Identifying Adaptable Varieties of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L) in Tidal Swamplands and Sandy Soils by MGIDI and GGE Biplots

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This cereal thrives in regions characterized by low moisture and dry conditions. To address the diminishing availability of arable dry land, it may be necessary to explore the cultivation of sorghum insorghum in tidal swamplands and sandy soils. Methods Twelve sorghum varieties were evaluated in tidal swamplands during the rainy and dry seasons, as well as in sandy soil during the dry season, using two levels of organic fertilizers to create six test environments. The experiments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with three replications. To choose sorghum varieties with features that closely resemble an idealized sorghum variety, the Multi-trait Genotype-Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI) was utilized. Simultaneously, genotype plus genotype-environment interaction (GGE) biplots were employed to determine the best circumstances for choosing broadly adaptable varieties that exhibit desirable features, as well as to find varieties that thrive environmental contexts. Result Based on the MGIDI ranking on the average across environment, two varieties, i.e., Numbu and Kawali were selected. However selected varieties in each environment were differ due to significant variety-environment interaction. In terms of grain weight, the Soper 7 Agritan variety exhibits adaptability across diverse environments, while the Numbu variety likewise demonstrates versatility in various environmental conditions. When evaluating forage yield, several adaptable varieties have emerged. Tidal swamplands treated with a high application of organic fertilizer, as well as sandy soils, provide optimal environments for selecting broadly adaptable varieties that focus on both grain and forage yields. Conclusion Adaptable varieties differ for various groups of environments and different traits under consideration. Optimal environments for identifying broadly adaptable varieties varied by trait. The multitrait genotype-ideotype distance index proves to be a valuable tool for selecting varieties based on multiple traits. In parallel, the GGE biplot effectively identifies adaptable varieties based on individual traits. " } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-883/v1", "name": "Identifying Adaptable Varieties of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L) in..." } } ] } Home Browse Identifying Adaptable Varieties of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L) in... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Susilawati S, Sabran M, Liana T et al. Identifying Adaptable Varieties of Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L) in Tidal Swamplands and Sandy Soils by MGIDI and GGE Biplots [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :883 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.166848.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Identifying Adaptable Varieties of Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L) in Tidal Swamplands and Sandy Soils by MGIDI and GGE Biplots [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] Susilawati Susilawati https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8336-9425 1 , Muhamad Sabran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8647-9029 1 , Twenty Liana 1 , [...] Suwardi Suwardi 1 , Retna Qomariah 2 , Susi Lesmayati 3 , Andy Bhermana 1 , Dwi P Widiastuti https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5800-7040 1 , YantiRina Darsani 2 Susilawati Susilawati https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8336-9425 1 , Muhamad Sabran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8647-9029 1 , [...] Twenty Liana 1 , Suwardi Suwardi 1 , Retna Qomariah 2 , Susi Lesmayati 3 , Andy Bhermana 1 , Dwi P Widiastuti https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5800-7040 1 , YantiRina Darsani 2 PUBLISHED 09 Sep 2025 Author details Author details 1 Research Center for Food Crops, Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, 16911, Indonesia 2 Research Center for Behavioral and Circular Economics, Governance,Economic, and Community Welfare Research Organization-National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, 12710, Indonesia 3 Research Center for Agroindustry, Agriculture and Food Research Organization-National Research and Innovation Agency, Tangerang Selatan, 15310, Indonesia Susilawati Susilawati Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing Muhamad Sabran Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Twenty Liana Roles: Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Project Administration, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing Suwardi Suwardi Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Project Administration, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing Retna Qomariah Roles: Investigation, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Susi Lesmayati Roles: Data Curation, Project Administration, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing Andy Bhermana Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing Dwi P Widiastuti Roles: Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing YantiRina Darsani Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Agriculture, Food and Nutrition gateway. Abstract Background Sorghum has potential as a source of material for food, bioenergy, and animal feed, making it a worthy candidate for promotion. This cereal thrives in regions characterized by low moisture and dry conditions. To address the diminishing availability of arable dry land, it may be necessary to explore the cultivation of sorghum insorghum in tidal swamplands and sandy soils. Methods Twelve sorghum varieties were evaluated in tidal swamplands during the rainy and dry seasons, as well as in sandy soil during the dry season, using two levels of organic fertilizers to create six test environments. The experiments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with three replications. To choose sorghum varieties with features that closely resemble an idealized sorghum variety, the Multi-trait Genotype-Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI) was utilized. Simultaneously, genotype plus genotype-environment interaction (GGE) biplots were employed to determine the best circumstances for choosing broadly adaptable varieties that exhibit desirable features, as well as to find varieties that thrive environmental contexts. Result Based on the MGIDI ranking on the average across environment, two varieties, i.e., Numbu and Kawali were selected. However selected varieties in each environment were differ due to significant variety-environment interaction. In terms of grain weight, the Soper 7 Agritan variety exhibits adaptability across diverse environments, while the Numbu variety likewise demonstrates versatility in various environmental conditions. When evaluating forage yield, several adaptable varieties have emerged. Tidal swamplands treated with a high application of organic fertilizer, as well as sandy soils, provide optimal environments for selecting broadly adaptable varieties that focus on both grain and forage yields. Conclusion Adaptable varieties differ for various groups of environments and different traits under consideration. Optimal environments for identifying broadly adaptable varieties varied by trait. The multitrait genotype-ideotype distance index proves to be a valuable tool for selecting varieties based on multiple traits. In parallel, the GGE biplot effectively identifies adaptable varieties based on individual traits. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Varieties, sorghum, adaptable, tidal swamplands, sandy soil, MGIDI, GGE biplot. Corresponding Author(s) Muhamad Sabran ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Muhamad Sabran Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: This study was funded by the Organization Research for Food and Agriculture, National Research and Innovation Agency in 2024 with the number grant B-12572/III.11/TK.02.00/12/2023 The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2025 Susilawati S et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Susilawati S, Sabran M, Liana T et al. Identifying Adaptable Varieties of Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L) in Tidal Swamplands and Sandy Soils by MGIDI and GGE Biplots [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :883 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.166848.1 ) First published: 09 Sep 2025, 14 :883 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.166848.1 ) Latest published: 15 Apr 2026, 14 :883 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.166848.3 )  There is a newer version of this article available. Suppress this message for one day. 1. Introduction The sorghum crop ( Sorghum bicolor L.) plays a significant role as a source of food, bioenergy, and animal feed materials. As a food source, it provides carbohydrate sources and other essential nutrients, including proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and high fiber. The utilization of sorghum can then be promoted for food diversification. 1 , 2 As a source of bioenergy, it produces biomass that can be processed through fermentation, gasification, and fast pyrolysis to generate various biofuels, including bioethanol, biodiesel, bio-oil, biogas, biohydrogen, and other bio-derived products. 3 – 6 Sorghum also serves as a source of feed for animals. Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ) is a highly adaptable crop that thrives in diverse agroecosystems due to its genetic diversity and resilience to various environmental stresses. 7 – 9 Sorghum crops are primarily cultivated in drylands due to their drought resistance, which is attributed to their evolution in arid regions. As a drought-resistant crop, sorghum is widely cultivated in many areas, including semi-arid and arid zones in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Central America, North America, and Australia. 4 , 5 , 10 In Indonesia, sorghum is mainly cultivated in dry lands. However, the availability of dry lands for sorghum cultivation continually reduced due to land conversion for non-agricultural purposes and competition with other crops, prompting the need to expand sorghum cultivation to tidal swamplands and sandy soil areas, which are quite promising and widely available in Indonesia. It was estimated that 8.92 million hectares of tidal swamplands and 2.10 million hectares of sandy soils were available for agriculture in Indonesia. 11 , 12 Swamplands are low-lying lands that are regularly flooded. It consists of two types of lands, i.e., tidal and inland swamplands. Tidal swamplands are swamplands that are influenced by sea tides. It can be further classified based on tidal influence into types A, B, C, and D. 11 Tidal swamplands of type A are those lands influenced by spring and neap tides, whereas type B are those influenced by neap tides only. Suppose there is no flooding, i.e., only a rise in the water table during the tides, then those lands are classified as type C, while type D is not influenced by sea tides at all, and thus, basically a dry land in the swampy areas. Inland swamps are areas formed in the inland valley where water originates from an upstream river or rainfall. Sandy soil contains a high proportion of sand particles, i.e., more than 60% of sand by volume, derived from sedimentary rock. It has a gritty texture, excellent drainage, poor nutrient retention, and good airflow. 13 The expansion of sorghum cultivation into tidal swamplands and sandy soils necessitates the development of varieties that can thrive in these environments. A crop’s adaptability is defined by its ability to grow and yield well under varying environmental conditions. Consequently, high phenotypic performance and consistency across different environments serve as critical indicators of adaptability. While sorghum’s adaptability has been investigated in dryland environments 14 – 18 —encompassing a range of climates from semi-arid and dry to humid, 19 , 20 as well as 21 various agroclimatic conditions, 22 – 26 differing altitudes, 27 and diverse fertilizer applications 17 , 28 —there is a notable lack of research focusing on sorghum’s response to high rainfall and inundation, as well as to nutrient-poor and pyrite-containing soils characteristic of tidal swamplands and sandy soils. This gap presents a valuable opportunity for further exploration. A recent 2023 study indicated that tidal swamplands cancould support sorghum cultivation, with soil acidity and limited nutrient availability 29 , 30 identified as the primary challenges. Additional research is needed not only in swampy areas but also in other agroecosystems featuring sandy soils to assess the suitability of this crop for these environments. Environmental and variety-based adaptation research, including the use of biofertilizers and nutrients, as well as the influence of climate on swampy and sandy soils, are phenomena that require study. Given that superior sorghum varieties can adapt or tolerate climate change or stress. Intercropping and integrated nutrient management, as well as land and water management practices, are key adaptations that can enhance the health and productivity of marginal soils and are effective in increasing sorghum yields. 29 The purposes of this research are: 1. to identify a high-performance variety based on multiple traits and beneficial characteristics in tidal swamplands and sandy soils. 2. To determine adaptable varieties in tidal swampland and sandy soil, and 3. To determine the best environment to test broadly adaptable varieties. The high-performance and adaptable varieties were selected using the Multi-Trait Genotype-Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI) and Genotype plus Genotype vs Environment (GGE) biplot. MGIDI is a tool for selecting plant genotypes and ranking agronomic treatments based on multiple traits. It integrates various traits into a single index. It could be used to select varieties and their interaction with an environment close to the ideal type of sorghum in tidal swamplands and sandy soils. 31 – 33 MGIDI embedding weight to prioritize traits, reduce dimensionality, and enhance selection accuracy. 32 , 33 Some studies have shown that MGIDI can lead to significant selection gains across various traits. 34 The GGE biplot is a graphical tool for studying the performance of varieties in multiple tested environments. The biplot illustrates the two factors (G and GE) that are important in variety evaluation. The GGE biplot displays the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) derived from environment-centered data, i.e., when the effect of environment is removed from the multi-environment data of the cultivar. This method has been employed in numerous studies to investigate adaptability and genotype-environment interaction in sorghum. 35 – 50 2. Materials and methods 2.1 Experimental sites The experiments were conducted from October 2022 to February 2023 (wet season) and from July to November 2024 (dry season) in tidal swamplands at Petak Batuah Village, Dadahup Sub-district, Kapuas Regency, and from August to December 2023 (dry season) in sandy soils at Sidodadi Village, Bukit Batu Sub-district, Palangka Raya City, Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. 2.2 Plant material This study used 12 varieties of sorghum ( Table 1 ). The Cereal Crop Instrument Standard Testing Centre (CCISTC) is the source of all seeds. Table 1 shows some of the main characteristics of these varieties. Other materials needed include soil conditioners such as dolomite and chicken manure. The inorganic fertilizers are Urea, NPK, SP-36, and KCl. Several insecticides were applied as required. Table 1. The main characteristics of the tested sorghum varieties. Varieties (code) Origin Pest and disease resistance * Plant age at 50% flowering (dap) ** Carbohydrates (%) *** Tanin (%) Yield (t ha −1 ) Super 1 (V1) CCISTC germplasm collection Aphis (R), Anthracnose , leaf rust, and leaf blight (R) 56 71.30 0.110 5.70 Super 2 (V2) Introduction from ICRISAT Aphis (R), Anthracnose , leaf rust and leaf blight (R) 60 75.60 0.300 6.30 Suri 3 Agritan (V3) Introduction from ICRISAT Aphis (R), Anthracnose and leaf spot (R) 54 64.06 0.077 6.00 Suri 4 Agritan (V4) Introduction from ICRISAT Aphis , Anthracnose , and leaf spot (MR) 55 64.93 0.013 5.70 Mandau (V5) Introduction from IRRI stem borers (R), Anthracnose and leaf rust (R) 65 76.00 na 4.00–5.00 Soper 6 Agritan (V6) Introduction from ICRISAT Aphis and leaf rust (HR), leaf spot , and Anthracnose (MR) 64 66.88 ± 0.070 6.00 Soper 7 Agritan (V7) Crossing of Numbu /15011-B leaf rust and leaf spot (R), Anthracnose and stem rot (HR) 59–65 63.90 0.210 12.93 Numbu (V8) India Aphis (R), leaf rust and leaf spot (R) 69 84.58 na 4.00–5.00 Soper 9 Agritan (V9) Crossing 4-183-A/ Numbu leaf rust (R), leaf spot, Anthracnose , and stem rot (HR) 62–65 63.86 0.210 14.40 Kawali (V10) India Aphis (MR), leaf rust and leaf spot (R) 70 87.87 na 4.00–5.00 Bioguma II Agritan (V11) Improvement nt Numbu leaf rust (R), Anthracnose (MR), and stem rot (HR) 69–75 61.40 0.140 9.39 UPCA S1 (V12) 56B na 60–70 66.50 0.215 7.38 * HR = highly resistant, R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant. ** dap = days after planting. *** na = data not available. 2.3 Experimental design and observation The experiment was conducted in tidal swamplands of type C ( Inceptisols ) and sandy soils ( Entisols ). Intensive tillage was practiced. After one week, two seeds were planted per planting hole, with 0.6 m between rows and a 0.25 m planting distance. A replanting operation was performed 7–14 days after planting. Thinning was conducted 30 days after planting, leaving a single plant per pot. Weeds were controlled manually, with hoeing 26 and 46 days after planting. The trials were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two-factor treatments and three replications. The first factor was tested environments consisted of E1 = tidal swamplands applied with 500 kg ha −1 chicken manure in the wet season, E2 = tidal swamplands applied with 1000 kg ha −1 chicken manure in the wet season, E3 = tidal swamplands applied with 500 kg ha −1 chicken manure in the dry season, and E4 = tidal swamplands applied with 1000 kg ha −1 chicken manure in the dry season, E5 = sandy soils applied with 500 kg ha −1 chicken manure in the dry season, and E6 = sandy soils applied with 1000 kg ha −1 chicken manure in the dry season. The second factor was 12 varieties of sorghum ( Table 1 ). Each plot consisted of eight 5.0-m long rows and sixteen 4.0-m long rows. The utilized area was defined as the area occupied by the central row. The entire plot was applied with 1000 kg ha −1 of dolomite. The observed traits are given in Table 2 . Table 2. Observed traits and codes. Code Trait Measurement procedure Measurement unit PH Plant Height From the base of the stem to the top of the canopy cm LC Number of Leaves Number of leaves, including new leaf shoots count INC Number of Internodes Number of internodes count INL Internodes Length Length of space between nodes in the third or fourth internode cm SD Stem Diameter Diameter in the third or fourth internode cm LW Leaf Width The widest point across the leaf blade and the distance between the two edges at that point cm LL Leaf Length The tip of the leaf blades to the petiole cm PL Panicle Length Length from the base of the panicle to the tip of the most extended branch on the panicle cm SWW Stem Wet Weight The fresh weight of the main stem G RWW Root Wet Weight The fresh weight of the root G BRIX sweetness level The sweetness level at the main stem (%) % LWW Leaf Wet Weight The fresh weight of the leaf G GY Grain Yield Clean seeds per panicle at 10% moisture content G 2.4 Data analysis 2.4.1 Analysis of variance Multivariate Analysis of Variance for all traits according to the following model: [1] Y ijkt = μ t + β k + E i + V j + ( EV ) ij + ϵ ijkt Where Y ijkt is the observed t -th traits at k-th block under the i -th environment of the j -th variety, β k is the k -th block effect, i = 1, 2…e; j = 1, 2, 3 … v; k = 1, 2, 3; t = 1, 2 … p. E i is the i -th environmental effect, V j is the j -th variety effect, ( EV ) ij is the interaction of the variety and the environment, and ϵ ijkt is the experimental error at the t-th trait of the j -th variety planted at the experimental unit under the i -th environment and k-th block. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted for p traits based on model (1). Based on the MANOVA results, the means of the significant effects are extracted to construct two-way tables with variety means or a combination of variety-environment means in rows and traits in columns. The elements of the two-way tables are then rescaled so that all columns have values 0-100 as follows 31 , 34 [2] r V ij = max nj − min nj max oj − min 0 j x ( v ij - max oj ) + max nj Where max nj and min nj are the maximum and minimum values of traits j in V ij after rescaling, respectively; max 0 j and min 0 j are the original maximum and minimum value of the trait j , and v ij is the original value for the jth trait of the i -th variety, for traits with higher values, max nj = 100 and min 0 j = 0 ; conversely, if the lower values are desired, then max nj = 0 and min nj = 100. 2.4.2 Factor analysis The V * = (rV ij ) vxp , i.e., the rescaled V , are then subject to factor analysis to group variables based on their correlation. All variables within a particular group are expected to be highly correlated with one another but have relatively small correlations with variables in different groups. The estimation of the factorial scores for each row in V ij is according to the following model: [3] X = μ + L f + ϵ Where X is a px1 vector of a row of rV ij (the rescaled values of V ij ), μ is the px1 vector of the standardized mean, L is a p x f matrix of factorial loadings, f is a p x 1 vector of common factors, and ϵ is a p x 1 vector of residuals. p and f are the number of traits and common factors retained. The initial loadings are computed considering only factors with eigenvalues of the correlation matrix of rV ij or rVE ij higher than 1. The varimax rotation criteria are used for the analytic rotation and estimation of final loadings. The scores are then obtained as follows. [4] S = V ∗ ( A T R − 1 ) T S is a v x f matrix with factorial scores, V * is a v x p matrix with rescaling means, and A is a p x f matrix of canonical loading. R is a p x p correlation matrix between the traits, and f is the number of factors retained. Factors associated with the eigenvalue of the matrix greater than one are maintained. 2.4.3 Multitrait -Genotype-Ideotype-Distant Index (MGIDI) The MGIDI i for the i-th treatment, defined as the Euclidean distance between the scores of the i-th treatment and the ideal type, is computed as follows. [5] MGIDI i = [ ∑ j = 1 f ( γ ij − γ j ) 2 ] 0.5 Where γ ij is the score of the i- th treatment in the j- th factor (i = 1, 2, …, t; j = 1, 2, …, f ), being t and f the number of treatments and factors, respectively; and γ j is the j th score of the ideotype or ideal treatment. The treatment with the lowest MGIDI is closer to the ideal treatment, presenting the desired values for all the p traits. The traits are prioritized by putting the following weights (number in the bracket in front of the traits): (0.4) PH, (0.6) LC, (0.4) INC, (0.4) INL, (0.7) SD, (0.7) LW, (0.7) LL, (0.6) PL, (0.5) (PDW), (1.0) LWW, (0.3) BRIX, (1.0) SWW, (1.0) GY. The analysis was performed using R software version 4.3.3. 51 2.4.4 GGE Biplot The mean yield of variety i in environment j according to model (1) is: Y ij = μ + E i + V j + ( EV ) ij If we delete E i from Y ij , then the environmental-centered data matrix M with the ij-th element m ij = Y ij ` − μ − V j can be subjected to singular value decomposition, i.e., m ij = ∑ k = 1 p ξ ik ∗ η jk ∗ Where ξ ik ∗ = λ k a ξ ik ; η jk ∗ = λ k 1 − a η jk , being λ k the kth eigenvalue from the SVD (k = 1,2, …, p) with p ≤ min ( e , v ) ; a is the single value partition factor for the Principal Component (PC) k; ξ ik ∗ and η jk ∗ are the PC score for variety i and environment j, respectively. A Genetic plus Genetic-Environment interaction (GGE) biplot was used to examine the stability and adaptability of the varieties. The biplot’s abscissa represents the first principal component (PC1), indicating the phenotypic performance of the varieties, while the ordinate represents the second principal component (PC2), indicating the stability of the varieties. The two components account for the variation in varieties and the interaction between varieties and environments. By joining the variety’s coordinates that were most distant from the origin, a polygon was created that can be used to determine which varieties were the best (won) and where ( Figure 5 and Figure 10 ). The biplot is divided into sectors by drawing a dotted line perpendicular to the polygon’s sides from the origin of the biplot. The sectors depict environments that are most comparable to one another. The varieties with the best phenotypic performance in environments within a sector were those found near the polygon’s vertices in the sector. A group of environments where the same variety performs the best is called a mega-environment. Varieties in a sector without allocated environments are considered unfavorable to any environment and exhibit low phenotypic performance responsiveness. Figure 1. Variety ranking based on MGIDI. Figure 2. Variety-environment ranking based on MGIDI. Figure 3. Strength and weakness view of all varieties. Figure 4. Strength and weakness view of selected varieties - environmental combination. Figure 5. Which-won-where view of the GGE biplot on grain yield. Figure 6. Mean vs. stability of varieties GGE biplot on grain yield. Figure 7. Ranking of varieties in GGE biplot on grain yield. Figure 8. Discriminativeness and representativeness of the tested environments in the GGE biplot on grain yield. Figure 9. Ranking tested the environments of the GGE biplot on grain yield. Figure 10. The Which-won-where View of the GGE biplot based on the forage wet weight. The average environmental point, with coordinates representing the average PC1 and PC2 scores of the environments, was initially defined to create the Average Environmental Coordination (AEC). The AEC’s X-axis is a line between the biplot’s origin and the average environmental point. Simultaneously, the Y-axis is the line that runs perpendicular to the AEC’s X-axis in the biplot’s origin. The ordinate shows the interactions between each variety and its environment, whilst the AEC abscissa shows the phenotypic performance of varieties in the average environment. The arrow in the AEC axis indicates the direction of ascending phenotypic performance. The projection of each variety on the X-axis of AEC measures the mean phenotypic performance across environments. In contrast, the projection on the Y-axis measures the stability of the variety in tested environments ( Figure 6 , Figure 11 ). The ascending direction is the arrow in the abscissa, and the varieties projected above the origin in the direction of the arrow in the abscissa are above the average of the mean phenotypic performance; the higher the ordinate of the variety in the AEC coordinate is, the less stable it is. The best (adaptable) variety is the highest phenotypic performance and stability variety. This imaginary “ideal variety,” i.e., the best variety, is marked as a small circle in Figures 7 and 12 . Varieties are ranked by their mean phenotypic performance and stability, as indicated by their closeness to the “ideal variety” ( Figures 7 and 12 ). Figure 11. Mean and stability of varieties at GGE biplot on forage yield. Figure 12. Ranking of varieties at GGE biplot on forage yield. The ideal variety is based on its performance in the AEC. However, one may need to determine a test environment representing the average environment. A line vector was constructed from the biplot’s origin to each environmental point to evaluate the environment’s representativeness and discriminating power. The length of the vector represents the discriminating ability of the environment, while the angle between the vector and the X-axis of AEC measures the representativeness of the environment. The longer the vector and the smaller the angle, the higher the discriminating ability and representativeness of the environment associated with the vector ( Figures 8 and 13 ). The environment is then ranked based on its discriminativeness and representativeness ( Figure 9 and Figure 14 ). Figure 13. Discriminativeness and representativeness of environments of the biplot on forage yield. Figure 14. Ranking of environments of the biplot on forage yield. 3. Result 3.1 Analysis of variance The multivariate analysis of variance ( Table 3 ) found that variety means across environment ( V ) and variety-environment interaction ( VE ) have significant effects on the vector of traits, based on the Pillai trace Test ( p < 0.0.01), indicating differences in the means of varieties across environments and such differences are affected by environment. The significant effect of variety-environment interaction means that the ranking of varieties within each environment is varied. Table 3. Multivariate analysis of variance on traits. Source Df Pillai Approx F num Df den Df Pr(>F) Rep. 2 0.4987 3.3472 26 262 1.265 e-06 *** Env. 5 3.2940 19.9033 65 670 <2.2 e-16 *** Var. 11 5.5343 10.9043 143 1540 <2.2 e-16 *** Env:Var 55 5.0732 1.6524 715 1846 <2.2 e-16 *** 3.2 Factor analysis Two two-way tables were extracted from the MANOVA: V (V jt ) vxp and EV (EV (ij)t ) (ev)xp , where V jt and EV (ij)t are the variety and variety-environment combination, respectively, of the t traits. Factorial loading after varimax rotation and their cumulative variance obtained in factor analysis on the variety mean matrix (V) are presented in Table 4 . In contrast, the variety-environment combinations matrix (EV) is presented in Table 5 . In both tables, four factors associated with an eigenvalue greater than one are retained along with their cumulative variance. The bold-faced numbers (greater than 0.50 in absolute value) in each table are the dominant factor loading of the traits to the associated factor. Hence, for example, in Table 4 , internode count (INC), panicle dry weight (PDW), stem wet weight (SWW), and grain yield (GY) are associated with factor 1(FA1). Similarly, plant height (PH), Internode count (INC), internode length (INL), leaf length (LL), and BRIX are associated with the factor (FA2). Factor 3 is associated with panicle length (PL),) and BRIX. Factor 4 is associated with leaf count (LC), stem diameter (SD), leaf width (LW), panicle dry weight (PDW), and Leaf wet weight (LWW). Similar interpretations can also be held for Table 5 . The result of factor analysis will then be used to calculate MGIDI. Table 4. Factorial loadings explained variance and eigenvalues after varimax rotation obtained in factor analysis on variety—means matrix. Traits Factors FA1 FA2 FA3 FA4 PH -0.28 - 0.88 -0.02 0.37 LC -0.05 -0.04 -0.09 0.83 INC -0.57 -0.62 0.1 0.44 INL -0.22 -0.91 0.02 0.01 SD -0.49 -0.17 0.03 0.74 LW -0.45 -0.2 -0.25 0.69 LL -0.45 -0.71 -0.38 -0.34 PL 0.26 -0.02 -0.87 0.21 PDW -0.69 0.03 0.28 0.62 LWW 0.04 -0.46 0.33 0.69 BRIX 0.05 -0.55 0.6 -0.02 SWW -0.92 -0.28 0.13 0.16 GY -0.92 -0.32 0.12 0.09 Eugenvalue 6.91 1.85 1.29 1.25 Cumulative variance 58.10% 67.40% 77.30% 86.90 % Table 5. Factorial loadings explained variance and eigenvalues after varimax rotation obtained in factor analysis on variety—environment combinations mean matrix. Traits Factors FA1 FA2 FA3 FA4 PH -0.84 0.35 0.09 0.02 LC 0.01 0.84 0.04 0.03 INC -0.77 0.28 0.02 0.05 INL -0.82 0.03 0.16 -0.04 SD -0.47 0.11 0.36 -0.69 LW -0.47 0.37 0.35 -0.62 LL -0.74 0.25 0.39 - 0.36 PL 0.09 0.15 0 -0.86 PDW -0.09 0.71 0.52 0.02 LWW -0.43 0.62 0.09 -0.04 BRIX -0.58 0.21 -0.43 -0.16 SWW -0.15 0.14 0.95 -0.10 GY -0.19 0.1 0.94 -0.15 Eugenvalue 5.7 1.74 1.66 1.04 Cumulative variance 43.80 % 57.3 % 70.00 % 78.00% 3.3 Selection based on MGIDI 3.3.1 Selected varieties Figure 1 shows the ranking of the MGIDI of varieties averaged across environments. The selected varieties based on the MGIDI are Kawali (V10) and Numbu (V8), as indicated by the red dots in Figure 1 . 3.3.2 Selected variety-environment combinations Figure 2 presents the ranking of variety-environment combinations based on MGIDI. The red dot at the outer circle is the selected environment-variety combination. They are E6-V10, E6-V5, E6-V8, E6-V7, E2-V7, E6-V9, E6-V6, E2-V8, E1-V4, and E1-V10, E6_V11, E2_V10, E2_V4, E6_V2, where E i V j denotes the j-th variety planted at the i-th environment. The majority of selected varieties are those applied in sandy soil with a high rate of organic fertilizer (E6). Only four varieties (V4, V7, V8, or V10) were selected for tidal swamplands in the rainy season, and they were either applied at a high or low rate of organic fertilizer (E1 and E2). 3.3.3 Selected varieties in each environment The multivariate analysis of variance, as shown in Table 3 , indicates that the interaction between variety and environment is significant. This interaction suggests that the ranking of varieties varies across different environments. Therefore, it is necessary to select varieties in each environment by the MGIDI. The selection procedure is similar to that of average varieties across all environments and variety-environment combinations. However, the result of the factor analysis and the graphs of the ranking are not presented here. Table 6 presents the result of the selection. Table 6. Selected varieties in each environment. Environment Selected varieties 500 kg ha −1 chicken manure applied in tidal swampland in the wet season (E1) Suri 1 Agritan (V1) and Soper 4 Agritan (V4) 1000 kg ha −1 chicken manure applied in tidal swampland in the wet season(E2) Soper 7 Agritan (V7) and Numbu (V8) 500 kg ha −1 chicken manure applied in tidal swampland in the dry season (E3) Soper 7 Agritan (V7) and Bioguma II Agritan (V11) 1000 kg ha −1 chicken manure applied in tidal swampland in the dry season (E4) Numbu (V8) and Kawali (V10) 500 kg ha −1 chicken manure applied in sandy soils in the dry season (E5) Numbu (V8) and Kawali (V10) 1000 kg ha −1 chicken manure applied in sandy soils in the dry season (E6) Numbu (V8) and Kawali (V10) 3.4 The strengths and weaknesses view The strengths and weaknesses of all varieties and selected varieties-environment combinations, which are accounted for by the proportion of each factor to their calculated MGIDI, are presented in Figure 3 and Figure 4 , respectively. Each factor has a specific color line, as indicated by the legend. The closer the variety or variety-environment combinations are to the external edge of the polygon, with a specific color representing a particular factor, the smaller the contribution of the factor to the MGIDI. The smaller the contribution of a factor to the MGIDI of a variety/variety-environment combination, the closer the traits associated with the factor to the “ideal type.” Since we defined “ideal type” as those varieties or variety-environment combinations with the highest values in all traits (as selection goals), it implies that the traits associated with the factor are high in the varieties or variety-environment combinations. The strengths and weaknesses of all varieties are shown in Figure 3 . We should focus attention on the selected varieties, i.e., V8 and V10. Variety V8 is closely related to FA1 and V10 is closely related to FA4. It implies that FA1 has a small contribution to the MGDI of V8, and hence traits like internode count (INC), panicle dry weight (PDW), stem wet weight (weight (SWW), and grain yield (GY), which are associated with FA1, have high values in V8. Similarly, V10 exhibits high values in traits related to FA4, including leaf count (LC), stem diameter (SD), panicle dry weight (PDW), and leaf wet weight (LWW). Figure 4 illustrates the strengths and weaknesses of selected variety-environment combinations. Unlike Figure 3 , Figure 4 presents only the selected variety-environment combinations for simplicity, given the high number of variety-environment combinations. Factor FA1 makes a small contribution to the MGIDI of E1-V10, E6-V10, and E6-V6, indicating that traits associated with this factor in that variety-environment combination are similar to those in the variety-environment idiotype. Therefore, traits such as plant height (PH), internode count (INC), Internode Length (INL), leaf Length (LL), and BRIX have high values in that variety-environment combination. With similar reasoning traits associated with FA2, such as leaf count (LC) and panicle dry weight (PDW), these values must be high in variety-environment combinations E6-V8, E6-V7, E2-V7, E6-V5, and E6-V11. Two economically valuable traits, grain yield (GY) and stem wet weight (SWW), contribute to biomass production associated with FA3. This factor has made a small contribution to the MGIDI of E6-V7, E2-V7, E6-V9, and E6-V8. Therefore, these varieties must possess high values for both traits. Finally, traits that are associated with FA4 must have high values in E1_V4, E1_V10, E2-V4, E6_V2 and E2_V8. 3.5 Adaptability and stability The adaptability and stability of each variety were studied, with valuable traits including grain yield and fresh forage yield (stems and leaves, expressed as wet weight). The GGE biplot on each of the two traits was used to study the adaptability and stability of varieties. 3.5.1 Grain yield The “Which-won-where view” of the biplot on the grain yield (GY) and its polygon is displayed in Figure 5 . Of the total GGE variation, the PC1 and PC2 contributed 52.44% and 33.61%, respectively. PC1 reflects the average performance (mean grain yield) of the varieties, while PC2 reflects the stability (variety-environment interaction) of the varieties/genotypes. Jointly, the two components account for 86.05% of the total genotype plus genotype × environment interaction. The polygon separated the biplot’s five sectors. The highest phenotypic performance (grain yield) variety was the variety at the vertex of the polygon. There are five varieties at the polygon’s vertices, i.e., V3, V7, V8, V11 and V12. These varieties are among the best. There are two mega-environments in the biplot. Mega-environment 1 consists of environments E1, E2, and E6 in one sector, with a variety at the vertex, V7, while mega-environment 2 consists of environments E3, E4, and E5, with a variety at the vertex, V8. Varieties V3, V11, and V12 were found in sectors with no allocated environment. Hence, they were less responsive and exhibited low phenotypic performance (in terms of grain yield) in all tested environments. The mean and stability analysis depicted in Figure 6 shows that V7 has the highest mean in Mega-Environment 1, as it is the furthest left along the green AEC line. Note that the green AEC arrow points to the left; therefore, varieties further in that direction can be interpreted as having a higher mean performance (in grain yield). V8 is the second-highest performance, with similar reasoning. In terms of stability, which is reflected by the ordinates in AEC, V7, and V8 are moderately stable, although they are less stable than other varieties, such as V1, V2, and V10. The ranking of varieties based on their mean performance (in terms of grain yield) and stability is presented in Figure 7 . The best varieties, which are the most adaptable, are those closest to the ideal variety (represented by the small circle near the arrow), an imaginary genotype or variety with the highest mean and stability. V7 is the most adaptable variety, followed by V8. Consequently, in mega-environment 1, i.e., tidal swamplands in rainy season applied with high rate (E2) or low rate organic fertilizer (E1), and in sandy soils applied with high rate organic fertilizer (E6), the adaptable variety is Soper 7 agritan (V7 ), while in tidal swampland at dry season applied with high rate (E4) or low rate organic fertilizer (E3) and in sandy soils applied with low rate of organic fertilizer (E5) the adaptable variety is Numbu (V8). Since the “ideal variety” in the environmental average is only hypothetical, we may need to determine the phenotypic performance of the varieties in a particular tested environment that represents the average environment. For this purpose, we first determined the tested environment that was more discriminative and representative of the average environment—the discriminativeness and representativeness of all tested environments were analyzed in Figure 8 . The highest line vector from the origin of the biplot to the environment “point” was the most discriminative environment. At the same time, the most representative is the line vector with the lowest angle to the average environment. The selected environments are ranked based on their discriminativeness and representativeness ( Figure 9 ). The center of the concentric circles in Figure 9 represents the ideal environment for selecting genotypes, i.e., the most discriminative and representative ones. The closer an environment is to this center, the better it ranks. Hence, E6 is the most discriminative and representative environment of the average environment. In other words, sandy soil applied with a high rate of organic fertilizer during the dry season (E6) is ideal for selecting broadly adaptive genotypes or varieties based on grain yield (GY). 3.5.2 Forage yield Figure 10 depicts a biplot of sorghum varieties’ Forage yield (FY) and its polygon. PC1 and PC2 contributed 61.30% and 33.57%, respectively, and jointly accounted for 94.87% of the overall GGE variance. There are two mega-environments in the biplot. The first mega-environment is in the sector that contains E1, E3, and E5 tested environments, and the second mega-environment is in the sector that contains E2, E4, and E6 tested environments. We can define the first mega-environment as the environment applied with a low rate of organic fertilizer since all environments are those applied with a low rate of organic fertilizer (500 kg of chicken manure per hectare) in both types of land at both seasons. For the same reason, we can define the second environment as the one applied with a high rate of organic fertilizer (1,000 kg of chicken manure per hectare). Varieties V3 and V4 are at the vertices of polygons within mega-environment one and, therefore, become suitable candidates for the best varieties in the environment. Variety V11 is the suitable candidate for the best varieties in mega-environment 2. Varieties V5, V6, and V7 were found in sectors with no environmental conditions, indicating that they are not responsive and exhibit low mean phenotypic performance in any tested environment. The graph of mean and stability ( Figure 11 ) showed that among the three varieties in mega-environment 1, V3 has a phenotypic performance (forage yield) below the average, while varieties V4 and V9 are above the average, with almost similar phenotypic performance. In genotype rank ( Figure 12 ), V9 is closer to the “ideal variety” than V3 or V4 in this mega-environment. However, it is further from the ‘ideal variety’ than V11, V2, and V8, which are in mega-environment 2. Therefore, we can conclude that in mega-environment 1, i.e., the environment in tidal swampland applied with low (E1) or high rate (E2) organic fertilizer and in sandy soils applied with low rate of organic fertilizer, the adaptable varieties are variety Soper nine 9 agritan (V9); while in mega-environment 2, i.e. tidal swamplands and sandy soil applied with high rate organic fertilizer, variety Bioguma agritan (V11) are the most adaptive variety. Figure 13 analyses the discriminativeness and representativeness of all tested environments. Figure 14 gives the rank of the selected environment. Using the same reasoning as in the GGE biplot on grain yield, the tested environment E2 is the most discriminative and representative environment compared to the average environment. Therefore, tidal swampland applied with a high rate of organic fertilizer during the rainy season (E2) is ideal for selecting broadly adaptive genotypes/varieties based on forage yield (FY). 4. Discussion MGIDI incorporates trait information into a single value to rank varieties or variety-environment combinations based on their distance from an “ideal type.” The “ideal type” or “ideotype” is a hypothetical variety/variety-environment combination with the best possible value for each trait. It has been successfully applied to several studies to enhance the performance, productivity, quality, or adaptability of different crops. 14 Each trait is assigned a weight based on its value or desirability, whereas superior varieties are those with the smallest distances from the ideal variety. The advantage of the MGIDI-based selection is that it incorporates several traits into the study and reduces the dimensions of these traits to just four factors that account for a significant portion of the variation. Finding varieties like ideotype types can be aided by the strengths and weaknesses of the selected varieties, as indicated by the contribution of each factor to the MGIDI. A helpful indicator for sorghum breeding or crop improvement would be the factors and their associated traits that contribute to the MGIDI of the selected varieties. In contrast to the MGIDI, the GGE biplot tools only consider one trait at a time. In the GGE biplot technique applied in this study, we consider two valuable beneficial traits: grain yield and forage yield. The GGE biplot offers a more comprehensive evaluation of the best varieties across various environments (mega-environments). Furthermore, the ideal environment for identifying adaptable varieties, i.e., environments with representative and high-discriminating power, can be determined using the GGE biplot. Aside from the difference between MGIDI and GGE biplots, particularly in the traits they evaluate, comparing the results of the two methods in identifying the best varieties is worthwhile. The GGE biplot has identified Soper 7 Agritan (V7) and Numbu (V8) as the top-performing varieties in terms of mean grain yield across various environments. These results differ somewhat from the varieties selected by the MGIDI, specifically V8 and V10. While V8 was chosen by the MGIDI and is acknowledged in the GGE biplot for its high mean grain yield, V10 was also selected by the MGIDI but does not perform as strongly in the GGE biplot, despite maintaining a mean grain yield above the average. Conversely, V7, not selected by the MGIDI, stands out as the top performer in grain yield according to the GGE biplot. These discrepancies can be attributed to the fact that the contribution of FA1, which is associated with grain yield, is relatively small within the MGIDI for V8, thereby limiting its role in determining the highest mean grain yield. In contrast, the contribution of FA4, which does not relate to grain yield, is also minimal for V10 in the MGIDI. This difference implies that while V8 has significant value in terms of grain yield, V10 does not, although it may possess other traits related to FA4 that are unrelated to grain yield. The GGE biplot focuses solely on grain yield, which is why V7 was selected over V10. The GGE biplot also shows the environment in which the varieties performed best in terms of their mean grain yield. During the rainy season, the Soper 7 agritan 7 (V7) variety is suitable for use in tidal swamplands during the wet season with either high-rate (E2) or low-rate organic fertilizers (E1), as well as in sandy soils with high-rate organic fertilizers (E6). Conversely, the Numbu (V8) variety is recommended for tidal swamplands during the dry season, particularly with high-rate (E4) or low-rate organic fertilizers (E3) and in sandy soils with low-rate organic fertilizers (E5). The MGIDI analysis indicated that variety V7 is also selected in the E2 environment and E3 environment, while V8 is selected in almost all environments except E1 and E3. These differences indicate that in specific environments (E1 and E2), V8 exhibits traits beyond grain yield that make it the closest to the ideal variety. The highest means across environments have also been identified via the GGE biplot on forage yield (FY), using a logic like that of the GGE biplot on grain yield (GY). Like the grain yield, varieties differ from those chosen using the MGIDI. The Bioguma (V11) variety has the highest mean in tidal swamplands during both the rainy (E2) and dry seasons (E4), as well as in sandy soil (E6), when using high-rate organic fertilizer. Meanwhile, the Soper 9 agritan (V9) variety has the highest mean in tidal swamplands in both the wet and dry seasons, with a low rate of organic fertilizer (E1 and E3), as well as in sandy soil during the dry season, with a low rate of organic fertilizer (E1, E3, and E5). These differences indicated a variation in selecting grain yield and forage yield. Some varieties, however, are dual-purpose varieties, i.e., higher in grain yield as well as forage yield mean GGE biplot also determined the stability of the varieties in each group of environments. Soper 7 agritan (V7) and Numbu (V8) varieties that have the highest mean on grain yield, and Bioguma (V11) and Soper 9 Agritan (V9), which also have the highest mean in forage yield in their respective environments, are also relatively stable or have low variety-environment interactions. Therefore, they are adaptable varieties with the highest phenotypic mean (grain yield and forage yield) in the respective environments. Specifically, Soper 7 Agritan (V7) is adaptable in Mega-environment 1, and Numbu (V8) is adaptable in Mega-environment 2, as indicated by the GGE biplot on grain yield. At the same time, Soper 9 Agritan (V9) is adaptable in Mega-environment 1, and Bioguma (V11) is adaptable in Mega-environment 2, as shown in the GGE biplot for forage yield. The MGIDI, however, cannot identify adaptable varieties. The selection of a Variety-Environment combination can only determine which variety has the highest ranking in MGIDI. However, the selected variety-environment combination indicated that most varieties have a high MGIDI ranking, hence being close to ideal genotypes in environments E6, E4, and E2, which is like the result of the GGE biplot on forage yield. The best environments for choosing broadly adaptive varieties could also be identified using the GGE biplot. These environments include tidal swamplands that are fertilized with a high rate of organic fertilizer during the rainy season (E2) to maximize forage yield and sandy soil that is fertilized with a high rate of organic fertilizer during the dry season (E6) to enhance grain yield. A high level of organic fertilizer enhances the environment’s ability to discriminate and represent the average environment. 52 , 53 High rates of organic fertilizer have a significant impact on crops in tidal swamplands during the rainy season because they increase the populations of facultative and anaerobic microbes, which can help slow down the release of nutrients, add organic matter that can help bind particles in otherwise waterlogged areas, and help microbes release nutrients from organic material. In contrast, organic fertilizer increases fertility in sandy soils during the dry season by releasing nutrients slowly, a process that is particularly important in nutrient-poor sands. This process improves biological activity and soil life while also reducing compaction and erosion. These conditions will enhance environmental productivity, particularly for responsive varieties, thereby increasing the discriminating power of the environment. A limitation of this study is that the tested environments are not sufficiently varied, so adaptability is not significantly broad. Variations of environments depend only on the type of agroecosystem (tidal swamplands and sandy soil), seasons (dry and rainy seasons), and rate of organic fertilizer applications. In other words, this study did not cover the wide variability in tidal swamplands and sandy soils. Other limitations, particularly in applying the MGIDI, are the limited number of traits observed, which does not involve some important traits. Nevertheless, with such limitations, we can still recommend adaptable varieties and a testing environment for testing the broadly adaptable ones, which require a higher rate of organic fertilizer application in tidal swamplands as well as in sandy soils. Organic fertilizers significantly enhance the productivity and sustainability of agricultural practices in tidal swamplands and sandy soil. They are vital for improving soil fertility, 20 , 21 enhancing crop productivity, 54 reducing environmental impacts, 55 and supporting sustainable agricultural practices in tidal swamps. 56 Combined with traditional Knowledge and an integrated farming system, their use can transform these marginal lands into productive agricultural areas. The expansion of sorghum farming to tidal swamplands should consider using fertilizer and soil amelioration to improve soil fertility. 5. Conclusion Adaptable varieties differ for various groups of environments and different traits under consideration. Optimal environments for identifying broadly adaptable varieties varied by traits. The multitrait genotype-ideotype distance index proves to be a valuable tool for selecting varieties based on multiple traits. In parallel, the genotype plus genotype interaction biplot effectively identifies adaptable varieties based on individual trait. Ethics and consent Ethical approval and consent were not required for this study, as it did not involve human participants, animal subjects, or sensitives data. The research focused on analyzing experimental data using publicly available software. Data availability The data underlying this study are available in Figshare at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.29364263 for data excell (multitraits observation on sorghum) 57 and https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.29497829 for R code. 58 Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). References 1. Khalid W, Ali A, Arshad MS, et al. : Nutrients and bioactive compounds of Sorghum bicolor L. used to prepare functional foods: a review on the efficacy against different chronic disorders. Int. J. Food Prop. 2022; 25 : 1045–1062. Publisher Full Text 2. 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Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 3 VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 09 Sep 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Research Center for Food Crops, Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, 16911, Indonesia 2 Research Center for Behavioral and Circular Economics, Governance,Economic, and Community Welfare Research Organization-National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, 12710, Indonesia 3 Research Center for Agroindustry, Agriculture and Food Research Organization-National Research and Innovation Agency, Tangerang Selatan, 15310, Indonesia Susilawati Susilawati Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing Muhamad Sabran Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Twenty Liana Roles: Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Project Administration, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing Suwardi Suwardi Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Project Administration, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing Retna Qomariah Roles: Investigation, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Susi Lesmayati Roles: Data Curation, Project Administration, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing Andy Bhermana Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing Dwi P Widiastuti Roles: Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing YantiRina Darsani Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information This study was funded by the Organization Research for Food and Agriculture, National Research and Innovation Agency in 2024 with the number grant B-12572/III.11/TK.02.00/12/2023 The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Article Versions (3) version 3 Revised Published: 15 Apr 2026, 14:883 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.166848.3 version 2 Revised Published: 06 Nov 2025, 14:883 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.166848.2 version 1 Published: 09 Sep 2025, 14:883 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.166848.1 Copyright © 2025 Susilawati S et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. 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Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 09 Sep 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Nath Sarma R. Reviewer Report For: Identifying Adaptable Varieties of Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L) in Tidal Swamplands and Sandy Soils by MGIDI and GGE Biplots [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :883 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183896.r413325 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-883/v1#referee-response-413325 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 18 Sep 2025 Ramendra Nath Sarma , Assam Agricultural University, Assam, India Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183896.r413325 The manuscript provides a thorough evaluation of sorghum varieties for adaptability in tidal swamplands and sandy soils using MGIDI and GGE biplots. It is well-structured with clear objectives, robust designs, and relevant contemporary citations, but there are areas for improvement ... Continue reading READ ALL The manuscript provides a thorough evaluation of sorghum varieties for adaptability in tidal swamplands and sandy soils using MGIDI and GGE biplots. It is well-structured with clear objectives, robust designs, and relevant contemporary citations, but there are areas for improvement regarding statistical presentation, environmental scope, and method transparency. 1. Occasional typographical errors, formatting inconsistencies, and missing punctuation may hinder readability (e.g., sporadic placement of special characters, missing trait abbreviations). 2. Environmental scope is narrow: Although justified as a limitation, two soil types and fertilizer treatments may not generalize to all marginal environments; additional environmental heterogeneity would strengthen the inference. 3. Some method descriptions (e.g., specifics of matrix rescaling, factor retention criteria, missing data treatment, custom R scripts used) are too brief for reproduction by readers unfamiliar with MGIDI implementation in R. 4. Lack of some summary statistics: Key results rely on graphical (biplot/polygon) interpretation, with few numerical summaries or confidence intervals for key rankings. Discussion of statistical limitations (e.g., potential for Type I error, treatment of marginally significant factors, or post hoc comparisons) is limited. 5. Suggest that future research should test broader sets of environments and explicitly include analyses of genotype × management interactions—such as how sorghum varieties respond to combined agronomic interventions or more complex environmental stresses—to improve generalizability and guide breeding decisions for marginal lands. 6. Discuss how factors such as greater variability in soil types, additional climatic stresses (e.g., salinity, waterlogging, temperature extremes), or alternative management practices (different fertilizer blends, irrigation regimes, tillage practices, intercropping systems) might influence genotype performance and adaptability beyond what was observed in the present work. In summary, the manuscript is a well-constructed, methodologically modern work that integrates recent literature and advanced statistical genetics tools in crop adaptability research. Weaknesses are mainly in the breadth of environments, clarity of some analytical details, and depth of statistical reporting, yet it achieves most criteria for academic merit, reproducibility, and result support expected in genetic crop adaptation studies. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Plant breeder I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Nath Sarma R. Reviewer Report For: Identifying Adaptable Varieties of Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L) in Tidal Swamplands and Sandy Soils by MGIDI and GGE Biplots [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :883 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183896.r413325 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-883/v1#referee-response-413325 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 04 Dec 2025 Muhamad Sabran Sabran , Research Center for Food Crops, Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, 16911, Indonesia 04 Dec 2025 Author Response Occasional typographical errors, formatting inconsistencies, and missing punctuation may hinder readability (e.g., sporadic placement of special characters, missing trait abbreviations). Typographical errors, formatting inconsistencies, and missing punctuation ... Continue reading Occasional typographical errors, formatting inconsistencies, and missing punctuation may hinder readability (e.g., sporadic placement of special characters, missing trait abbreviations). Typographical errors, formatting inconsistencies, and missing punctuation has been improved in the new version of manuscript. 2. Environmental scope is narrow: Although justified as a limitation, two soil types version of the and fertilizer treatments may not generalize to all marginal environments; additional environmental heterogeneity would strengthen the inference. We agreed with the narrow scope of environmental heterogeneity, however since the objective is to identify varieties of sorghum for expansion of their cultivation tidal swamplands in which organic fertilizer and planting season are the determining factor, the limitation of the environmental variability is justified. In addition, expansion of sorghum cultivation in tidal swamplands is not possible to waterlogged condition such type A and B (direct influence of sea tide. Therefore, possible expansion is only to type C and D of tidal swamplands. To have a wider testing environment need to add agronomic interventions in Tidal swampland and sandy soil, which require new experiments. 3. Some method descriptions (e.g., specifics of matrix rescaling, factor retention criteria, missing data treatment, custom R scripts used) are too brief for reproduction by readers unfamiliar with MGIDI implementation in R. Matrix scaling, scoring and R code has been revised in the new version. 4. Lack of some summary statistics: Key results rely on graphical (biplot/polygon) interpretation, with few numerical summaries or confidence intervals for key rankings. Discussion of statistical limitations (e.g., potential for Type I error, treatment of marginally significant factors, or post hoc comparisons) is limited. Summary statistics in GGE biplots including contrast comparison test among variety in each environment has been added in the new version of the manuscript (table 7, table 8 and table 9).it will support the graphical biplot presentation. 5. Suggest that future research should test broader sets of environments and explicitly include analyses of genotype × management interactions—such as how sorghum varieties respond to combined agronomic interventions or more complex environmental stresses—to improve generalizability and guide breeding decisions for marginal lands. Suggestion for future research has been added in the revised version of the paper (the last paragraph of the discussion section) 6. Discuss how factors such as greater variability in soil types, additional climatic stresses (e.g., salinity, waterlogging, temperature extremes), or alternative management practices (different fertilizer blends, irrigation regimes, tillage practices, intercropping systems) might influence genotype performance and adaptability beyond what was observed in the present work. This has been implicitly explain in the last paragraph of the “Discussion section” Occasional typographical errors, formatting inconsistencies, and missing punctuation may hinder readability (e.g., sporadic placement of special characters, missing trait abbreviations). Typographical errors, formatting inconsistencies, and missing punctuation has been improved in the new version of manuscript. 2. Environmental scope is narrow: Although justified as a limitation, two soil types version of the and fertilizer treatments may not generalize to all marginal environments; additional environmental heterogeneity would strengthen the inference. We agreed with the narrow scope of environmental heterogeneity, however since the objective is to identify varieties of sorghum for expansion of their cultivation tidal swamplands in which organic fertilizer and planting season are the determining factor, the limitation of the environmental variability is justified. In addition, expansion of sorghum cultivation in tidal swamplands is not possible to waterlogged condition such type A and B (direct influence of sea tide. Therefore, possible expansion is only to type C and D of tidal swamplands. To have a wider testing environment need to add agronomic interventions in Tidal swampland and sandy soil, which require new experiments. 3. Some method descriptions (e.g., specifics of matrix rescaling, factor retention criteria, missing data treatment, custom R scripts used) are too brief for reproduction by readers unfamiliar with MGIDI implementation in R. Matrix scaling, scoring and R code has been revised in the new version. 4. Lack of some summary statistics: Key results rely on graphical (biplot/polygon) interpretation, with few numerical summaries or confidence intervals for key rankings. Discussion of statistical limitations (e.g., potential for Type I error, treatment of marginally significant factors, or post hoc comparisons) is limited. Summary statistics in GGE biplots including contrast comparison test among variety in each environment has been added in the new version of the manuscript (table 7, table 8 and table 9).it will support the graphical biplot presentation. 5. Suggest that future research should test broader sets of environments and explicitly include analyses of genotype × management interactions—such as how sorghum varieties respond to combined agronomic interventions or more complex environmental stresses—to improve generalizability and guide breeding decisions for marginal lands. Suggestion for future research has been added in the revised version of the paper (the last paragraph of the discussion section) 6. Discuss how factors such as greater variability in soil types, additional climatic stresses (e.g., salinity, waterlogging, temperature extremes), or alternative management practices (different fertilizer blends, irrigation regimes, tillage practices, intercropping systems) might influence genotype performance and adaptability beyond what was observed in the present work. This has been implicitly explain in the last paragraph of the “Discussion section” Competing Interests: i have no competing interest Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 04 Dec 2025 Muhamad Sabran Sabran , Research Center for Food Crops, Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, 16911, Indonesia 04 Dec 2025 Author Response Occasional typographical errors, formatting inconsistencies, and missing punctuation may hinder readability (e.g., sporadic placement of special characters, missing trait abbreviations). Typographical errors, formatting inconsistencies, and missing punctuation ... Continue reading Occasional typographical errors, formatting inconsistencies, and missing punctuation may hinder readability (e.g., sporadic placement of special characters, missing trait abbreviations). Typographical errors, formatting inconsistencies, and missing punctuation has been improved in the new version of manuscript. 2. Environmental scope is narrow: Although justified as a limitation, two soil types version of the and fertilizer treatments may not generalize to all marginal environments; additional environmental heterogeneity would strengthen the inference. We agreed with the narrow scope of environmental heterogeneity, however since the objective is to identify varieties of sorghum for expansion of their cultivation tidal swamplands in which organic fertilizer and planting season are the determining factor, the limitation of the environmental variability is justified. In addition, expansion of sorghum cultivation in tidal swamplands is not possible to waterlogged condition such type A and B (direct influence of sea tide. Therefore, possible expansion is only to type C and D of tidal swamplands. To have a wider testing environment need to add agronomic interventions in Tidal swampland and sandy soil, which require new experiments. 3. Some method descriptions (e.g., specifics of matrix rescaling, factor retention criteria, missing data treatment, custom R scripts used) are too brief for reproduction by readers unfamiliar with MGIDI implementation in R. Matrix scaling, scoring and R code has been revised in the new version. 4. Lack of some summary statistics: Key results rely on graphical (biplot/polygon) interpretation, with few numerical summaries or confidence intervals for key rankings. Discussion of statistical limitations (e.g., potential for Type I error, treatment of marginally significant factors, or post hoc comparisons) is limited. Summary statistics in GGE biplots including contrast comparison test among variety in each environment has been added in the new version of the manuscript (table 7, table 8 and table 9).it will support the graphical biplot presentation. 5. Suggest that future research should test broader sets of environments and explicitly include analyses of genotype × management interactions—such as how sorghum varieties respond to combined agronomic interventions or more complex environmental stresses—to improve generalizability and guide breeding decisions for marginal lands. Suggestion for future research has been added in the revised version of the paper (the last paragraph of the discussion section) 6. Discuss how factors such as greater variability in soil types, additional climatic stresses (e.g., salinity, waterlogging, temperature extremes), or alternative management practices (different fertilizer blends, irrigation regimes, tillage practices, intercropping systems) might influence genotype performance and adaptability beyond what was observed in the present work. This has been implicitly explain in the last paragraph of the “Discussion section” Occasional typographical errors, formatting inconsistencies, and missing punctuation may hinder readability (e.g., sporadic placement of special characters, missing trait abbreviations). Typographical errors, formatting inconsistencies, and missing punctuation has been improved in the new version of manuscript. 2. Environmental scope is narrow: Although justified as a limitation, two soil types version of the and fertilizer treatments may not generalize to all marginal environments; additional environmental heterogeneity would strengthen the inference. We agreed with the narrow scope of environmental heterogeneity, however since the objective is to identify varieties of sorghum for expansion of their cultivation tidal swamplands in which organic fertilizer and planting season are the determining factor, the limitation of the environmental variability is justified. In addition, expansion of sorghum cultivation in tidal swamplands is not possible to waterlogged condition such type A and B (direct influence of sea tide. Therefore, possible expansion is only to type C and D of tidal swamplands. To have a wider testing environment need to add agronomic interventions in Tidal swampland and sandy soil, which require new experiments. 3. Some method descriptions (e.g., specifics of matrix rescaling, factor retention criteria, missing data treatment, custom R scripts used) are too brief for reproduction by readers unfamiliar with MGIDI implementation in R. Matrix scaling, scoring and R code has been revised in the new version. 4. Lack of some summary statistics: Key results rely on graphical (biplot/polygon) interpretation, with few numerical summaries or confidence intervals for key rankings. Discussion of statistical limitations (e.g., potential for Type I error, treatment of marginally significant factors, or post hoc comparisons) is limited. Summary statistics in GGE biplots including contrast comparison test among variety in each environment has been added in the new version of the manuscript (table 7, table 8 and table 9).it will support the graphical biplot presentation. 5. Suggest that future research should test broader sets of environments and explicitly include analyses of genotype × management interactions—such as how sorghum varieties respond to combined agronomic interventions or more complex environmental stresses—to improve generalizability and guide breeding decisions for marginal lands. Suggestion for future research has been added in the revised version of the paper (the last paragraph of the discussion section) 6. Discuss how factors such as greater variability in soil types, additional climatic stresses (e.g., salinity, waterlogging, temperature extremes), or alternative management practices (different fertilizer blends, irrigation regimes, tillage practices, intercropping systems) might influence genotype performance and adaptability beyond what was observed in the present work. This has been implicitly explain in the last paragraph of the “Discussion section” Competing Interests: i have no competing interest Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 3 VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 09 Sep 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 3 (revision) 15 Apr 26 read Version 2 (revision) 06 Nov 25 read read read Version 1 09 Sep 25 read Ramendra Nath Sarma , Assam Agricultural University, Assam, India Tushar Arun Mohanty , Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India Niranjan Ravindra Thakur , International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Thakur N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 30 Apr 2026 | for Version 3 Niranjan Ravindra Thakur , International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India 0 Views copyright © 2026 Thakur N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The paper is well-revised. No new comments. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Genetics and Plant Breeding I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Thakur NR. Peer Review Report For: Identifying Adaptable Varieties of Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L) in Tidal Swamplands and Sandy Soils by MGIDI and GGE Biplots [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :883 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.197679.r475376) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-883/v3#referee-response-475376 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Thakur N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 26 Feb 2026 | for Version 2 Niranjan Ravindra Thakur , International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India 0 Views copyright © 2026 Thakur N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions 1. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly . The manuscript maintains a logical flow and identifies clear objectives; however, several typographical errors in the abstract and methodology sections detract from its precision. For example, the use of "multipl traits" and "were differed" in the abstract requires immediate correction to meet academic standards. Furthermore, while the literature review covers recent developments in MGIDI and GGE methodologies, it lacks a sufficiently deep integration of current research regarding the specific physiological challenges of tidal swamplands (e.g., aluminum toxicity, iron toxicity, and pyrite oxidation) which are critical for characterizing the "type C" and "type D" environments mentioned. 2. Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes . 3. Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly . While the authors provide R code and specify the versions of software used, certain agronomic and soil details are missing. Specifically, a detailed physicochemical characterization of the soil at each experimental site prior to fertilization is absent, which is essential for defining the baseline stress levels. Additionally, there is an inconsistency in the description of plot dimensions (8 rows of 5m vs. 16 rows of 4m) which complicates the calculation of effective plot area and yield per hectare. 4. If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly . The use of MGIDI for multi-trait selection is an advanced and appropriate method that handles multicollinearity effectively. However, the GGE biplot interpretation relies on an environment-focused singular value partitioning (SVP=2) for genotype evaluation. In established GGE biplot theory, a genotype-focused partitioning (SVP=1) is generally required to accurately visualize the relationships and distances among genotypes. The modification of the R code in version 2 to include contrast comparisons (Tables 8 and 9) helps bridge this gap but does not fully resolve the graphical inconsistency. 5. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes . 6. Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly . The selection of Soper 7 and Numbu as adaptable for grain yield is well-supported by the empirical data in Table 7 and the biplots. However, the conclusion that these results can guide "broadly" adaptable varieties for all tidal swamplands and sandy soils is overextended. The results are province-specific and do not account for the high variability in salinity or waterlogging intensity that exists across the 8.92 million hectares of tidal swamplands in Indonesia. Other comments: A meticulous audit of the mathematical expressions in the manuscript reveals several points of concern that require rectification to ensure scientific rigor. In Equation 1, there is a fundamental notation error: the term E l represents the environmental effect, but the index l is not linked to the i environment mentioned in the subscript of Y ijkt . To maintain consistency, this should be written as E i . Kindly verify the MGIDI formula according to the standard MGIDI literature (Olivoto and Nardino, 2020) https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa981. Section 2.4.4.: The manuscript specifies that biplots were constructed at f=0 (SVP=2). The SVP=2 is appropriate for environmental evaluation (column metric preserving), it is not the ideal setting for visualizing distances between genotypes (row metric preserving), which requires f=1 (SVP=1). The authors should justify why environment-focused partitioning was used for genotype ranking or provide the genotype-focused plots as supplementary material. It would be nice to add the relevance of the traits studied. For instance, trait code “BRIX” has relevance for “Measures soluble solids (sugar) in the stem for bioenergy potential.”, similarly, “PH” has, “Essential for biomass estimation and lodging risk assessment.”. The current manuscript is noted as having a "partly" adequate discussion that lacks deep integration of the specific physiological challenges of tidal swamplands, such as acidity or nutrient-poor conditions. These insights provide the authors with a template to explain why certain varieties succeeded, rather than just stating that they succeeded. The observation that high-fertilizer environments (1000 kg/ha) were significantly more discriminating than their 500 kg/ha counterparts, as it improved the discriminating power of the trials, is a major finding. This suggests that in nutrient-impoverished soils like Inceptisols and Entisols, severe resource limitation can mask genotypic variance, leading to "false stability" where varieties appear similar simply because they are all surviving at a metabolic minimum. Authors should be prompted to discuss how resource limitation in marginal soils can mask genotypic variance, a critical concept for breeding in stress-prone environments. The functional divergence between grain yield specialists (like Soper 7) and forage yield specialists (like Bioguma II) suggests a significant physiological trade-off in biomass allocation. Forcing the authors to discuss these trade-offs makes their variety recommendations more scientifically robust and practically useful for different agricultural sectors (food vs. silage). Explicitly discussing why Numbu was selected across multiple methodologies (MGIDI and GGE) while others were not helps justify the use of advanced indices like MGIDI for selecting "resilient" rather than just "high-yielding" genotypes. While the authors used modern tools, the integration of additional methodologies could provide even deeper insights into the adaptability of these varieties. This includes (A) Linear Mixed Model-based approaches: Recent literature suggests that Linear Mixed Model-based approaches, particularly Factor Analytic (FA) models, are superior for capturing complex spatial variation and handling heterogeneous variances across environments. (B) SpATS: Integrating a two-dimensional P-spline mixed model (SpATS) would allow the researchers to account for localized field trends within the tidal swamplands and sandy soils. Given the likely variability in water table levels in type C swamps, spatial analysis could differentiate between true genetic performance and environmental noise caused by drainage micro-gradients. (C) Risk and Probability: By calculating the joint probability of superior performance and yield stability, the researchers could offer farmers a quantitative measure of risk for each variety (e.g., "Variety H2 has a 99% probability of belonging to the top subset in sandy soils"). This approach provides actionable decision-making data beyond traditional stability indices. (D) Genomic Selection and Sparse Testing: For future breeding cycles, the authors might consider sparse testing designs combined with genomic prediction. This methodology optimizes resource allocation by evaluating overlapping genotypes across environments, allowing for the inference of unobserved genotype-in-environment combinations, thereby reducing phenotyping costs in remote regions like Central Kalimantan. Abstract Correction: The term "multipl traits" must be corrected to "multiple traits" and "were differed" should be revised to "differed" or "were different" to improve readability. Plot Dimension Consistency: Authors must clarify whether each plot consisted of 8 rows (5m long) or 16 rows (4m long). This is vital for calculating yield per unit area. Initial Soil Data: Provide a summary table of the initial soil physicochemical properties (pH, EC, C-organic, N-total, P-available, K-exchangeable, Al-saturation, and other micronutrients like Fe and Zn) for both locations to characterize the baseline stress levels. Formula Verification: Check and correct all the equations given in the manuscript. SVP Logic in GGE: Justify the use of environment-focused partitioning (SVP=2) for genotype evaluation, as genotype-focused partitioning (SVP=1) is standard for visualizing inter-genotypic relationships. Weather Summary: Include a summary of rainfall and temperature data for the trial sites during the 2022-2024 period to support the planting season (wet vs. dry) classifications. Variety History: Briefly describe the breeding history (pedigree) or known parents for tested varieties to reduce the "na" (not available) data points in Table 1. Trait Selection Weights: Clarify the rationale for the specific weights assigned to traits in MGIDI (e.g., PH: 0.4, GY: 1.0). Were these weights based on economic value or expert breeder judgment? MGIDI and GGE Comparison: Explicitly discuss why Soper 7 (V7) was selected by GGE for yield but not by MGIDI, and how this affects the final variety recommendation. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Genetics and Plant Breeding I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 15 Apr 2026 Muhamad Sabran Sabran, Research Center for Food Crops, Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, 16911, Indonesia Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly. The manuscript maintains a logical flow and identifies clear objectives; however, several typographical errors in the abstract and methodology sections detract from its precision. For example, the use of "multipl traits" and "were differed" in the abstract requires immediate correction to meet academic standards. Furthermore, while the literature review covers recent developments in MGIDI and GGE methodologies, it lacks a sufficiently deep integration of current research regarding the specific physiological challenges of tidal swamplands (e.g., aluminum toxicity, iron toxicity, and pyrite oxidation) which are critical for characterizing the "type C" and "type D" environments mentioned. Response: abstract has been revised and Physiological challenges in tidal swamplands are added in introduction section. 2. Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes. 3. Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly. While the authors provide R code and specify the versions of software used, certain agronomic and soil details are missing. Specifically, a detailed physicochemical characterization of the soil at each experimental site prior to fertilization is absent, which is essential for defining the baseline stress levels. Additionally, there is an inconsistency in the description of plot dimensions (8 rows of 5m vs. 16 rows of 4m) which complicates the calculation of effective plot area and yield per hectare. Response ; detailed physicochemical characterization of the soil at each experimental site prior to fertilization has been added and the plot size clarified in material and method section. 4. If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly. The use of MGIDI for multi-trait selection is an advanced and appropriate method that handles multicollinearity effectively. However, the GGE biplot interpretation relies on an environment-focused singular value partitioning (SVP=2) for genotype evaluation. In established GGE biplot theory, a genotype-focused partitioning (SVP=1) is generally required to accurately visualize the relationships and distances among genotypes. The modification of the R code in version 2 to include contrast comparisons (Tables 8 and 9) helps bridge this gap but does not fully resolve the graphical inconsistency. Response : the GGE biplot has been revised, the genotype_based parttioning was used for the “which-won-were”,”mean and stability”, and “variety Ranking” biplots (figure 2a-c, and figure 3a-c), while environment base partitioning(svp=2)was used for discriminitavenss, environment relation, and environment ranking. (figure 2d-f and figure 3d-f 5. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes. 6. Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly. The selection of Soper 7 and Numbu as adaptable for grain yield is well-supported by the empirical data in Table 7 and the biplots. However, the conclusion that these results can guide "broadly" adaptable varieties for all tidal swamplands and sandy soils is overextended. The results are province-specific and do not account for the high variability in salinity or waterlogging intensity that exists across the 8.92 million hectares of tidal swamplands in Indonesia. Response: Agreed. We revised the coclusion accordingly Other comments: A meticulous audit of the mathematical expressions in the manuscript reveals several points of concern that require rectification to ensure scientific rigor. In Equation 1, there is a fundamental notation error: the term El represents the environmental effect, but the index l is not linked to the i environment mentioned in the subscript of Yijkt. To maintain consistency, this should be written as Ei. Response : the mathematical expression has been revised accordingly Kindly verify the MGIDI formula according to the standard MGIDI literature (Olivoto and Nardino, 2020) https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa981 . Response the MGIDI formula has been verified according standard MGIDI literature. citation added Section 2.4.4.: The manuscript specifies that biplots were constructed at f=0 (SVP=2). The SVP=2 is appropriate for environmental evaluation (column metric preserving), it is not the ideal setting for visualizing distances between genotypes (row metric preserving), which requires f=1 (SVP=1). The authors should justify why environment-focused partitioning was used for genotype ranking or provide the genotype-focused plots as supplementary material. Response: Section 2.4.4 has been revised It would be nice to add the relevance of the traits studied. For instance, trait code “BRIX” has relevance for “Measures soluble solids (sugar) in the stem for bioenergy potential.”, similarly, “PH” has, “Essential for biomass estimation and lodging risk assessment.”. Response : The relevance traits added in column 3 tabel 1 The current manuscript is noted as having a "partly" adequate discussion that lacks deep integration of the specific physiological challenges of tidal swamplands, such as acidity or nutrient-poor conditions. These insights provide the authors with a template to explain why certain varieties succeeded, rather than just stating that they succeeded. Response : integration with specific challenges in tidal swamplands added in the discussion The observation that high-fertilizer environments (1000 kg/ha) were significantly more discriminating than their 500 kg/ha counterparts, as it improved the discriminating power of the trials, is a major finding. This suggests that in nutrient-impoverished soils like Inceptisols and Entisols, severe resource limitation can mask genotypic variance, leading to "false stability" where varieties appear similar simply because they are all surviving at a metabolic minimum. Authors should be prompted to discuss how resource limitation in marginal soils can mask genotypic variance, a critical concept for breeding in stress-prone environments. Resoponse This was discussed briefly in paragraph 8 im the “Discussion Section” The functional divergence between grain yield specialists (like Soper 7) and forage yield specialists (like Bioguma II) suggests a significant physiological trade-off in biomass allocation. Forcing the authors to discuss these trade-offs makes their variety recommendations more scientifically robust and practically useful for different agricultural sectors (food vs. silage). Explicitly discussing why Numbu was selected across multiple methodologies (MGIDI and GGE) while others were not helps justify the use of advanced indices like MGIDI for selecting "resilient" rather than just "high-yielding" genotypes. Response: paragraph 10 in the discussion has been added “Stronger vegetative growth and improved tolerance to acidic soil conditions and nutrition limitations, such as in tidal swamplands and sandy soils, contributed to Numbu's comparatively consistent performance…..etc” to explain why Numbu selected across multiple methodologies while others is not. While the authors used modern tools, the integration of additional methodologies could provide even deeper insights into the adaptability of these varieties. This includes (A) Linear Mixed Model-based approaches: Recent literature suggests that Linear Mixed Model-based approaches, particularly Factor Analytic (FA) models, are superior for capturing complex spatial variation and handling heterogeneous variances across environments. (B) SpATS: Integrating a two-dimensional P-spline mixed model (SpATS) would allow the researchers to account for localized field trends within the tidal swamplands and sandy soils. Given the likely variability in water table levels in type C swamps, spatial analysis could differentiate between true genetic performance and environmental noise caused by drainage micro-gradients. (C) Risk and Probability: By calculating the joint probability of superior performance and yield stability, the researchers could offer farmers a quantitative measure of risk for each variety (e.g., "Variety H2 has a 99% probability of belonging to the top subset in sandy soils"). This approach provides actionable decision-making data beyond traditional stability indices. (D) Genomic Selection and Sparse Testing: For future breeding cycles, the authors might consider sparse testing designs combined with genomic prediction. This methodology optimizes resource allocation by evaluating overlapping genotypes across environments, allowing for the inference of unobserved genotype-in-environment combinations, thereby reducing phenotyping costs in remote regions like Central Kalimantan. Response Agreed. This was briefly added in the discussion for future research. Abstract Correction: The term "multipl traits" must be corrected to "multiple traits" and "were differed" should be revised to "differed" or "were different" to improve readability. Response : abstract revised Plot Dimension Consistency: Authors must clarify whether each plot consisted of 8 rows (5m long) or 16 rows (4m long). This is vital for calculating yield per unit area. Plot size : revised and clarified Initial Soil Data: Provide a summary table of the initial soil physicochemical properties (pH, EC, C-organic, N-total, P-available, K-exchangeable, Al-saturation, and other micronutrients like Fe and Zn) for both locations to characterize the baseline stress levels. Initial daya provided Formula Verification: Check and correct all the equations given in the manuscript. Formula verified SVP Logic in GGE: Justify the use of environment-focused partitioning (SVP=2) for genotype evaluation, as genotype-focused partitioning (SVP=1) is standard for visualizing inter-genotypic relationships. The biplot has been revised, svp=1 was used to study the difference in genotype while svp=2 for study the environment Weather Summary: Include a summary of rainfall and temperature data for the trial sites during the 2022-2024 period to support the planting season (wet vs. dry) classifications. Rainfall has been summarized Variety History: Briefly describe the breeding history (pedigree) or known parents for tested varieties to reduce the "na" (not available) data points in Table 1. Variety History provided Trait Selection Weights: Clarify the rationale for the specific weights assigned to traits in MGIDI (e.g., PH: 0.4, GY: 1.0). Were these weights based on economic value or expert breeder judgment? Weight assignment clarified MGIDI and GGE Comparison: Explicitly discuss why Soper 7 (V7) was selected by GGE for yield but not by MGIDI, and how this affects the final variety recommendation. Respon MGIDI considered many traits simultaneously not only grain yield or forage yield in GGE biplot View more View less Competing Interests no competing interest reply Respond Report a concern Thakur NR. Peer Review Report For: Identifying Adaptable Varieties of Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L) in Tidal Swamplands and Sandy Soils by MGIDI and GGE Biplots [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :883 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189982.r443549) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-883/v2#referee-response-443549 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Mohanty T. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 13 Feb 2026 | for Version 2 Tushar Arun Mohanty , Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India 0 Views copyright © 2026 Mohanty T. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions 1. Abstract : Comment 1: Clarity and Structure The abstract clearly mentions the objectives, methodologies (MGIDI and GGE), and major findings. However, the sentence construction in some portions is grammatically inconsistent and needs polishing for better readability. Comment 2: Quantitative Support The abstract reports selected varieties but does not provide numerical performance indicators (e.g., % superiority, MGIDI values, yield differences). Including key quantitative results would strengthen scientific precision. Comment 3: Conclusion Alignment The conclusion in the abstract broadly summarizes adaptability but could better align with the specific environments (E1–E6) tested 2. Introduction Comment 1: Relevance and Literature The introduction is supported by relevant and recent references on sorghum utilization and adaptability. The rationale for using MGIDI and GGE biplot is appropriate Comment 2: Justification of Study The justification for targeting tidal swamplands (type C & D) and sandy soils is logical but could be supported with more quantitative background on production constraints. Comment 3: Research Gap The manuscript could more explicitly state the research gap—especially regarding multi-trait selection in marginal Indonesian agroecosystems. 3. Materials and Methods 3.1 Experimental Sites and Design Comment 1: Environmental Description The environments (E1–E6) are clearly defined with fertilizer levels and seasons. However, detailed soil physicochemical properties are not adequately presented. Comment 2: Experimental Design RCBD with three replications is appropriate. Plot size description appears inconsistent (8 × 5 m rows and 16 × 4 m rows) and requires clarification. Comment 3: Agronomic Management Basic crop management practices are described, but more detail on irrigation regime and pest management would improve reproducibility. 3.2 Plant Material Comment 1: Variety Description The 12 varieties are well documented with origin and resistance traits. However, missing data (e.g., “na” for tannin/yield) should be explained statistically. Comment 2: Genetic Background More discussion on genetic diversity among varieties would strengthen the biological relevance of MGIDI application. 3.3 Data Analysis Comment 1: Statistical Model The MANOVA model is clearly presented. However, assumptions (normality, homogeneity) are not discussed. Comment 2: MGIDI Methodology Rescaling and matrix construction are mentioned, but factor retention criteria and missing data treatment should be described more explicitly. Comment 3: GGE Biplot Use of PC1 and PC2 from environment-centered data is appropriate. Still, justification of variance explained by PCs should be clearly reported. Comment 4: Statistical Rigor The manuscript relies heavily on graphical interpretation. Numerical validation (confidence intervals, standard errors, contrast tests) should be emphasized. 4. Results Comment 1: MGIDI Selection Selection of Numbu and Kawali based on MGIDI average ranking is clearly stated. However, actual MGIDI values and selection intensity are not highlighted sufficiently. Comment 2: G×E Interaction Significant G×E interaction is acknowledged, but variance components or % contribution are not clearly quantified. Comment 3: Trait-Specific Adaptability Soper 7 and Numbu show adaptability for grain weight and forage yield. Trait-specific ranking tables would improve clarity. Comment 4: Environmental Interpretation Identification of high organic fertilizer environments and sandy soils as optimal selection sites is meaningful but needs agronomic explanation. 5. Discussion Comment 1: Interpretation Depth The discussion links findings to adaptability concepts but could further integrate global sorghum adaptability research. Comment 2: Environmental Scope The study acknowledges limited environmental heterogeneity (two soil types, two fertilizer levels). This remains a limitation for broader generalization. Comment 3: Statistical Limitations Potential Type I error, multicollinearity among traits, and dimensionality reduction effects should be discussed more critically. 6. Conclusion Comment 1: Logical Consistency The conclusion aligns with results. It appropriately emphasizes MGIDI and GGE as complementary tools. Comment 2: Strength of Claims Statements regarding “valuable tool” should be slightly moderated considering limited environmental testing. Comment 4: Future Research Recommendations for broader G×Management studies are appropriate but could be elaborated with specific design suggestions. This manuscript evaluates 12 sorghum varieties across six environments (tidal swamplands and sandy soils) using MGIDI and GGE biplot to identify adaptable genotypes. The design is sound and data transparent. However, limited environmental diversity and insufficient statistical detailing reduce generalizability. Minor methodological clarification and stronger quantitative reporting are recommended before indexing. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Plant Breeder, Hybrid Rice, Twoline Hybrid Rice, Molecular genetics, Genetics, Sesame I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 15 Apr 2026 Muhamad Sabran Sabran, Research Center for Food Crops, Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, 16911, Indonesia Abstract : Comment 1: Clarity and Structure The abstract clearly mentions the objectives, methodologies (MGIDI and GGE), and major findings. However, the sentence construction in some portions is grammatically inconsistent and needs polishing for better readability. Response: some sentence construction has been revised Comment 2: Quantitative Support The abstract reports selected varieties but does not provide numerical performance indicators (e.g., % superiority, MGIDI values, yield differences). Including key quantitative results would strengthen scientific precision. Response: due to limited space in the abstracts (limited number of words) we prefer not to put numerical indicator on the selected varieties in the abstracts. However such indicators could be find everywhere in the results section Comment 3: Conclusion Alignment The conclusion in the abstract broadly summarizes adaptability but could better align with the specific environments (E1–E6) tested Response: the alignment with specific environment is given in the conclusion, however due to limited space in abstract, we summarized the the alignment of the stability with environment in the following sentence: “Adaptable varieties differ for various groups of environments and different traits under consideration” 2. Introduction Comment 1: Relevance and Literature The introduction is supported by relevant and recent references on sorghum utilization and adaptability. The rationale for using MGIDI and GGE biplot is appropriate Response: no comment Comment 2: Justification of Study The justification for targeting tidal swamplands (type C & D) and sandy soils is logical but could be supported with more quantitative background on production constraints. Response: Quantitative background on production constraint in tidal swampland and sandy soil has been added Comment 3: Research Gap The manuscript could more explicitly state the research gap—especially regarding multi-trait selection in marginal Indonesian agroecosystems. Response : Research gap has been added in the manuscript at paragraph 7 in the INTRODUCTION section 3. Materials and Methods 3.1 Experimental Sites and Design Comment 1: Environmental Description The environments (E1–E6) are clearly defined with fertilizer levels and seasons. However, detailed soil physicochemical properties are not adequately presented. Response: Detailed soil physicochemical properties are presented in Experimental Sites and Design subsection in the Material and method section Comment 2: Experimental Design RCBD with three replications is appropriate. Plot size description appears inconsistent (8 × 5 m rows and 16 × 4 m rows) and requires clarification. Response: The plot size was 5x4 cm with planting distant between row 0.6 m and within row 0.25 m, i.e .there are 8 planting hole in 5m column and 16 planting hole in 4m row. Comment 3: Agronomic Management Basic crop management practices are described, but more detail on irrigation regime and pest management would improve reproducibility. Response: “Irrigation by watering the plants with a hose for 4-5 hours during the early growth and seed filling. Fungicide with the active ingredients difenokonazol and azoksistrobin were used to control diseases caused by fungi, whereas insecticide with the active ingredient karbofuran was used to control pests” these sentences has been added in experimental design and observation section. 3.2 Plant Material Comment 1: Variety Description The 12 varieties are well documented with origin and resistance traits. However, missing data (e.g., “na” for tannin/yield) should be explained statistically. Response: the missing data has been found. Table has been revised Comment 2: Genetic Background More discussion on genetic diversity among varieties would strengthen the biological relevance of MGIDI application. Response: the genetic diversity and genetic background has been added below table 1. 3.3 Data Analysis Comment 1: Statistical Model The MANOVA model is clearly presented. However, assumptions (normality, homogeneity) are not discussed. Response: Yes the error (eij) is assumed to be multivariate normal with mean 0 and positive definite covariance matrix Comment 2: MGIDI Methodology Rescaling and matrix construction are mentioned, but factor retention criteria and missing data treatment should be described more explicitly. Response Factors associated with eigenvalue of the correlation matrix greater than 1 are retained Comment 3: GGE Biplot Use of PC1 and PC2 from environment-centered data is appropriate. Still, justification of variance explained by PCs should be clearly reported. Responses The contribution PC1 + PC2 in this article is 86.60 % for grain yield and 94% for forage yield. Although there are no hard cutoff but generally contribution > 80% is excellent. The results is clearly reported Comment 4: Statistical Rigor The manuscript relies heavily on graphical interpretation. Numerical validation (confidence intervals, standard errors, contrast tests) should be emphasized. Response: Contrast test and its confidence interval is given table 9 4. Results Comment 1: MGIDI Selection Selection of Numbu and Kawali based on MGIDI average ranking is clearly stated. However, actual MGIDI values and selection intensity are not highlighted sufficiently. Response: Selection intensity is 20%, the MDIGI values is given in table 7 Comment 2: G×E Interaction Significant G×E interaction is acknowledged, but variance components or % contribution are not clearly quantified. Response: Variance components or % contribution is given in Table 10. Comment 3: Trait-Specific Adaptability Soper 7 and Numbu show adaptability for grain weight and forage yield. Trait-specific ranking tables would improve clarity. Response: Values of mgidi are given in table 7, while grain yield and forage yield means are given is given in table 9 Comment 4: Environmental Interpretation Identification of high organic fertilizer environments and sandy soils as optimal selection sites is meaningful but needs agronomic explanation. Response. These environments were selected to exert specific environmental selection pressures. The high-organic (swamp) soils screen for anaerobic tolerance and organic acid resilience, while sandy soils evaluate nutrient-use efficiency and root condition under drought-prone and high-leaching conditions. This ensures the identified genotypes possess the robust mechanisms necessary for productivity in marginal ecosystems. 5. Discussion Comment 1: Interpretation Depth The discussion links findings to adaptability concepts but could further integrate global sorghum adaptability research. Response Research on sorghum adaptation worldwide mostly focuses on low fertility soils and resilience to heat and drought. Two underrepresented agro-ecosystems—sandy soils and tidal swamplands—will be added by this project. Additionally, it can be incorporated into global frameworks for adaption breeding that involve multi-environmental trials. Breeding pipelines for stress tolerance can be strengthened by the contribution of adaptive alleles for wet tolerance and sandy soil resilience from genotypes that are stable across severe soils, such as Numbu, Kawali, and Soper 7 Agritan. Comment 2: Environmental Scope The study acknowledges limited environmental heterogeneity (two soil types, two fertilizer levels). This remains a limitation for broader generalization. Comment 3: Statistical Limitations Potential Type I error, multicollinearity among traits, and dimensionality reduction effects should be discussed more critically. Multicollinearity among agronomic and physiological traits can bias multi-trait selection indices by inflating the weight of correlated trait groups. To overcome this limitation, the MGIDI approach applies factor analysis to reduce dimensionality and transform correlated variables into orthogonal latent factors. This ensures balanced representation of independent biological processes and prevents dominance of highly correlated productivity traits, thereby enhancing the reliability of genotype ranking under multi-stress environments." 6. Conclusion Comment 1: Logical Consistency The conclusion aligns with results. It appropriately emphasizes MGIDI and GGE as complementary tools. “MGIDI and GGE biplot provide complementary perspectives for genotype evaluation. While MGIDI identifies genotypes closest to the ideotype by integrating multiple correlated traits into orthogonal factors, GGE biplot elucidates genotype performance patterns across environments, revealing stability, mega-environment structure, and specific adaptation. Their combined application enables robust selection of superior genotypes with both multi-trait superiority and wide environmental adaptability.” Comment 2: Strength of Claims Statements regarding “valuable tool” should be slightly moderated considering limited environmental testing. Response The claim have been moderated by the following statement:”When choosing varieties based on numerous taits, the MGIDI might be a useful tool. However, environmental testing's limitations could make it less effective”. Comment 4: Future Research Recommendations for broader G×Management studies are appropriate but could be elaborated with specific design suggestions. Responses No explicit statement on broader GXManagement studies. However it was implicitly stated at the end of discussion session. View more View less Competing Interests no competing interest reply Respond Report a concern Mohanty TA. Peer Review Report For: Identifying Adaptable Varieties of Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L) in Tidal Swamplands and Sandy Soils by MGIDI and GGE Biplots [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :883 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189982.r441180) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-883/v2#referee-response-441180 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Nath Sarma R. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 24 Nov 2025 | for Version 2 Ramendra Nath Sarma , Assam Agricultural University, Assam, India 0 Views copyright © 2025 Nath Sarma R. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Thank you for the opportunity to review the revised version of the manuscript by Susilawati et al. I have examined the authors' responses and the changes made to the manuscript. I am pleased to note that the authors have made commendable efforts to address the points raised in the initial review. The revisions, particularly the inclusion of summary statistics in Table 7, the contrast comparisons in Tables 8 and 9, and the improved clarification of the statistical methodology in sections 2.4.1 and 2.4.4, have significantly strengthened the manuscript's clarity and analytical rigor. The expanded discussion now more appropriately acknowledges the scope of the study. While my primary concern regarding the limited number of test environments remains a notable limitation for the broad generalizability of the findings, the authors have adequately justified their experimental scope within the context of their research objectives. They have also appropriately framed this as a limitation and suggested valuable directions for future research to build upon these initial results. Considering the substantial improvements made in this revision and the manuscript's value in applying advanced statistical tools to sorghum cultivation in underutilized agroecologies, I recommend that the manuscript be accepted for Indexing in its current form. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Plant breeder I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Nath Sarma R. Peer Review Report For: Identifying Adaptable Varieties of Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L) in Tidal Swamplands and Sandy Soils by MGIDI and GGE Biplots [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :883 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189982.r430443) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-883/v2#referee-response-430443 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Nath Sarma R. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 18 Sep 2025 | for Version 1 Ramendra Nath Sarma , Assam Agricultural University, Assam, India 0 Views copyright © 2025 Nath Sarma R. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The manuscript provides a thorough evaluation of sorghum varieties for adaptability in tidal swamplands and sandy soils using MGIDI and GGE biplots. It is well-structured with clear objectives, robust designs, and relevant contemporary citations, but there are areas for improvement regarding statistical presentation, environmental scope, and method transparency. 1. Occasional typographical errors, formatting inconsistencies, and missing punctuation may hinder readability (e.g., sporadic placement of special characters, missing trait abbreviations). 2. Environmental scope is narrow: Although justified as a limitation, two soil types and fertilizer treatments may not generalize to all marginal environments; additional environmental heterogeneity would strengthen the inference. 3. Some method descriptions (e.g., specifics of matrix rescaling, factor retention criteria, missing data treatment, custom R scripts used) are too brief for reproduction by readers unfamiliar with MGIDI implementation in R. 4. Lack of some summary statistics: Key results rely on graphical (biplot/polygon) interpretation, with few numerical summaries or confidence intervals for key rankings. Discussion of statistical limitations (e.g., potential for Type I error, treatment of marginally significant factors, or post hoc comparisons) is limited. 5. Suggest that future research should test broader sets of environments and explicitly include analyses of genotype × management interactions—such as how sorghum varieties respond to combined agronomic interventions or more complex environmental stresses—to improve generalizability and guide breeding decisions for marginal lands. 6. Discuss how factors such as greater variability in soil types, additional climatic stresses (e.g., salinity, waterlogging, temperature extremes), or alternative management practices (different fertilizer blends, irrigation regimes, tillage practices, intercropping systems) might influence genotype performance and adaptability beyond what was observed in the present work. In summary, the manuscript is a well-constructed, methodologically modern work that integrates recent literature and advanced statistical genetics tools in crop adaptability research. Weaknesses are mainly in the breadth of environments, clarity of some analytical details, and depth of statistical reporting, yet it achieves most criteria for academic merit, reproducibility, and result support expected in genetic crop adaptation studies. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Plant breeder I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 04 Dec 2025 Muhamad Sabran Sabran, Research Center for Food Crops, Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, 16911, Indonesia Occasional typographical errors, formatting inconsistencies, and missing punctuation may hinder readability (e.g., sporadic placement of special characters, missing trait abbreviations). Typographical errors, formatting inconsistencies, and missing punctuation has been improved in the new version of manuscript. 2. Environmental scope is narrow: Although justified as a limitation, two soil types version of the and fertilizer treatments may not generalize to all marginal environments; additional environmental heterogeneity would strengthen the inference. We agreed with the narrow scope of environmental heterogeneity, however since the objective is to identify varieties of sorghum for expansion of their cultivation tidal swamplands in which organic fertilizer and planting season are the determining factor, the limitation of the environmental variability is justified. In addition, expansion of sorghum cultivation in tidal swamplands is not possible to waterlogged condition such type A and B (direct influence of sea tide. Therefore, possible expansion is only to type C and D of tidal swamplands. To have a wider testing environment need to add agronomic interventions in Tidal swampland and sandy soil, which require new experiments. 3. Some method descriptions (e.g., specifics of matrix rescaling, factor retention criteria, missing data treatment, custom R scripts used) are too brief for reproduction by readers unfamiliar with MGIDI implementation in R. Matrix scaling, scoring and R code has been revised in the new version. 4. Lack of some summary statistics: Key results rely on graphical (biplot/polygon) interpretation, with few numerical summaries or confidence intervals for key rankings. Discussion of statistical limitations (e.g., potential for Type I error, treatment of marginally significant factors, or post hoc comparisons) is limited. Summary statistics in GGE biplots including contrast comparison test among variety in each environment has been added in the new version of the manuscript (table 7, table 8 and table 9).it will support the graphical biplot presentation. 5. Suggest that future research should test broader sets of environments and explicitly include analyses of genotype × management interactions—such as how sorghum varieties respond to combined agronomic interventions or more complex environmental stresses—to improve generalizability and guide breeding decisions for marginal lands. Suggestion for future research has been added in the revised version of the paper (the last paragraph of the discussion section) 6. Discuss how factors such as greater variability in soil types, additional climatic stresses (e.g., salinity, waterlogging, temperature extremes), or alternative management practices (different fertilizer blends, irrigation regimes, tillage practices, intercropping systems) might influence genotype performance and adaptability beyond what was observed in the present work. This has been implicitly explain in the last paragraph of the “Discussion section” View more View less Competing Interests i have no competing interest reply Respond Report a concern Nath Sarma R. Peer Review Report For: Identifying Adaptable Varieties of Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L) in Tidal Swamplands and Sandy Soils by MGIDI and GGE Biplots [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :883 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183896.r413325) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-883/v1#referee-response-413325 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. 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