Development of the Implantable Artificial Kidney: A Biomedical Engineering Approach

Chronic kidney failure (CKD) affects more than 10% of the world's population and is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Although conventional treatments such as dialysis and kidney transplantation have proved effective, they have essential clinical, logistical, and economic limitations. In this context, the development of an implantable artificial kidney emerges as an innovative alternative with the potential to transform CKD treatment. This article reviews significant technological advances covering silicon nanoporous membranes, functional cellular bioreactors, high-precision microfluidic systems, and bioelectronic integration platforms. Through the analysis of specialized scientific literature, preclinical studies, and international regulatory regulations, the opportunities and challenges involved in creating these devices are identified. It emphasized that, despite the progress achieved, significant obstacles, including technical, regulatory, and bioethical barriers, must be overcome to achieve a safe and effective clinical implementation. In conclusion, the implantable artificial kidney is emerging as one of the most promising solutions to comprehensively replace renal function, with the potential to substantially improve patients' quality of life and alleviate the burden on health systems worldwide.