Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Response, Enhanced Electrical Resistivity, and Magnetic Tunability in Ti4+-Mn2+ co-doped CoFe₂O₄ Nanoparticles Synthesized via Sol-gel Method.

Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Response, Enhanced Electrical Resistivity, and Magnetic Tunability in Ti4+-Mn2+ co-doped CoFe₂O₄ Nanoparticles Synthesized via Sol-gel Method. | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Response, Enhanced Electrical Resistivity, and Magnetic Tunability in Ti 4+ -Mn 2+ co-doped CoFe₂O₄ Nanoparticles Synthesized via Sol-gel Method. Ramesh T. Ubale, Manjusha V. Gangurde, Suchita V. Deshmukh3, Chandrashekhar M. Kale This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7110708/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The Ti 4+ -Mn 2+ co-doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles, CoFe 2-2x Ti x Mn x O 4 (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20), were synthesized via the sol-gel auto-combustion method to investigate their structural, magnetic, electrical, and dielectric properties. X-ray diffraction confirmed a single-phase cubic spinel structure for all compositions, with lattice constants increasing with doping concentration (x), attributed to ionic radius disparities between substituted (Ti 4+ , Mn 2+ ) and host (Co 2+ , Fe 3+ ) ions. Scherrer’s analysis revealed crystallite sizes (nanoscale: ~17–24 nm), consistent with nanocrystalline morphology. SEM images displayed spherical grains with an average size of 50–80 nm with moderate agglomeration. FTIR spectra exhibited characteristic absorption bands near 600 cm -1 and 400 cm -1 , affirming the spinel framework. Magnetic properties, including saturation magnetization (45–60 emu/g) and magneton number, exhibited non-monotonic trends with doping, likely due to cation redistribution and spin canting. DC resistivity increased with x, linked to reduced electron hopping between Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ ions as Ti 4+ and Mn 2+ occupied octahedral sites. Dielectric parameters (permittivity, loss tangent) decreased with rising frequency 1 kHz-1 MHz, typical of Maxwell-Wagner interfacial polarization. The Ti 4+ -Mn 2+ co-doping induced tunable structural distortions and cation redistribution, enhancing electrical resistivity while retaining magnetic functionality. These modifications, coupled with low dielectric losses at high frequencies, suggest the optimized compositions x = 0.15–0.20 are promising for high-frequency applications, such as miniaturized inductors, antennas, and electromagnetic interference shielding materials. Magnetics Materials and Devices Nanoscience Magnetism Sol-gel Nanoparticles XRD SEM VSM Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files Graphicalabstract.docx Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Response, Enhanced Electrical Resistivity, and Magnetic Tunability in Ti 4+ -Mn 2+ co-doped CoFe₂O₄ Nanoparticles Synthesized via Sol-gel Method Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7110708","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":484559667,"identity":"8bcbd5f6-d292-48b0-aee7-7d0c73bb48fe","order_by":0,"name":"Ramesh T. 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X-ray diffraction confirmed a single-phase cubic spinel structure for all compositions, with lattice constants increasing with doping concentration (x), attributed to ionic radius disparities between substituted (Ti\u003csup\u003e4+\u003c/sup\u003e, Mn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e) and host (Co\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e) ions. Scherrer\u0026rsquo;s analysis revealed crystallite sizes (nanoscale: ~17\u0026ndash;24 nm), consistent with nanocrystalline morphology. SEM images displayed spherical grains with an average size of 50\u0026ndash;80 nm with moderate agglomeration. FTIR spectra exhibited characteristic absorption bands near 600 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and 400 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, affirming the spinel framework. Magnetic properties, including saturation magnetization (45\u0026ndash;60 emu/g) and magneton number, exhibited non-monotonic trends with doping, likely due to cation redistribution and spin canting. DC resistivity increased with x, linked to reduced electron hopping between Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e and Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e ions as Ti\u003csup\u003e4+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e occupied octahedral sites. Dielectric parameters (permittivity, loss tangent) decreased with rising frequency 1 kHz-1 MHz, typical of Maxwell-Wagner interfacial polarization. The Ti\u003csup\u003e4+\u003c/sup\u003e-Mn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e co-doping induced tunable structural distortions and cation redistribution, enhancing electrical resistivity while retaining magnetic functionality. These modifications, coupled with low dielectric losses at high frequencies, suggest the optimized compositions x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.15\u0026ndash;0.20 are promising for high-frequency applications, such as miniaturized inductors, antennas, and electromagnetic interference shielding materials.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Response, Enhanced Electrical Resistivity, and Magnetic Tunability in Ti4+-Mn2+ co-doped CoFe₂O₄ Nanoparticles Synthesized via Sol-gel Method.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-15 02:25:17","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7110708/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"21107ea6-c573-41d0-8122-664b99b51166","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 15th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":51445287,"name":"Magnetics Materials and Devices"},{"id":51445288,"name":"Nanoscience"},{"id":51445289,"name":"Magnetism"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-15T02:25:17+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-15 02:25:17","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7110708","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7110708","identity":"rs-7110708","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}