Determinants of Public First Aid Knowledge in an Underdeveloped Region of China: A Cross-sectional Study

Determinants of Public First Aid Knowledge in an Underdeveloped Region of China: A Cross-sectional Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Determinants of Public First Aid Knowledge in an Underdeveloped Region of China: A Cross-sectional Study Hongli Deng, Linyi Luo, Yeyao Hu, Xi Chen, Jing He, Qiong He, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7401000/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Prompt bystander response through emergency first aid is critical in reducing mortality in public health emergencies. However, public awareness and skills regarding emergency first aid remain limited, especially in underdeveloped regions. This study aimed to investigate the current level of public emergency first aid knowledge in Guizhou Province, China, and identify its key determinants. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1,091 members of the general public in Guizhou Province from September to December 2024 via quota sampling. A self-designed structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic information, first aid knowledge, and attitudes toward learning and administering aid. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was applied to select key determinants, followed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Among participants, only 0.73% answered all 20 first aid questions correctly, and just 17.23% demonstrated basic first aid knowledge. The average knowledge score was 7.28 (SD 4.65), whereas attitude scores indicated a generally positive disposition toward learning (mean: 28.11; SD 0.21). The results of LASSO regression and multivariate logistic regression showed that age, occupation, educational attainment, monthly personal income, current residence, number of training sessions attended, time since last training, and training methods were key determinants influencing emergency first aid knowledge among the public in Guizhou Province (P < 0.05). Conclusion: First aid knowledge in Guizhou is inadequate, especially among disadvantaged groups, although willingness to learn is evident. Accessible and regularly updated training, with a focus on essential first aid skills, is warranted to bridge this gap. First Aid Education Public Health Health Knowledge Attitude Practice LASSO Regression Determinants China Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction According to the World Health Organization, global mortality from public health emergencies and unintentional injuries continues to rise. More than 3.16 million people die each year from unaddressed incidents, such as road traffic crashes, falls, drowning, and burns, and tens of millions are hospitalized with injuries that may result in long-term disability [ 1 ]. These preventable events not only burden healthcare systems but also impose long-term economic and psychosocial consequences on individuals, families, and communities [ 2 ]. First aid is defined as the initial care provided at the scene of an acute injury or illness by using available resources, aimed at preserving life, preventing deterioration, and promoting recovery before professional medical help arrives [ 3 , 4 ]. Effective first aid skills and timely intervention, particularly during the critical “golden four minutes,” are essential to improve survival outcomes and reduce the risk of disability and mortality [ 5 , 6 ]. Evidence suggests that appropriate actions taken within this window can increase survival rates by over 50%. However, the appropriate application of first aid skills largely depends on the public’s foundational knowledge and understanding. Currently, first aid literacy in China remains critically low, with less than 1% of the general population having received formal training [ 7 ]. By contrast, global surveys report that approximately 40% of individuals in high-income countries have undergone cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or basic life support (BLS) training, with figures approaching 50% in some nations [ 8 ]. These stark disparities in knowledge and access to training are likely to hinder bystander readiness and effective emergency response in real-world situations. Many underdeveloped regions, such as Guizhou Province in China, are characterized by mountainous terrain, ethnically diverse populations, and limited transportation infrastructure, which collectively contribute to delayed emergency response times. In such settings, understanding the public’s knowledge and attitudes toward emergency first aid is essential. Guided by the Knowledge–Attitude–Practice framework, the first two dimensions, “knowledge and attitudes,” are the key determinants of first aid readiness [ 9 , 10 ]. Although practice (preparedness) was not directly assessed in many studies [ 11 – 14 ], insights into knowledge and attitudes provide a basic understanding that guides future interventions, which may enhance public emergency response capacity. Most existing studies in China have focused on urban populations in economically developed eastern regions such as Shanghai and Beijing, with little published evidence from less-resourced and underdeveloped areas like Guizhou Province [ 15 , 16 ].Compared with high-income countries and urban populations, first aid knowledge in low- and middle-income countries and rural or underserved populations remains under-investigated[ 17 , 18 ]. Furthermore, the previous literature rarely accounted for multicollinearity, which may have affected the identification of associated factors and reduced the reliability of statistical inference [ 19 ]. To address this research gap and the statistical challenge of multicollinearity, this study aimed to investigate the current status and determinants of public first aid knowledge in Guizhou, a representative underdeveloped region in western China, using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression. Methods Design This study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive survey design. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist was used to ensure the comprehensive reporting of information [ 20 ]. Sample A quota sample of adult residents was recruited from nine prefecture-level cities and autonomous prefectures in Guizhou Province, China, a region characterized by geographic diversity and uneven health resource distribution. Seven trained research assistants with a nursing background conducted face-to-face data collection in their local communities after receiving standardized instructions on survey administration and respondent engagement. Eligible participants were aged 18 years or older, had resided or worked in the local area for at least six months, and demonstrated the ability to complete the questionnaire independently. Individuals with diagnosed cognitive or communication impairments were excluded. To ensure consistency in data collection, interrater reliability was assessed during the training phase using the intraclass correlation coefficient, which yielded a score of 0.87, indicating good agreement among data collectors [ 21 ]. Sample size was calculated based on a standard deviation (SD) of 13.3% and a mean of 31.8% from prior data, with α = 0.05. Using the formula n = u²p(1 − p)/δ², the minimum sample required was 680. Considering a 20% attrition rate and sampling error, we needed at least 748 participants. Participants were selected using quota sampling, ensuring proportional representation across nine prefecture-level cities and autonomous prefectures in Guizhou Province, with approximately 83 participants from each region. In line with the quota sampling strategy, the study aimed to recruit equal numbers of participants from each of the nine prefecture-level cities and autonomous prefectures in Guizhou Province. Owing to their significant population size, heterogeneous urban structure, and administrative importance, the sample sizes for Guiyang and Zunyi were intentionally increased to enhance representativeness and to capture wide variability in emergency preparedness across urban and peri-urban settings.This adjustment was aligned with the study’s design goals and enhanced the robustness of subgroup comparisons (Fig. 1 ). The proportion of sample estimation based on the different population intensity ranged from about 7–17%. Measurement Data were collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire developed by the research team, based on an extensive review of relevant local and international literature [ 5 , 22 , 23 ], the First Aider Manual issued by the Red Cross Society of China [ 24 ], and key resources such as the First Aid and Health Emergency Preparedness: A Guide by the World Health Organization (2020) [ 25 ] and the First Aid: The Treatment of Injuries and Sudden Illnesses by the American Heart Association [ 26 ]. The questionnaire comprised three scales: (1) sociodemographic characteristics, (2) a first aid knowledge scale, and (3) an attitude scale toward learning and performing first aid. The first aid knowledge scale, which comprised 20 single-choice items covering core topics such as CPR, trauma care, and emergency response to disasters and injuries, was developed by the research team. Each correct item received 1 point, whereas incorrect responses received 0 points, resulting in a total score ranging from 0 to 20. On the basis of the analytic framework of the China Health Education Center [ 27 ] and prior empirical studies [ 15 , 28 ], a score ≥ 12 was considered indicative of “Adequate Basic First Aid Knowledge.” This section, composed of objective items, was not assessed for internal reliability; however, its content validity was confirmed by 15 emergency care experts, with an average content validity index (CVI) of 0.891. Face validity was verified through cognitive tests involving 50 lay participants to ensure item clarity[ 29 ]. The attitude scale included seven items measured on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree), assessing respondents’ willingness and perceived importance of first aid training and intervention. The total score ranged from 7 to 35, with high scores indicating positive attitudes toward first aid learning and rescue behavior. For this scale, content validity was assessed by a panel of 15 experts in emergency and prehospital care, yielding a CVI of 0.926, which indicated strong content appropriateness. A pilot test was conducted among 50 respondents to examine internal reliability, resulting in Cronbach’s α coefficient of 0.840, which reflected satisfactory internal consistency of the instrument. An English version of this self-developed questionnaire is provided as Supplementary File 1 . Data Collection Seven trained research assistants received standardized instructions in survey procedures and were responsible for data collection in their respective hometowns. Interrater agreement between the research assistants was checked and moderated until reaching 80%. Participants were approached in designated public areas such as residential communities, parks, and local gathering spaces. After briefly explaining the study’s purpose and procedures, eligible individuals were invited to complete a self-administered paper-based questionnaire. Each questionnaire began with a standardized introduction informing participants that proceeding with the survey implied voluntary informed consent. Research assistants remained on-site to offer clarifications if necessary and ensured that participation was entirely voluntary and anonymous. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (Approval No. KLL-2023-519). Data analysis Data were analyzed using SPSS version 29.0 and R version 4.4.3. Questionnaires with > 20% missing data were excluded. Variables with < 20% missing were used as input in the "mice" package in R. Descriptive statistics included means and standard deviations for continuous variables, as well as frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. Group comparisons were conducted using chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests. LASSO regression was applied using the "glmnet" package to address multicollinearity and identify significant predictors. The optimal lambda was determined by tenfold cross-validation. Predictors with non-zero coefficients were entered into a multivariate logistic regression model using the glm function, and stepwise selection based on Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was performed with stepAIC to identify the best-fitting model. Model discrimination was assessed via the area under the ROC curve (AUC). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Respondents Table 1 presents the sociodemographic characteristics of the 1,091 valid participants in this study. The final sample included the following cities to reflect regional representation: Guiyang (n = 196, 17.97%), Zunyi (n = 195, 17.87%), Bijie (n = 119, 10.91%), Qiannan (n = 110, 10.08%), Anshun (n = 104, 9.53%), Tongren (n = 104, 9.53%), Qianxinan (n = 93, 8.52%), Liupanshui (n = 92, 8.43%), and Qiandongnan (n = 78, 7.15%). Among the participants, 53.62% were male, and the mean age was 44.08 (SD 11.60) years. Over half were over 45 years old (53.60%), and the majority had at least an upper secondary education (73.51%) and were married (75.44%). In terms of income, approximately 65.72% reported a monthly personal income below US $ 700. Concerning emergency training, 53.99% of participants had received prior first aid training. The most common training approach was a combination of lectures and hands-on practice (37.35%), and the leading organizers were workplaces or schools (38.20%), followed by hospitals (28.69%). Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics (N = 1091) Variables Total (N) N% Sex Male 585 53.62 Female 506 46.38 Age (years) 18–44 506 46.38 45–59 570 52.25 ≥ 60 15 1.37 Occupation White-collar 328 30.06 Blue-collar 371 34.01 Informal/freelance 255 23.38 Students 63 5.77 Others 74 6.78 Educational level Tertiary (University degree or above) 310 28.41 Upper Secondary / Post-secondary non-tertiary 492 45.10 Primary / Lower Secondary 189 17.32 No formal education 100 9.17 Monthly personal income (US$) US $ 1400 97 8.89 Current Residence* Anshun 104 9.53 Bijie 119 10.91 Guiyang 196 17.97 Liupanshui 92 8.43 Qiandongnan 78 7.15 Qiannan 110 10.08 Qianxinan 93 8.52 Tongren 104 9.53 Zunyi 195 17.87 Marital status Unmarried 268 24.56 Married 823 75.44 Ever received first aid training Yes 589 53.99 No 502 46.01 Number of training sessions attended Once 193 32.76 Twice 157 26.66 More than twice 199 33.78 Time since last training Within 1 year 171 29.03 1–2 years 191 32.43 Over 3 years 227 38.54 Training method Lecture + Practice 220 37.35 Lecture only 171 29.03 Watching videos 198 33.62 Training organizer Community health center 109 18.51 Workplace/School 225 38.20 Hospital 169 28.68 Red Cross 86 14.61 Emergency First Aid Knowledge and Attitudes Among the Public in Guizhou Table 2 presents the correct response rates for each of the 20 emergency first aid knowledge questions. The mean knowledge score was 7.28 ± 4.65 , and only 17.23% scored 12 or above, meeting the threshold for basic competency. The three items with the highest correct response rates were related to burns (66.30%) , electrical shock (53.30%) , and fire emergencies (52.50%) , whereas the lowest scoring items included the correct emergency number (13.10%) and chest compressions (21.20%) . Table 3 presents the item-level scores for attitudes toward learning and performing emergency first aid. Among the 1,091 participants, the mean total attitude score was 28.11 (SD 0.21) (range: 7–35), indicating generally positive attitudes and strong willingness to engage in emergency response education. Table 2 Correct Response Rates for Emergency First Aid Knowledge Items (n = 1,091) Item* Correct Responses (n) Accuracy Rate (%) Correct emergency phone number 143 13.11 Chest compressions 231 21.17 Stab wound 276 25.30 Hemostasis methods 278 25.48 Arterial pulse point identification 298 27.31 Foreign body airway obstruction 317 29.06 Abdominal evisceration 392 35.93 CPR patient positioning 395 36.21 Gas poisoning 410 37.58 Drowning 418 38.31 Spinal injury handling 423 38.77 Earthquake response 446 40.88 Acute myocardial infarction 447 40.97 Golden time for CPR 447 40.97 Heat stroke 473 43.39 Sprain 493 45.19 First step in helping a collapsed person 526 48.21 Fire emergency 573 52.52 Electric shock 582 53.35 Burns 732 66.27 *Items were ordered by correct response rate (from lowest to highest) to visually emphasize areas of weak public knowledge. Table 3 Attitude Scores Toward Learning and Performing Emergency First Aid Among the Public in Guizhou (n = 1,091) Questionnaire Item Mean (SD) As a citizen, I believe it is my responsibility to learn and apply emergency first aid skills. 3.99 (1.17) I am interested in acquiring emergency first aid knowledge and skills. 4.03 (1.13) I believe I have the ability to learn emergency first aid knowledge and skills. 4.01 (1.14) I believe I am capable of performing the emergency first aid techniques I have learned. 4.04 (1.12) I am willing to participate in emergency first aid training. 3.98 (1.14) I believe it is necessary to promote emergency first aid knowledge in the community. 4.04 (1.11) Learning emergency first aid increases my confidence in assisting injured or ill individuals. 4.01 (1.18) Univariate Analysis of Emergency First Aid Knowledge by Sociodemographic Characteristics Univariate analysis revealed statistically significant differences in emergency first aid knowledge scores across various participant characteristics, including sex, age, occupation, educational attainment, monthly personal income, current residence, marital status, ever received first aid training, number of training sessions attended, training method, and training organizer (P < 0.05). Detailed comparisons are presented in Table 4 . Table 4 Distribution of Participants With Basic Emergency First Aid Knowledge by Sociodemographic Characteristics (n [%]) Variable Total (n%) Adequate Basic First Aid Knowledge * Inadequate Basic First Aid Knowledge* χ 2 P value Sex Male 585 53 (9.06) 532 (90.94) 57.823 <0.001 Female 506 135 (26.68) 371 (73.32) Age 18–44 506 167 (33.00) 339 (67.00) 162.404 <0.001 45–59 570 20 (3.51) 550 (96.49) ≥ 60 15 1 (6.67) 14 (93.33) Occupation White-collar 328 95 (28.96) 233 (71.04) 233.845 <0.001 Blue-collar 371 9 (2.43) 362 (97.57) Informal/freelance 255 13 (5.10) 242 (94.90) Students 63 37 (58.73) 26 (41.27) Others 74 34 (45.95) 40 (54.05) Educational Level Tertiary (University degree or above) 310 149 (48.06) 161 (51.94) 291.057 <0.001 Upper secondary / Post-secondary non-tertiary 492 31 (6.30) 461 (93.70) Primary/lower secondary 189 8 (4.23) 181 (95.77) No formal education 100 0 (0.00) 100 (100.00) Monthly personal income (US$) < US $ 280 281 50 (17.79) 231 (82.21) US $ 280–700 436 53 (12.16) 383 (87.84) 32.466 US $ 1400 97 9 (9.28) 88 (90.72) Current Residence Anshun 104 6 (5.77) 98 (94.23) 268.904 <0.001 Bijie 119 6 (5.04) 113 (94.96) Guiyang 196 29 (14.80) 167 (85.20) Liupanshui 92 3 (3.26) 89 (96.74) Qiandongnan 78 3 (3.85) 75 (96.15) Qiannan 110 16 (14.55) 94 (85.55) Qianxinan 93 9 (9.68) 84 (90.32) Tongren 104 6 (5.77) 98 (94.23) Zunyi 195 110 (56.41) 85 (43.59) Marital status Unmarried 268 96 (35.82) 172 (64.18) 84.356 <0.001 Married 823 92 (11.18) 731 (88.82) Ever received first aid training Yes 589 117 (19.86) 472 (80.14) 5.824 0.016 No 502 71 (14.14) 431 (85.86) Number of training sessions attended Once 193 28 (14.51) 165 (85.49) 47.562 <0.001 Twice 157 10 (6.37) 147 (93.63) More than twice 199 78 (39.20) 121 (60.80) Time since last training Within 1 year 171 73 (42.69) 98 (57.31) 80.971 <0.001 1–2 years 191 26 (13.61) 165 (86.39) Over 3 years 227 18 (7.93) 209 (92.07) Training method Lecture + Practice 220 82 (37.27) 138 (62.73) 68.075 <0.001 Lecture 171 12 (7.02) 159 (93.98) Video 198 23 (11.62) 175 (88.38) Training organizer Community health center 109 4 (3.67) 105 (96.33) 38.549 <0.001 Workplace/School 225 45 (20.00) 180 (80.00) Hospital 169 56 (33.14) 113 (66.86) Red Cross 86 12 (13.95) 74 (86.05) *Adequate knowledge was defined as scoring ≥ 12 out of 20 on the emergency first aid knowledge test, in line with national health education standards. 2.5 LASSO Regression To address multicollinearity among independent variables, we applied LASSO regression to screen for significant predictors. A total of 12 independent variables were entered into the LASSO model. As the penalty parameter (λ) increased, the number of variables retained in the model decreased accordingly. Using tenfold cross-validation, the optimal penalty values were determined to be lambda.min = 0.002 and lambda.1se = 0.010 (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 ). On the basis of the coefficient estimates at lambda.1se, 11 variables with non-zero coefficients were ultimately selected from the original 12 variables. These variables were sex, age, occupation, educational level, monthly personal income, current residence, marital status, number of first aid training sessions attended, time since last training, training method, and training organizer. 2.6 Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis Table 5 presents the results of multivariate logistic regression analysis , which included 11 predictors identified via LASSO regression. The binary outcome variable was whether the respondent possessed basic emergency first aid knowledge (0 = No, 1 = Yes). To optimize variable selection and ensure model stability, we applied a bidirectional stepwise selection method using the AIC as the selection criterion. The final model was chosen based on the lowest AIC value, which was 193.82 . A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated to evaluate the model's discriminative performance. The AUC was calculated to be 0.940 , indicating excellent predictive capability. Table 5 Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of Determinants Associated with Basic Emergency First Aid Knowledge Variables Reference Group β SE Z P OR 95% CI Constant 2.388 0.867 7.583 0.006 10.888 0.955–17.507 Age 18–44 45–59 −1.989 0.399 −4.983 <0.001 0.137 0.063–0.299 Career White-collar Blue-collar −1.289 0.487 −2.644 0.008 0.276 0.106–0.716 Students 1.302 0.66 1.972 0.049 3.675 1.008–13.405 Educational level Tertiary (University degree or above) Upper secondary / Post-secondary non-tertiary −1.66 0.348 −4.77 <0.001 0.19 0.096–0.376 Primary/lower secondary −2.314 0.547 −4.227 <0.001 0.099 0.034–0.289 Personal monthly income < US $ 280 US $ 700–1400 1.514 0.538 2.812 0.005 4.544 1.582–13.053 Current residence Zunyi Anshun 2.98 0.639 4.663 <0.001 19.69 5.626–68.914 Liupanshui Guiyang −1.703 0.810 −2.102 0.036 0.182 0.037–0.892 Qiandongnan Guiyang −2.276 0.942 −2.416 0.016 0.103 0.016–0.651 Time since last training Within 1 year 1–2 years −1.322 0.539 −2.451 0.014 0.267 0.093 ~ 0.767 Over 3 years −1.987 0.533 −3.728 <0.001 0.137 0.048 ~ 0.390 Training method Lecture + Practice Lecture −1.38 0.595 −2.321 0.020 0.252 0.078–0.857 Video −1.387 0.493 −2.811 0.005 0.25 0.095–0.657 Training organizer Community health center Workplace/School 1.966 0.812 2.422 0.015 7.142 1.455–35.054 Hospital 2.193 0.948 2.312 0.021 8.96 1.397–57.478 Note The Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test indicated an adequate model fit (χ² = 12.905, df = 8, P = 0.115 > 0.05) Discussion Public First Aid Knowledge in Guizhou is Suboptimal and Requires Improvement Guizhou’s residents achieved a mean first aid score of 7.28, and only 17.2% had adequate basic first aid knowledge. Training coverage was 54%, although mastery of core skills remained poor; only 21.2% answered the chest-compression item correctly, and 13.1% were aware of the emergency number. The training (≥ 90%) and mastery (60–80%) rates reported in high-income countries such as Norway, Denmark, and the United States were significantly higher than those in China [ 30 – 33 ]. This trend highlighted Guizhou’s knowledge gap and suggested that local programs emphasize theory over hands-on practice, despite a moderate awareness of routine hazards (66% burns, 53% electric shock, and 53% fire). Structural factors exacerbate this problem. Norway and Denmark have incorporated CPR into mandatory education and require biennial employer recertification, yielding > 85% population coverage [ 34 ]. The United States combines “Good Samaritan” laws with AED tax incentives, resulting in one device per 1,400 residents; our audit revealed < 1:35,000 in Guizhou [ 35 ]. Japanese prefectures allocate US $ 0.80 per capita each year for quarterly community exercises, whereas Guizhou invests ≈ US $ 0.05, primarily on singular lectures [ 36 ]. Integrating these proven elements, namely, mandatory school training, employer-funded recertification, subsidized AED rollout, and app-based lay–responder alerts, could move Guizhou from lecture-only instruction to a practice-oriented, sustainable system and accelerate progress toward the Healthy China 2030 goal of ≥ 30% public first-aid literacy [ 37 ]. Public Attitudes Toward First Aid Learning and Rescue Are Generally Positive This study found that the average score for attitudes toward learning and performing emergency first aid among the Guizhou public was 28.11, indicating a moderately high level of engagement. This finding was consistent with the study of Wang [ 38 ]. Most respondents expressed a strong willingness to learn first aid and a sense of responsibility to assist others, suggesting a solid foundation for health-promoting behaviors. However, among those who had not received prior training, 46.21% stated they “didn’t know where to receive training,” 56.78% cited being “too busy,” and 38.25% feared “not being able to learn it well.” These findings point to barriers such as poor information accessibility, inflexible training schedules, and a lack of self-confidence. For highly practical skills like CPR, passive methods such as videos or posters are often insufficient. Hands-on, instructor-led sessions are essential for effective learning. Local governments are encouraged to expand community-based programs by leveraging hospitals, schools, and community centers. Initiatives such as “bringing training to rural areas,” “on-site sessions in schools and workplaces,” and a diversified, accessible training network, especially in township-level areas, will be critical in normalizing first aid education and cultivating a culture of “everyone learns first aid.” Determinants of Basic Emergency First Aid Knowledge in Guizhou Age and Educational Level: Core Foundations of Knowledge Acquisition This study found that participants aged 18–44 years were significantly more likely to possess basic emergency first aid knowledge compared with older adults. Among those aged 45–59 , only 3.5% demonstrated adequate knowledge. These findings were consistent with the results reported by Alghamdi [ 39 ], who found that individuals aged ≥ 40 show low levels of first aid knowledge, particularly in terms of accurate recognition and practical on-site performance. Moreover, participants with an undergraduate degree in this study exhibited a substantially higher likelihood of possessing adequate first aid knowledge compared with their counterparts; this result was consistent with the findings reported by Alanazy [ 13 , 40 ]. These studies suggested that individuals with high education levels have enhanced access to information, strong comprehension skills, and increased health awareness, facilitating the effective acquisition of first aid competencies. Together, these findings highlight age and educational level as key determinants of public emergency response literacy. Younger and more educated populations are better positioned to understand and apply emergency knowledge, whereas older adults and those with lower education levels represent vulnerable groups that require targeted intervention. This pattern is consistent with international research and underscores the importance of bridging disparities while promoting universal first aid literacy. Occupation and Income: The Impact of Socioeconomic Background This study found that professionals and students had significantly higher first aid knowledge than workers or farmers, likely due to better education, information access, and literacy among the former. Similarly, Gao found that occupational type is significantly related to CPR knowledge in urban China [ 8 ], and Alhazmi reported a positive correlation among education, income, and BLS knowledge [ 41 ]. Bulduk and Özdemir also noted that students from higher SES backgrounds have better first aid knowledge than their counterparts [ 42 ]. Participants with monthly incomes of US $ 700–1400 showed high knowledge levels, suggesting that economic status affects access to training and resources. Alahmadi found that higher education significantly improves all aspects of health literacy in Saudi Arabia [ 42 ]. Similarly, Elkhadry and Tahoon (2024) found in a representative sample of Egyptians that higher education and household income are significantly associated with enhanced health literacy levels (36.2% inadequate prevalence; P < 0.001) [ 43 ]. These findings emphasize the need for targeted policies to support low-income and low SES populations who lack adequate access to first aid education. Regional Disparities: Unequal Resource Allocation and Geographic Imbalance This study revealed notable regional disparities in emergency first aid knowledge across Guizhou Province. Participants from Guiyang and Zunyi demonstrated significantly higher knowledge levels than those in areas such as Anshun and Qiandongnan. These disparities likely reflect imbalanced economic development and unequal allocation of health education and training resources. Similar findings have been reported internationally. For instance, Belayneh Workneh found that urban school teachers in Gondar, Ethiopia, had significantly higher first aid knowledge than rural counterparts because of better access to training opportunities and information dissemination [ 17 ]. Likewise, studies by Gete and Asrat highlighted low emergency preparedness in rural Ethiopian populations, attributing this to insufficient infrastructure and unequal resource distribution [ 44 , 45 ]. To narrow these gaps, future emergency training strategies should prioritize underdeveloped regions through mobile training units, local community engagement, and accessible digital education platforms. Training Frequency and Method: The Importance of Continuous Education This study revealed that individuals who had received emergency training two or more times, especially within the past year, were significantly more likely to possess basic first aid knowledge than their counterparts. These findings highlight the necessity of ongoing education to reinforce skill retention. Supporting studies by Gümüş and Al Jadidi found that repeated or refresher BLS training notably improves CPR accuracy and maintains psychomotor skills over time [ 46 , 47 ]. Training methods also influenced outcomes. Participants who received lecture and hands-on instruction performed better than those who attended lectures or watched videos alone. Similar evidence from Peng and Sun demonstrated that simulation-based and self-guided training can significantly enhance first aid performance [ 48 , 49 ]. Together, these findings support the need for regular, interactive, and practical training formats in public education programs. Limitations This study has some limitations. Although quota sampling ensured regional representation across all nine prefecture-level divisions in Guizhou Province, it remains a non-random approach that may introduce certain selection bias. The intentional oversampling of Guiyang and Zunyi was designed to improve subgroup comparability and reflect urban–rural variability, but it may slightly affect the generalizability of the findings to the overall provincial population. In addition, the use of self-reported data may involve minor recall or social desirability biases, particularly regarding prior training history and perceived willingness to learn. Although LASSO regression helped reduce multicollinearity, some unmeasured confounding determinants may still exist. Moreover, this study focused on knowledge and attitudes instead of practical first-aid performance, which may differ in real emergency situations. Nevertheless, the large sample size, regionally balanced design, and focus on awareness and training history provide meaningful insights into the current state of emergency preparedness in a resource-limited setting. Conclusion This study found that the overall level of emergency first aid knowledge among the public in Guizhou Province was relatively low, with only 17.23% of participants demonstrating basic competency. Proficiency in core skills such as CPR was particularly inadequate. Key determinants included sex, age, educational level, and training experience. Although public attitudes toward learning were generally positive, participation was hindered by limited access to information, time constraints, and unequal resource distribution. A comprehensive approach is needed to improve the effectiveness and equity of public first aid education. This includes building a unified digital platform (e.g., a provincial health science app) to centralize first aid knowledge and training information and promoting flexible blended learning models that combine online and offline instruction to enhance practical skill acquisition. A credit-based incentive system could be implemented to encourage continuous participation. Targeted training programs should be developed for rural residents, older adults, and those with lower educational backgrounds to increase accessibility and relevance. Furthermore, integrating first aid education into primary and secondary school curricula and implementing initiatives such as “first aid qualification for employment” or “community-based certification” can help establish a standardized, inclusive, and sustainable emergency education framework, thereby strengthening the population’s overall capacity for self- and mutual-aid response. Declarations Acknowledgements: Not applicable. Authors’ contributions: HD, SCL, and YL conceived and designed the study. LL, YH, and XC coordinated data collection and performed the initial statistical analysis. JH and QH contributed to questionnaire development and field investigation. HD drafted the manuscript. YL and SCL provided critical revisions and overall supervision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding: This work was supported by 1.Guizhou Provincial Nursing Association Youth Fund Project (Grant No. GZHLKYQ202302) 2. Zunyi Municipal Science and Technology Planning Project (Grant No. HZ〔2022〕285) Data availability ： The dataset supporting the findings of this study is openly available in Figshare at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.29442467.v1. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Seven trained research assistants provided standardized explanations of the study in public areas such as parks and neighborhoods. Individuals who agreed to participate completed a paper-based questionnaire. Each questionnaire included an introduction outlining the study’s purpose and procedures. Participants were explicitly informed that completion and submission of the questionnaire indicated voluntary informed consent. Participation was anonymous and entirely voluntary. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (Approval No. KLL-2023-519). Consent for publication: Not applicable. Availability of data and materials: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. References Organization, W.H. Injuries and violence: The facts 2024 . 2024 [cited 2024 August 4]; Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/injuries-and-violence. C.f.D.C.a.P., Economic Cost of Injury — United States, 2019. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2019. Singletary, E.M.e.a., Part 9: First Aid: 2015 International Consensus on First Aid Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation, 2020. 142 (16-suppl 1): p. 16-suppl 1. Greif, R.e.a., First aid: Initial care provided for acute illness or injury. Resuscitation, 2021. 163 : p. 1-2. Zhong, X., et al., Recognition of stroke-related knowledge among community residents and the improvement after intensive health education: a cross-sectional study. BMC Neurol, 2020. 20 (1): p. 373. PLA, C.S.o.E.M.C.M.D.A.o.E.M.E.M.C.o., Expert consensus on public response measures during the pre-hospital waiting period for emergency aid. Chinese Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2022. 42 (5): p. 380–386. Luo, J., Zheng, K., & Hong, W., Public first aid education model design study based on user experience. Frontiers in Public Health, 2023. 11 : p. 1286250. Gao, H., et al., Knowledge, attitudes, practices, and self-efficacy of the Chinese public regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation: an online cross-sectional survey. Front Public Health, 2024. 12 : p. 1341851. Organization, W.H., Advocacy, communication and social mobilization for TB control: A guide to developing knowledge, attitude and practice surveys . 2008. Launiala, A., How much can a KAP survey tell us about people’s knowledge, attitudes and practices? Anthropology Matters Journal, 2009. 11 (1). Mohamadiyeh M, A.-K.H., Shahrour T, Knowledge of and attitude towards first aid measures among drivers in Sharjah. Emergency Care and Medicine, 2024. 1 (1): p. 2. Fatani MI, A.M., Alghamdi AH, et al., Knowledge and attitude towards epilepsy first aid among residents in Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Public Health, 2025. 18 (1): p. 15-21. Alanazy, A., et al., Awareness of first aid among adults in Al-Ahsa City, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. J Family Med Prim Care, 2024. 13 (9): p. 3658-3664. Alshehri AM, A.A., Alqahtani MS, Assessment of knowledge and attitude of first aid management for epistaxis among adults in Najran, Saudi Arabia. Applied Life Sciences. 12 (35): p. 24. Yang, M.Z.W., W.; Fang, F., Current status and influencing factors of emergency rescue knowledge among 740 residents in Songjiang District, Shanghai. Chinese Journal of Emergency Resuscitation and Disaster Medicine, 2021. 16 (3): p. 319–323. Cheng XQ, Z.X., Wang Q, et al., Study on knowledge, beliefs and behaviors of key populations on emergency first aid in Beijing. Chin J Epidemiol, 2023. 44 (9): p. 1408–1413. Workneh, B.S., E.G. Mekonen, and M.S. Ali, Determinants of knowledge, attitude, and practice towards first aid among kindergarten and elementary school teachers in Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Emerg Med, 2021. 21 (1): p. 73. Hodgetts A, M.P., Redman-MacLaren M, Bainbridge R, Community first responders: A missing key to reducing the impact of injury and illness in low- and middle-income countries in the Western Pacific? Western Pac Surveill Response J, 2021. 12 (2): p. 1-3. Abonazel, M.R., et al., A New Two-Parameter Estimator for Beta Regression Model: Method, Simulation, and Application. Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 2022. 7 . von Elm, E.A., D. G.; Egger, M.; Pocock, S. J.; Gøtzsche, P. C.; Vandenbroucke, J. P.; et al. (for the STROBE Initiative), The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 2007. 61 (10): p. 344–349. Koo TK, L.M., A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. J Chiropr Med, 2016. 15 (2): p. 155-163. Zhang, L.J.R., H., Research on the current status of public science popularization needs in Southwest China: Based on a survey of 3,757 questionnaires. Journal of Higher Architectural Education, 2019. 6 (145–147). Institute, D.H.D.R., 2021 National Health Insight Report. 2021. China, R.C.S.o., First Aider . 2015, Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House. WHO, First Aid and Health Emergency Preparedness: A Guide . 2020, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Association, A.H., First Aid: The Treatment of Injuries and Sudden Illnesses . 2019, Dallas，TX: First Aid: The Treatment of Injuries and Sudden Illnesses. Article, J., Research on the health literacy level and influencing factors of urban and rural residents in China in 2021. Chinese Journal of Health Education, 2024. 40 (5): p. 387–391, 400. Hu YF, G.X., He L, et al., Analysis of health literacy level and influencing factors among residents in Guizhou Province in 2020. Chinese Journal of Health Education, 2023. 39 (8): p. 738–741, 748. Lam, S.C., et al., Sensitivity and specificity of conventional and new face validation in determining the incomprehensible items by older people: Empirical evidence of testing 106 quality-of-life items. Aging Med (Milton), 2023. 6 (3): p. 230-238. Bakke, H.K., et al., A nationwide survey of first aid training and encounters in Norway. BMC Emerg Med, 2017. 17 (1): p. 6. Juul Grabmayr A, A.L., Bo Christensen N, Folke F, Bundgaard Ringgren K, Torp-Pedersen C, Gislason G, Jensen TW, Rolin Kragh A, Tofte Gregers MC, Samsoee Kjoelbye J, Malta Hansen C, Contemporary levels of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in Denmark. Resusc Plus, 2022. 11 . Anderson ML, C.M., Al-Khatib SM, et al., Rates of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training in the United States. JAMA Internal Medicine, 2014. 174 (2): p. 194-201. Ng, T.P., et al., Global prevalence of basic life support training: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation, 2023. 186 : p. 109771. Jensen TW, F.F., Andersen MP, Blomberg SN, Jørgensen AJ, Holgersen MG, Ersbøll AK, Hendriksen OM, Lippert F, Torp-Pedersen C, Christensen HC, Socio-demographic characteristics of basic life support course participants in Denmark. Resuscitation, 2022. 170 : p. 167-177. L, G. AED Access and Good Samaritan Laws: A Legislative Review . GWU School of Medicine News 2023; Available from: https://smhs.gwu.edu/news/olson-introduces-good-samaritan-aed-bill. Bank, W., Learning from Disaster Simulation Drills in Japan . 2020, The World Bank. China, N.H.C.o.t.P.s.R.o., Healthy China Initiative (2019–2030) . 2019. Wang, F.Q., J.; Chen, C. L., A survey study on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of emergency care among community residents. Chinese Journal of Nursing Education, 2023. 20 (7): p. 852–857. Alghamdi, B., et al., Evaluation of Awareness, Knowledge, and Attitude Toward Basic Life Support Among the General Population in Saudi Arabia: A Nationwide Survey. Cureus, 2024. 16 (10): p. e71214. Bashekah, K.A., et al., The Knowledge, Attitudes, and Associated Factors Regarding First Aid Among the General Public in Saudi Arabia. Cureus, 2023. 15 (7): p. e41387. Elmisbah, H.O., et al., Knowledge of Basic Life Support Among the General Population in Arar City, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Pioneering Medical Sciences, 2025. 14 (2): p. 18-28. Bulduk, M. and A. Aytekin Özdemir, Determining the effectiveness of basic first aid training provided to secondary school students. Anatolian Current Medical Journal, 2024. 6 (5): p. 299-305. Mamdouh, M., et al., Egyptian Students Open to Digital Mental Health Care: Cross-Sectional Survey. JMIR Form Res, 2022. 6 (3): p. e31727. Asrat, L., et al., Knowledge, attitude, and determinant factors towards emergency first-aid utilization among public transport service drivers in Injibara, northwest Ethiopia. BMC Emerg Med, 2025. 25 (1): p. 31. Gete BC, M.T., Wudineh BA, Endeshaw AS, Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards burn first aid and its associated factors among caregivers attending burn units in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 2022. 81 : p. 104402. Gümüş, K.K., Seval; Doğan, Nurhan; Yılmaz, Aslı; Fışkın, Gamze; Yurttaş, Merve, The effects of repeated basic life support training on teachers’ knowledge and skill levels: A quasi-experimental study. Eurasian Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2020. 19 (1): p. 46–51. Al Jadidi, H. and M. Al Jufaili, Effectiveness of a Short Refresher Course on the Retention of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation-Related Psychomotor Skills (REF-CPR). Oman Med J, 2023. 38 (3): p. e509. Peng, M., et al., Evaluation of teaching effect of first-aid comprehensive simulation-based education in clinical medical students. Front Public Health, 2022. 10 : p. 909889. Sianipar IR, T.A., Muktiarti D, Dwijayanti A, Manggala SK, Muliyah E, Comparison Between Self-Deliberate Practice and Directed Learning Training Methods for Basic Life Support Knowledge and High-Quality Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Skill Retention in Second-Year Medical Students 3 and 6 Months After Training. Medical Science Educator, 2023. 33 (2): p. 395-400. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementaryFile1Questionnaire.docx Supplementary File 1: English version of the self-developed questionnaire titled “ Survey on the Current Status and Attitude of First Aid Knowledge among Residents in Guizhou Province .” Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers invited by journal 11 Sep, 2025 Editor invited by journal 22 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 22 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 21 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 21 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7401000","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":516178157,"identity":"fa50c921-5b1f-4fc0-88a6-4048a4b65ec0","order_by":0,"name":"Hongli Deng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hongli","middleName":"","lastName":"Deng","suffix":""},{"id":516178158,"identity":"4a7afa92-8480-4853-ac9e-d78dd989f8f9","order_by":1,"name":"Linyi Luo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zunyi Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Linyi","middleName":"","lastName":"Luo","suffix":""},{"id":516178159,"identity":"ecc8a7c6-d8af-4b36-8118-604164aa7642","order_by":2,"name":"Yeyao Hu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zunyi Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yeyao","middleName":"","lastName":"Hu","suffix":""},{"id":516178160,"identity":"b84c122e-4ef3-4278-9159-99da9496a3f1","order_by":3,"name":"Xi Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zunyi Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xi","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":516178161,"identity":"6a0b4d55-671f-4356-bdff-63f73942f820","order_by":4,"name":"Jing He","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jing","middleName":"","lastName":"He","suffix":""},{"id":516178162,"identity":"439d0db6-47c1-4f3c-b15e-2fc829cc55e7","order_by":5,"name":"Qiong He","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qiong","middleName":"","lastName":"He","suffix":""},{"id":516178163,"identity":"9806d407-eb70-4b83-9260-310ba983cf76","order_by":6,"name":"Simon Ching LAM","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tung Wah College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Simon","middleName":"Ching","lastName":"LAM","suffix":""},{"id":516178164,"identity":"0689fec6-3137-4c62-88cd-a20db01c983d","order_by":7,"name":"Yuanyuan Liang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPmYUbgWEksCnhQ1VyxlitKDwGNuI0cLO/Ozh17bD8uYSOYafC+fVRRscYD54m4fBLg+3w9jMjWXbDhvunJFjLD1zG1vuhgNsydY8DMnFePxiJi3Zdphxw40cA2nebTxALTxm0jwMBxIbcGph/wbSYg/UYvybd44EUAv/NwJaeMwkP7YdTgRqMZPmbTAA2cJGSEuZNMO59OQNZ56VWfMcS8ideZjN2HKOQTJOLfz8x7dJ/iiztt1wPHnzbZ6auty+480Pb7ypsMOpBQSYeUGxI5AA44IIAzzqgYDxxx+QfQfwqxoFo2AUjIKRCwBCdlDWE+XMOwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuanyuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Liang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-18 15:08:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7401000/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7401000/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91656187,"identity":"8792dcd1-e800-4ac5-ab3f-f6734c4f21e4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-18 18:09:04","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":569534,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAdministrative map of Guizhou Province. Base map from the GADM database of Global Administrative Areas (version 4.1).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"file.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401000/v1/9439eaf32834ea79ce6059d9.png"},{"id":91655566,"identity":"5d7d8206-21cb-43eb-8fec-2101f6db8614","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-18 18:01:04","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":134349,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristics of changes in variable coefficients for variable screening based on Lasso regression.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401000/v1/03fa5e2d51e44ce57a23b81e.png"},{"id":91655575,"identity":"ea432e43-c6ce-43c0-8d7b-29ab822745ee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-18 18:01:05","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":154366,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDetermination of the optimal λ in the Lasso regression model through cross-validation for variable selection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401000/v1/4b5466cff4760a53d7c40498.png"},{"id":91656188,"identity":"9e1085ad-281b-41e3-8596-ad69bc053b44","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-18 18:09:04","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33188,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eROC Curve of the Logistic Regression Model\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401000/v1/0352d46e1ad1b9dcec7f600a.png"},{"id":91655579,"identity":"41611bd2-414f-4222-8323-9809c6b819e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-18 18:01:05","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":192999,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredictors of First-aid Knowledge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401000/v1/ebcce2f13e0ba77e0ae0b5bb.png"},{"id":91657129,"identity":"f9c25544-f3b1-40d5-b213-eb5f2b10db72","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-18 18:25:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3586183,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401000/v1/0ad1969d-6fc9-42ab-9029-8d2d57b13db2.pdf"},{"id":91656528,"identity":"5424b7aa-8a8e-4019-a53f-8053b5ca45de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-18 18:17:04","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":23485,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary File 1: \u003c/strong\u003eEnglish version of the self-developed questionnaire titled “\u003cem\u003eSurvey on the Current Status and Attitude of First Aid Knowledge among Residents in Guizhou Province\u003c/em\u003e.”\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryFile1Questionnaire.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401000/v1/b21c59a9a2cf0b35f0644f2d.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Determinants of Public First Aid Knowledge in an Underdeveloped Region of China: A Cross-sectional Study","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the World Health Organization, global mortality from public health emergencies and unintentional injuries continues to rise. More than 3.16\u0026nbsp;million people die each year from unaddressed incidents, such as road traffic crashes, falls, drowning, and burns, and tens of millions are hospitalized with injuries that may result in long-term disability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. These preventable events not only burden healthcare systems but also impose long-term economic and psychosocial consequences on individuals, families, and communities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirst aid is defined as the initial care provided at the scene of an acute injury or illness by using available resources, aimed at preserving life, preventing deterioration, and promoting recovery before professional medical help arrives [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Effective first aid skills and timely intervention, particularly during the critical \u0026ldquo;golden four minutes,\u0026rdquo; are essential to improve survival outcomes and reduce the risk of disability and mortality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Evidence suggests that appropriate actions taken within this window can increase survival rates by over 50%. However, the appropriate application of first aid skills largely depends on the public\u0026rsquo;s foundational knowledge and understanding. Currently, first aid literacy in China remains critically low, with less than 1% of the general population having received formal training [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. By contrast, global surveys report that approximately 40% of individuals in high-income countries have undergone cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or basic life support (BLS) training, with figures approaching 50% in some nations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. These stark disparities in knowledge and access to training are likely to hinder bystander readiness and effective emergency response in real-world situations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMany underdeveloped regions, such as Guizhou Province in China, are characterized by mountainous terrain, ethnically diverse populations, and limited transportation infrastructure, which collectively contribute to delayed emergency response times. In such settings, understanding the public\u0026rsquo;s knowledge and attitudes toward emergency first aid is essential. Guided by the Knowledge\u0026ndash;Attitude\u0026ndash;Practice framework, the first two dimensions, \u0026ldquo;knowledge and attitudes,\u0026rdquo; are the key determinants of first aid readiness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Although practice (preparedness) was not directly assessed in many studies [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR12 CR13\" citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], insights into knowledge and attitudes provide a basic understanding that guides future interventions, which may enhance public emergency response capacity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost existing studies in China have focused on urban populations in economically developed eastern regions such as Shanghai and Beijing, with little published evidence from less-resourced and underdeveloped areas like Guizhou Province [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].Compared with high-income countries and urban populations, first aid knowledge in low- and middle-income countries and rural or underserved populations remains under-investigated[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the previous literature rarely accounted for multicollinearity, which may have affected the identification of associated factors and reduced the reliability of statistical inference [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. To address this research gap and the statistical challenge of multicollinearity, this study aimed to investigate the current status and determinants of public first aid knowledge in Guizhou, a representative underdeveloped region in western China, using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDesign\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive survey design. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist was used to ensure the comprehensive reporting of information [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA quota sample of adult residents was recruited from nine prefecture-level cities and autonomous prefectures in Guizhou Province, China, a region characterized by geographic diversity and uneven health resource distribution. Seven trained research assistants with a nursing background conducted face-to-face data collection in their local communities after receiving standardized instructions on survey administration and respondent engagement. Eligible participants were aged 18 years or older, had resided or worked in the local area for at least six months, and demonstrated the ability to complete the questionnaire independently. Individuals with diagnosed cognitive or communication impairments were excluded. To ensure consistency in data collection, interrater reliability was assessed during the training phase using the intraclass correlation coefficient, which yielded a score of 0.87, indicating good agreement among data collectors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample size was calculated based on a standard deviation (SD) of 13.3% and a mean of 31.8% from prior data, with α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05. Using the formula n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;u\u0026sup2;p(1\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;p)/δ\u0026sup2;, the minimum sample required was 680. Considering a 20% attrition rate and sampling error, we needed at least 748 participants. Participants were selected using quota sampling, ensuring proportional representation across nine prefecture-level cities and autonomous prefectures in Guizhou Province, with approximately 83 participants from each region. In line with the quota sampling strategy, the study aimed to recruit equal numbers of participants from each of the nine prefecture-level cities and autonomous prefectures in Guizhou Province.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOwing to their significant population size, heterogeneous urban structure, and administrative importance, the sample sizes for Guiyang and Zunyi were intentionally increased to enhance representativeness and to capture wide variability in emergency preparedness across urban and peri-urban settings.This adjustment was aligned with the study\u0026rsquo;s design goals and enhanced the robustness of subgroup comparisons (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The proportion of sample estimation based on the different population intensity ranged from about 7\u0026ndash;17%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMeasurement\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire developed by the research team, based on an extensive review of relevant local and international literature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e], the First Aider Manual issued by the Red Cross Society of China [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], and key resources such as the First Aid and Health Emergency Preparedness: A Guide by the World Health Organization (2020) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] and the First Aid: The Treatment of Injuries and Sudden Illnesses by the American Heart Association [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. The questionnaire comprised three scales: (1) sociodemographic characteristics, (2) a first aid knowledge scale, and (3) an attitude scale toward learning and performing first aid.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe first aid knowledge scale, which comprised 20 single-choice items covering core topics such as CPR, trauma care, and emergency response to disasters and injuries, was developed by the research team. Each correct item received 1 point, whereas incorrect responses received 0 points, resulting in a total score ranging from 0 to 20. On the basis of the analytic framework of the China Health Education Center [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] and prior empirical studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], a score\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;12 was considered indicative of \u0026ldquo;Adequate Basic First Aid Knowledge.\u0026rdquo; This section, composed of objective items, was not assessed for internal reliability; however, its content validity was confirmed by 15 emergency care experts, with an average content validity index (CVI) of 0.891. Face validity was verified through cognitive tests involving 50 lay participants to ensure item clarity[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe attitude scale included seven items measured on a 5-point Likert scale (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly disagree to 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly agree), assessing respondents\u0026rsquo; willingness and perceived importance of first aid training and intervention. The total score ranged from 7 to 35, with high scores indicating positive attitudes toward first aid learning and rescue behavior. For this scale, content validity was assessed by a panel of 15 experts in emergency and prehospital care, yielding a CVI of 0.926, which indicated strong content appropriateness. A pilot test was conducted among 50 respondents to examine internal reliability, resulting in Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s α coefficient of 0.840, which reflected satisfactory internal consistency of the instrument.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn English version of this self-developed questionnaire is provided as \u003cb\u003eSupplementary File 1\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeven trained research assistants received standardized instructions in survey procedures and were responsible for data collection in their respective hometowns. Interrater agreement between the research assistants was checked and moderated until reaching 80%. Participants were approached in designated public areas such as residential communities, parks, and local gathering spaces. After briefly explaining the study\u0026rsquo;s purpose and procedures, eligible individuals were invited to complete a self-administered paper-based questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEach questionnaire began with a standardized introduction informing participants that proceeding with the survey implied voluntary informed consent. Research assistants remained on-site to offer clarifications if necessary and ensured that participation was entirely voluntary and anonymous. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (Approval No. KLL-2023-519).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using SPSS version 29.0 and R version 4.4.3. Questionnaires with \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;20% missing data were excluded. Variables with \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;20% missing were used as input in the \"mice\" package in R. Descriptive statistics included means and standard deviations for continuous variables, as well as frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. Group comparisons were conducted using chi-square or Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact tests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLASSO regression was applied using the \"glmnet\" package to address multicollinearity and identify significant predictors. The optimal lambda was determined by tenfold cross-validation. Predictors with non-zero coefficients were entered into a multivariate logistic regression model using the glm function, and stepwise selection based on Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was performed with stepAIC to identify the best-fitting model. Model discrimination was assessed via the area under the ROC curve (AUC). Statistical significance was set at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSociodemographic Characteristics of the Respondents\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents the sociodemographic characteristics of the 1,091 valid participants in this study. The final sample included the following cities to reflect regional representation: Guiyang (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;196, 17.97%), Zunyi (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;195, 17.87%), Bijie (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;119, 10.91%), Qiannan (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;110, 10.08%), Anshun (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;104, 9.53%), Tongren (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;104, 9.53%), Qianxinan (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;93, 8.52%), Liupanshui (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;92, 8.43%), and Qiandongnan (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;78, 7.15%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong the participants, 53.62% were male, and the mean age was 44.08 (SD 11.60) years. Over half were over 45 years old (53.60%), and the majority had at least an upper secondary education (73.51%) and were married (75.44%). In terms of income, approximately 65.72% reported a monthly personal income below US\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e700.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConcerning emergency training, 53.99% of participants had received prior first aid training. The most common training approach was a combination of lectures and hands-on practice (37.35%), and the leading organizers were workplaces or schools (38.20%), followed by hospitals (28.69%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSociodemographic characteristics (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1091)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal (N)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e585\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e506\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge (years)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e506\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e570\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOccupation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite-collar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e328\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlue-collar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e371\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInformal/freelance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e255\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducational level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTertiary (University degree or above)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpper Secondary / Post-secondary non-tertiary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e492\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary / Lower Secondary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e189\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMonthly personal income (US$)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; US\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUS\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e280\u0026ndash;700\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e436\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUS\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e700\u0026ndash;1400\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e277\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;US\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e1400\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCurrent Residence*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnshun\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBijie\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGuiyang\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e196\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiupanshui\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQiandongnan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQiannan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQianxinan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTongren\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZunyi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e195\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnmarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e268\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e823\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEver received first aid training\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e589\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e502\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of training sessions attended\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOnce\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwice\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMore than twice\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTime since last training\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWithin 1 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e191\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOver 3 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTraining method\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLecture\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Practice\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLecture only\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWatching videos\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTraining organizer\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunity health center\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWorkplace/School\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHospital\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRed Cross\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEmergency First Aid Knowledge and Attitudes Among the Public in Guizhou\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003epresents the correct response rates for each of the 20 emergency first aid knowledge questions.\u003c/b\u003e The \u003cb\u003emean knowledge score\u003c/b\u003e was \u003cb\u003e7.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.65\u003c/b\u003e, and only \u003cb\u003e17.23%\u003c/b\u003e scored 12 or above, meeting the threshold for basic competency.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe three items with the \u003cb\u003ehighest correct response rates\u003c/b\u003e were related to \u003cb\u003eburns (66.30%)\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eelectrical shock (53.30%)\u003c/b\u003e, and \u003cb\u003efire emergencies (52.50%)\u003c/b\u003e, whereas the \u003cb\u003elowest scoring items\u003c/b\u003e included the \u003cb\u003ecorrect emergency number (13.10%)\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003echest compressions (21.20%)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003epresents the item-level scores for attitudes toward learning and performing emergency first aid.\u003c/b\u003e Among the 1,091 participants, the mean total attitude score was 28.11 (SD 0.21) (range: 7\u0026ndash;35), indicating generally positive attitudes and strong willingness to engage in emergency response education.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorrect Response Rates for Emergency First Aid Knowledge Items (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1,091)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItem*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorrect Responses (n)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccuracy Rate (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCorrect emergency phone number\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChest compressions\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e231\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStab wound\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHemostasis methods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eArterial pulse point identification\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e298\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eForeign body airway obstruction\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e317\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbdominal evisceration\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e392\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCPR patient positioning\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e395\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGas poisoning\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e410\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDrowning\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e418\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpinal injury handling\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e423\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEarthquake response\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e446\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAcute myocardial infarction\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e447\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGolden time for CPR\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e447\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHeat stroke\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e473\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSprain\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e493\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFirst step in helping a collapsed person\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e526\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFire emergency\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e573\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eElectric shock\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e582\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBurns\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e732\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e*Items were ordered by correct response rate (from lowest to highest) to visually emphasize areas of weak public knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAttitude Scores Toward Learning and Performing Emergency First Aid Among the Public in Guizhou (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1,091)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire Item\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs a citizen, I believe it is my responsibility to learn and apply emergency first aid skills.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.99 (1.17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am interested in acquiring emergency first aid knowledge and skills.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.03 (1.13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI believe I have the ability to learn emergency first aid knowledge and skills.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.01 (1.14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI believe I am capable of performing the emergency first aid techniques I have learned.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.04 (1.12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am willing to participate in emergency first aid training.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.98 (1.14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI believe it is necessary to promote emergency first aid knowledge in the community.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.04 (1.11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLearning emergency first aid increases my confidence in assisting injured or ill individuals.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.01 (1.18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eUnivariate Analysis of Emergency First Aid Knowledge by Sociodemographic Characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnivariate analysis revealed statistically significant differences in emergency first aid knowledge scores across various participant characteristics, including sex, age, occupation, educational attainment, monthly personal income, current residence, marital status, ever received first aid training, number of training sessions attended, training method, and training organizer (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Detailed comparisons are presented in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDistribution of Participants With Basic Emergency First Aid Knowledge by Sociodemographic Characteristics (n [%])\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal (n%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdequate Basic First Aid Knowledge *\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInadequate Basic First Aid Knowledge*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e585\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53 (9.06)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e532 (90.94)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.823\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e506\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e135 (26.68)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e371 (73.32)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e506\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e167 (33.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e339 (67.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e162.404\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e570\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (3.51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e550 (96.49)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (6.67)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (93.33)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOccupation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite-collar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e328\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95 (28.96)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e233 (71.04)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e233.845\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlue-collar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e371\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (2.43)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e362 (97.57)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInformal/freelance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e255\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (5.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e242 (94.90)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37 (58.73)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26 (41.27)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34 (45.95)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40 (54.05)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducational Level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTertiary (University degree or above)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e149 (48.06)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e161 (51.94)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e291.057\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpper secondary / Post-secondary non-tertiary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e492\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31 (6.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e461 (93.70)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary/lower secondary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e189\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (4.23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e181 (95.77)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100 (100.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMonthly personal income (US$)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; US\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50 (17.79)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e231 (82.21)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUS\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e280\u0026ndash;700\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e436\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53 (12.16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e383 (87.84)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.466\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUS\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e700\u0026ndash;1400\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e277\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76 (27.44)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e201 (72.56)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;US\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e1400\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (9.28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88 (90.72)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCurrent Residence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnshun\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (5.77)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98 (94.23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e268.904\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBijie\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (5.04)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e113 (94.96)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGuiyang\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e196\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29 (14.80)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e167 (85.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiupanshui\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (3.26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89 (96.74)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQiandongnan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (3.85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75 (96.15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQiannan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 (14.55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94 (85.55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQianxinan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (9.68)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84 (90.32)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTongren\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (5.77)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98 (94.23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZunyi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e195\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110 (56.41)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85 (43.59)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnmarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e268\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96 (35.82)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e172 (64.18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.356\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e823\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92 (11.18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e731 (88.82)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEver received first aid training\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e589\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e117 (19.86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e472 (80.14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.824\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e502\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71 (14.14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e431 (85.86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of training sessions attended\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOnce\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (14.51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e165 (85.49)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.562\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwice\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (6.37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e147 (93.63)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMore than twice\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78 (39.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121 (60.80)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTime since last training\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWithin 1 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73 (42.69)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98 (57.31)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.971\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e191\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26 (13.61)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e165 (86.39)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOver 3 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (7.93)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e209 (92.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTraining method\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLecture\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Practice\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82 (37.27)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e138 (62.73)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.075\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLecture\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (7.02)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e159 (93.98)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVideo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23 (11.62)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e175 (88.38)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTraining organizer\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunity health center\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (3.67)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105 (96.33)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.549\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWorkplace/School\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45 (20.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e180 (80.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHospital\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56 (33.14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e113 (66.86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRed Cross\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (13.95)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74 (86.05)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e*Adequate knowledge was defined as scoring\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;12 out of 20 on the emergency first aid knowledge test, in line with national health education standards.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.5 LASSO Regression\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo address multicollinearity among independent variables, we applied LASSO regression to screen for significant predictors. A total of 12 independent variables were entered into the LASSO model. As the penalty parameter (λ) increased, the number of variables retained in the model decreased accordingly. Using tenfold cross-validation, the optimal penalty values were determined to be lambda.min\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002 and lambda.1se\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.010 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2 and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). On the basis of the coefficient estimates at lambda.1se, 11 variables with non-zero coefficients were ultimately selected from the original 12 variables. These variables were sex, age, occupation, educational level, monthly personal income, current residence, marital status, number of first aid training sessions attended, time since last training, training method, and training organizer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.6 Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003epresents the results of multivariate logistic regression analysis\u003c/b\u003e, which included 11 predictors identified via LASSO regression. The binary outcome variable was whether the respondent possessed basic emergency first aid knowledge (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Yes).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo optimize variable selection and ensure model stability, we applied a \u003cb\u003ebidirectional stepwise selection method\u003c/b\u003e using the \u003cb\u003eAIC\u003c/b\u003e as the selection criterion. The final model was chosen based on the lowest AIC value, which was \u003cb\u003e193.82\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA \u003cb\u003ereceiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve\u003c/b\u003e was generated to evaluate the model's discriminative performance. The \u003cb\u003eAUC\u003c/b\u003e was calculated to be \u003cb\u003e0.940\u003c/b\u003e, indicating excellent predictive capability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of Determinants Associated with Basic Emergency First Aid Knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference Group\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOR\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e95% CI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.388\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.867\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.583\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.888\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.955\u0026ndash;17.507\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.989\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.399\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;4.983\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.137\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.063\u0026ndash;0.299\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCareer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite-collar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlue-collar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.289\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.487\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;2.644\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.276\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.106\u0026ndash;0.716\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.302\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.972\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.675\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.008\u0026ndash;13.405\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEducational level\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTertiary (University degree or above)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpper secondary / Post-secondary non-tertiary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.348\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;4.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.096\u0026ndash;0.376\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary/lower secondary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;2.314\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.547\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;4.227\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.099\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.034\u0026ndash;0.289\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePersonal monthly income\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; US\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUS\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e700\u0026ndash;1400\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.514\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.538\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.812\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.544\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.582\u0026ndash;13.053\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrent residence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZunyi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnshun\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.639\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.663\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.626\u0026ndash;68.914\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiupanshui\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGuiyang\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.703\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.810\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;2.102\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.182\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.037\u0026ndash;0.892\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQiandongnan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGuiyang\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;2.276\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.942\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;2.416\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026ndash;0.651\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTime since last training\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWithin 1 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.322\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.539\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;2.451\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.267\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.093\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;0.767\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOver 3 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.987\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.533\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;3.728\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.137\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.048\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;0.390\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTraining method\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLecture\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Practice\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLecture\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.595\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;2.321\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.252\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.078\u0026ndash;0.857\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVideo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.387\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.493\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;2.811\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.095\u0026ndash;0.657\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTraining organizer\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunity health center\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWorkplace/School\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.966\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.812\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.422\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.142\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.455\u0026ndash;35.054\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHospital\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.193\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.948\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.312\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.397\u0026ndash;57.478\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Hosmer\u0026ndash;Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test indicated an adequate model fit (χ\u0026sup2; = 12.905, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.115\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePublic First Aid Knowledge in Guizhou is Suboptimal and Requires Improvement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGuizhou’s residents achieved a mean first aid score of 7.28, and only 17.2% had adequate basic first aid knowledge. Training coverage was 54%, although mastery of core skills remained poor; only 21.2% answered the chest-compression item correctly, and 13.1% were aware of the emergency number. The training (≥ 90%) and mastery (60–80%) rates reported in high-income countries such as Norway, Denmark, and the United States were significantly higher than those in China [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR31 CR32\" citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. This trend highlighted Guizhou’s knowledge gap and suggested that local programs emphasize theory over hands-on practice, despite a moderate awareness of routine hazards (66% burns, 53% electric shock, and 53% fire).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStructural factors exacerbate this problem. Norway and Denmark have incorporated CPR into mandatory education and require biennial employer recertification, yielding \u0026gt; 85% population coverage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. The United States combines “Good Samaritan” laws with AED tax incentives, resulting in one device per 1,400 residents; our audit revealed \u0026lt; 1:35,000 in Guizhou [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Japanese prefectures allocate US\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e0.80 per capita each year for quarterly community exercises, whereas Guizhou invests ≈ US\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e0.05, primarily on singular lectures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntegrating these proven elements, namely, mandatory school training, employer-funded recertification, subsidized AED rollout, and app-based lay–responder alerts, could move Guizhou from lecture-only instruction to a practice-oriented, sustainable system and accelerate progress toward the Healthy China 2030 goal of ≥ 30% public first-aid literacy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePublic Attitudes Toward First Aid Learning and Rescue Are Generally Positive\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study found that the average score for attitudes toward learning and performing emergency first aid among the Guizhou public was 28.11, indicating a moderately high level of engagement. This finding was consistent with the study of Wang [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. Most respondents expressed a strong willingness to learn first aid and a sense of responsibility to assist others, suggesting a solid foundation for health-promoting behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, among those who had not received prior training, 46.21% stated they “didn’t know where to receive training,” 56.78% cited being “too busy,” and 38.25% feared “not being able to learn it well.” These findings point to barriers such as poor information accessibility, inflexible training schedules, and a lack of self-confidence. For highly practical skills like CPR, passive methods such as videos or posters are often insufficient. Hands-on, instructor-led sessions are essential for effective learning. Local governments are encouraged to expand community-based programs by leveraging hospitals, schools, and community centers. Initiatives such as “bringing training to rural areas,” “on-site sessions in schools and workplaces,” and a diversified, accessible training network, especially in township-level areas, will be critical in normalizing first aid education and cultivating a culture of “everyone learns first aid.”\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDeterminants of Basic Emergency First Aid Knowledge in Guizhou\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAge and Educational Level: Core Foundations of Knowledge Acquisition\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study found that participants aged \u003cb\u003e18–44 years\u003c/b\u003e were significantly more likely to possess basic emergency first aid knowledge compared with older adults. Among those aged \u003cb\u003e45–59\u003c/b\u003e, only \u003cb\u003e3.5%\u003c/b\u003e demonstrated adequate knowledge. These findings were consistent with the results reported by Alghamdi [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e], who found that individuals aged ≥ 40 show low levels of first aid knowledge, particularly in terms of accurate recognition and practical on-site performance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoreover, participants with an undergraduate degree in this study exhibited a substantially higher likelihood of possessing adequate first aid knowledge compared with their counterparts; this result was consistent with the findings reported by Alanazy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. These studies suggested that individuals with high education levels have enhanced access to information, strong comprehension skills, and increased health awareness, facilitating the effective acquisition of first aid competencies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTogether, these findings highlight \u003cb\u003eage and educational level as key determinants\u003c/b\u003e of public emergency response literacy. Younger and more educated populations are better positioned to understand and apply emergency knowledge, whereas older adults and those with lower education levels represent vulnerable groups that require targeted intervention. This pattern is consistent with international research and underscores the importance of bridging disparities while promoting universal first aid literacy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eOccupation and Income: The Impact of Socioeconomic Background\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study found that professionals and students had significantly higher first aid knowledge than workers or farmers, likely due to better education, information access, and literacy among the former. Similarly, Gao found that occupational type is significantly related to CPR knowledge in urban China [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], and Alhazmi reported a positive correlation among education, income, and BLS knowledge [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. Bulduk and Özdemir also noted that students from higher SES backgrounds have better first aid knowledge than their counterparts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants with monthly incomes of US\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e700–1400 showed high knowledge levels, suggesting that economic status affects access to training and resources. Alahmadi found that higher education significantly improves all aspects of health literacy in Saudi Arabia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, Elkhadry and Tahoon (2024) found in a representative sample of Egyptians that higher education and household income are significantly associated with enhanced health literacy levels (36.2% inadequate prevalence; P \u0026lt; 0.001) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. These findings emphasize the need for targeted policies to support low-income and low SES populations who lack adequate access to first aid education.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRegional Disparities: Unequal Resource Allocation and Geographic Imbalance\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study revealed notable regional disparities in emergency first aid knowledge across Guizhou Province. Participants from Guiyang and Zunyi demonstrated significantly higher knowledge levels than those in areas such as Anshun and Qiandongnan. These disparities likely reflect imbalanced economic development and unequal allocation of health education and training resources.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar findings have been reported internationally. For instance, Belayneh Workneh found that urban school teachers in Gondar, Ethiopia, had significantly higher first aid knowledge than rural counterparts because of better access to training opportunities and information dissemination [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Likewise, studies by Gete and Asrat highlighted low emergency preparedness in rural Ethiopian populations, attributing this to insufficient infrastructure and unequal resource distribution [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. To narrow these gaps, future emergency training strategies should prioritize underdeveloped regions through mobile training units, local community engagement, and accessible digital education platforms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eTraining Frequency and Method: The Importance of Continuous Education\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study revealed that individuals who had received emergency training two or more times, especially within the past year, were significantly more likely to possess basic first aid knowledge than their counterparts. These findings highlight the necessity of ongoing education to reinforce skill retention. Supporting studies by Gümüş and Al Jadidi found that repeated or refresher BLS training notably improves CPR accuracy and maintains psychomotor skills over time [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraining methods also influenced outcomes. Participants who received lecture and hands-on instruction performed better than those who attended lectures or watched videos alone. Similar evidence from Peng and Sun demonstrated that simulation-based and self-guided training can significantly enhance first aid performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]. Together, these findings support the need for regular, interactive, and practical training formats in public education programs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study has some limitations. Although quota sampling ensured regional representation across all nine prefecture-level divisions in Guizhou Province, it remains a non-random approach that may introduce certain selection bias. The intentional oversampling of Guiyang and Zunyi was designed to improve subgroup comparability and reflect urban–rural variability, but it may slightly affect the generalizability of the findings to the overall provincial population. In addition, the use of self-reported data may involve minor recall or social desirability biases, particularly regarding prior training history and perceived willingness to learn. Although LASSO regression helped reduce multicollinearity, some unmeasured confounding determinants may still exist. Moreover, this study focused on knowledge and attitudes instead of practical first-aid performance, which may differ in real emergency situations. Nevertheless, the large sample size, regionally balanced design, and focus on awareness and training history provide meaningful insights into the current state of emergency preparedness in a resource-limited setting.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study found that the overall level of emergency first aid knowledge among the public in Guizhou Province was relatively low, with only 17.23% of participants demonstrating basic competency. Proficiency in core skills such as CPR was particularly inadequate. Key determinants included sex, age, educational level, and training experience. Although public attitudes toward learning were generally positive, participation was hindered by limited access to information, time constraints, and unequal resource distribution.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA comprehensive approach is needed to improve the effectiveness and equity of public first aid education. This includes building a unified digital platform (e.g., a provincial health science app) to centralize first aid knowledge and training information and promoting flexible blended learning models that combine online and offline instruction to enhance practical skill acquisition. A credit-based incentive system could be implemented to encourage continuous participation. Targeted training programs should be developed for rural residents, older adults, and those with lower educational backgrounds to increase accessibility and relevance. Furthermore, integrating first aid education into primary and secondary school curricula and implementing initiatives such as “first aid qualification for employment” or “community-based certification” can help establish a standardized, inclusive, and sustainable emergency education framework, thereby strengthening the population’s overall capacity for self- and mutual-aid response.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHD, SCL, and YL conceived and designed the study. LL, YH, and XC coordinated data collection and performed the initial statistical analysis. JH and QH contributed to questionnaire development and field investigation. HD drafted the manuscript. YL and SCL provided critical revisions and overall supervision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.Guizhou Provincial Nursing Association Youth Fund Project (Grant No. GZHLKYQ202302)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. Zunyi Municipal Science and Technology Planning Project (Grant No. HZ〔2022〕285)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e：\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dataset supporting the findings of this study is openly available in Figshare at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.29442467.v1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Seven trained research assistants provided standardized explanations of the study in public areas such as parks and neighborhoods. Individuals who agreed to participate completed a paper-based questionnaire. Each questionnaire included an introduction outlining the study\u0026rsquo;s purpose and procedures. Participants were explicitly informed that completion and submission of the questionnaire indicated voluntary informed consent. Participation was anonymous and entirely voluntary. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (Approval No. KLL-2023-519).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOrganization, W.H. \u003cem\u003eInjuries and violence: The facts 2024\u003c/em\u003e. 2024 [cited 2024 August 4]; Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/injuries-and-violence.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eC.f.D.C.a.P., \u003cem\u003eEconomic Cost of Injury \u0026mdash; United States, 2019.\u003c/em\u003e MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSingletary, E.M.e.a., \u003cem\u003ePart 9: First Aid: 2015 International Consensus on First Aid Science With Treatment Recommendations.\u003c/em\u003e Circulation, 2020. \u003cstrong\u003e142\u003c/strong\u003e(16-suppl 1): p. 16-suppl 1.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGreif, R.e.a., \u003cem\u003eFirst aid: Initial care provided for acute illness or injury.\u003c/em\u003e Resuscitation, 2021. \u003cstrong\u003e163\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 1-2.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhong, X., et al., \u003cem\u003eRecognition of stroke-related knowledge among community residents and the improvement after intensive health education: a cross-sectional study.\u003c/em\u003e BMC Neurol, 2020. \u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 373.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePLA, C.S.o.E.M.C.M.D.A.o.E.M.E.M.C.o., \u003cem\u003eExpert consensus on public response measures during the pre-hospital waiting period for emergency aid.\u003c/em\u003e Chinese Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2022. \u003cstrong\u003e42\u003c/strong\u003e(5): p. 380\u0026ndash;386.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLuo, J., Zheng, K., \u0026amp; Hong, W., \u003cem\u003ePublic first aid education model design study based on user experience.\u003c/em\u003e Frontiers in Public Health, 2023. \u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 1286250.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGao, H., et al., \u003cem\u003eKnowledge, attitudes, practices, and self-efficacy of the Chinese public regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation: an online cross-sectional survey.\u003c/em\u003e Front Public Health, 2024. \u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 1341851.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOrganization, W.H., \u003cem\u003eAdvocacy, communication and social mobilization for TB control: A guide to developing knowledge, attitude and practice surveys\u003c/em\u003e. 2008.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLauniala, A., \u003cem\u003eHow much can a KAP survey tell us about people\u0026rsquo;s knowledge, attitudes and practices?\u003c/em\u003e Anthropology Matters Journal, 2009. \u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e(1).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMohamadiyeh M, A.-K.H., Shahrour T, \u003cem\u003eKnowledge of and attitude towards first aid measures among drivers in Sharjah.\u003c/em\u003e Emergency Care and Medicine, 2024. \u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 2.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFatani MI, A.M., Alghamdi AH, et al., \u003cem\u003eKnowledge and attitude towards epilepsy first aid among residents in Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia.\u003c/em\u003e Annals of Tropical Medicine \u0026amp; Public Health, 2025. \u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 15-21.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlanazy, A., et al., \u003cem\u003eAwareness of first aid among adults in Al-Ahsa City, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study.\u003c/em\u003e J Family Med Prim Care, 2024. \u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e(9): p. 3658-3664.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlshehri AM, A.A., Alqahtani MS, \u003cem\u003eAssessment of knowledge and attitude of first aid management for epistaxis among adults in Najran, Saudi Arabia.\u003c/em\u003e Applied Life Sciences. \u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e(35): p. 24.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYang, M.Z.W., W.; Fang, F., \u003cem\u003eCurrent status and influencing factors of emergency rescue knowledge among 740 residents in Songjiang District, Shanghai.\u003c/em\u003e Chinese Journal of Emergency Resuscitation and Disaster Medicine, 2021. \u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e(3): p. 319\u0026ndash;323.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCheng XQ, Z.X., Wang Q, et al., \u003cem\u003eStudy on knowledge, beliefs and behaviors of key populations on emergency first aid in Beijing.\u003c/em\u003e Chin J Epidemiol, 2023. \u003cstrong\u003e44\u003c/strong\u003e(9): p. 1408\u0026ndash;1413.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorkneh, B.S., E.G. Mekonen, and M.S. Ali, \u003cem\u003eDeterminants of knowledge, attitude, and practice towards first aid among kindergarten and elementary school teachers in Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia.\u003c/em\u003e BMC Emerg Med, 2021. \u003cstrong\u003e21\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 73.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHodgetts A, M.P., Redman-MacLaren M, Bainbridge R, \u003cem\u003eCommunity first responders: A missing key to reducing the impact of injury and illness in low- and middle-income countries in the Western Pacific?\u003c/em\u003e Western Pac Surveill Response J, 2021. \u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e(2): p. 1-3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbonazel, M.R., et al., \u003cem\u003eA New Two-Parameter Estimator for Beta Regression Model: Method, Simulation, and Application.\u003c/em\u003e Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 2022. \u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003evon Elm, E.A., D. G.; Egger, M.; Pocock, S. J.; G\u0026oslash;tzsche, P. C.; Vandenbroucke, J. P.; et al. (for the STROBE Initiative), \u003cem\u003eThe Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.\u003c/em\u003e Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 2007. \u003cstrong\u003e61\u003c/strong\u003e(10): p. 344\u0026ndash;349.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKoo TK, L.M., \u003cem\u003eA Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research.\u003c/em\u003e J Chiropr Med, 2016. \u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e(2): p. 155-163.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang, L.J.R., H., \u003cem\u003eResearch on the current status of public science popularization needs in Southwest China: Based on a survey of 3,757 questionnaires.\u003c/em\u003e Journal of Higher Architectural Education, 2019. \u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e(145\u0026ndash;147).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInstitute, D.H.D.R., \u003cem\u003e2021 National Health Insight Report.\u003c/em\u003e 2021.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChina, R.C.S.o., \u003cem\u003eFirst Aider\u003c/em\u003e. 2015, Beijing: People\u0026apos;s Medical Publishing House.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO, \u003cem\u003eFirst Aid and Health Emergency Preparedness: A Guide\u003c/em\u003e. 2020, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAssociation, A.H., \u003cem\u003eFirst Aid: The Treatment of Injuries and Sudden Illnesses\u003c/em\u003e. 2019, Dallas，TX: First Aid: The Treatment of Injuries and Sudden Illnesses.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArticle, J., \u003cem\u003eResearch on the health literacy level and influencing factors of urban and rural residents in China in 2021.\u003c/em\u003e Chinese Journal of Health Education, 2024. \u003cstrong\u003e40\u003c/strong\u003e(5): p. 387\u0026ndash;391, 400.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHu YF, G.X., He L, et al., \u003cem\u003eAnalysis of health literacy level and influencing factors among residents in Guizhou Province in 2020.\u003c/em\u003e Chinese Journal of Health Education, 2023. \u003cstrong\u003e39\u003c/strong\u003e(8): p. 738\u0026ndash;741, 748.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLam, S.C., et al., \u003cem\u003eSensitivity and specificity of conventional and new face validation in determining the incomprehensible items by older people: Empirical evidence of testing 106 quality-of-life items.\u003c/em\u003e Aging Med (Milton), 2023. \u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e(3): p. 230-238.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBakke, H.K., et al., \u003cem\u003eA nationwide survey of first aid training and encounters in Norway.\u003c/em\u003e BMC Emerg Med, 2017. \u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJuul Grabmayr A, A.L., Bo Christensen N, Folke F, Bundgaard Ringgren K, Torp-Pedersen C, Gislason G, Jensen TW, Rolin Kragh A, Tofte Gregers MC, Samsoee Kjoelbye J, Malta Hansen C, \u003cem\u003eContemporary levels of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in Denmark.\u003c/em\u003e Resusc Plus, 2022. \u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnderson ML, C.M., Al-Khatib SM, et al., \u003cem\u003eRates of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training in the United States.\u003c/em\u003e JAMA Internal Medicine, 2014. \u003cstrong\u003e174\u003c/strong\u003e(2): p. 194-201.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNg, T.P., et al., \u003cem\u003eGlobal prevalence of basic life support training: A systematic review and meta-analysis.\u003c/em\u003e Resuscitation, 2023. \u003cstrong\u003e186\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 109771.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJensen TW, F.F., Andersen MP, Blomberg SN, J\u0026oslash;rgensen AJ, Holgersen MG, Ersb\u0026oslash;ll AK, Hendriksen OM, Lippert F, Torp-Pedersen C, Christensen HC, \u003cem\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of basic life support course participants in Denmark.\u003c/em\u003e Resuscitation, 2022. \u003cstrong\u003e170\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 167-177.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eL, G. \u003cem\u003eAED Access and Good Samaritan Laws: A Legislative Review\u003c/em\u003e. GWU School of Medicine News 2023; Available from: https://smhs.gwu.edu/news/olson-introduces-good-samaritan-aed-bill.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBank, W., \u003cem\u003eLearning from Disaster Simulation Drills in Japan\u003c/em\u003e. 2020, The World Bank.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChina, N.H.C.o.t.P.s.R.o., \u003cem\u003eHealthy China Initiative (2019\u0026ndash;2030)\u003c/em\u003e. 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang, F.Q., J.; Chen, C. L., \u003cem\u003eA survey study on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of emergency care among community residents.\u003c/em\u003e Chinese Journal of Nursing Education, 2023. \u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e(7): p. 852\u0026ndash;857.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlghamdi, B., et al., \u003cem\u003eEvaluation of Awareness, Knowledge, and Attitude Toward Basic Life Support Among the General Population in Saudi Arabia: A Nationwide Survey.\u003c/em\u003e Cureus, 2024. \u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e(10): p. e71214.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBashekah, K.A., et al., \u003cem\u003eThe Knowledge, Attitudes, and Associated Factors Regarding First Aid Among the General Public in Saudi Arabia.\u003c/em\u003e Cureus, 2023. \u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e(7): p. e41387.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eElmisbah, H.O., et al., \u003cem\u003eKnowledge of Basic Life Support Among the General Population in Arar City, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.\u003c/em\u003e Journal of Pioneering Medical Sciences, 2025. \u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c/strong\u003e(2): p. 18-28.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBulduk, M. and A. Aytekin \u0026Ouml;zdemir, \u003cem\u003eDetermining the effectiveness of basic first aid training provided to secondary school students.\u003c/em\u003e Anatolian Current Medical Journal, 2024. \u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e(5): p. 299-305.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMamdouh, M., et al., \u003cem\u003eEgyptian Students Open to Digital Mental Health Care: Cross-Sectional Survey.\u003c/em\u003e JMIR Form Res, 2022. \u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e(3): p. e31727.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsrat, L., et al., \u003cem\u003eKnowledge, attitude, and determinant factors towards emergency first-aid utilization among public transport service drivers in Injibara, northwest Ethiopia.\u003c/em\u003e BMC Emerg Med, 2025. \u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 31.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGete BC, M.T., Wudineh BA, Endeshaw AS, \u003cem\u003eKnowledge, attitude, and practice towards burn first aid and its associated factors among caregivers attending burn units in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study.\u003c/em\u003e Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 2022. \u003cstrong\u003e81\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 104402.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eG\u0026uuml;m\u0026uuml;ş, K.K., Seval; Doğan, Nurhan; Yılmaz, Aslı; Fışkın, Gamze; Yurttaş, Merve, \u003cem\u003eThe effects of repeated basic life support training on teachers\u0026rsquo; knowledge and skill levels: A quasi-experimental study.\u003c/em\u003e Eurasian Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2020. \u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 46\u0026ndash;51.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl Jadidi, H. and M. Al Jufaili, \u003cem\u003eEffectiveness of a Short Refresher Course on the Retention of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation-Related Psychomotor Skills (REF-CPR).\u003c/em\u003e Oman Med J, 2023. \u003cstrong\u003e38\u003c/strong\u003e(3): p. e509.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePeng, M., et al., \u003cem\u003eEvaluation of teaching effect of first-aid comprehensive simulation-based education in clinical medical students.\u003c/em\u003e Front Public Health, 2022. \u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 909889.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSianipar IR, T.A., Muktiarti D, Dwijayanti A, Manggala SK, Muliyah E, \u003cem\u003eComparison Between Self-Deliberate Practice and Directed Learning Training Methods for Basic Life Support Knowledge and High-Quality Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Skill Retention in Second-Year Medical Students 3 and 6 Months After Training.\u003c/em\u003e Medical Science Educator, 2023. \u003cstrong\u003e33\u003c/strong\u003e(2): p. 395-400.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"First Aid Education, Public Health, Health Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, LASSO Regression, Determinants, China","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7401000/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7401000/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e Prompt bystander response through emergency first aid is critical in reducing mortality in public health emergencies. However, public awareness and skills regarding emergency first aid remain limited, especially in underdeveloped regions. This study aimed to investigate the current level of public emergency first aid knowledge in Guizhou Province, China, and identify its key determinants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003eA cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1,091 members of the general public in Guizhou Province from September to December 2024 via quota sampling. A self-designed structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic information, first aid knowledge, and attitudes toward learning and administering aid. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was applied to select key determinants, followed by multivariate logistic regression analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e Among participants, only 0.73% answered all 20 first aid questions correctly, and just 17.23% demonstrated basic first aid knowledge. The average knowledge score was 7.28 (SD 4.65), whereas attitude scores indicated a generally positive disposition toward learning (mean: 28.11; SD 0.21). The results of LASSO regression and multivariate logistic regression showed that age, occupation, educational attainment, monthly personal income, current residence, number of training sessions attended, time since last training, and training methods were key determinants influencing emergency first aid knowledge among the public in Guizhou Province (P \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003e First aid knowledge in Guizhou is inadequate, especially among disadvantaged groups, although willingness to learn is evident. Accessible and regularly updated training, with a focus on essential first aid skills, is warranted to bridge this gap.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Determinants of Public First Aid Knowledge in an Underdeveloped Region of China: A Cross-sectional Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-18 18:01:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7401000/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-11T16:29:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-22T05:52:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-22T05:44:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-21T12:50:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2025-08-21T11:17:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7a6dddc2-f343-40e8-8d52-a6d393e72766","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-18T18:01:00+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-18 18:01:00","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7401000","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7401000","identity":"rs-7401000","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}