Utilization of irrigation, drainage, and electrical conductivity data for efficient use of nitrate in a soilless culture system

Utilization of irrigation, drainage, and electrical conductivity data for efficient use of nitrate in a soilless culture system | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Utilization of irrigation, drainage, and electrical conductivity data for efficient use of nitrate in a soilless culture system Tae In Ahn, Soo Hyun Park, Jung-Seok Yang, Ju Young Lee This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-38941/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Nitrate management in agricultural systems has mainly been established based on nitrate supply and the yield response curve. In the case of intensive fertilization systems such as soilless culture, the nitrate amount usually remains above the curve's optimal point. A surplus nutrient supply under these conditions could result in the excessive emission of chemical fertilizers. However, very few studies have developed a decision-making process for the efficient use of nitrate under the soilless culture system online. This study was conducted to develop an indicator related to the absorption of nitrate that can be applied in online systems utilizing the monitored irrigation and drainage amount data, electrical conductivity (EC), and the nitrate analysis data of irrigation and drainage. In the simulation, a stochastic change was generated for the nutrient absorption rate. The cultivation experiment verified the theoretical prediction, and a higher correlation of tomato yield with the nitrate absorption indicator was confirmed than with the nitrate supply amount. Also, the normalization of indicator and tomato yield showed dynamic time-series responses. The simulation and cultivation experiments showed that the indicator related to nitrate absorption estimated by online EC, irrigation, and drainage monitoring provides useful theoretical and experimental frameworks regarding efficient resource management decisions. Agronomy Nutrient uptake Decision support Fertilizer Nutrient use efficiency Nitrogen use efficiency Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-38941","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":756246,"identity":"408961fc-c48d-42d0-885a-61df15726a3d","order_by":0,"name":"Tae In Ahn","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tae","middleName":"In","lastName":"Ahn","suffix":""},{"id":756247,"identity":"a4b9504f-8974-4568-ada4-604a18fbae71","order_by":1,"name":"Soo Hyun Park","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Soo","middleName":"Hyun","lastName":"Park","suffix":""},{"id":756248,"identity":"41f1a3dd-146a-4801-a1ef-4837da5b6fe7","order_by":2,"name":"Jung-Seok Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jung-Seok","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":756249,"identity":"1ee3a3fd-a093-46cd-ba9c-58b628d75913","order_by":3,"name":"Ju Young Lee","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2UlEQVRIie3PMQrCMBSA4RcydAm6RgrtFVJci2dJEdqp0CNEBLs4OLYUPIlDoKCL4BV00TWrIOgTHNxeR8H8UxLykRcAn+8HY4bXd6fSSPLPiaQJM6Gs8ikSZgaRN5LC9VkDQwlvMqOkyou2Dm5ntkth0lniDSS6UmnZcZEYuOYQjjRNLL5SbrnAwWwPkaB+0mQLI1RfRDy4IHkOIktAokMOOJi1EJJkfVlxHCxplyJptJ2LyZogST3fM/dIY3k6nJ2zs0geKbLRXztcU2MBxGNL3vH5fL5/7wWJ7j9frGlOFQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5531-5523","institution":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ju","middleName":"Young","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-06-29 09:35:24","currentVersionCode":2,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-38941/v2","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-38941/v2","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":3084800,"identity":"0b854795-1f97-4484-9d27-9bfeae8a336f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-10-20 14:30:22","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":84696,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Schematic diagram of the simulation and experimental analysis.","description":"","filename":"f1.JPG","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-38941/v2/0b9fc3f5fad2674c97a1f543.JPG"},{"id":3084801,"identity":"4946d2ce-9c33-4225-ab77-c5516b684f21","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-10-20 14:30:22","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":58516,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Stochastic changes in substrate moisture content (a), nitrate concentration (b), electrical conductivity (EC, b), and nutrient absorption factor (d) in the soilless culture system simulation.\n","description":"","filename":"f2.JPG","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-38941/v2/5d170d3c7249ec14f1d05450.JPG"},{"id":3084802,"identity":"78128c87-e084-46bf-a425-38572593d248","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-10-20 14:30:22","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":73879,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Correlations of DNAIEC (a) and DNAINO3 (b) with total nutrients and nitrate absorption under different average nutrient absorption factors in the simulation; (c) correlations between DNAIEC and DNAINO3 under different average nutrient absorption factors in the simulation; (d) changes in R2 between DNAIEC, NO3 and total nutrient or nitrate absorption according to average drainage ratio in the simulation (Number of simulations: 1000).\n","description":"","filename":"f3.JPG","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-38941/v2/4c3d8572cbc114f4cbdf0a7b.JPG"},{"id":3084803,"identity":"add47222-83b6-44cc-9e18-a987feb5b4e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-10-20 14:30:22","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":55209,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Accumulated nitrate supply (a), average nitrate concentration in drainage (b), accumulated discharged amount of nitrate (c), accumulated irrigation amount (d), accumulated tomato yield (e), and partial factor productivity (f) during the experimental period.\n","description":"","filename":"f4.JPG","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-38941/v2/75db435320d642da566680d7.JPG"},{"id":3084804,"identity":"5b2ccf61-4655-46d8-8de6-1282c877a012","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-10-20 14:30:22","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":31437,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Changes in DNAIEC (a) and DNAINO3 (b) during the experimental period; (c) correlation between DNAIEC and DNAINO3.\n","description":"","filename":"f5.JPG","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-38941/v2/b8094b609dc395746e37ffa7.JPG"},{"id":3084805,"identity":"44bdfd96-14ca-4775-a8fa-841cebd3a8fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-10-20 14:30:22","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":65425,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Changes in R2 values of the accumulated tomato yield with accumulated nitrate supply (a),\naverage nitrate concentration in drainage (b), DNAIEC (c), and DNAINO3 (c); (d) representative\ncorrelations of accumulated tomato yield with accumulated nitrate supply, average nitrate concentration in drainage, DNAIEC, and DNAINO3.\n","description":"","filename":"f6.JPG","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-38941/v2/b33763a1a483a87465449dcb.JPG"},{"id":3084806,"identity":"75a1b662-c7ad-4dcd-9139-530699d772f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-10-20 14:30:22","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27254,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Correlation between non-destructively estimated tomato leaf area and DNAINO3 at the end of the experiment.\n","description":"","filename":"f7.JPG","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-38941/v2/a20e3fa91baf6577d726b6cf.JPG"},{"id":3084807,"identity":"24e19ae6-7597-419b-9816-66b3b9dfb6ed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-10-20 14:30:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":59210,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Changes in the normalized values of DNAIEC, DNAINO3, and accumulated tomato yield during the experimental period.\n","description":"","filename":"f8.JPG","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-38941/v2/f29900fdace5489afa9c21c1.JPG"},{"id":13544706,"identity":"488453eb-400c-40ad-a940-006fb913d194","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 02:03:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1380247,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-38941/v2_covered.pdf"},{"id":13512759,"identity":"845e7aea-3d21-40d1-bf33-9863cfcc19eb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-16 23:57:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1221369,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-38941/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":3084808,"identity":"5eb5ebeb-2cef-4bc0-af14-0e35407a4c68","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-10-20 14:30:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1487854,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-38941/v2_stamped.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eUtilization of irrigation, drainage, and electrical conductivity data for efficient use of nitrate in a soilless culture system\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Full Text","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis preprint is available for \u003ca href='/article/rs-38941/latest.pdf' target='_blank'\u003edownload as a PDF\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Nutrient uptake, Decision support, Fertilizer, Nutrient use efficiency, Nitrogen use efficiency","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-38941/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-38941/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\tNitrate management in agricultural systems has mainly been established based on nitrate supply and the yield response curve. In the case of intensive fertilization systems such as soilless culture, the nitrate amount usually remains above the curve's optimal point. A surplus nutrient supply under these conditions could result in the excessive emission of chemical fertilizers. However, very few studies have developed a decision-making process for the efficient use of nitrate under the soilless culture system online. This study was conducted to develop an indicator related to the absorption of nitrate that can be applied in online systems utilizing the monitored irrigation and drainage amount data, electrical conductivity (EC), and the nitrate analysis data of irrigation and drainage. In the simulation, a stochastic change was generated for the nutrient absorption rate. The cultivation experiment verified the theoretical prediction, and a higher correlation of tomato yield with the nitrate absorption indicator was confirmed than with the nitrate supply amount. Also, the normalization of indicator and tomato yield showed dynamic time-series responses. The simulation and cultivation experiments showed that the indicator related to nitrate absorption estimated by online EC, irrigation, and drainage monitoring provides useful theoretical and experimental frameworks regarding efficient resource management decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Utilization of irrigation, drainage, and electrical conductivity data for efficient use of nitrate in a soilless culture system","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2020-10-20 14:30:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-38941/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2020-07-02 11:10:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-38941/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"50cf50ff-8854-440d-b842-30dc6445e5be","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 20th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":818682,"name":"Agronomy"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2020-10-14T15:55:38+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2020-10-20 14:30:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-38941","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-38941","identity":"rs-38941","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"rHA-KDH7Qsr4HCuvH75dn","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}