Impact of Plant Vitalizer on the flowering, chemical and economic attributes of Mango

Impact of Plant Vitalizer on the flowering, chemical and economic attributes of Mango | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Impact of Plant Vitalizer on the flowering, chemical and economic attributes of Mango Purvika Chahar, Nikesh Chandra, Meenakshi Malik, Rohit Sharma, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7956236/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 21 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Excessive use of chemical fertilizers in mango ( Mangifera indica ) cultivation has led to serious threats to soil health and environmental sustainability. To address these concerns, the present study was undertaken to explore eco-friendly alternatives using organic bioenhancers, applied individually and in combination with paddy straw mulch. The objective was to assess their potential in improving the nutrient status and leaf biochemical characteristics of mango trees, thereby promoting sustainable production practices. The experiment was conducted during 2024–2025 at the Department of Agriculture, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India (30°37′7.17″N, 76°24′28.14″E), following a factorial randomized block design comprising ten treatments. Findings revealed that the combined application of 3% Dasgavya and paddy straw mulch significantly enhanced the biochemical and nutrient parameters of mango trees. This treatment recorded the maximum leaf area (86.02 cm²), leaf area index (0.03), number of inflorescences per branch (7.53), fruit retention (50.92%), specific gravity (1.01 kg/m³), and non-reducing sugar content (3.84%). The results clearly indicate that integrating organic bioenhancers with paddy straw mulch can serve as a sustainable and effective substitute for chemical fertilizers, improving both plant health and environmental quality. Biological sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Biological sciences/Plant sciences Bioenhancers chemical attributes nutrient attributes eco-friendly sustainable agriculture organic farming Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction A major tropical fruit, mangos ( Mangifera indica L.) are grown mostly in India and some regions of South and Southeast Asia. Due to its nutritional benefits and cultural significance, it is frequently referred to as the "King of Fruits" and is acknowledged as India's national fruit 1 . Nearly half of the world's mangoes are produced in India, however issues like postharvest losses, uneven production, and deteriorating soil health due to overuse of chemical fertilizers make trade difficult 2 . This circumstance emphasizes how urgently sustainable and environmentally friendly farming methods are needed 3 . Bioenhancers have gained attention in this context, and these organic preparations contain helpful microbes that help fix nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, and produce growth regulators like gibberellins and auxins. Bioenhancers are non-toxic, renewable, and safe for the environment, in contrast to chemical fertilizers 4 . By allowing plants to absorb nutrients directly through their leaves, bioenhancers applied topically improve soil health and plant efficiency. According to 5 , Panchagavya, Dasgavya, Jivamrit, and Vermiwash are often utilized bioenhancers. Because the components of Dasgavya are rich in Lactobacillus, a fermentative bacteria that grows in the solution and produces a variety of beneficial metabolites, including organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, and antibiotics, which are effective against other pathogenic microorganisms and increase plant growth and yield, Dasgavya has the potential to promote growth and yield as well as increase immunity in the plant system against pests and diseases. Plant production was successfully increased by its consistent 3% solution content 6 . The pale-yellow liquid known as vermiwash is made from water that has passed through living earthworms and contains organic molecules, mucus, excretory products, and soil micronutrients 7 . Auxin (0.98 g/L), cytokinin (0.68 g/L), silica (8 mg/L), total solids (2448 mg/L), volatile solids (738 mg/L), and nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Azotobacter sp. and Rhizobium sp. are among the bacteria that are rich in enzymes like proteases, amylases, and ureases 8 . Additionally, dead earthworm tissue adds nitrogen, improving the quality of the nutrients. According to research, Vermiwash can enhance plant growth and lessen biotic stress when used as a spray or liquid biofertilizer 9 . Jivamrit is a liquid organic manure that gives crops the vital macro and micronutrients they need. It is high in biomass and natural carbon It has a pH of 4.93, which is mildly acidic, and contains 50 ppm copper, 47 ppm manganese, 0.172% phosphorus, 0.29% potassium, and 1.97% nitrogen 5 . Because Jivamrit is loaded with soil that contains nitrogen-fixing bacteria that improve nutrient absorption, boost phosphorus availability, and promote healthy root development, it is advantageous for organic farming and results in higher-quality crops 10 . Numerous research has demonstrated how bioenhancers benefit horticulture crops, such as mangos. This study assessed various bioenhancers separately and in combination with paddy straw mulch. Because it improves soil structure, retains more water, and lowers evaporation, organic mulch is essential in mango orchards. Mulch reduces water loss and promotes sustainable crop production by reducing weeds and enhancing water infiltration 11 . This study aims to identify effective organic treatments as sustainable alternatives to chemical fertilizers, promoting eco-friendly mango cultivation practices. To evaluate the immediate and long-term effects on the growth and chemical characteristics of mango trees, more investigation is required. Materials and methods Location: The study was conducted at the Agriculture Research Farm, Department of Agriculture, Mata Gujri College, Sri Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab. The research farm is situated at 30°56’ 11.90" N and 76°18’13.18"E, 279. Climate and soil: There are distinct winter, summer, and rainy seasons in this subtropical environment. July through September sees the most rainfall, and the temperature fluctuates from 4 to 5˚C. The sandy loam soil in the experimental field had a slightly alkaline response, was medium in available phosphate and potassium but low in organic carbon and accessible nitrogen and had electrical conductivity within a safe range (Table 1). Experimental detail: The plants in the study ranged in age from four to five years, and the experiment was conducted using a two-factorial randomized block design. Two years of data from 2024 and 2025 were included in the research. Ten treatments (Table 2), each sprayed foliar to one plant (Table 1), were replicated three times. Before flowering and during fruit set, foliar sprays of bioenhancers were applied. The process of making the bioenhancers is depicted in (Fig. 1). Mango plants are sprayed such that the entire foliage is sufficiently soaked while using foliar application. In the afternoon, between 4:00 and 6:00 p.m., a pneumatic foot sprayer with a nozzle was utilized to spray ten liters of solutions. For spraying on the top of the plant, high-legged stool was used to ensure that all sides of the plant were drenched completely. Polythene sheets were placed on the soil to prevent spray droplets from getting to the soil and causing excess spray to spread beneath the plants. The five branches that were marked and tagged were chosen to record the observations for the chemical and leaf attribute data. To guarantee that every aspect of the plant was thoroughly soaked, a high-legged stool was employed for spraying on the top. Polythene sheets were placed on the soil to prevent spray droplets from getting to the soil and causing excess spray to spread beneath the plants. The five branches that were marked and tagged were chosen to record the observations for the chemical and leaf attribute data. Statistical analysis: The statistical analysis was carried out in accordance with the experiment's design as recommended by [30]. At the 0.05 probability level, significant variations in the sources of variance were examined. To compare the variations in the mean values, the tables display the CDs at the 5% value as well as the standard error of the mean (S.Em. ±). I used grape data for PCA, and the data was organized in Excel. Details of treatment The experiment comprised two factors, bio-enhancers and mulch, with their respective treatments as shown in (Table 3). For bio-enhancers, five treatments were included: no bio-enhancers (B0), Panchgavya (B1), Jivamrit (B2), Dasgavya (B3), and Vermiwash (B4). For mulch, two treatments were considered: no paddy straw (M0) and paddy straw mulching (M1). Leaf area (cm 2 ): The leaf area was measured using the leaf area meter (Systronics Leaf Area Meter 211). Ten samples from each treatment were collected to measure leaf area. Leaf area index: The leaf area index is the ratio between leaf area of a plant to the ground area occupied by plant. It is used to find the assimilatory surface area occupied by the plants. It was calculated as per formula proposed by 12 . Duration of flowering (days): To find the duration of mango flowering, observe the time frame from when the first flower buds start to appear on the panicles (flower clusters) until most of the flowers on the tree have fully opened. No inflorescence per branch: To find the number of inflorescences per branch on a mango tree, carefully examine each branch during flowering and count the number of distinct, visible clusters of flowers (inflorescences) present on that branch; this can be done by physically counting each inflorescence while systematically moving along the branch. Fruit retention: The total number of fruits per panicle of 10 tagged panicles was counted at the harvest stage, and the average was worked out. Fruit retention (%) per panicle was then calculated using the below mentioned formula. × 100 Specific gravity (kg/m 3 ): Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of any substance to the weight of the same volume of water. The specific gravity of fruit was determined after finding out volumes by the displacement of water. Titratable acidity (%): Acidity was determined by diluting the known weight of dry sample (the sample was weighed and ground well with a pestle and mortar) and titrating the sample against standard 0.1 M NaOH using phenolphthalein as the indicator. Appearance of light pink colour denotes the endpoint. The acidity is calculated by using the following formula and expressed in per cent. Ascorbic acid (mg/100g) Method: Ascorbic acid is estimated by the 2,6-dichlorophenol endophenol visual titration method. Procedure: Take 10 ml juice sample and make the volume 100 ml with 3% Metaphosphoric acid and then take 10 ml aliquot in a conical flask and titrate with standard dye to a pink end, which should persist for at least 15 sec. Formulae: Dye Factor: Mix 5ml standard ascorbic acid and 5 m1 3% Metaphosphoric acid in a conical flask and titrate with dye solution till pink colour appears. Dye factor = 0.5 Titre value Ascorbic acid = Burette reading × Dye factor × Volume Made × 100 Aliquot taken for estimation × Volume of sample taken = BR × 100 x 100 10 × 10 = BR × = …….mg per 100 ml Reducing sugar (%) Method: Reducing sugars is estimated by Fehlings A and Fehlings B titration method as suggested by Lane and Eynon, 1923 and modified by Ranganna, 1986. Procedure: Take 10 ml juice sample in 250 ml volumetric flask, dilute with 100 ml distilled water and add 1% Phenolphthalein indicator, now add 1 N NaOH to neutralize pink colour. Then add 2ml lead acetate (45%), shake and stand for one min and add 2.5 ml potassium oxalate (22%) to nullify lead acetate and mix well. Make final volume 250ml with distilled water and filter it. Mix 5ml Fehling A and 5 ml Fehling B solutions in 250ml conical flask, now boil the mixture on flame and add methylene blue in it. Add above filtrate drop by drop with help of burette into the volumetric flask till the brick red colour appears. Note down the burette reading. Formulae Fehling Factor = 0.052 Titre value × Volume of sample taken for estimation = 0.05 × 100 × 100 BR x 10 = ……% Non-reducing Sugar (%) The amount of non-reducing sugars was worked out by subtracting reducing sugars from total sugars and multiplying the differences by standard factor 0.95. Non-reducing sugar= (Total sugar – reducing sugar) ×0.95 Cost of cultivation ( /ha) After taking into consideration the variables as well as fixed inputs and corresponding price, the cost of cultivation on each treatment was worked out. Cost of cultivation ( /ha) = Fixed cost (/ha) + Variable cost ( /ha) Gross income ( /ha ) Similarly, gross income was calculated for each treatment based on the market rate of the produce. Gross return (/ha) = Total yield (kg/ha) × Selling price Net returns ( /ha) Net returns were then computed by deducting the total cost of cultivation from the gross income for each treatment. Net return ( /ha) = Gross return ( /ha) _ Cost of cultivation (/ha) Benefit: cost ratio The cost-benefit ratio was calculated by dividing the net returns by the total cost of production. Benefit: cost: ratio = Net returns ( ha -1 ) / Cost of cultivation ( ha -1 ) Results Texture of the fruits during the analysis On the day of harvest, the fruits were hard and green in colour, whereas the pulp was light yellow in colour. The fruits started ripening and reached the consumable stage on the fifth day after harvest with good pulp texture and peel colour. Vegetative Growth Attributes The pooled data of both years indicated significant effects of bioenhancers, mulching, and their interaction on leaf area and leaf area index as shown in (Table.5). Among the bioenhancers, B3 (Dasgavya 3%) recorded the highest leaf area (86.02 cm²) and leaf area index (0.03) as shown in (Fig.2a), followed by B4 (Vermiwash 3%) with 84.72 cm², while the lowest values were observed in the control (M0B0) with 66.00 cm² and 0.02, respectively. Mulching also exerted a significant influence, with mulched plots showing greater leaf area (86.78 cm²) and leaf area index (0.09) compared to non-mulched plots (70.60 cm² and 0.02, respectively). A significant interaction effect was observed between mulching and bioenhancers, wherein M1B3 (paddy straw + Dasgavya 3%) produced the maximum leaf area (97.49 cm²) and leaf area index (0.03), statistically at par with M1B4 (paddy straw + Vermiwash 3%) with 93.41 cm², while the minimum values were recorded under M0B0 (59.87 cm² and 0.02). Flowering Attributes The pooled data of both years revealed significant effects of bioenhancers, mulching, and their interactions on flowering duration, number of inflorescences per branch, and fruit retention (Table.4). Among the bioenhancers, B3 (Dasgavya 3%) recorded the shortest flowering duration (19.19 days), the highest number of inflorescences per branch (7.53), and the maximum fruit retention (50.92%), followed closely by B4 (Vermiwash 3%) with 20.02 days, 7.49 inflorescences per branch, and 48.45% fruit retention, respectively (Fig.2d). In contrast, the control (M0B0) exhibited the longest flowering duration (23.55 days), the minimum inflorescences (3.98 per branch), and the minimum fruit retention (37.70%). Mulching also exerted a significant influence, reducing flowering duration (19.63 vs. 22.61 days), while enhancing both inflorescence number (7.70 vs. 5.49 per branch) and fruit retention (51.37% vs. 40.14%) compared to non-mulched treatments. Furthermore, the interaction between mulching and bioenhancers was significant. The treatment M1B3 (paddy straw + Dasgavya 3%) produced the shortest flowering duration (15.02 days), the highest number of inflorescences per branch (9.49), and maximum fruit retention (61.40%), which were statistically at par with M1B4 (paddy straw + Vermiwash 3%) recording 18.07 days, 8.53 inflorescences, and 56.27% fruit retention, respectively. Conversely, the control (M0B0) consistently recorded the poorest performance with the longest flowering duration (23.88 days), the lowest inflorescence number (3.48 per branch), and minimum fruit retention (33.09%). Quality Attributes Specific gravity (Kg/m 3 ) The pooled data of both years showed a significant effect of bioenhancers, mulching, and their interaction on specific gravity. Among the bioenhancers, B3 (Dasgavya 3%) recorded the highest specific gravity (1.01 kg/m³), followed by B4 (Vermiwash 3%) with 1.00 kg/m³, while the minimum was observed in the control (M0B0) with 0.20 kg/m³ as shown in (Fig.2a). Mulching significantly increased specific gravity (1.89 kg/m³) compared to non-mulched conditions (0.97 kg/m³). The interaction effect was also significant, with M1B3 (paddy straw + Dasgavya 3%) showing the maximum value (1.00 kg/m³), statistically at par with M1B4 (paddy straw + Vermiwash 3%) at 1.89 kg/m³, whereas the minimum (0.95 kg/m³) was recorded under M0B0 (Control). Chemical Attributes The pooled data of both years revealed significant effects of bioenhancers, mulching, and their interaction on total acidity, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, and ascorbic acid content as shown in (Table.4). Among the bioenhancers, B3 (Dasgavya 3%) recorded the minimum total acidity (0.14%), the maximum reducing sugar content (6.31%), non-reducing sugar content (3.84%), and ascorbic acid (30.58 mg/100 g), followed by B4 (Vermiwash 3%) with 0.15%, 5.72%, 2.90%, and 29.05 mg/100 g, respectively (Fig.2c). In contrast, the control (M0B0) exhibited the maximum total acidity (0.17%) and the minimum reducing sugars (5.61%), non-reducing sugars (2.34%), and ascorbic acid (26.16 mg/100 g). Mulching also showed a significant influence, reducing total acidity (0.14% vs. 0.16%) while increasing reducing sugars (5.99% vs. 5.41%), non-reducing sugars (3.61% vs. 2.68%), and ascorbic acid (29.53 vs. 26.11 mg/100 g) compared to non-mulched treatments. The interaction effect between bioenhancers and mulching was significant across all parameters. The treatment M1B3 (paddy straw + Dasgavya 3%) exhibited the lowest total acidity (0.11%) and the highest reducing sugars (6.83%), non-reducing sugars (4.39%), and ascorbic acid (39.18 mg/100 g), which were statistically at par with M1B4 (paddy straw + Vermiwash 3%) showing 0.15%, 6.88%, 3.53%, and 29.05 mg/100 g, respectively, whereas the control (M0B0) consistently recorded the poorest values with the highest total acidity (0.18%) and minimum sugar and ascorbic acid contents (4.38%, 2.26%, and 24.80 mg/100 g). ECONOMIC ATTRIBUTES The pooled data on cost of cultivation, gross income, net return, and benefit–cost ratio (B:C) under different treatments are presented in (Table.6). The selling price of mango fruits was considered at ₹60 per kg. Among the treatments, the highest cost of cultivation was recorded in M0B3 (Dasgavya 3% + straw @ 5 cm) at ₹68,490/ha, while the lowest was in the control (M0B0) at ₹66,990/ha (Fig.2b). The maximum gross income was obtained under M1B3 (Dasgavya 3% + paddy straw @ 5 cm) with ₹1,71,383.34/ha, followed by M1B4 (Vermiwash 3% + paddy straw @ 5 cm), whereas the minimum was observed in M0B0 (₹87,544.08/ha). Correspondingly, the highest net return was recorded in M1B3 (₹1,02,893.34/ha), followed by M1B4 (₹97,685/ha), and the lowest in M0B0 (₹20,554.08/ha). The benefit–cost ratio followed a similar trend, with M1B3 achieving the maximum (1.50), followed by M1B4 (1.42), while the minimum was noted in the control (0.30). Discussion Leaf Area and Leaf Area Index (LAI) The increase in leaf area and LAI with dasgavya 3% application may be attributed to the presence of growth-promoting hormones, micronutrients, and beneficial microorganisms that stimulate cell division, chlorophyll synthesis, and photosynthetic efficiency (Rana and Deepanshu, 2023). Dasgavya enhances nitrogen and phosphorus availability, which promotes mesophyll development and leaf expansion 13 . The dark green foliage observed in dasgavya-treated plants indicates higher chlorophyll content and assimilate production, supporting greater leaf surface development 14 . Similar findings were reported by 15 , who noted enhanced leaf growth due to better nutrient uptake and microbial activity. The concurrent use of paddy straw mulch further maintained soil moisture and temperature, facilitating continuous leaf expansion and higher LAI 16 . Thus, improved nutrient dynamics and favorable soil conditions under dasgavya and mulch integration contributed to enhanced canopy development and photosynthetic efficiency. Flowering Duration, Fruit Retention, and Inflorescence Number The reduced flowering duration and increased fruit retention under paddy straw + dasgavya 3% can be attributed to improved nutrient availability and hormonal balance provided by dasgavya. Beneficial microbes like Azospirillum , Azotobacter , and phosphobacteria enhance nitrogen and phosphorus supply, which accelerates the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, leading to early flowering and synchronized bloom 17 , 18 . These nutrients, along with bioactive compounds in dasgavya, improve carbohydrate accumulation and energy transfer, supporting longer fruit retention and reducing premature fruit drop. The higher number of inflorescences per branch is likely due to the combined effect of microbial production of growth regulators (IAA, GA, cytokinins) and improved soil conditions under paddy straw mulch, which conserves moisture, regulates temperature, and reduces competition from weeds 13 , 19 . Mulching also facilitates the mobilization of auxins and other floral-promoting substances, enhancing flower initiation and development. Overall, the integrated use of dasgavya enriched with coconut water, banana, grape juice, and sugarcane juice, along with organic mulch, resulted in early flowering, higher inflorescence formation, and prolonged fruit retention compared to control or traditional Panchgavya treatments. Specific gravity, lower titrable acidity, ascorbic acid content, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugars, gross income, net returns, and benefit cost ratio The higher specific gravity of fruits under paddy straw + dasgavya 3% may be due to improved nutrient availability and enhanced carbohydrate accumulation, which increased cell size, water retention, and fruit density 20 , 21 . The lower titrable acidity observed in this treatment is likely linked to better nitrogen and potassium nutrition from dasgavya, which promotes sugar synthesis and organic acid neutralization, leading to sweeter fruits 22 . The increase in reducing and non-reducing sugars can be attributed to enhanced carbohydrate synthesis, translocation, and metabolic activity, supported by microbial activity and phytohormones (IAA, GA, cytokinins) present in dasgavya 13 , 23 . Similarly, higher ascorbic acid content may result from accelerated metabolic transformation of starch and pectin into soluble compounds, improved enzyme activity, and rapid sugar translocation from leaves to developing fruits, facilitated by both dasgavya and paddy straw mulch 24 , 23 . The enhanced economic parameters gross income, net returns, and benefit cost ratio under paddy straw + dasgavya 3% are linked to the simultaneous improvement in yield, fruit size, and quality. Dasgavya provides low-cost organic nutrients and phytohormones, reducing cultivation expenses while increasing fruit productivity and marketable quality 25 , 26 , 27 . Additionally, the combined use of organic mulch improves plant growth, nutrient uptake, and fruit retention, further contributing to higher economic returns. Overall, the integration of dasgavya enriched with coconut water, banana, grape juice, and sugarcane juice, along with paddy straw mulch, effectively enhanced both fruit physical and chemical attributes as well as economic efficiency, making it superior to traditional Panchgavya treatments. Conclusion These findings suggest that integrating 3% Dasgavya with paddy straw mulch is a promising, eco-friendly strategy to enhance mango plant nutrition and biochemical quality. Further research is recommended to evaluate its long-term impacts on fruit quality, soil health, and scalability across different mango varieties and agro-climatic zones. Declarations Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Competing interests: The author(s) declare no competing interests. Ethical Approval : The authors declare that all experiments were conducted per all relevant ethical standards and regulations. Humans or animals were not used in any of the investigations. Funding Source: There is no funding for publication and article processing charge of this article Author Contribution Writing, editing of the manuscript– **P.C** ., Project administration, Reviewing and editing of the manuscript – **N.C.,** Analysis and validation and visualization – **M. M.,** Reviewing and editing of the manuscript- **R. S., S.K., B.L.M., M.D.,** Reviewing and editing of the manuscript. Acknowledgements The administrative support of field staffs of mata gujri college, fatehgarh sahib, punjab is gratefully acknowledged. Data Availability Data will be made available on request from the corresponding author. References Bhatt, R. et al. Nutritional and cultural significance of Mangifera indica L. in India. J. Trop. Hortic. 35 , 45–55 (2023). Prasad, K., Sharma, R. R., Sethi, S. & Srivastav, M. Influence of harvesting method on postharvest loss, shelf-life and quality of mango (Mangifera indica) fruits. Indian J Agri Sci . 89 , 445–449. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v89i3.87587 (2019). Ataya, F. et al. Sustainable agricultural practices for tropical fruit crops. Int. J. Agric. Sustain. 23 , 12–26 (2025). Girotto, F. et al. Role of bioenhancers in sustainable agriculture: Microbial and biochemical mechanisms. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 33 , 325–338 (2013). Dewanto, V. et al. Panchagavya, Jivamrit, and Vermiwash: Organic growth enhancers in horticulture. J. Org. Agric. 15 , 201–209 (2002). Apak, R. et al. Effect of Dasgavya on plant growth and yield. Turk. J. Agric. For. 28 , 377–384 (2004). Li, X. et al. Vermiwash: Preparation, composition, and effects on plant growth. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 124 , 34–42 (2018). Nasser, M. et al. Microbial and nutrient composition of Vermiwash and its application in crop production. J. Plant. Nutr. 47 , 1250–1263 (2024). El-Mageed, T. A. et al. Chemical composition and benefits of Jivamrit in horticulture. J. Soil. Sci. Plant. Nutr. 22 , 1125–1136 (2022). Sheikh, A. et al. Effects of Jivamrit on root development and nutrient absorption in fruit crops. Hortic. Sci. Technol. 41 , 140–152 (2025). Mubarak, M. et al. Role of organic mulch in improving soil structure and water retention in mango orchards. J. Hortic. Sci. 48 , 355–366 (2021). Myneni, R. B., Keeling, C. D., Tucker, C. J., Asrar, G. & Nemani, R. R. Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991. Nature 386 , 698–702. https://doi.org/10.1038/386698a0 (1997). Priyaranjan, A., Behera, S. S. & Mohanty, S. Impact of Dasagavya and organic mulches on growth and yield attributes of mango ( Mangifera indica L). Int. J. Agric. Sci. 14 , 11689–11693 (2022). Kameshwari, R., Subramanian, S. & Thirumurugan, V. Effect of organic manures and Panchagavya spray on the growth and yield of bhendi ( Abelmoschus esculentus ). Agric. Sci. Dig. 29 , 190–193 (2009). Sanjutha, S., Subramanian, S. & Maheswari, J. Integrated nutrient management on leaf nutrient status and yield of bhendi ( Abelmoschus esculentus ). Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 4 , 703–707 (2008). Thakriya, A., Verma, R. & Singh, J. Effect of mulching and biofertilizers on soil moisture, temperature and growth parameters of mango orchard. Int. J. Agric. Sci. Res. 7 , 449–456 (2017). Selvaraj, T., Thirumurugan, V. & Karthikeyan, S. Effect of Panchagavya and organic manures on flowering and yield of mango ( Mangifera indica L). Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 6 , 1392–1400 (2017). Sailaja, D., Sailaja, S. & Reddy, Y. T. N. Role of biofertilizers and organic manures on flowering and fruiting in mango ( Mangifera indica L). Asian J. Hortic. 9 , 205–208 (2014). Aremu, A. O., Masondo, N. A. & Van Staden, J. Growth stimulatory effects of smoke-water and karrikinolide on plant growth and development. Plant. Growth Regul. 68 , 435–444 (2012). Yadav, P. K. & Lourduraj, A. C. Effect of organic manures and fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of banana ( Musa spp). South. Indian Hortic. 53 , 16–20 (2005). Sutar, R. F., Shinde, B. N. & Patil, S. D. Effect of organic manures on fruit quality and yield of guava ( Psidium guajava L). Int. J. Agric. Sci. 10 , 5651–5653 (2018). Gajjela, S. & Chatterjee, R. Influence of organic inputs on growth, yield and quality of mango ( Mangifera indica L). J. Pharmacogn Phytochem . 8 , 295–299 (2019). Kumar, S., Prasad, S. K. & Singh, D. Effect of organic manures on fruit quality of guava ( Psidium guajava L). Int. J. Chem. Stud. 5 , 1234–1238 (2017). Natarajan, K. Panchagavya – A manual (Other India, 2002). Chandrakala, M., Natarajan, S. K. & Ramesh, K. Effect of Panchagavya and organic manures on growth and yield of bhendi ( Abelmoschus esculentus ). Asian J. Hortic. 8 , 403–406 (2013). Yasser, M. Effect of organic manures and biofertilizers on growth and yield of mango ( Mangifera indica L). Indian J. Agric. Res. 49 , 331–336 (2015). Pathak, R. K., Singh, S. & Sharma, R. R. Organic horticulture in India: Present status, scope and relevance. Prog Hortic. 45 , 274–281 (2013). Tables Table 1 to 6 are available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Tablemango.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 05 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 04 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 03 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 02 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 29 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 26 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 21 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 03 Nov, 2025 Editor invited by journal 29 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 28 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 28 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 27 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7956236","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":543955065,"identity":"4503b3bb-132c-49e3-a1a5-f5ba0f114388","order_by":0,"name":"Purvika Chahar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"College of Agriculture, GBPUA\u0026T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand-263145","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Purvika","middleName":"","lastName":"Chahar","suffix":""},{"id":543955066,"identity":"9778fdbc-d852-49ec-91c6-2c0050c88678","order_by":1,"name":"Nikesh Chandra","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab 140406","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nikesh","middleName":"","lastName":"Chandra","suffix":""},{"id":543955067,"identity":"5d74ed0c-ac25-4835-b246-9f5969246217","order_by":2,"name":"Meenakshi Malik","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZhBhwCDHxsz/8QGQycNHrBZjfvYGYwOQFjZiLUuc2XPATALEIqhFt5334GeeAgbGDTcS0iq/5tjJsDEwP3x0A48Ws8N8yZIzDBiYDW4kHLstuy0Z6DA2Y+McvFp4DCQ+GDCwGdxIbLstuY0ZqIWHTZqAFuMfCQYMPAY3ktmKJbfVE6XFDGSLhGTPMTbGj9sOE6fFcoaBhAE/ew+zNOO24zxszIT8cv6M8W2ePzb1bcw8jB9/bqu252dvfvgYnxYoAMcIAzMPmCSsHAEYf5CiehSMglEwCkYMAABsbj6RkBG9nwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"ICAR-National Research Institute for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi-110068","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Meenakshi","middleName":"","lastName":"Malik","suffix":""},{"id":543955068,"identity":"322f2bb2-4848-42ed-bd65-af922c616eaa","order_by":3,"name":"Rohit Sharma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab 140406","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rohit","middleName":"","lastName":"Sharma","suffix":""},{"id":543955069,"identity":"9a2fc460-37fc-4d4c-9ca3-27ed8c369f2f","order_by":4,"name":"Sunil Kumar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ICAR - Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research, Modipuram, Meerut Uttar Pradesh, 250110","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sunil","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""},{"id":543955070,"identity":"18a08b46-159e-4d77-b55d-00c03d4872b7","order_by":5,"name":"B. L. Manisha","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ICAR-National Research Institute for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi-110068","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"B.","middleName":"L.","lastName":"Manisha","suffix":""},{"id":543955071,"identity":"e5cf8300-989c-4485-bb1b-7bd3de34ba7b","order_by":6,"name":"Madhu Dahiya","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ICAR – Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute (IASRI), New Delhi- 110 012","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Madhu","middleName":"","lastName":"Dahiya","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-27 11:44:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7956236/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7956236/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":96241215,"identity":"5f65f4f5-be6a-43c2-bef0-059ae0f75ac5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:10:24","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2226861,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"FigureMango.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/2afacdbd3173c266b38c029d.docx"},{"id":95866090,"identity":"77be1238-475f-498f-8ef2-3dbc727f8151","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:09","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":43284,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"mangofinalhorticultureresearch25102025.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/f050dccf37fae698a1273e07.docx"},{"id":96240588,"identity":"6e5ded3e-7f9e-4bd6-af5e-5e74cde10ffc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:09:09","extension":"json","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7890,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"0febc14236ea4ab6b04afdc253c643bc.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/1b5306c120de5dfd7c3c57c9.json"},{"id":96242187,"identity":"7cba021b-0326-4434-b6e7-f1a721a954a8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:12:17","extension":"xml","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":139128,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"0febc14236ea4ab6b04afdc253c643bc1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/5d0897fbb592a0b399c58c07.xml"},{"id":95866095,"identity":"567e3f60-9354-42c0-9253-a97183affed8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"eps","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage1.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/1a5e307841e437158af030c1.eps"},{"id":95866098,"identity":"db80dfec-bcbe-4ee3-8d33-594386d0e34e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"eps","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage1.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/5465fb3cc65ed835c5c0d8d0.eps"},{"id":95866092,"identity":"25d47043-8392-4d50-be06-e8ca0e299368","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:09","extension":"eps","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage1.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/2d262dd5e87f5ab42833cfe0.eps"},{"id":96241985,"identity":"f687e462-2e6f-4c8e-b58a-76023673e133","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:11:49","extension":"eps","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7272,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage4.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/557ee13841e6a5a285f3e159.eps"},{"id":96241236,"identity":"08684af9-24e8-49e9-8b13-eb85fb89405b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:10:25","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/bbde38ee1a08cf3198e8d9e6.png"},{"id":95866106,"identity":"17777f22-365b-43cf-86fe-bab1cf0a07d2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/f405cbe9b40b2bce4ee975e9.png"},{"id":96240806,"identity":"7fce053b-23a3-4947-b89e-412c6f6f373f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:09:36","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/c9400232501293ffa08daa8f.png"},{"id":96242024,"identity":"6a0484f5-04bc-4bb8-abf3-de9f7d101b04","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:11:52","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/4a552e519f64b107b0824812.png"},{"id":95866119,"identity":"4a1f18cf-5ba1-434d-a60d-a06ba3bc58e6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1013473,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/c71cba5e5dca94edab1f06cb.png"},{"id":96242304,"identity":"5fd6e1f7-bea1-4b7e-981d-bc7bf0453365","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:12:35","extension":"jpeg","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":128095,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/64600b6154a88374f71dd3dc.jpeg"},{"id":95866117,"identity":"f625fe74-b8f0-4b8e-8f69-2130a8f92686","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":479305,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/89b90c5093bebbb5212edd04.png"},{"id":95866120,"identity":"60c146fa-764c-466a-8d20-d2e9383f02ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":167711,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage16.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/034757f0b2d673ac3ff540f4.jpeg"},{"id":95866130,"identity":"e2871ab2-3d15-4eb3-95a5-8dbda9c3ac4c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":109903,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/fe5ac652b7c52d410f80b17d.png"},{"id":96241047,"identity":"67dca906-757e-483c-870b-fdcf1a2f53d3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:09:55","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":102967,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/05af39dc145bf2df2479d340.png"},{"id":95866104,"identity":"31e29416-d946-4628-b78a-bb8f6914b5f6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":108503,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/252c3367faa3c659af1ef9b1.png"},{"id":96242204,"identity":"1483faa7-2dcd-42f4-bb09-4f466cca9b72","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:12:17","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/99ad58fcee053e504b6109ad.png"},{"id":95866118,"identity":"32f16dc0-b300-422b-b02a-a7701e941f7c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":101551,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage20.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/04b5a51940f90697ff94768c.png"},{"id":95866114,"identity":"511a16b9-76f0-45fc-b4b0-d1c677094da8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2761,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage21.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/c8d273488e003e1bea1c95fd.png"},{"id":96240936,"identity":"cff4034e-29bd-4793-b65f-27766764001c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:09:44","extension":"jpeg","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":20580,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage22.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/6036b4fd19c427563307f162.jpeg"},{"id":96240916,"identity":"473618a6-85bc-45f8-8614-40a7976c60e6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:09:41","extension":"jpeg","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage23.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/6caee90113b0ce7643fe5acf.jpeg"},{"id":95866108,"identity":"902c9e92-ddb6-4424-8a51-822b4c375317","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/993aaa41fcf8b205462587df.png"},{"id":96242074,"identity":"3cf012a8-1786-4238-8c6d-6681e727364e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:11:58","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/4b201ba04827bdcfd41bc466.png"},{"id":95866123,"identity":"f2aad036-a55c-4134-ad19-f274dbebc1f4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/51f396c556ee6838c6b9b676.png"},{"id":96241382,"identity":"015ad1ef-effb-4113-8b74-1afaffbe63b2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:10:40","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/eb62addbfe4b47bba9db0d8b.png"},{"id":95866112,"identity":"95aa915d-8c6b-4a31-8c5c-8decab1bfe66","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/ed1a1f528a921cabe3ee89b4.png"},{"id":96241786,"identity":"feb1b217-6a18-4104-900d-67dfb3e12ccf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:11:22","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/a891f8b1fc17ca36e7173510.png"},{"id":95866124,"identity":"b256cf53-9746-4525-b902-f792a9d4023b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/454825300603f141ac87ba83.png"},{"id":95866121,"identity":"5915853d-d8ef-4c07-b00f-8daee62fad52","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"png","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/4840e2e4931d6c118acb6f82.png"},{"id":96241936,"identity":"c6398086-7644-4052-a40b-f3e30dae4ff9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:11:43","extension":"png","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/422b14b73712073864ef7777.png"},{"id":95866141,"identity":"4f131f37-7d92-4460-b4b5-0244650b8c02","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"png","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/41393b7cb6e009fa43b09979.png"},{"id":95866135,"identity":"82765bdb-102a-4f4d-9803-21cd2c67aef2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"png","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":904,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/843149e533b999379c6ae390.png"},{"id":95866139,"identity":"499491cd-55e0-4c3c-973b-00fdd394eb2f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"png","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":904,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/f30e4091a9de5ee5e28a3d1d.png"},{"id":96241184,"identity":"f4f97621-f2b4-4898-815a-962d5258031e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:10:21","extension":"png","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":904,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/5bd9682f60601556c40458e5.png"},{"id":95866122,"identity":"6017339f-13ad-4fd0-828b-b479a5bc0644","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"png","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":904,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/79e3cad2bc7dbe6eafbb2c37.png"},{"id":95866137,"identity":"e44264ae-b79d-4ff0-b6c9-ce7e16e59333","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"png","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":81622,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/3630df584c113dc5b8dfe4b0.png"},{"id":96242124,"identity":"e64298cf-1c3c-4a1b-a612-b89d0d01cd74","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:12:10","extension":"png","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":83763,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/b1d715dd3dc81f40a674baf6.png"},{"id":96241125,"identity":"095ee977-40d9-4d8a-920c-79afa3fb5f36","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:10:15","extension":"png","order_by":41,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":49998,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/7b9f722585875fbf25927b51.png"},{"id":96240933,"identity":"a559e0f2-b624-4645-9a84-736cb0ab322d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:09:44","extension":"png","order_by":42,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":84984,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/5bbde43aa7505607ed5b2a47.png"},{"id":96241922,"identity":"0ecd3a7a-1589-4ca7-bbf5-0b07f29f3d2b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:11:43","extension":"png","order_by":43,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":20567,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/0d145231ec88784793599680.png"},{"id":96241629,"identity":"fdb5a395-5fa6-40be-b481-ece1f69f071b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:11:08","extension":"png","order_by":44,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18759,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/c234d5f6751fefeae5b8d8e9.png"},{"id":96241179,"identity":"949a07d6-5b22-484a-9847-e4f7b184b76b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:10:21","extension":"png","order_by":45,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21335,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/a5e00b7d7bcd9ec30db13061.png"},{"id":96241189,"identity":"4687ab85-218b-4616-a611-5974ce7c74c5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:10:21","extension":"png","order_by":46,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":904,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/7e8e2404c0921d798e48e70d.png"},{"id":96241654,"identity":"8f63d504-fee6-44f8-b20f-89854aeabe25","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:11:12","extension":"png","order_by":47,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":19280,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage20.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/150ad9e70df5146da543d58f.png"},{"id":96241152,"identity":"e6a3c065-9dea-457e-b0c2-e5ae951226c8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:10:20","extension":"png","order_by":48,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2963,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage21.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/b1b11bc05cd77e4cd0f29c1d.png"},{"id":96242351,"identity":"dd43bf59-7cf7-4bca-8b28-52f27099f992","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:12:45","extension":"png","order_by":49,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4920,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage22.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/40fca356d30873c72083ff4a.png"},{"id":96241815,"identity":"5c981ae1-be47-4703-8785-9bfe984a81f7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:11:24","extension":"png","order_by":50,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage23.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/b93d68bb306eb0bda0f0b909.png"},{"id":96242180,"identity":"24448497-3323-40e5-9747-008167dd4ac9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:12:17","extension":"png","order_by":51,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":904,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage24.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/fd3892ac347e54808db51b87.png"},{"id":95866147,"identity":"b305c809-f6a8-4c6a-a864-e5287af250ea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:11","extension":"png","order_by":52,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":904,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage24.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/fcb1cc43b0e527d751d45f81.png"},{"id":95866144,"identity":"2e545ae8-29e6-44a6-a355-5f63bdc6a583","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"png","order_by":53,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":904,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage24.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/02fc66eb15275ce1f85ce657.png"},{"id":96241737,"identity":"3a25f1c1-08c3-4632-9b0b-299067621ada","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:11:18","extension":"png","order_by":54,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":904,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/5c08c29e74ebd07365c9f38b.png"},{"id":95866128,"identity":"3878587a-a0ae-4c6e-83f6-656149d21d1e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"png","order_by":55,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":904,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/e8bfc80a3cd98a8c58b7f351.png"},{"id":95866125,"identity":"3ac34847-b550-4d53-ba06-ace3aa9e2ec2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"png","order_by":56,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":904,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/1a55a5e3dcec87d22053a3ea.png"},{"id":96241126,"identity":"c0405138-8284-48c6-9b85-6760f0d11737","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:10:16","extension":"png","order_by":57,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":904,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/1a95de5136ec0f5fc5a09b58.png"},{"id":96241698,"identity":"cdc5a094-5379-4bca-9156-b658d97e6dda","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:11:17","extension":"png","order_by":58,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":904,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/0461ed14b1792975ff9ab91d.png"},{"id":95866136,"identity":"b184b7e5-e1fb-4bec-bd3e-c12d926447b3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"png","order_by":59,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":904,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/a192e22218a9304bf4c51439.png"},{"id":96241616,"identity":"ac2d6e42-2213-44a8-b74c-af450e77a39c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:11:08","extension":"png","order_by":60,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":904,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/20fd4acc0f03603c20c83cb0.png"},{"id":95866146,"identity":"556d6ddf-188f-41c4-bb32-00f8c1712e6e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:10","extension":"xml","order_by":61,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":140225,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"0febc14236ea4ab6b04afdc253c643bc1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/a13d2220cfaaaea6e48281bd.xml"},{"id":95866152,"identity":"2d42bfe5-aed5-4e5a-8be9-5ec2773bac2e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 19:18:11","extension":"html","order_by":62,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":149840,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/42c3096d50d8547fc30e6582.html"},{"id":96242408,"identity":"1f78da8a-7802-4a2a-8b5c-9ef21c0f6cef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:12:55","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1032914,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreparation of bioenhancers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/acbc472210ae9293383c29c9.png"},{"id":96240893,"identity":"ff37fca0-a22c-47c9-9197-cc6fb5039ad9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:09:39","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":266580,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;foliar application of bio enhancers and mulching.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/f55464a802de8f688e97cff2.png"},{"id":96363201,"identity":"3cd26199-7c7b-45a9-9a7e-1ddaff6563e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 10:05:28","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2127826,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/5fd128c7-6e1d-48a4-af3f-37716d8d6d13.pdf"},{"id":96241322,"identity":"0270496b-373a-40d5-8dc9-140d02e63790","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:10:35","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":39138,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Tablemango.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7956236/v1/67fe361cfc7a3ea3cca04491.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Impact of Plant Vitalizer on the flowering, chemical and economic attributes of Mango","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eA major tropical fruit, mangos (\u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e L.) are grown mostly in India and some regions of South and Southeast Asia. Due to its nutritional benefits and cultural significance, it is frequently referred to as the \"King of Fruits\" and is acknowledged as India's national fruit\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Nearly half of the world's mangoes are produced in India, however issues like postharvest losses, uneven production, and deteriorating soil health due to overuse of chemical fertilizers make trade difficult\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This circumstance emphasizes how urgently sustainable and environmentally friendly farming methods are needed\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Bioenhancers have gained attention in this context, and these organic preparations contain helpful microbes that help fix nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, and produce growth regulators like gibberellins and auxins. Bioenhancers are non-toxic, renewable, and safe for the environment, in contrast to chemical fertilizers\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. By allowing plants to absorb nutrients directly through their leaves, bioenhancers applied topically improve soil health and plant efficiency. According to\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e, Panchagavya, Dasgavya, Jivamrit, and Vermiwash are often utilized bioenhancers. Because the components of Dasgavya are rich in Lactobacillus, a fermentative bacteria that grows in the solution and produces a variety of beneficial metabolites, including organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, and antibiotics, which are effective against other pathogenic microorganisms and increase plant growth and yield, Dasgavya has the potential to promote growth and yield as well as increase immunity in the plant system against pests and diseases. Plant production was successfully increased by its consistent 3% solution content\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The pale-yellow liquid known as vermiwash is made from water that has passed through living earthworms and contains organic molecules, mucus, excretory products, and soil micronutrients\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Auxin (0.98 g/L), cytokinin (0.68 g/L), silica (8 mg/L), total solids (2448 mg/L), volatile solids (738 mg/L), and nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Azotobacter sp. and Rhizobium sp. are among the bacteria that are rich in enzymes like proteases, amylases, and ureases\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, dead earthworm tissue adds nitrogen, improving the quality of the nutrients. According to research, Vermiwash can enhance plant growth and lessen biotic stress when used as a spray or liquid biofertilizer\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Jivamrit is a liquid organic manure that gives crops the vital macro and micronutrients they need. It is high in biomass and natural carbon It has a pH of 4.93, which is mildly acidic, and contains 50 ppm copper, 47 ppm manganese, 0.172% phosphorus, 0.29% potassium, and 1.97% nitrogen\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e. Because Jivamrit is loaded with soil that contains nitrogen-fixing bacteria that improve nutrient absorption, boost phosphorus availability, and promote healthy root development, it is advantageous for organic farming and results in higher-quality crops\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Numerous research has demonstrated how bioenhancers benefit horticulture crops, such as mangos. This study assessed various bioenhancers separately and in combination with paddy straw mulch. Because it improves soil structure, retains more water, and lowers evaporation, organic mulch is essential in mango orchards. Mulch reduces water loss and promotes sustainable crop production by reducing weeds and enhancing water infiltration\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This study aims to identify effective organic treatments as sustainable alternatives to chemical fertilizers, promoting eco-friendly mango cultivation practices. To evaluate the immediate and long-term effects on the growth and chemical characteristics of mango trees, more investigation is required.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLocation:\u003c/strong\u003e The study was conducted at the Agriculture Research Farm, Department of Agriculture, Mata Gujri College, Sri Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab. The research farm is situated at 30\u0026deg;56\u0026rsquo; 11.90\u0026quot; N and 76\u0026deg;18\u0026rsquo;13.18\u0026quot;E, 279.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClimate and soil:\u003c/strong\u003e There are distinct winter, summer, and rainy seasons in this subtropical environment. July through September sees the most rainfall, and the temperature fluctuates from 4 to 5˚C. The sandy loam soil in the experimental field had a slightly alkaline response, was medium in available phosphate and potassium but low in organic carbon and accessible nitrogen and had electrical conductivity within a safe range (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperimental detail:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe plants in the study ranged in age from four to five years, and the experiment was conducted using a two-factorial randomized block design. Two years of data from 2024 and 2025 were included in the research. Ten treatments (Table\u0026nbsp;2), each sprayed foliar to one plant (Table 1), were replicated three times. Before flowering and during fruit set, foliar sprays of bioenhancers were applied. The process of making the bioenhancers is depicted in (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1). Mango plants are sprayed such that the entire foliage is sufficiently soaked while using foliar application. In the afternoon, between 4:00 and 6:00 p.m., a pneumatic foot sprayer with a nozzle was utilized to spray ten liters of solutions. For spraying on the top of the plant, high-legged stool was used to ensure that all sides of the plant were drenched completely. Polythene sheets were placed on the soil to prevent spray droplets from getting to the soil and causing excess spray to spread beneath the plants. The five branches that were marked and tagged were chosen to record the observations for the chemical and leaf attribute data.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;To guarantee that every aspect of the plant was thoroughly soaked, a high-legged stool was employed for spraying on the top. Polythene sheets were placed on the soil to prevent spray droplets from getting to the soil and causing excess spray to spread beneath the plants. The five branches that were marked and tagged were chosen to record the observations for the chemical and leaf attribute data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe statistical analysis was carried out in accordance with the experiment\u0026apos;s design as recommended by [30]. At the 0.05 probability level, significant variations in the sources of variance were examined. To compare the variations in the mean values, the tables display the CDs at the 5% value as well as the standard error of the mean (S.Em. \u0026plusmn;). I used grape data for PCA, and the data was organized in Excel.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDetails of treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experiment comprised two factors, bio-enhancers and mulch, with their respective treatments as shown in (Table 3). For bio-enhancers, five treatments were included: no bio-enhancers (B0), Panchgavya (B1), Jivamrit (B2), Dasgavya (B3), and Vermiwash (B4). For mulch, two treatments were considered: no paddy straw (M0) and paddy straw mulching (M1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Leaf area (cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe leaf area was measured using the leaf area meter (Systronics Leaf Area Meter 211). Ten samples from each treatment were collected to measure leaf area.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLeaf area index:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe leaf area index is the ratio between leaf area of a plant to the ground area occupied by plant. It is used to find the assimilatory surface area occupied by the plants. It was calculated as per formula proposed by\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDuration of flowering (days):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTo find the duration of mango flowering,\u0026nbsp;observe the time frame from when the first flower buds start to appear on the panicles (flower clusters) until most of the flowers on the tree have fully opened.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;No inflorescence per branch:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTo find the number of inflorescences per branch on a mango tree,\u0026nbsp;carefully examine each branch during flowering and count the number of distinct, visible clusters of flowers (inflorescences) present on that branch;\u0026nbsp;this can be done by physically counting each inflorescence while systematically moving along the branch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Fruit retention:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe total number of fruits per panicle of 10 tagged panicles was counted at the harvest stage, and the average was worked out. Fruit retention (%) per panicle was then calculated using the below mentioned formula.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026times; 100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecific gravity (kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSpecific gravity is the ratio of the weight of any substance to the weight of the same volume of water. The specific gravity of fruit was determined after finding out volumes by the displacement of water.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTitratable acidity (%):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAcidity was determined by diluting the known weight of dry sample (the sample was weighed and ground well with a pestle and mortar) and titrating the sample against standard 0.1 M NaOH using phenolphthalein as the indicator. Appearance of light pink colour denotes the endpoint. The acidity is calculated by using the following formula and expressed in per cent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAscorbic acid (mg/100g)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethod:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAscorbic acid is estimated by the 2,6-dichlorophenol endophenol visual titration method.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcedure:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTake 10 ml juice sample and make the volume 100 ml with 3% Metaphosphoric acid and then take 10 ml aliquot in a conical flask and titrate with standard dye to a pink end, which\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;should persist for at least 15 sec.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFormulae:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDye Factor: Mix 5ml standard ascorbic acid and 5 m1 3% Metaphosphoric acid in a conical\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eflask and titrate with dye solution till pink colour appears.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDye factor = 0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTitre value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAscorbic acid = Burette reading \u0026times; Dye factor \u0026times; Volume Made \u0026times; 100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAliquot taken for estimation \u0026times; Volume of sample taken\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e= BR \u0026times; 100 x 100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 \u0026times; 10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e= BR \u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e= \u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;.mg per 100 ml\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReducing sugar (%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethod:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eReducing sugars is estimated by Fehlings A and Fehlings B titration method as suggested by Lane and Eynon, 1923 and modified by Ranganna, 1986.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcedure:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTake 10 ml juice sample in 250 ml volumetric flask, dilute with 100 ml distilled water and add 1% Phenolphthalein indicator, now add 1 N NaOH to neutralize pink colour. Then add 2ml lead acetate (45%), shake and stand for one min and add 2.5 ml potassium oxalate (22%) to nullify lead acetate and mix well. Make final volume 250ml with distilled water and filter it. Mix 5ml Fehling A and 5 ml Fehling B solutions in 250ml conical flask, now boil the mixture on flame and add methylene blue in it. Add above filtrate drop by drop with help of burette into the volumetric flask till the brick red colour appears. Note down the burette reading.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFormulae\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFehling Factor = 0.052\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTitre value \u0026times; Volume of sample taken for estimation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e= 0.05 \u0026times; 100 \u0026times; 100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBR x 10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e= \u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon-reducing Sugar (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe amount of non-reducing sugars was worked out by subtracting reducing sugars from total sugars and multiplying the differences by standard factor 0.95.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNon-reducing sugar= (Total sugar \u0026ndash; reducing sugar) \u0026times;0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCost of cultivation (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e/ha)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter taking into consideration the variables as well as fixed inputs and corresponding price, the cost of cultivation on each treatment was worked out.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCost of cultivation (\u003cimg width=\"9\" height=\"15\" src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/127393_c7e80a1c9bb65875/127393_custom_files/img1763044986.gif\" alt=\"image\"\u003e/ha) = Fixed cost (/ha) + Variable cost (\u003cimg width=\"9\" height=\"15\" src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/127393_c7e80a1c9bb65875/127393_custom_files/img1763044986.gif\" alt=\"image\"\u003e/ha)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGross income\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cimg width=\"9\" height=\"15\" src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/127393_c7e80a1c9bb65875/127393_custom_files/img1763044986.gif\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e/ha\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, gross income was calculated for each treatment based on the market rate of the produce.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGross return (/ha)\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e= Total yield (kg/ha) \u0026times; Selling price\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNet returns\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e/ha)\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNet returns were then computed by deducting the total cost of cultivation from the gross income for each treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNet return (\u003cimg width=\"9\" height=\"15\" src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/127393_c7e80a1c9bb65875/127393_custom_files/img1763044986.gif\" alt=\"image\"\u003e/ha)\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e= Gross return (\u003cimg width=\"9\" height=\"15\" src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/127393_c7e80a1c9bb65875/127393_custom_files/img1763044986.gif\" alt=\"image\"\u003e/ha) \u003csup\u003e_\u003c/sup\u003e Cost of cultivation (/ha)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBenefit: cost ratio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe cost-benefit ratio was calculated by dividing the net returns by the total cost of production.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBenefit: cost: ratio = Net returns (\u003cimg width=\"9\" height=\"15\" src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/127393_c7e80a1c9bb65875/127393_custom_files/img1763044986.gif\" alt=\"image\"\u003e ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) / Cost of cultivation ( ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTexture of the fruits during the analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the day of harvest, the fruits were hard and green in colour, whereas the pulp was light yellow in colour. The fruits started ripening and reached the consumable stage on the fifth day after harvest with good pulp texture and peel colour.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVegetative Growth Attributes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe pooled data of both years indicated significant effects of bioenhancers, mulching, and their interaction on leaf area and leaf area index as shown in (Table.5). Among the bioenhancers, B3 (Dasgavya 3%) recorded the highest leaf area (86.02 cm\u0026sup2;) and leaf area index (0.03) as shown in (Fig.2a), followed by B4 (Vermiwash 3%) with 84.72 cm\u0026sup2;, while the lowest values were observed in the control (M0B0) with 66.00 cm\u0026sup2; and 0.02, respectively. Mulching also exerted a significant influence, with mulched plots showing greater leaf area (86.78 cm\u0026sup2;) and leaf area index (0.09) compared to non-mulched plots (70.60 cm\u0026sup2; and 0.02, respectively). A significant interaction effect was observed between mulching and bioenhancers, wherein M1B3 (paddy straw + Dasgavya 3%) produced the maximum leaf area (97.49 cm\u0026sup2;) and leaf area index (0.03), statistically at par with M1B4 (paddy straw + Vermiwash 3%) with 93.41 cm\u0026sup2;, while the minimum values were recorded under M0B0 (59.87 cm\u0026sup2; and 0.02).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlowering Attributes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe pooled data of both years revealed significant effects of bioenhancers, mulching, and their interactions on flowering duration, number of inflorescences per branch, and fruit retention (Table.4). Among the bioenhancers, B3 (Dasgavya 3%) recorded the shortest flowering duration (19.19 days), the highest number of inflorescences per branch (7.53), and the maximum fruit retention (50.92%), followed closely by B4 (Vermiwash 3%) with 20.02 days, 7.49 inflorescences per branch, and 48.45% fruit retention, respectively (Fig.2d). In contrast, the control (M0B0) exhibited the longest flowering duration (23.55 days), the minimum inflorescences (3.98 per branch), and the minimum fruit retention (37.70%). Mulching also exerted a significant influence, reducing flowering duration (19.63 vs. 22.61 days), while enhancing both inflorescence number (7.70 vs. 5.49 per branch) and fruit retention (51.37% vs. 40.14%) compared to non-mulched treatments. Furthermore, the interaction between mulching and bioenhancers was significant. The treatment M1B3 (paddy straw + Dasgavya 3%) produced the shortest flowering duration (15.02 days), the highest number of inflorescences per branch (9.49), and maximum fruit retention (61.40%), which were statistically at par with M1B4 (paddy straw + Vermiwash 3%) recording 18.07 days, 8.53 inflorescences, and 56.27% fruit retention, respectively. Conversely, the control (M0B0) consistently recorded the poorest performance with the longest flowering duration (23.88 days), the lowest inflorescence number (3.48 per branch), and minimum fruit retention (33.09%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuality Attributes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecific gravity (Kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe pooled data of both years showed a significant effect of bioenhancers, mulching, and their interaction on specific gravity. Among the bioenhancers, B3 (Dasgavya 3%) recorded the highest specific gravity (1.01 kg/m\u0026sup3;), followed by B4 (Vermiwash 3%) with 1.00 kg/m\u0026sup3;, while the minimum was observed in the control (M0B0) with 0.20 kg/m\u0026sup3; as shown in (Fig.2a). Mulching significantly increased specific gravity (1.89 kg/m\u0026sup3;) compared to non-mulched conditions (0.97 kg/m\u0026sup3;). The interaction effect was also significant, with M1B3 (paddy straw + Dasgavya 3%) showing the maximum value (1.00 kg/m\u0026sup3;), statistically at par with M1B4 (paddy straw + Vermiwash 3%) at 1.89 kg/m\u0026sup3;, whereas the minimum (0.95 kg/m\u0026sup3;) was recorded under M0B0 (Control).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChemical Attributes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe pooled data of both years revealed significant effects of bioenhancers, mulching, and their interaction on total acidity, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, and ascorbic acid content as shown in (Table.4). Among the bioenhancers, B3 (Dasgavya 3%) recorded the minimum total acidity (0.14%), the maximum reducing sugar content (6.31%), non-reducing sugar content (3.84%), and ascorbic acid (30.58 mg/100 g), followed by B4 (Vermiwash 3%) with 0.15%, 5.72%, 2.90%, and 29.05 mg/100 g, respectively (Fig.2c). In contrast, the control (M0B0) exhibited the maximum total acidity (0.17%) and the minimum reducing sugars (5.61%), non-reducing sugars (2.34%), and ascorbic acid (26.16 mg/100 g). Mulching also showed a significant influence, reducing total acidity (0.14% vs. 0.16%) while increasing reducing sugars (5.99% vs. 5.41%), non-reducing sugars (3.61% vs. 2.68%), and ascorbic acid (29.53 vs. 26.11 mg/100 g) compared to non-mulched treatments. The interaction effect between bioenhancers and mulching was significant across all parameters. The treatment M1B3 (paddy straw + Dasgavya 3%) exhibited the lowest total acidity (0.11%) and the highest reducing sugars (6.83%), non-reducing sugars (4.39%), and ascorbic acid (39.18 mg/100 g), which were statistically at par with M1B4 (paddy straw + Vermiwash 3%) showing 0.15%, 6.88%, 3.53%, and 29.05 mg/100 g, respectively, whereas the control (M0B0) consistently recorded the poorest values with the highest total acidity (0.18%) and minimum sugar and ascorbic acid contents (4.38%, 2.26%, and 24.80 mg/100 g).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eECONOMIC ATTRIBUTES\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe pooled data on cost of cultivation, gross income, net return, and benefit\u0026ndash;cost ratio (B:C) under different treatments are presented in (Table.6). The selling price of mango fruits was considered at ₹60 per kg. Among the treatments, the highest cost of cultivation was recorded in M0B3 (Dasgavya 3% + straw @ 5 cm) at ₹68,490/ha, while the lowest was in the control (M0B0) at ₹66,990/ha (Fig.2b). The maximum gross income was obtained under M1B3 (Dasgavya 3% + paddy straw @ 5 cm) with ₹1,71,383.34/ha, followed by M1B4 (Vermiwash 3% + paddy straw @ 5 cm), whereas the minimum was observed in M0B0 (₹87,544.08/ha). Correspondingly, the highest net return was recorded in M1B3 (₹1,02,893.34/ha), followed by M1B4 (₹97,685/ha), and the lowest in M0B0 (₹20,554.08/ha). The benefit\u0026ndash;cost ratio followed a similar trend, with M1B3 achieving the maximum (1.50), followed by M1B4 (1.42), while the minimum was noted in the control (0.30).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLeaf Area and Leaf Area Index (LAI)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe increase in leaf area and LAI with dasgavya 3% application may be attributed to the presence of growth-promoting hormones, micronutrients, and beneficial microorganisms that stimulate cell division, chlorophyll synthesis, and photosynthetic efficiency (Rana and Deepanshu, 2023). Dasgavya enhances nitrogen and phosphorus availability, which promotes mesophyll development and leaf expansion\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The dark green foliage observed in dasgavya-treated plants indicates higher chlorophyll content and assimilate production, supporting greater leaf surface development\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Similar findings were reported by\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e, who noted enhanced leaf growth due to better nutrient uptake and microbial activity. The concurrent use of paddy straw mulch further maintained soil moisture and temperature, facilitating continuous leaf expansion and higher LAI\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Thus, improved nutrient dynamics and favorable soil conditions under dasgavya and mulch integration contributed to enhanced canopy development and photosynthetic efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec29\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFlowering Duration, Fruit Retention, and Inflorescence Number\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe reduced flowering duration and increased fruit retention under paddy straw\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;dasgavya 3% can be attributed to improved nutrient availability and hormonal balance provided by dasgavya. Beneficial microbes like \u003cem\u003eAzospirillum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAzotobacter\u003c/em\u003e, and phosphobacteria enhance nitrogen and phosphorus supply, which accelerates the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, leading to early flowering and synchronized bloom\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These nutrients, along with bioactive compounds in dasgavya, improve carbohydrate accumulation and energy transfer, supporting longer fruit retention and reducing premature fruit drop.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe higher number of inflorescences per branch is likely due to the combined effect of microbial production of growth regulators (IAA, GA, cytokinins) and improved soil conditions under paddy straw mulch, which conserves moisture, regulates temperature, and reduces competition from weeds\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Mulching also facilitates the mobilization of auxins and other floral-promoting substances, enhancing flower initiation and development.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall, the integrated use of dasgavya enriched with coconut water, banana, grape juice, and sugarcane juice, along with organic mulch, resulted in early flowering, higher inflorescence formation, and prolonged fruit retention compared to control or traditional Panchgavya treatments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpecific gravity, lower titrable acidity, ascorbic acid content, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugars, gross income, net returns, and benefit cost ratio\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe higher specific gravity of fruits under paddy straw\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;dasgavya 3% may be due to improved nutrient availability and enhanced carbohydrate accumulation, which increased cell size, water retention, and fruit density\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The lower titrable acidity observed in this treatment is likely linked to better nitrogen and potassium nutrition from dasgavya, which promotes sugar synthesis and organic acid neutralization, leading to sweeter fruits\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe increase in reducing and non-reducing sugars can be attributed to enhanced carbohydrate synthesis, translocation, and metabolic activity, supported by microbial activity and phytohormones (IAA, GA, cytokinins) present in dasgavya\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Similarly, higher ascorbic acid content may result from accelerated metabolic transformation of starch and pectin into soluble compounds, improved enzyme activity, and rapid sugar translocation from leaves to developing fruits, facilitated by both dasgavya and paddy straw mulch\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe enhanced economic parameters gross income, net returns, and benefit cost ratio under paddy straw\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;dasgavya 3% are linked to the simultaneous improvement in yield, fruit size, and quality. Dasgavya provides low-cost organic nutrients and phytohormones, reducing cultivation expenses while increasing fruit productivity and marketable quality\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, the combined use of organic mulch improves plant growth, nutrient uptake, and fruit retention, further contributing to higher economic returns.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall, the integration of dasgavya enriched with coconut water, banana, grape juice, and sugarcane juice, along with paddy straw mulch, effectively enhanced both fruit physical and chemical attributes as well as economic efficiency, making it superior to traditional Panchgavya treatments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThese findings suggest that integrating 3% Dasgavya with paddy straw mulch is a promising, eco-friendly strategy to enhance mango plant nutrition and biochemical quality. Further research is recommended to evaluate its long-term impacts on fruit quality, soil health, and scalability across different mango varieties and agro-climatic zones.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConflict of Interest:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe author(s) declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that all experiments were conducted per all relevant ethical standards and regulations. Humans or animals were not used in any of the investigations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding Source:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere is no funding for publication and article processing charge of this article\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWriting, editing of the manuscript\u0026ndash; **P.C** ., Project administration, Reviewing and editing of the manuscript \u0026ndash; **N.C.,** Analysis and validation and visualization \u0026ndash; **M. M.,** Reviewing and editing of the manuscript- **R. S., S.K., B.L.M., M.D.,** Reviewing and editing of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe administrative support of field staffs of mata gujri college, fatehgarh sahib, punjab is gratefully acknowledged.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData will be made available on request from the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBhatt, R. et al. Nutritional and cultural significance of \u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e L. in India. \u003cem\u003eJ. Trop. Hortic.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e35\u003c/b\u003e, 45\u0026ndash;55 (2023).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePrasad, K., Sharma, R. R., Sethi, S. \u0026amp; Srivastav, M. Influence of harvesting method on postharvest loss, shelf-life and quality of mango (Mangifera indica) fruits. \u003cem\u003eIndian J Agri Sci\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cb\u003e89\u003c/b\u003e, 445\u0026ndash;449. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v89i3.87587\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.56093/ijas.v89i3.87587\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2019).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAtaya, F. et al. Sustainable agricultural practices for tropical fruit crops. \u003cem\u003eInt. J. Agric. Sustain.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e23\u003c/b\u003e, 12\u0026ndash;26 (2025).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGirotto, F. et al. Role of bioenhancers in sustainable agriculture: Microbial and biochemical mechanisms. \u003cem\u003eAgron. Sustain. Dev.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e33\u003c/b\u003e, 325\u0026ndash;338 (2013).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDewanto, V. et al. Panchagavya, Jivamrit, and Vermiwash: Organic growth enhancers in horticulture. \u003cem\u003eJ. Org. Agric.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e, 201\u0026ndash;209 (2002).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eApak, R. et al. Effect of Dasgavya on plant growth and yield. \u003cem\u003eTurk. J. Agric. For.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e28\u003c/b\u003e, 377\u0026ndash;384 (2004).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi, X. et al. Vermiwash: Preparation, composition, and effects on plant growth. \u003cem\u003eSoil. Biol. Biochem.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e124\u003c/b\u003e, 34\u0026ndash;42 (2018).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNasser, M. et al. Microbial and nutrient composition of Vermiwash and its application in crop production. \u003cem\u003eJ. Plant. Nutr.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e47\u003c/b\u003e, 1250\u0026ndash;1263 (2024).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEl-Mageed, T. A. et al. Chemical composition and benefits of Jivamrit in horticulture. \u003cem\u003eJ. Soil. Sci. Plant. Nutr.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e22\u003c/b\u003e, 1125\u0026ndash;1136 (2022).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSheikh, A. et al. Effects of Jivamrit on root development and nutrient absorption in fruit crops. \u003cem\u003eHortic. Sci. Technol.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e41\u003c/b\u003e, 140\u0026ndash;152 (2025).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMubarak, M. et al. Role of organic mulch in improving soil structure and water retention in mango orchards. \u003cem\u003eJ. Hortic. Sci.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e48\u003c/b\u003e, 355\u0026ndash;366 (2021).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMyneni, R. B., Keeling, C. D., Tucker, C. J., Asrar, G. \u0026amp; Nemani, R. R. Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991. \u003cem\u003eNature\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e386\u003c/b\u003e, 698\u0026ndash;702. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1038/386698a0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1038/386698a0\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (1997).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePriyaranjan, A., Behera, S. S. \u0026amp; Mohanty, S. Impact of Dasagavya and organic mulches on growth and yield attributes of mango (\u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e L). \u003cem\u003eInt. J. Agric. Sci.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e14\u003c/b\u003e, 11689\u0026ndash;11693 (2022).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKameshwari, R., Subramanian, S. \u0026amp; Thirumurugan, V. Effect of organic manures and Panchagavya spray on the growth and yield of bhendi (\u003cem\u003eAbelmoschus esculentus\u003c/em\u003e). \u003cem\u003eAgric. Sci. Dig.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e29\u003c/b\u003e, 190\u0026ndash;193 (2009).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSanjutha, S., Subramanian, S. \u0026amp; Maheswari, J. Integrated nutrient management on leaf nutrient status and yield of bhendi (\u003cem\u003eAbelmoschus esculentus\u003c/em\u003e). \u003cem\u003eRes. J. Agric. Biol. Sci.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e, 703\u0026ndash;707 (2008).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThakriya, A., Verma, R. \u0026amp; Singh, J. Effect of mulching and biofertilizers on soil moisture, temperature and growth parameters of mango orchard. \u003cem\u003eInt. J. Agric. Sci. Res.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e, 449\u0026ndash;456 (2017).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSelvaraj, T., Thirumurugan, V. \u0026amp; Karthikeyan, S. Effect of Panchagavya and organic manures on flowering and yield of mango (\u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e L). \u003cem\u003eInt. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e, 1392\u0026ndash;1400 (2017).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSailaja, D., Sailaja, S. \u0026amp; Reddy, Y. T. N. Role of biofertilizers and organic manures on flowering and fruiting in mango (\u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e L). \u003cem\u003eAsian J. Hortic.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e9\u003c/b\u003e, 205\u0026ndash;208 (2014).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAremu, A. O., Masondo, N. A. \u0026amp; Van Staden, J. Growth stimulatory effects of smoke-water and karrikinolide on plant growth and development. \u003cem\u003ePlant. Growth Regul.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e68\u003c/b\u003e, 435\u0026ndash;444 (2012).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYadav, P. K. \u0026amp; Lourduraj, A. C. Effect of organic manures and fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of banana (\u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp). \u003cem\u003eSouth. Indian Hortic.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e53\u003c/b\u003e, 16\u0026ndash;20 (2005).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSutar, R. F., Shinde, B. N. \u0026amp; Patil, S. D. Effect of organic manures on fruit quality and yield of guava (\u003cem\u003ePsidium guajava\u003c/em\u003e L). \u003cem\u003eInt. J. Agric. Sci.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e, 5651\u0026ndash;5653 (2018).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGajjela, S. \u0026amp; Chatterjee, R. Influence of organic inputs on growth, yield and quality of mango (\u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e L). \u003cem\u003eJ. Pharmacogn Phytochem\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e, 295\u0026ndash;299 (2019).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKumar, S., Prasad, S. K. \u0026amp; Singh, D. Effect of organic manures on fruit quality of guava (\u003cem\u003ePsidium guajava\u003c/em\u003e L). \u003cem\u003eInt. J. Chem. Stud.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e, 1234\u0026ndash;1238 (2017).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNatarajan, K. \u003cem\u003ePanchagavya \u0026ndash; A manual\u003c/em\u003e (Other India, 2002).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChandrakala, M., Natarajan, S. K. \u0026amp; Ramesh, K. Effect of Panchagavya and organic manures on growth and yield of bhendi (\u003cem\u003eAbelmoschus esculentus\u003c/em\u003e). \u003cem\u003eAsian J. Hortic.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e, 403\u0026ndash;406 (2013).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYasser, M. Effect of organic manures and biofertilizers on growth and yield of mango (\u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e L). \u003cem\u003eIndian J. Agric. Res.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e49\u003c/b\u003e, 331\u0026ndash;336 (2015).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePathak, R. K., Singh, S. \u0026amp; Sharma, R. R. Organic horticulture in India: Present status, scope and relevance. \u003cem\u003eProg Hortic.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e45\u003c/b\u003e, 274\u0026ndash;281 (2013).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1 to 6 are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Bioenhancers, chemical attributes, nutrient attributes, eco-friendly, sustainable agriculture, organic farming","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7956236/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7956236/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eExcessive use of chemical fertilizers in mango (\u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e) cultivation has led to serious threats to soil health and environmental sustainability. To address these concerns, the present study was undertaken to explore eco-friendly alternatives using organic bioenhancers, applied individually and in combination with paddy straw mulch. The objective was to assess their potential in improving the nutrient status and leaf biochemical characteristics of mango trees, thereby promoting sustainable production practices. The experiment was conducted during 2024\u0026ndash;2025 at the Department of Agriculture, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India (30\u0026deg;37\u0026prime;7.17\u0026Prime;N, 76\u0026deg;24\u0026prime;28.14\u0026Prime;E), following a factorial randomized block design comprising ten treatments. Findings revealed that the combined application of 3% Dasgavya and paddy straw mulch significantly enhanced the biochemical and nutrient parameters of mango trees. This treatment recorded the maximum leaf area (86.02 cm\u0026sup2;), leaf area index (0.03), number of inflorescences per branch (7.53), fruit retention (50.92%), specific gravity (1.01 kg/m\u0026sup3;), and non-reducing sugar content (3.84%). The results clearly indicate that integrating organic bioenhancers with paddy straw mulch can serve as a sustainable and effective substitute for chemical fertilizers, improving both plant health and environmental quality.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Impact of Plant Vitalizer on the flowering, chemical and economic attributes of Mango","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-13 19:18:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7956236/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-05T17:26:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-04T15:10:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-03T18:53:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-02T10:21:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-29T11:48:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-26T15:22:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-25T11:38:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"123815066800115991937903682401847572435","date":"2025-11-25T05:52:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"60339304463118873315436016918378995010","date":"2025-11-24T05:59:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-21T20:27:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"320236438419269566526086573450804465201","date":"2025-11-21T05:08:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"248078839296208493914193426296318931849","date":"2025-11-19T16:09:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"263703807504866327113175024879990777124","date":"2025-11-19T13:52:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"154756507540053483220187763213009448553","date":"2025-11-19T11:42:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"292388247818638905235211386150432578565","date":"2025-11-19T06:28:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"13284355467437184811122713093395282566","date":"2025-11-19T05:26:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-04T03:53:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-29T16:15:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-28T07:16:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-28T07:14:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-10-27T10:34:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"dd24df81-b997-41a6-b8f3-6abbc1990826","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[{"id":57873253,"name":"Biological sciences/Ecology"},{"id":57873254,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology"},{"id":57873255,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"},{"id":57873256,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-13T07:58:04+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-13 19:18:05","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7956236","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7956236","identity":"rs-7956236","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}