they are usually not life-threatening, but to avoid long-term consequences and to obtain excellent results, early and expeditious action is needed. The majority need surgical intervention of some kind as the final course of treatment. Around 5.84% of all surgical emergency admissions were cases of urology, which accounts for a significant proportion of total urology admissions (27.18%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrological emergencies are one of the common reasons for patients to visit the emergency department (ED). Even though there is variation in the types of emergencies in the world, there is an overall increase in the admission of patients to the ED due to urologic emergencies. The prevalence of urological emergencies may vary depending on the socioeconomic status and demographics of the local populations around the globe [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong those who need medical or surgical interventions, 34% of cases require urologists, with a greater occurrence of patients in their sixth and seventh decades of life, as well as a higher frequency of men[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. From all surgical emergency admissions, urologic conditions have a variable share across the studies, ranging from 1.5% to 21.9% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn resource-limited setups like sub-Saharan countries, urologic emergencies account for a significant fraction of emergency admissions. They can be fatal; thus, it's important to identify them quickly and get treatment right away to reduce mortality and enhance quality of life[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. According to a study done at a regional Hospital in West Africa, urological emergencies accounted for 3.7% of all emergencies[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrologic emergencies can be traumatic or non-traumatic urinary tract diseases that can impact the proper functioning of the urinary system in both sexes.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] Urine retention, hematuria, testicular torsion, priapism, phimosis, urosepsis, renal colic, and hemorrhagic testicular tumors are some examples of non-traumatic urologic emergencies[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrinary retention is the most frequent urological emergency, as shown in studies[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. The failure to micturate or completely empty the bladder because of a mechanical or functional blockage of the bladder outlet is known as urinary retention. Urethral catheterization or suprapubic catheter insertion is the first line of treatment, which relieves retention while the etiology is assessed and treated[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe genitourinary system is largely shielded from direct external impact, except for the scrotum and male urethra. Reports from a study in Burkina Faso showed urogenital trauma accounting for 6.51% of urological emergencies, with the most frequent injury being to the urethra (47.06%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrauma often includes blunt traumas such as those sustained in car crashes, falls from a height, sports injuries, or open wounds from sharp objects like gunshot or stabbing wounds.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe avoidance and treatment of consequences, including renal impairment and urosepsis, as well as the early presentation, identification, and quick care of urologic malignancies, will all contribute to a lower death rate[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA crucial aspect of urology practice is treating urological emergencies. Different regions have different patterns of disease presentation[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Surgical conditions, including urology, cause 28\u0026ndash;32% of the world's disease burden[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring the surgical burden of disease, especially urological cases, in sub-Saharan Africa is inherently challenging. Characteristics such as endemic poverty, poor literacy rates, cultural beliefs, and overall skepticism of healthcare, combined with the absence of national health insurance, cause diseases to be underestimated [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, it is typical to present late with an advanced illness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetermining the incidence of a condition will help allocate these limited resources for the delivery of effective and efficient surgical care. Due to the relative lack of data on the various emergency presentation patterns in Ethiopia, this review of acute urology presentations is a crucial discussion to have to raise awareness and provide vital information for public health interventions, resource allocation, and health planning in resource-limited settings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe primary aim of this study is to describe the burden, predictors of outcome, and early management outcomes of urological emergencies. This cross-sectional study has been reported in line with the STROBE guideline.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODOLOGY","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in Hawassa Specialized Hospital. Hawassa is the capital city of the Sidama Region, located 275km south of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Urology is one of the six subspecialties in the surgical department at this tertiary hospital.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe emergency department is a broad department with a separate space for the adult and pediatric age groups. The adult emergency room has a total of 54 beds and receives patients presenting with both medical and surgical complaints. And patients are stratified again as medical and surgical after triage. The surgical emergency unit accepts patients of different subspecialties such as urology, neurosurgery, vascular, orthopedic, hepatobiliary, cardiothoracic, and plastic surgery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy design and period\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional study was conducted from August 1, 2024, to November 30, 2024, among patients admitted to the ED from August 1 to November 30, 2024. All patients who presented to the emergency department with any emergency urologic condition were included in the study population.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample size determination\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe minimum sample size required for this study was determined using a single population proportion formula with assumptions of confidence level at 95%, a margin of error (\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05, and based on an estimated proportion of urologic emergencies among all surgical admissions at the emergency department, 21.9% was used to obtain a sample size of 262.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData collection procedure\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter obtaining approval of the proposal from the institutional review board (IRB), data were collected from the emergency department by two trained nurses and supervised by two surgical residents, after receiving detailed orientation and an explanation of the study objectives. Data was taken by directly evaluating the patient and reviewing the management done from the charts according to the medical records of the patients. Subsequent decisions and courses of action regarding the patient's condition were followed according to the target variables and documented at discharge from the hospital.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Quality Assurance\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA thorough analysis of pertinent research and related literature preceded the preparation of the data collection tool to ensure the quality of the data. Enough information regarding the variables and cases, along with their measurement units, was provided to the data collectors. A readable and clear record format was also prepared, and the researcher oversaw the data collection process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe supervisors evaluated and cross-checked the collected data every day, and the investigator used the Kobo Toolbox software every other day to verify completeness. If any data was missing, the patient was traced back through the registered contact number, and the data was completed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData processing and Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing SPSS version 27, data were entered, cleaned, recoded, and examined. Once the distribution of the data had been verified, descriptive statistics were used to describe the frequencies, percentages, and rates, as well as to compute the mean and standard deviation. For multivariate analysis, a logistic regression model will be employed to determine the independent variable groups that determine the outcome of cases managed with urologic emergencies. Biologically plausible and marginally associated independent variables (p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) that demonstrated a substantial association in prior research were included in the multivariate analysis to account for all potential confounders. To identify a statistically significant relationship between variables, a P-value of less than 0.05 was utilized. The crude and adjusted odds ratios (AORs), together with their corresponding 95% confidence interval, were employed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMagnitude and socio-demographic characteristics of study participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf all surgical emergencies hospitalized throughout the study period, urological emergencies account for 12.2% (176/1446). During the 4 months (August 1- November 30, 2024), we managed to include 162 study participants identified presenting to the emergency with complaints of urologic conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn terms of sociodemographic characteristics, the study found that the majority of participants came from rural areas, accounting for 108(66.7%), and 54(33.3%) came from urban areas. Based on the region of residence, 111(68.5%) came from Sidama, 37(22.8%) came from Oromia, and 14(8.6%) came from other regions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere were 36 (22%) female participants and 126 (78%) male participants, making up the majority of the study. The mean age of the patients was 44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.1 years, with extremes of 17 and 99 years. Regarding marital status, 127(78.4%) of the study participants were married, 29(17.9%) were unmarried, and 6(3.7%) were divorced. The socio-professional category with the highest representation in 80(49.4%) of the cases was farmers, followed by housewives 18 (21.6%), employees 14(11.1%), and others like students, merchants, and drivers accounting for the rest of the share.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding health insurance coverage of the participants, 64(39.5%) lacked health insurance, whereas 98(60.5%) had it. The educational status distribution of the study shows that 70 (43.2%) of participants can\u0026rsquo;t read or write, 49 (30.2%) have primary level education, and 43 (26.6%) have secondary education level and above. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of Urologic emergency patients (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;162)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;162)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMerchant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDriver\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehealth insurance coverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eClinical presentation of urologic emergencies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis based on mode of arrival revealed that 102 participants (63%) were referred from various health facilities with emergency conditions, 37 (22.8%) linked from the urologic referral clinic, 6(3.7%) directly came from home, and the remaining 17(10.5%) linked from other departments of the hospital, like gynecology and obstetrics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe commonest presentation of urologic emergency patients was flank pain 100(61.7%), followed by urinary retention 23(14.2%) and hematuria 12(7.4%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrauma related to the Genitourinary system, which is seen in 14 (8.6%), is among the reasons for emergency visits during the study period. Motor vehicle accident is the most common cause of trauma n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7, followed by iatrogenic injuries n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThough those patients presenting with non-traumatic urologic emergencies came to the health facility within one month of noticing the symptoms 74(50.3%), great number of patients 73(49.7%) are found to have the symptoms for long (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1 month) but did not present early to our hospital for different reasons like financial 20(27.8%), lack of awareness 21(29.2%) undermining symptoms 20(27.8%), delayed referral 11(13.9%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplete blood count was determined for all patients, and 63(38.9%) were anemic, while 99(61.1%) had a normal hematocrit level. Renal function was also determined, and 102(63%) participants had raised creatinine values, while 60(37%) had normal range creatinine at presentation to the hospital. Urinalysis was done for 148 patients, and 88(59.5%) showed signs of urinary tract infection (UTI) on either dipstick or microscopic examination, while 60(40.5) did not show any sign of UTI.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbdominopelvic ultrasound was done for 144 of the study participants with nontraumatic causes, and hydronephrosis was seen at least in one of the kidneys in 105(72.9%), the leading cause being urolithiasis in 73(69%) of those with hydronephrosis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrolithiasis, or the presence of a stone at any anatomic region of the urinary tract, is the major cause of flank pain, 69/100 (69%) of urologic emergencies resulting in Obstructive uropathy. Other causes of obstructive uropathy, such as advanced cervical cancer 15(10.4%) and late complication of benign prostatic hyperplasia 12(8.3%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrinary bladder retention is the second common presentation observed in 25(15.4%) participants with Urethral stricture, in 9 cases being the primary cause for retention, followed by Benign prostatic hyperplasia seen in 7 cases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBenign prostatic Hyperplasia/ bleeding prostate was the main etiology of gross hematuria in 50% (6/12), and Bladder cancer in 4/12 of the participants. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical characteristics of participants at presentation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epresenting chief complaint\u003cem\u003e*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eurinary retention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHematuria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlank pain with fever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eflank pain without fever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eanuria or oliguria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eburning type of urination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenital ulcer/wound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrauma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efor non-traumatic causes, duration of complaint\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eless than 1 month\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebetween 1month and 1 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabove 1 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReason delayed presentation of greater than 1 month\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinancial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elack of awareness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eunavailability of transportation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eundermining symptoms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edelayed referral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMode of arrival at the hospital\u003cem\u003e*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edirect from home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elinked from the urology clinic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferral from other institutions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etransferred from another department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehematocrit interpretation\u003cem\u003e*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnemia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreatinine\u003cem\u003e*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncreased\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eurine analysis at presentation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eshow signs of urinary tract infection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo sign of urinary tract infection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUltrasound findings for non-traumatic causes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehydronephrosis with stone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydronephrosis with bladder mass\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydronephrosis with an enlarged prostate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eenlarged prostate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eother finding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydronephrosis with cervical cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCauses of trauma for traumatic causes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotor Vehicle accident\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFalling accident\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFighting injury\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIatrogenic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnosis for non-traumatic causes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBPH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProstatic cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCervical Cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrethral stricture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBladder Cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrolithiasis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eother diagnosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNote: n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;162 for categories with asterisks (*)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eManagement and initial outcome of urologic emergencies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmergency intervention was done for (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;151, 93%) of the patients, with the remaining managed with follow-up and observation conservatively, though some were not managed due to being discharged against medical advice for financial reasons (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11, 6.8%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most common procedure performed for non-traumatic urologic emergencies was Ureteric stenting for 46 (30.5%), Percutaneous nephrostomy 27(17.9%), transurethral catheterization 23(15.2%), and stone extraction (each n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19, 12.5%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf the 14 trauma cases, emergency interventions were done for 12 participants. 6 were surgically explored and managed, 3 suprapubic cystostomy the rest with stenting, transurethral successful catheterization, and percutaneous nephrostomy. 1 participant was managed conservatively with follow-up for Grade 3 renal injury, and 1 patient left against medical advice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority of patients, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;131 (80.9%), had favorable outcomes. However, complications included mortality of 3 participants and n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14(8.6%) left against medical advice, while the remaining 14 (8.6%) cases were discharged with a link to Nephrology for management end end-stage renal disease. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmergency surgical interventions for urologic emergencies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmergency surgical intervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot Done\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of surgical intervention\u003cem\u003e*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransurethral catheterization\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuprapubic catheterization\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBladder irrigation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStenting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercutaneous nephrostomy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estone extraction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDebridement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eother interventions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatient outcome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeath\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdmitted to the ward\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDischarged against medical advice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSame condition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot improved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall outcome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNote: n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;151 for categories with asterisks (*)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFactors associated with the overall outcome of the urologic emergency patients\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBinary regression analysis was done to identify variables that affect the outcome and tested individually. The sociodemographic variables, such as Sex, occupation, educational status, marital status, mode of arrival, and the ownership of health insurance, have no significant association with the outcome of patients managed with urologic emergencies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs well as analysis was done to test other variables such as presenting complaints, ultrasound findings, presence of infection on urinalysis, and working diagnosis, which all did not show a statistically significant association with the overall outcome.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn bivariate analysis, duration of symptoms, elevated creatinine above the normal range, and presence of intervention independently showed a significant association with the overall outcome of the participants. The multivariable logistic regression demonstrated that those who came within 1 month or less duration of symptoms have approximately 4.3 times higher odds of improved outcome when compared with those with duration of symptoms of \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1month (AOR: 4,34; 95% CI: 1.45\u0026ndash;12.99). Additionally, having increased creatinine at presentation has inversely affected improved outcome by an odds ratio of 0.1(95% CI: 0.01\u0026ndash;0.82). Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors associated with outcome of urologic emergencies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutcome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot Improved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEmergency intervention\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016(0.002\u0026ndash;0.133)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot done\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCreatinine at presentation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElevated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19(0.06\u0026ndash;0.59)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.105(0.013\u0026ndash;0.824)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDuration of symptoms\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;1 month\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2(2.9\u0026ndash;23.34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.343 (1.45\u0026ndash;12.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1month\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e*Significant at a-p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,05; AOR: adjusted odds ratio; COR: crude odds ratio\u003c/h2\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe average age of participants with the urologic emergency was 44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.1 years, which is in line with the study done in Turkey, which was 44.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.80 for females and slightly higher, 51.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.99 for males, 41.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.6 years at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe observed a definite male predominance in our series, with a sex ratio of 3.5. In fact, almost all reports on urological emergencies show this male predominance.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] This is ascribed to the increased number of urethro-prostatic pathology-related emergencies.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrolithiasis is the most common cause of non-traumatic urologic emergencies, accounting for 77(52%), and having flank pain as its main presenting complaint in 88.3% of all cases. Though slightly higher in this study, renal colic is seen similarly as the commonest urologic emergency with obstructive uropathy observed in 24.2% Shyam et al.'s study in India and 25% Fabrice Mondet et al.'s study in France[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, most of the studies done in Africa showed urinary retention being the leading cause of urologic emergency admission. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. This could be explained by the increasing prevalence of stone disease in Sub-Saharan Nations, with the highest prevalence in Ethiopia (30%) of all urologic admissions. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. With this regard, the commonest procedures performed in our study to alleviate the obstruction were Ureteric stenting (30.5%) and percutaneous nephrostomy tube insertion (17.9%), which make high demand and require easy availability of these materials with an affordable price for areas with low socio-economic status. This high magnitude was reported similarly in India for where 997 cases were managed with percutaneous nephrostomies to mitigate obstructive uropathy of different causes, with the highest indication being renal colic (24.2%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe second most common urological emergency in our study, accounting for 15.4% of cases, was urinary bladder retention. The majority of causes for retention were urethral stricture (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9) followed by chronic retentions exacerbated by acute provoking factors of benign prostatic hyperplasia (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7). This is similar to the one reported by Talreja et al. in India.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] But urinary retention is primarily associated with prostate tumors and continues to be the first urological emergency in most African series.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] Due to specific socioeconomic and cultural limitations, patients in Africa typically only visit medical institutions at the stage of complications. In most cases, patients are not concerned by the initial signs of a prostate tumor. Also, older people tend to view things that influence the urogenital system as taboo.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] Urethral stricture is also reported as the commonest cause of urologic admissions in Malawi, similar to our study, due to an equivalent increase in urethral injury from increased Motor Vehicle use and civil violence.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] The two main methods of managing urine retention were Transurethral catheterization n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16 and suprapubic catheterization n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5. Two other patients were managed with Urethral dilation and urethral stone extraction. The same way patients were managed in other reported studies[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBenign prostatic hyperplasia (bleeding prostate) followed by Bladder cancer were the commonest causes for emergency visits among participants with Hematuria, which accounts for 7.4% and third cause of all urologic emergencies. This figure is similar to the studies reported by Traore M, et al. in Burkina Faso, which was 7.28%[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] To manage these patients, a three-way urinary catheter must be inserted, and continuous bladder irrigation using normal saline must be started to remove any bladder clots. A blood transfusion can be necessary if the patient's hemodynamic stability is impacted by the bleeding.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to our study, the short-term outcome of patients managed for urologic emergencies is a favorable outcome of 80.9%. The mortality rate was 1.85%, with 8.6% left against medical advice due to financial reasons, commonly due to unavailability of materials (logistic issues), which are frequently requested for management of majorly encountered urologic emergencies, and unaffordable prices in private settings. 8.6% are found to have end-stage renal disease due to long-term effects and complications of urologic conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the study, it has been identified that negative outcome of patients was associated with and majorly affected by long duration of complaint or delayed presentation due to different reasons, and elevated creatinine at presentation, similar to other reports done in Africa.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to this study, urological emergencies account for a significant proportion of all emergency surgery presentations, with the most frequent non-traumatic presentation being renal colic, while the most common traumatic presentation is motor vehicle accident. The commonest intervention done was ureteric stenting to alleviate obstruction. Delays in presentation and abnormal creatinine at presentation were responsible for the negative outcomes, such as death, end-stage renal disease, and the patient leaving against medical advice with no intervention. Nonetheless, the management outcome used to be satisfactory for individuals who were diagnosed and treated early in the course of the illness. We recommend further study of why urolithiasis is common in this geographic area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations of the study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis was conducted on a cross-sectional basis, which inherently carries the possibility of selection and measurement biases. In addition, the study was carried out in a single institution, which may limit the external validity and generalizability of the findings across different levels of the health system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAOR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eBPH\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBenign prostatic hyperplasia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003econfidence interval\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCOR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude odds ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eED\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmergency department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eIRB\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003einstitutional review board\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eUTI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrinary tract infections\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":" \u003ch2\u003eConsent to publish:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003enot applicable\u003c/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e Approval of the Ethical and Protocol Review Committee of the College was obtained for this study. Informed consent was then obtained from each participant, ensuring that their participation was voluntary and based on a clear understanding of the research process. It has been registered at the research registry with registration number- \u003cb\u003eresearchregistry11621\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConflict Of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors affirm that they have no financial, personal, or institutional conflicts of interest that could have influenced the conduct, outcomes, or reporting of this study. All aspects of the research, including its design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, and manuscript preparation, were carried out independently and without any external influence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConsent to Publish-\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003enot applicable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo funding received\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEFD was responsible for Conceptualization and supervised data collection, co-designed the study, and oversaw the study\u0026rsquo;s procedures. TLD and AAD co-designed the study, analyzed data, approved the proposal, and the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWE would like to thank our families for their unwavering support\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe electronic datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to confidentiality and ethical restrictions, but they can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Access will be granted to qualified researchers for purposes of academic inquiry, provided that appropriate ethical considerations are met.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTalreja S, Banerjee I, Teli R, et al. A Spectrum of Urological Emergency Reported at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital: An Experience. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9:PC12\u0026ndash;5. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.7860/JCDR/2015/15793.6821\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.7860/JCDR/2015/15793.6821\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSalako A, Badmus T, Babalola R, et al. Urologic emergencies in a low-resource setting: A 10-year review from South-Western Nigeria. Niger J Med. 2020;29:291. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.4103/njm.njm_62_20\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4103/njm.njm_62_20\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMuhammad AS, Onwuasoanya U, Khalid A, Abdulwahab-Ahmed A, Mungadi I, Agwu NP. Spectrum and Management of Urological Emergencies at Tertiary Hospital in Northwestern Nigeria. 2021, 2:79\u0026ndash;86. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.5281/zenodo.5809551\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.5281/zenodo.5809551\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eParra Muntaner L, L\u0026oacute;pez Pacios JC, Pi\u0026ntilde;eiro Fern\u0026aacute;ndez MC, et al. [Urologic disease emergency. Clinico-epidemiologic analysis at a district hospital]. Arch Esp Urol. 2001;54:411\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eG\u0026uuml;n M, \u0026Ccedil;akmak F, İkizceli İ, \u0026Ouml;zkan S, İpekci A, Biberoğlu S, Akdeniz YS. Evaluation Of Urological Emergency Cases Admitted To Emergency Department. Archives of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2022, 7:77\u0026ndash;81. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.25000/ACEM.1219948\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.25000/ACEM.1219948\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTraore MT, Yameogo CAMKD, Kabore M, Ouedraogo S. Epidemiology of Urological Emergencies at the Regional University Hospital Center of Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso. Open J Urol. 2020;10:177\u0026ndash;83. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.4236/oju.2020.106020\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4236/oju.2020.106020\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAtim T, Obiatuegwu K, Eniola S, Ajibola H, Aisuodionoe-Shadrach O, Dakum N. Urological emergencies at the university of abuja teaching hospital Gwagwalada, Nigeria: Spectrum and initial outcome. Niger J Med. 2017;26:235. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.4103/1115-2613.278846\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4103/1115-2613.278846\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdama O, Abdoul-Karim P, Delphine Y, et al. Management of Non-Traumatic Urological Emergencies at Souro Sanou University Teaching Hospital of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). Open J Urol. 2023;13:353\u0026ndash;62. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.4236/oju.2023.139040\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4236/oju.2023.139040\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMavrotas J, Gandhi A, Kalogianni V, Patel V, Batura D. Acute urinary retention. Br J Hosp Med. 2022;83:1\u0026ndash;8. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.12968/hmed.2021.0278\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.12968/hmed.2021.0278\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMartin L, Pillot P, Bardonnaud N, et al. [Evaluation of the activity of a urological emergency unit in university hospital]. Prog Urol. 2014;24:62\u0026ndash;6. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.purol.2013.06.004\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.purol.2013.06.004\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFall B, Diao B, Fall PA, et al. [Urological emergencies at the Dakar university teaching hospital: epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic features]. Prog Urol. 2008;18:650\u0026ndash;3. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.purol.2008.04.004\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.purol.2008.04.004\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShrime MG, Bickler SW, Alkire BC, Mock C. Global burden of surgical disease: an estimation from the provider perspective. Lancet Glob Health. 2015;3(Suppl 2):S8\u0026ndash;9. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70384-5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70384-5\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMeara JG, Leather AJM, Hagander L, et al. Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2016;25:75\u0026ndash;8. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.ijoa.2015.09.006\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.ijoa.2015.09.006\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRaykar NP, Yorlets RR, Liu C, et al. The How Project: understanding contextual challenges to global surgical care provision in low-resource settings. BMJ Glob Health. 2016;1:e000075. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000075\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000075\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003evon Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, G\u0026oslash;tzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. BMJ. 2007;335:806\u0026ndash;8. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.AD\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.AD\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNdiaye M, Sow O, Sarr A, et al. Urological Emergency in a University Hospital Setting: Epidemiological, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Aspects. Int J Clin Urol. 2020;4:51. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.11648/j.ijcu.20200402.13\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.11648/j.ijcu.20200402.13\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTela UM, Mainasara R. Spectrum of urological procedures in Yobe State University Teaching Hospital: an initial experience in a young west African hospital. Int Surg J. 2021;8:455. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.18203/2349\u0026ndash;2902.isj20210053\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.18203/2349\u0026ndash;2902.isj20210053\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMondet F, Chartier-Kastler E, Yonneau L, Bohin D, Barrou B, Richard F. [Epidemiology of urological emergencies in a teaching hospital]. Prog Urol. 2002;12:437\u0026ndash;42.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHamza BK, Ahmed M, Tolani MA, et al. Spectrum of urological emergencies and surgical interventions in a single tertiary health center. Afr J Emerg Med. 2021;11:223\u0026ndash;6. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.afjem.2021.02.003\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.afjem.2021.02.003\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKassaw AB, Belete M, Assefa EM, Tareke AA. Prevalence and clinical patterns of urolithiasis in sub-saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMC Nephrol. 2024;25:334. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s12882-024-03780-y\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12882-024-03780-y\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMohammed S, Yohannes B, Tegegne A, Abebe K. Urolithiasis: Presentation and Surgical Outcome at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Ethiopia. Res Rep Urol. 2020;12:623\u0026ndash;31. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.2147/RRU.S284706\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.2147/RRU.S284706\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u0026lt;\\/p\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJuvet T, Hayes JR, Ferrara S, Goche D, Macmillan RD, Singal RK. The burden of urological disease in Zomba, Malawi: A needs assessment in a sub-Saharan tertiary care center. Can Urol Association J. 2019;14. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.5489/cuaj.5837\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.5489/cuaj.5837\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-emergency-medicine","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"emmd","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Emergency Medicine](http://bmcemergmed.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/emmd","title":"BMC Emergency Medicine","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"urologic emergencies, obstructive uropathy, Urolithiasis, Emergency department","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8490608/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8490608/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrologic emergencies are conditions related to urology that need to be managed immediately to prevent severe and permanent morbidity or death. These include a different spectrum of diseases and may be related to traumatic or non-traumatic causes. There have been few studies conducted on this aspect, and accordingly, although they don\u0026rsquo;t account for the majority of causes of emergency visits, the disease burden is high. It also revealed geographical variations in the presentation of urological emergencies, with an incidence ranging from 1.5% to 34% of emergency department admissions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethod\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary hospital between August 1 and November 30, 2024, among all adult patients with urologic emergencies who visited the emergency department during the study period. Data were collected using Kobo Toolbox and analyzed with SPSS v27. Descriptive statistics were presented in tables and figures. Variables with P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.25 in bivariate analysis were entered into multivariate logistic regression. Associations were expressed as adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 indicated significance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResult\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout 162 patients were included in the study, and urologic emergencies account for 12.2% (176/1446) of all surgical emergencies. The most common presentation of urologic emergency patients was flank pain, at 100 (61.7%), followed by urinary retention, at 23 (14.2%), and hematuria, at 12 (7.4%). Trauma related to the Genitourinary system, which is seen in 14(8.6%), is among the reasons for emergency visits during the study period. Emergency intervention was done for (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;151, 93%) of the patients, with the most common procedure performed for non-traumatic urologic emergencies being Ureteric stenting for 46 (30.5%), Percutaneous nephrostomy for 27(17.9%), transurethral catheterization for 23(15.2%), and stone extraction for (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19 12.5%). Patients who came within 1 month or less duration of symptoms have approximately 4.3 times higher odds of improved outcome when compared with those with duration of symptoms of \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1month (AOR: 4,34; 95% CI: 1.45\u0026ndash;12.99). Additionally, having increased abnormal creatinine at presentation has inversely affected improved outcome by an odds ratio of 0.1(95% CI: 0.01\u0026ndash;0.82).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrological emergencies account for a significant proportion of all emergency surgery presentations. Renal colic with or without obstructive uropathy is the leading cause of surgical emergency admissions in this geographic area. Delayed presentation and abnormal creatinine level at presentation negatively affect the outcome of patients.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Magnitude and Predictors of Urologic Emergencies outcome: a Tertiary Hospital-based cross-sectional study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-12 05:33:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8490608/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-03-05T05:05:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-25T05:19:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"72994714604342474010088718309816896494","date":"2026-02-22T05:35:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"157427457616916848897678261058589298590","date":"2026-02-19T19:22:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"280533766816799690756826799602879830236","date":"2026-02-02T08:29:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-09T21:06:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"145454272443674841271172950572259268101","date":"2026-01-09T20:44:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-08T09:25:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-05T08:30:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-02T08:12:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-02T08:11:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Emergency Medicine","date":"2025-12-31T14:37:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-emergency-medicine","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"emmd","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Emergency Medicine](http://bmcemergmed.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/emmd","title":"BMC Emergency Medicine","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"19db7f29-a3ed-43ad-afeb-e8d7e838efe6","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 12th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-30T04:24:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-12 05:33:54","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8490608","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8490608","identity":"rs-8490608","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}