Prevalence of Maxillofacial Trauma in a Reference Hospital in the Dominican Republic

Prevalence of Maxillofacial Trauma in a Reference Hospital in the Dominican Republic | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Prevalence of Maxillofacial Trauma in a Reference Hospital in the Dominican Republic Angie Patricia Castro-Merán, Eduardo Sanches Gonçales, Osny Ferreira Júnior This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2264583/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract PURPUSE: This study aimed to carry out a survey of data contained in the medical records of patients with maxillofacial trauma at the Hospital Docente Universitário Dr. Dario Contreras between 2014 and 2019. METHODS: This is a Descriptive retrospective epidemiological study. In this way, we look for: Identify the type of fracture prevalent in this city, the main etiology and most affected gender and age group. The sample was composed of 6,525 medical records of patients affected by facial trauma were found. The data collected included: age, gender, etiology, anatomical site, and form of treatment. After collecting the data, they were organized and tabulated in an Excel spreadsheet for Windows. The incidence of etiologies was analyzed and correlated with the gender of affected patients. The incidence of fractures was also evaluated according to their anatomical location, and then correlated with the type of treatment. Descriptive Statistics was then performed, with the objective of showing a global view of the prevalence of the collected data, showing its distribution through graphs and tables. RESULTS: The study consisted of 6229 individuals with maxillofacial trauma. Males had the highest incidence (73.69%) in the third decade of life. The main etiologies were traffic accidents (61.59%), followed by aggression (22.62%). Of the total fractures, 70.20% were in the middle third of the face, with the zygomatic bone and nasal bones being the most affected regions. In the mandible, the regions mainly affected were the body and the angle. As for treatment, open reduction and rigid internal fixation represented the form of treatment for most patients. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that zygomatic bone fractures were the most prevalent facial fractures in the group of individuals studied, having mainly affected men in the third decade of life, victims of traffic accidents, treated mainly with open reduction and stable internal fixation. Facial trauma Prevalence Study Etiology Epidemiology Maxillofacial Surgery. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction Maxillofacial trauma is among the most common causes in hospital emergency departments, causing soft tissue injuries and facial fractures [ 1 ] . Etiologies vary from country to country, and even within the same country, as well as between male and female populations. This diversity largely depends on awareness and education about traffic laws, socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental factors, and therefore remains a topic of discussion [ 2 ] . Understanding the frequency and distribution of cases of facial fractures in a population can help establish research priorities for effective treatment and prevention of these injuries [ 3 ] . The Dominican Republic is a country located on one of the Caribbean islands, with 10.74 million inhabitants and bordering Haiti. In the Dominican Republic there is only one Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Residency Program for dental surgeons that offers 6 places per year and one Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery residency program for doctors that offers 2 places per year. Comprehensive data on the etiology and pattern of maxillofacial trauma is not readily available in the Dominican Republic. For this reason, the aim of this study was to determine the etiology, trauma pattern and treatment modalities in individuals affected by maxillofacial trauma at the Hospital Docente Universitário Dr. Darío Contreras, in the city of Santo Domingo, capital of the Dominican Republic. Materials And Methods After an international academic cooperation agreement with the Hospital Docente Universitário Dr. Darío Contreras, the study was approved by the ethics and research committee of the hospital under number 2019-2020.69.4.2 The study consisted of a descriptive retrospective epidemiological survey, as it describes the frequency and distribution of diseases in the studied sample, but with past data, at only one point in time, being cross-sectional. The study was carried out using the database of files from the department of maxillofacial surgery and traumatology, Hospital Docente Universitário Dr. Darío Contreras. The inclusion criteria were the medical records with complete information about the affected individual, about the etiologies called: traffic accidents, aggression, work accidents, falls and wounds caused by firearms, in addition to information about the treatment performed. Exclusion criteria were medical records with incomplete data on the individual's age, gender, and etiology of the trauma, as well as records that did not indicate the type of treatment performed. The medical records of individuals affected by maxillofacial trauma in the maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology service were analyzed during a 5-year period, from November 1, 2014, to November 30, 2019. Data collected from medical records were age, gender, etiology of trauma, anatomical location of fractures, type of treatment. The etiology of trauma was classified as: (1) traffic accidents, (2) aggression, (3) firearm injuries, (4) falls and (5) work accidents. Facial fractures were classified according to their anatomical location into: (1) nasal bone fracture, (2) orbit fractures, (3) naso-orbito-ethmoidal complex fractures, (4) zygomatic bone fractures, (5) Le Fort I fractures, (6) Le Fort II fractures, (7) Le Fort III fractures, (8) mandibular fractures (symphysis, parasymphysis, body, angle, branch, coronoid process, and condyle). Treatment was classified according to type into closed reduction, open reduction with stable internal fixation, and conservative treatment. After collecting the data, they were organized and tabulated in an Excel spreadsheet for Windows. The incidence of etiologies was analyzed and correlated with the gender of affected patients. The incidence of fractures according to their anatomical location was also evaluated, and later correlated with the type of treatment. Descriptive statistics were then performed, with the aim of showing an overall view of the prevalence of the data collected, showing its distribution through graphs and tables. Results A total of 6,525 medical records were found, of which 296 were excluded due to duplication of data or because they contained an incomplete clinical history, regarding etiology, type of fracture and treatment instituted. Thus, our study sample consisted of 6,229 individuals who had 9451 fractures. The survey showed a greater predominance of males (4590 males – 73.69%) over females (1639 females – 23.18%) (Fig. 1 ). Analyzing the distribution of patients, victims of facial trauma, treated at the Hospital Docente Universitário Dr. Darío Contreras, according to age group, we found a predominance of young adults aged 21 to 29 years (Table 1 ). Table 1 Age and gender distribution AGE RANGE MASCULINE (n) FEMININE (n) TOTAL % 3–11 53 48 101 1,63% 12–20 1029 483 1512 24,27% 21–29 1641 463 2104 33,78% 30–38 836 265 1101 17,68% 39–47 536 170 706 11,33% 48–56 339 92 431 6,92% 57–65 105 37 142 2,27% 66–74 80 21 101 1,62% 75–84 20 11 31 0,50% In Fig. 1 , we observe that the Hospital also receives pediatric and geriatric patients in the Maxillofacial Surgery Sector, albeit to a lesser extent. In the middle third of the face, 6635 cases were observed, with the most frequent being zygomatic bone fractures, followed by nasal bone fractures, Le Fort I, frontal sinus fractures, naso-orbitoethmoidal complex fractures, orbital fractures, Le Fort II (N = 288) and Le Fort III (N = 34) (Fig. 2 ). Of the mandibular fractures, 2816 cases were observed, with the body region being the most affected, followed by the angle, condyle, parasymphysis, symphysis, branch, and coronoid process (Fig. 3 ). When considering the etiology of maxillofacial trauma, the most common cause found was traffic accidents, followed by aggression, falls, work accidents and firearm injuries (Fig. 4 ). Even though there are more men than women affected by maxillofacial trauma in this study, we found that the prevalence of etiologies was similar in both groups. The most used type of treatment was open reduction associated with stable internal fixation, followed by closed reduction, and conservative treatment (Fig. 5 ). Discussion The literature points to a higher prevalence of facial trauma for males [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ] . In this study, it was observed that 73.69% of the individuals assisted were men in their third decade of life. This alerts us to the economic impact of maxillofacial trauma, since the affected individual is possibly in frank professional activity and must leave their activities for a variable period, which generates costs for the government and health services. Many of the epidemiological studies indicate that the prevalence of individuals affected by maxillofacial trauma is in the third decade of life [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ] . However, in this study it was observed that the age group mainly affected was from 21 to 29 years old. Although many studies show that the mandible is the anatomical site mainly affected when it comes to facial trauma [ 16 , 17 , 18 ] . In this study, fractures in the middle third of the face were prevalent (70.20%) when compared to mandibular fractures (29.80%). As most of the fractures found were in the zygomatic bone (n = 2580). There are also other studies in the literature where the zygomatic bone was mainly affected [ 5 , 8 , 9 , 11 , 19 , 20 , 21 ] . In this study, it was found that traffic accidents and aggression were the main cause of facial fractures, in agreement with other epidemiological studies of this type [ 3 , 11 , 18 , 22 ] . When it comes to treatment for maxillofacial trauma, there are many studies that point to open reduction with stable internal fixation as the main treatment. Likewise, in this study, open reduction with stable internal fixation was found to be the main treatment of choice (48.11%) [ 3 , 11 , 18 , 23 ] . A factor that drew attention was that 1/3 of the nasal fractures were treated with open reduction and stable internal fixation. It was found that there was an error in filling out the records, as reductions were performed with surgical access, but not with the use of fixation material. In this sense, open reduction associated with internal fixation with load-bearing reconstruction plates provides stable, predictable, and economical results [ 24 ] . However, due to the socioeconomic level of the population and the fact that the patient must bear with the cost of the fixation material, many of the cases are still treated with fixation with steel wire and maxillomandibular locking. In conclusion in this study, zygomatic bone fractures were the most prevalent, with traffic accidents being the main etiology. The male gender was mainly affected, with the majority in the third decade of life and mainly treated with open reduction and stable internal fixation. The completion of this work highlights the need for the Dominican Republic's health services to introduce electronic medical records systems, as well as database systems for imaging exams. Declarations -Ethics approval and consent to participate The study was approved by the ethics and research committee of the hospital under number 2019-2020.69.4.2 -Consent for publication As these data were obtained from the patients' medical records, the signed consent was exempted. -Competing Interests The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. -Author contributions All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Angie Patricia Castro-Meran. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Angie Patricia Castro-Meran and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. -Funding This study was carried out with the support of the PROEX program, process 88887.356840/2019-00 of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel -Brazil (CAPES). -Availability of data and materials The data that support the findings of this study are available from Hospital Docente Universitário Dr. Darío Contreras but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of Hospital Docente Universitário Dr. Darío Contreras. References Negussie, A., Getie, A., Manaye, E., & Tekle, T. Prevalence and outcome of injury in patients visiting the emergency Department of Yirgalem General Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. BMC Emerg Med . 2018 May 22,18(1):14. doi: 10.1186/s12873-018-0165-6. Gandhi, S. Pattern of maxillofacial fractures at a tertiary hospital in northern India: a 4- year retrospective study of 718 patients. Dent Traumatol. 2011 Aug,27(4):257-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.2011.00996.x. Kanala S. et al. Aetiology, prevalence, fracture site and management of maxillofacial trauma. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2021 Jan,103(1):18-22. doi: 10.1308/rcsann.2020.0171. Samieirad, S. et al. Retrospective study maxillofacial fractures epidemiology and treatment plans in Southeast of Iran. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal . 2015 Nov 1,20(6):e729-36. doi: 10.4317/medoral.20652. Schneider, D. et al. Etiology and injury patterns of maxillofacial fractures from the years 2010 to 2013 in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany: A retrospective study of 409 patients. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2015 Dec,43(10):1948-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2015.06.028. Navarro, M. D., Vila M. D. Aspectos generales del trauma maxilofacial. Rev Cubana Estomatol , 2016: 53(3): 116-127. Manodh, P. et al. Incidence and patterns of maxillofacial trauma—a retrospective analysis of 3611 patients—an update . Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016 Dec,20(4):377-383. doi: 10.1007/s10006-016-0576-z. Zamboni, R. A. et al. Epidemiological study of facial fractures at the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service, Santa Casa de Misericordia Hospital Complex, Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil. Rev Col Bras Cir . Sep-Oct 2017,44(5):491-497. doi: 10.1590/0100-69912017005011. Sarmiento, M. G. E. Epidemiología de las Fracturas Maxilofaciales Tratadas Quirúrgicamente En El Servicio Maxilofacial De Bayamo: 5 Años De Revisión. Multimed, 2017: 21(6): 809-818. Cohn J. E. et al. Comparing Urban Maxillofacial Trauma Patterns to the National Trauma Data Bank©. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 2020 Feb,129(2):149-156. doi: 10.1177/0003489419878457. Pietzka, S. et al. Maxillofacial injuries in severely injured patients after road traffic accidents-a retrospective evaluation of the TraumaRegister DGU® 1993-2014. Clin Oral Investig . 2020 Jan,24(1):503-513. doi: 10.1007/s00784-019-03024-6. Brasileiro, B. F., Passeri, L. A. Epidemiological analysis of maxillofacial fractures in Brazil: A 5-year prospective study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod . 2006 Jul,102(1):28-34. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.07.023. Al-dajani, M. et al. Epidemiology of Maxillofacial Injuries in Ontario, Canada. J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 2015 Apr,73(4):693.e1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2014.12.001. Gutierrez, P. H. et al. Epidemiología de Tratamientos Quirúrgicos Maxilofaciales en un Hospital Público en Santiago de Chile: Estudio Retrospectivo de 5 Años. Int. J. Odontostomat , 2015: 9(1): 37-41. CASTRO-MERÁN A. P. et al. Incidence of facial trauma in a hospital at Bauru city. J Braz Coll Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2020: 6(2): 74-79. REZAEI, M., JAMSHIDI, S., JALILIAN, T., FALAHI, N. Epidemiology of maxillofacial trauma in a university hospital of Kermanshah, Iran. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Med. Pathol, 2017: 29(2): 110-115. LEE, C. W., FOO, Q. C., WONG, L. V., LEUNG, Y. Y. An Overview of Maxillofacial Trauma in Oral and Maxillofacial Tertiary Trauma Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr. 2017 Mar,10(1):16-21. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1584893. WUSIMAN P. et al. Epidemiology and Pattern of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma. J Craniofac Surg. Jul-Aug 2020,31(5):e517-e520. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000006719. RIBEIRO RIBEIRO, A. L. et al. Facial Fractures: Large Epidemiologic Survey in Northern Brazil Reveals Some Unique Characteristics. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016 Dec,74(12):2480.e1-2480.e12. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2016.08.015. FARIAS I. P. S. E. et al. Maxillofacial trauma, etiology and Profile of patients: an exploratory study. Acta Ortop Bras. Nov-Dec 2017,25(6):258-261. doi: 10.1590/1413-785220172506152670. BOCCHIALINI, G. et al. Six years of Experience in Treating Facial Trauma in the Province of Brescia, Italy. CMTRO, 2018: 2(1): e61–e69. RAMISETTY, S. et al. Maxillofacial Injuries in Women: A Retrospective Study of 10 Years. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2017 Dec,16(4):438-444. doi: 10.1007/s12663-016-0954-y. ABOSADEGH, M. M., RAHMAN, S. A., SADDKI, N. Association of traumatic head injuries and maxillofacial fractures: A ret- rospective study. Dent Traumatol. 2017 Oct,33(5):369-374. doi: 10.1111/edt.12349. SIDDIQUI, S. et al. Efficacy of open reduction and internal fixation in achieving bony union of comminuted mandibular fractures caused by civilian gunshot injuries. Surgeon. 2020 Aug,18(4):214-218. doi: 10.1016/j.surge.2019.10.004. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2264583","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":153074222,"identity":"ff40578d-f323-4b9c-b1c1-a8e4fc7df673","order_by":0,"name":"Angie Patricia Castro-Merán","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAsklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDADfhDB2ECcYog6yQaStRgcIFYLf/vx548rKuzyjG+kP3vAuOMeYS0SZ3IMG8+cSS42u5FjbsB4ppiwFgOGHMbGxjbmxG03ctgkGNsSiNDC//whUEt94uYZ6c+I1CKRYAjUcjhxg0SCGXFaJG68MZzZcOZ4scSZN+YGiWeI0MLfn/7gY0NFdR5/OzDEPu4gQgsMgJSyMZCgAaZlFIyCUTAKRgE2AABi7TxQVNk8SQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade de São Paulo","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Angie","middleName":"Patricia","lastName":"Castro-Merán","suffix":""},{"id":153074224,"identity":"76c65df6-06d5-47f9-a52b-3a1c6bae4524","order_by":1,"name":"Eduardo Sanches Gonçales","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade de São Paulo","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eduardo","middleName":"Sanches","lastName":"Gonçales","suffix":""},{"id":153074227,"identity":"f28b8378-b86e-4a92-95ea-fb70b38124e6","order_by":2,"name":"Osny Ferreira Júnior","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade de São Paulo","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Osny","middleName":"Ferreira","lastName":"Júnior","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-11-11 21:14:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2264583/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2264583/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":29339566,"identity":"fbc08162-c740-46a6-a7be-fdf8c6cdf0b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-21 15:41:39","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":13293,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge and gender distribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2264583/v1/7d8989be6285dee27f46f596.png"},{"id":29339567,"identity":"7b825bb3-45db-4c40-b976-b73d44980a71","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-21 15:41:39","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":45514,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnatomical sites of middle third facial fractures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2264583/v1/1e442f7378bc4bd61e753347.png"},{"id":29340255,"identity":"4ea31096-3018-49c1-a368-47b4dc6270b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-21 15:49:39","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":39986,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnatomical sites of mandibular fractures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2264583/v1/044c17609806131a3ba73eab.png"},{"id":29339570,"identity":"707376bd-95de-495e-80cf-72a2f0d251c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-21 15:41:40","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":35359,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEtiology of trauma\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2264583/v1/0e29c6842baed3b17324ce30.png"},{"id":29339569,"identity":"cf4e37ca-9cb1-4dac-9435-633241e6054a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-21 15:41:39","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25352,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTypes of treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2264583/v1/917385ee05a4a65e3242e2b0.png"},{"id":29611539,"identity":"ed246123-d410-4cb7-a6fe-a36fdc4d6511","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-28 19:59:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":441294,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2264583/v1/7393f668-9eb7-412b-8836-24ae9b1ec8a8.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003ePrevalence of Maxillofacial Trauma in a Reference Hospital in the Dominican Republic\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMaxillofacial trauma is among the most common causes in hospital emergency departments, causing soft tissue injuries and facial fractures \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEtiologies vary from country to country, and even within the same country, as well as between male and female populations. This diversity largely depends on awareness and education about traffic laws, socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental factors, and therefore remains a topic of discussion \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding the frequency and distribution of cases of facial fractures in a population can help establish research priorities for effective treatment and prevention of these injuries \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Dominican Republic is a country located on one of the Caribbean islands, with 10.74\u0026nbsp;million inhabitants and bordering Haiti. In the Dominican Republic there is only one Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Residency Program for dental surgeons that offers 6 places per year and one Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery residency program for doctors that offers 2 places per year. Comprehensive data on the etiology and pattern of maxillofacial trauma is not readily available in the Dominican Republic.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor this reason, the aim of this study was to determine the etiology, trauma pattern and treatment modalities in individuals affected by maxillofacial trauma at the Hospital Docente Universit\u0026aacute;rio Dr. Dar\u0026iacute;o Contreras, in the city of Santo Domingo, capital of the Dominican Republic.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e After an international academic cooperation agreement with the Hospital Docente Universit\u0026aacute;rio Dr. Dar\u0026iacute;o Contreras, the study was approved by the ethics and research committee of the hospital under number 2019-2020.69.4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study consisted of a descriptive retrospective epidemiological survey, as it describes the frequency and distribution of diseases in the studied sample, but with past data, at only one point in time, being cross-sectional.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was carried out using the database of files from the department of maxillofacial surgery and traumatology, Hospital Docente Universit\u0026aacute;rio Dr. Dar\u0026iacute;o Contreras.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe inclusion criteria were the medical records with complete information about the affected individual, about the etiologies called: traffic accidents, aggression, work accidents, falls and wounds caused by firearms, in addition to information about the treatment performed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExclusion criteria were medical records with incomplete data on the individual's age, gender, and etiology of the trauma, as well as records that did not indicate the type of treatment performed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe medical records of individuals affected by maxillofacial trauma in the maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology service were analyzed during a 5-year period, from November 1, 2014, to November 30, 2019.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData collected from medical records were age, gender, etiology of trauma, anatomical location of fractures, type of treatment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe etiology of trauma was classified as: (1) traffic accidents, (2) aggression, (3) firearm injuries, (4) falls and (5) work accidents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial fractures were classified according to their anatomical location into: (1) nasal bone fracture, (2) orbit fractures, (3) naso-orbito-ethmoidal complex fractures, (4) zygomatic bone fractures, (5) Le Fort I fractures, (6) Le Fort II fractures, (7) Le Fort III fractures, (8) mandibular fractures (symphysis, parasymphysis, body, angle, branch, coronoid process, and condyle).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment was classified according to type into closed reduction, open reduction with stable internal fixation, and conservative treatment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter collecting the data, they were organized and tabulated in an Excel spreadsheet for Windows. The incidence of etiologies was analyzed and correlated with the gender of affected patients. The incidence of fractures according to their anatomical location was also evaluated, and later correlated with the type of treatment. Descriptive statistics were then performed, with the aim of showing an overall view of the prevalence of the data collected, showing its distribution through graphs and tables.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 6,525 medical records were found, of which 296 were excluded due to duplication of data or because they contained an incomplete clinical history, regarding etiology, type of fracture and treatment instituted. Thus, our study sample consisted of 6,229 individuals who had 9451 fractures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe survey showed a greater predominance of males (4590 males \u0026ndash; 73.69%) over females (1639 females \u0026ndash; 23.18%) (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalyzing the distribution of patients, victims of facial trauma, treated at the Hospital Docente Universit\u0026aacute;rio Dr. Dar\u0026iacute;o Contreras, according to age group, we found a predominance of young adults aged 21 to 29 years (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab1\" style=\"margin-right: calc(43%); width: 57%;\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge and gender distribution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 22.5951%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAGE RANGE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 28.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMASCULINE (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.3848%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFEMININE (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 12.9754%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTOTAL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 11.8568%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 22.5951%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 28.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 24.3848%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 12.9754%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 11.8568%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,63%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 22.5951%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 28.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 24.3848%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e483\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 12.9754%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1512\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 11.8568%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24,27%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 22.5951%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 28.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1641\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 24.3848%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e463\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 12.9754%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 11.8568%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33,78%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 22.5951%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 28.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e836\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 24.3848%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e265\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 12.9754%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 11.8568%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17,68%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 22.5951%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u0026ndash;47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 28.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e536\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 24.3848%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 12.9754%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e706\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 11.8568%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11,33%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 22.5951%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u0026ndash;56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 28.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e339\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 24.3848%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 12.9754%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e431\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 11.8568%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,92%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 22.5951%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u0026ndash;65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 28.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 24.3848%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 12.9754%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 11.8568%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,27%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 22.5951%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u0026ndash;74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 28.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 24.3848%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 12.9754%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 11.8568%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,62%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 22.5951%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u0026ndash;84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 28.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 24.3848%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" style=\"width: 12.9754%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 11.8568%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, we observe that the Hospital also receives pediatric and geriatric patients in the Maxillofacial Surgery Sector, albeit to a lesser extent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the middle third of the face, 6635 cases were observed, with the most frequent being zygomatic bone fractures, followed by nasal bone fractures, Le Fort I, frontal sinus fractures, naso-orbitoethmoidal complex fractures, orbital fractures, Le Fort II (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;288) and Le Fort III (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34) (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf the mandibular fractures, 2816 cases were observed, with the body region being the most affected, followed by the angle, condyle, parasymphysis, symphysis, branch, and coronoid process (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen considering the etiology of maxillofacial trauma, the most common cause found was traffic accidents, followed by aggression, falls, work accidents and firearm injuries (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEven though there are more men than women affected by maxillofacial trauma in this study, we found that the prevalence of etiologies was similar in both groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe most used type of treatment was open reduction associated with stable internal fixation, followed by closed reduction, and conservative treatment (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe literature points to a higher prevalence of facial trauma for males \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. In this study, it was observed that 73.69% of the individuals assisted were men in their third decade of life. This alerts us to the economic impact of maxillofacial trauma, since the affected individual is possibly in frank professional activity and must leave their activities for a variable period, which generates costs for the government and health services. Many of the epidemiological studies indicate that the prevalence of individuals affected by maxillofacial trauma is in the third decade of life \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. However, in this study it was observed that the age group mainly affected was from 21 to 29 years old.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough many studies show that the mandible is the anatomical site mainly affected when it comes to facial trauma \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. In this study, fractures in the middle third of the face were prevalent (70.20%) when compared to mandibular fractures (29.80%). As most of the fractures found were in the zygomatic bone (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2580). There are also other studies in the literature where the zygomatic bone was mainly affected \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, it was found that traffic accidents and aggression were the main cause of facial fractures, in agreement with other epidemiological studies of this type \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen it comes to treatment for maxillofacial trauma, there are many studies that point to open reduction with stable internal fixation as the main treatment. Likewise, in this study, open reduction with stable internal fixation was found to be the main treatment of choice (48.11%) \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA factor that drew attention was that 1/3 of the nasal fractures were treated with open reduction and stable internal fixation. It was found that there was an error in filling out the records, as reductions were performed with surgical access, but not with the use of fixation material.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this sense, open reduction associated with internal fixation with load-bearing reconstruction plates provides stable, predictable, and economical results \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. However, due to the socioeconomic level of the population and the fact that the patient must bear with the cost of the fixation material, many of the cases are still treated with fixation with steel wire and maxillomandibular locking.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion in this study, zygomatic bone fractures were the most prevalent, with traffic accidents being the main etiology. The male gender was mainly affected, with the majority in the third decade of life and mainly treated with open reduction and stable internal fixation. The completion of this work highlights the need for the Dominican Republic's health services to introduce electronic medical records systems, as well as database systems for imaging exams.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003e-Ethics approval and consent to participate\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the ethics and research committee of the hospital under number 2019-2020.69.4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003e-Consent for publication\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs these data were obtained from the patients\u0026apos; medical records, the signed consent was exempted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003e-Competing Interests\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003e-Author contributions\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Angie Patricia Castro-Meran. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Angie Patricia Castro-Meran and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003e-Funding\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was carried out with the support of the PROEX program, process 88887.356840/2019-00 of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel -Brazil (CAPES).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003e-Availability of data and materials\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available from Hospital Docente Universit\u0026aacute;rio Dr. Dar\u0026iacute;o Contreras but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of Hospital Docente Universit\u0026aacute;rio Dr. Dar\u0026iacute;o Contreras.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNegussie, A., Getie, A., Manaye, E., \u0026amp; Tekle, T. Prevalence and outcome of injury in patients visiting the emergency Department of Yirgalem General Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. \u003cstrong\u003eBMC Emerg Med\u003c/strong\u003e. 2018 May 22,18(1):14. doi: 10.1186/s12873-018-0165-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGandhi, S. Pattern of maxillofacial fractures at a tertiary hospital in northern India: a 4- year retrospective study of 718 patients. \u003cstrong\u003eDent Traumatol.\u003c/strong\u003e 2011 Aug,27(4):257-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.2011.00996.x.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKanala S. et al. Aetiology, prevalence, fracture site and management of maxillofacial trauma. \u003cstrong\u003eAnn R Coll Surg Engl.\u003c/strong\u003e 2021 Jan,103(1):18-22. doi: 10.1308/rcsann.2020.0171.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSamieirad, S. et al. Retrospective study maxillofacial fractures epidemiology and treatment plans in Southeast of Iran. \u003cstrong\u003eMed Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal\u003c/strong\u003e. 2015 Nov 1,20(6):e729-36. doi: 10.4317/medoral.20652.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchneider, D. et al. Etiology and injury patterns of maxillofacial fractures from the years 2010 to 2013 in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany: A retrospective study of 409 patients. \u003cstrong\u003eJ Craniomaxillofac Surg.\u003c/strong\u003e 2015 Dec,43(10):1948-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2015.06.028.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNavarro, M. D., Vila M. D. Aspectos generales del trauma maxilofacial. \u003cstrong\u003eRev Cubana Estomatol\u003c/strong\u003e, 2016: 53(3): 116-127.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eManodh, P. et al. Incidence and patterns of maxillofacial trauma\u0026mdash;a retrospective analysis of 3611 patients\u0026mdash;an update\u003cstrong\u003e. Oral Maxillofac Surg.\u003c/strong\u003e 2016 Dec,20(4):377-383. doi: 10.1007/s10006-016-0576-z.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZamboni, R. A. et al. Epidemiological study of facial fractures at the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service, Santa Casa de Misericordia Hospital Complex, Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil. \u003cstrong\u003eRev Col Bras Cir\u003c/strong\u003e. Sep-Oct 2017,44(5):491-497. doi: 10.1590/0100-69912017005011.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSarmiento, M. G. E. Epidemiolog\u0026iacute;a de las Fracturas Maxilofaciales Tratadas Quir\u0026uacute;rgicamente En El Servicio Maxilofacial De Bayamo: 5 A\u0026ntilde;os De Revisi\u0026oacute;n. \u003cstrong\u003eMultimed,\u003c/strong\u003e 2017: 21(6): 809-818.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCohn J. E. et al. Comparing Urban Maxillofacial Trauma Patterns to the National Trauma Data Bank\u0026copy;. \u003cstrong\u003eAnn Otol Rhinol Laryngol\u003c/strong\u003e. 2020 Feb,129(2):149-156. doi: 10.1177/0003489419878457.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePietzka, S. et al. Maxillofacial injuries in severely injured patients after road traffic accidents-a retrospective evaluation of the TraumaRegister DGU\u0026reg; 1993-2014. \u003cstrong\u003eClin Oral Investig\u003c/strong\u003e. 2020 Jan,24(1):503-513. doi: 10.1007/s00784-019-03024-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrasileiro, B. F., Passeri, L. A. Epidemiological analysis of maxillofacial fractures in Brazil: A 5-year prospective study. \u003cstrong\u003eOral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod\u003c/strong\u003e. 2006 Jul,102(1):28-34. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.07.023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-dajani, M. et al. Epidemiology of Maxillofacial Injuries in Ontario, Canada. \u003cstrong\u003eJ Oral Maxillofac Surg\u003c/strong\u003e. 2015 Apr,73(4):693.e1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2014.12.001.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGutierrez, P. H. et al. Epidemiolog\u0026iacute;a de Tratamientos Quir\u0026uacute;rgicos Maxilofaciales en un Hospital P\u0026uacute;blico en Santiago de Chile: Estudio Retrospectivo de 5 A\u0026ntilde;os. \u003cstrong\u003eInt. J. Odontostomat\u003c/strong\u003e, 2015: 9(1): 37-41.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCASTRO-MER\u0026Aacute;N A. P. et al. Incidence of facial trauma in a hospital at Bauru city. J Braz Coll Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2020: 6(2): 74-79.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eREZAEI, M., JAMSHIDI, S., JALILIAN, T., FALAHI, N. Epidemiology of maxillofacial trauma in a university hospital of Kermanshah, Iran. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Med. Pathol, 2017: 29(2): 110-115.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLEE, C. W., FOO, Q. C., WONG, L. V., LEUNG, Y. Y. An Overview of Maxillofacial Trauma in Oral and Maxillofacial Tertiary Trauma Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr. 2017 Mar,10(1):16-21. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1584893.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWUSIMAN P. et al. Epidemiology and Pattern of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma. J Craniofac Surg. Jul-Aug 2020,31(5):e517-e520. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000006719.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRIBEIRO RIBEIRO, A. L. et al. Facial Fractures: Large Epidemiologic Survey in Northern Brazil Reveals Some Unique Characteristics. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016 Dec,74(12):2480.e1-2480.e12. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2016.08.015.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFARIAS I. P. S. E. et al. Maxillofacial trauma, etiology and Profile of patients: an exploratory study. Acta Ortop Bras. Nov-Dec 2017,25(6):258-261. doi: 10.1590/1413-785220172506152670.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBOCCHIALINI, G. et al. Six years of Experience in Treating Facial Trauma in the Province of Brescia, Italy. CMTRO, 2018: 2(1): e61\u0026ndash;e69.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRAMISETTY, S. et al. Maxillofacial Injuries in Women: A Retrospective Study of 10 Years. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2017 Dec,16(4):438-444. doi: 10.1007/s12663-016-0954-y.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eABOSADEGH, M. M., RAHMAN, S. A., SADDKI, N. Association of traumatic head injuries and maxillofacial fractures: A ret- rospective study. Dent Traumatol. 2017 Oct,33(5):369-374. doi: 10.1111/edt.12349.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSIDDIQUI, S. et al. Efficacy of open reduction and internal fixation in achieving bony union of comminuted mandibular fractures caused by civilian gunshot injuries. Surgeon. 2020 Aug,18(4):214-218. doi: 10.1016/j.surge.2019.10.004.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Facial trauma, Prevalence Study, Etiology, Epidemiology, Maxillofacial Surgery.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2264583/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2264583/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePURPUSE: \u003c/strong\u003eThis study aimed to carry out a survey of data contained in the medical records of patients with maxillofacial trauma at the Hospital Docente Universitário Dr. Dario Contreras between 2014 and 2019.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMETHODS:\u003c/strong\u003e This is a Descriptive retrospective epidemiological study. In this way, we look for: Identify the type of fracture prevalent in this city, the main etiology and most affected gender and age group. The sample was composed of 6,525 medical records of patients affected by facial trauma were found. The data collected included: age, gender, etiology, anatomical site, and form of treatment. After collecting the data, they were organized and tabulated in an Excel spreadsheet for Windows. The incidence of etiologies was analyzed and correlated with the gender of affected patients. The incidence of fractures was also evaluated according to their anatomical location, and then correlated with the type of treatment. Descriptive Statistics was then performed, with the objective of showing a global view of the prevalence of the collected data, showing its distribution through graphs and tables.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRESULTS: \u003c/strong\u003eThe study consisted of 6229 individuals with maxillofacial trauma. Males had the highest incidence (73.69%) in the third decade of life. The main etiologies were traffic accidents (61.59%), followed by aggression (22.62%). Of the total fractures, 70.20% were in the middle third of the face, with the zygomatic bone and nasal bones being the most affected regions. In the mandible, the regions mainly affected were the body and the angle. As for treatment, open reduction and rigid internal fixation represented the form of treatment for most patients.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONCLUSION: \u003c/strong\u003eIt can be concluded that zygomatic bone fractures were the most prevalent facial fractures in the group of individuals studied, having mainly affected men in the third decade of life, victims of traffic accidents, treated mainly with open reduction and stable internal fixation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Prevalence of Maxillofacial Trauma in a Reference Hospital in the Dominican Republic","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-11-21 15:41:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2264583/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"098e3e97-9d63-4763-8b27-bdc3889abd59","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 21st, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-06-08T07:14:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-11-21 15:41:35","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2264583","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2264583","identity":"rs-2264583","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}