Patient factors associated with novel NAIL-Q scales in toenail onychomycosis or onychocryptosis: a cross-sectional study and regression analysis

Patient factors associated with novel NAIL-Q scales in toenail onychomycosis or onychocryptosis: a cross-sectional study and regression analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Patient factors associated with novel NAIL-Q scales in toenail onychomycosis or onychocryptosis: a cross-sectional study and regression analysis Samantha Keow, Charlene Rae, Lucas Gallo, Shari R. Lipner, Maureen O’Malley, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7004956/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The NAIL-Q is a patient-reported outcome measure assessing nail appearance, health-related quality of life (HRQL), and treatment satisfaction. Socio-demographic and clinical factors significantly impact the HRQL of these patients. To identify the effects of socio-demographic and clinical variables on NAIL-Q Appearance, Nail Distress, Symptoms, Physical, and Outcome scores in people with toenail onychomycosis and/or onychocryptosis. In an international field-test study, participants with toenail onychomycosis (n = 150) or onychocryptosis (n = 232), aged 18–80, completed the NAIL-Q along with socio-demographic and clinical questionnaires. Univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses identified predictors for NAIL-Q scores. In both groups, most participants were female and Caucasian, with mean ages of 41 (± 15.0) years for onychomycosis and 34 (± 13) years for onychocryptosis. Worse NAIL-Q scores were associated with younger age, more affected nails, being non-Caucasian, difficulty paying bills, having onychomycosis, moderate to severe disease severity, longer condition duration, topical, oral, and surgical treatment status, experiencing pain, and interference with daily activities. Considering patient variables when utilizing the NAIL-Q for toenail onychomycosis and/or onychocryptosis is essential for improving research methodology and ensuring effective implementation in clinical practice. NAIL-Q Onychomycosis Onychocryptosis Health-related quality of life Patient factors INTRODUCTION Onychomycosis and onychocryptosis (ingrown nails) are prevalent disorders, 2–8% and 2.5-5% of the general population, respectively [ 8 , 14 ]. Both conditions impair health-related quality of life (HRQL), primarily due to social stigma, cosmetic disfigurement, functional limitations, and financial burdens [ 5 , 24 , 35 ]. Capturing meaningful patient outcomes is essential for enhancing quality of care. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) can be useful for benchmarking, value-based payment, and shared-decision making. The NAIL-Q is a recently developed PROM that assesses patients’ perceptions of nail appearance, HRQL, and treatment satisfaction. Its reliability and validity were evidenced through an international field-test involving 555 English-speaking participants aged 18–80 years with fingernail and toenail conditions [ 19 ]. Socio-demographic and clinical factors – including gender [ 5 , 9 , 23 , 25 , 29 , 34 ], race [ 30 ], financial stability [ 35 ], disease severity [ 10 ], number of affected nails [ 5 , 35 ], and disease duration [ 12 , 35 , 36 ] – have been independently associated with HRQL scores of patients with nail conditions. When the NAIL-Q is applied in observational study designs, these variables can act as confounders, potentially compromising the accuracy of the results. Identifying the patient factors that influence NAIL-Q scale scores and adjusting research methodologies accordingly reduces the risk of bias, enhancing the validity of findings and supporting the NAIL-Q’s effective application in clinical research. The aim of this study was to examine possible associations between socio-demographics and clinical variables with the NAIL-Q Appearance, Distress, Symptoms, Physical, and Outcome scale scores in participants with either toenail onychomycosis or onychocryptosis. METHODS Sample and recruitment Ethics approval was obtained from the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board (approval numbers 7370 and 14622) and Weill Cornell Medicine in New York, NY, USA. Data utilized in this study were collected from Prolific Academic, an online crowdsourcing program, for the international field test study conducted between June and July 2022. Further details regarding data collection are described in Klassen et al [19]. Participants were English-speaking, aged 18-80 years, from 23 countries, and had a toenail condition for which they consulted a healthcare professional. They completed a survey that included one or more NAIL-Q scales. Clinical details were collected, including the severity of their condition, the sides and number of nails affected, and how long the condition had lasted. To evaluate the impact on daily life, participants answered single-item questions about pain, embarrassment, and interference with daily activities. Those who had received or were currently undergoing treatment provided information on the types of treatments they had received, their treatment status (e.g., “don’t need,” “need,” “completed”), and whether the treatments improved, worsened, or had no effect on their condition. This cross-sectional study focused on a sub-sample of participants with toenail onychomycosis and/or onychocryptosis, the most commonly reported nail conditions. NAIL-Q scales NAIL-Q scales assess Nail Appearance (1 scale), HRQL (5 scales), and Treatment (1 scale) (https://qportfolio.org/nail-q/). The Nail Appearance scale contains 10 items measuring satisfaction with how the nail looks. HRQL scales evaluate nail distress, symptoms, and physical function over the past week. The Treatment scale assesses the participant's agreement with statements regarding the outcome of their latest treatment. Scale scores are converted to a linearized Rasch-transformed score ranging from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). Missing data were imputed using the mean of completed items in a scale if less than 50% of the scale’s items were missing. Data analysis Descriptive statistics were calculated for demographic and clinical characteristics. Included variables were selected based on a review of literature describing factors associated with nail condition outcomes ( Table 1; Supplementary Table I, available via Mendeley ) [5, 31-33, 37]. Simple linear regression analysis was conducted between each predictor variable and the NAIL-Q Appearance, Distress, Symptoms, Physical, and Outcome scales. Predictor variables with insufficient sample sizes (n = <10) across categories were either collapsed or excluded. Notably, the Symptoms and Function scale responses for patients with onychomycosis were excluded from analysis due to <10 participants reporting issues in either of these domains [4]. The data was re-coded using SPSS® version 28.0 and imported into R Statistical Software (version 4.4.1) for univariate linear regression analysis [18, 37]. Statistical significance was assessed using the Wald test for continuous variables and the partial F-test for categorical variables. Variables that showed a significant linear relationship in the initial analyses were included in a multivariable linear regression model using backward stepwise selection with a stopping rule of 0.10. Standardized coefficients (β*) were used to compare the relative importance of predictor variables. Variability explained by the model was assessed using the coefficient of determination (R²). Multicollinearity was assessed using the variance inflation factor (VIF); values that exceeded 5 were considered multicollinear. Assumptions were tested using the Shapiro-Wilk, Breusch-Pagan, and Durbin-Watson tests, with p-values > 0.05. To ensure normality and homoscedasticity assumptions for linear regression, residuals were examined through visual inspection and P-P plots. Listwise deletion (i.e., complete case analysis) was applied for missing data in univariable and multivariable models. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS Demographic and clinical characteristics The study included 130 participants with toenail onychomycosis, 212 with toenail onychocryptosis, and 20 with both conditions. Table 1 shows the participant characteristics. The majority of participants were women (n = 187; 53%) and Caucasian (n = 280; 77%), with a moderately severe toenail condition (n = 198; 55%). Mean age among onychomycosis participants was 41 (± 15.0) years, with an average of 3 (± 2.6) nails affected, predominantly involving both sides (n = 86; 57.3%). Participants with onychocryptosis were younger, with a mean age of 34 (± 13.0) and an average of 2 (± 1.9) nails affected, predominantly involving both sides (n = 132; 56.9%). NAIL-Q Appearance scale Univariable results In univariable linear regression ( Table 3 ), lower satisfaction with nail appearance was significantly (p<0.05) associated with age, the total number of nails affected, race, the extent of difficulty in paying bills, the specific condition, disease severity, the length of condition duration, overall treatment status, topical, oral, and clipping treatment status, and the degree of interference with daily activities. Variables such as gender, level of education, surgical and taping treatment status, and pain were not statistically significant to Appearance scale scores. Multivariable results In the multivariable model ( Table 4 ), the total number of nails affected, race, the specific condition, disease severity, and oral treatment status remained significant after adjusting for all other statistically significant variables from the univariable regression in the model. “Severe” disease severity had the greatest influence on Appearance scores (β* = -18.6). The model explained 32.3% of score variability (R² = 0.323, p < 0.01). NAIL-Q Nail Distress scale Univariable results Worse Nail Distress scores were significantly associated with the total number of nails affected, race, the extent of difficulty in paying bills, the specific condition, disease severity, overall treatment status, topical, oral, and surgical, treatment status, the amount of pain, and the degree of interference with daily activities. Variables such as age, gender, level of education, length of condition duration, and taping and clipping treatment status were not statistically significant ( Table 3 ). Multivariable results In the multivariable model ( Table 4 ), the extent of difficulty in paying bills, the specific condition, disease severity, topical and oral treatment status, and the degree of interference with daily activities remained significant after adjusting for all other statistically significant variables from the univariable regression in the model. “Severe” disease severity was the strongest predictor of Nail Distress scores (β* = -0.26). The model explained 35.9% of score variability (R² = 0.359, p < 0.01). NAIL-Q Symptoms scale Symptoms and physical function scales were examined only for onychocryptosis due to insufficient sample sizes for patients with onychomycosis. Univariable results Lower Symptoms scores were significantly associated with age, the extent of difficulty in paying bills, disease severity, overall treatment status, topical, oral, surgical, and clipping treatment status, and the degree of interference with daily activities. Variables such as the total number of nails affected, gender, race, level of education, length of condition duration, and taping treatment status were not statistically significant ( Table 3 ). Multivariable results In the multivariable model ( Table 5 ), age, the extent of difficulty in paying bills, disease severity, and the degree of interference with daily activities remained significant. “Quite/very much” activity interference had the greatest influence on Symptoms scores (β* = -0.38). The model explained 30.5% of score variability (R² = 0.305, p < 0.01). NAIL-Q Physical scale Univariable results Lower Physical scores were significantly associated with age, the extent of difficulty in paying bills, disease severity, overall treatment status, topical, oral, and surgical treatment status, and the amount of pain. Variables such as the total number of nails affected, gender, race, level of education, length of condition duration, and taping and clipping treatment status were not statistically significant ( Table 3 ). Multivariable results In the multivariable model ( Table 5 ), age, the extent of difficulty in paying bills, disease severity, topical and surgical treatment status, and the amount of pain remained significant after adjusting for all other statistically significant variables from the univariable regression in the model. “Moderate/severe” pain was the strongest predictor of Physical scores (β* = -0.45). The model explained 34.4% of score variability (R² = 0.344, p < 0.01). NAIL-Q Outcome scale Univariable results Worse Outcome scores were significantly associated with the age, total number of nails affected, the specific condition, disease severity, the length of condition duration, topical, oral, surgical, and clipping treatment status, and the amount of pain, and the degree of interference with daily activities. Variables such as gender, race, level of education, the extent of difficulty in paying bills, taping treatment status, and the degree of interference with daily activities were not statistically significant ( Table 3 ). Multivariable results In the multivariable model ( Table 4 ), the specific condition, disease severity, the length of condition duration, and oral treatment status remained significant after adjusting for all other statistically significant variables from the univariable regression in the model. A length of condition duration “> 1 year” was the strongest predictor of Outcome scores (β* = -0.30). The model explained 21.9% of score variability (R² = 0.219, p < 0.01). DISCUSSION This study explored the effect of socio-demographic and clinical factors on NAIL-Q scale scores in 150 adults with toenail onychomycosis and 232 with toenail onychocryptosis. Lower scores were generally associated with younger age, more total nails affected, being non-Caucasian, any level of difficulty in paying bills, having onychomycosis, moderate to severe disease severity, a condition duration of > 6 months, topical, oral, and surgical treatment status, experiencing pain, and interference with daily activities. Appearance of the nails is an important outcome for patients, potentially impacting both self-esteem and quality of life [ 5 , 35 ]. Disease severity was the most influential factor for Appearance scale scores, followed by the type of nail condition. This finding aligns with previous research showing that severe onychocryptosis can lead to skin changes, including inflammation and nail fold hypertrophy [ 10 ], while severe onychomycosis is associated with worse outcomes due to aesthetic concerns [ 6 ]. Nail conditions can have substantial psychosocial impact, especially for patients with onychomycosis [ 6 , 37 ]. Our findings indicate that increased severity and interference with daily activities were the most important factors influencing Nail Distress scores, aligning with prior research on the relationship between nail disorder type and HRQL [ 37 ]. However, our results found greater nail distress in participants with onychomycosis compared to those with onychocryptosis. Interestingly, while Tabassum et al. suggested that higher socioeconomic status may worsen HRQL due to heightened self-consciousness, our data found that poorer financial stability was associated with increased nail distress [ 35 ]. This may reflect the high costs of antifungal treatments and toenail matrixectomy, which, along with limited insurance coverage, can hinder access to care [ 22 , 39 ]. Furthermore, non-Caucasian race was associated with lower Nail Distress scores. Research on nail psoriasis suggests that non-Caucasian patients often experience more severe disease [ 1 , 11 ], higher undertreatment rates [ 20 ], and increased HRQL impact compared to Caucasian patients, potentially contributing to worse Nail Distress scores [ 30 ]. Measuring the patient’s perspective of treatment outcomes is useful for determining treatment effectiveness. Oral antifungals therapies generally have better efficacy than topical antifungals [ 27 ]. Due to nail plate thickness that accompanies onychomycosis, penetration of topical therapy is limited [ 3 , 13 , 15 , 27 ]. Incomplete cures and high recurrence rates of 10–50% often lead to prolonged disease and worse HRQL even with oral antifungals [ 12 , 35 , 36 , 38 ]. This trend aligns with our finding that both needing oral treatment and longer disease duration are associated with worse Outcome scale scores. Surgical interventions for onychocryptosis are highly effective with recurrence rates as low as 0-2.8%, aligning with our finding of better Outcome scores in this group relative to those with onychomycosis [ 2 , 26 , 28 ]. Patient perception of symptoms and function can be informative for clinical practice and shared decision making. Moderate to severe pain was the strongest predictor of poor Physical scores. It was also found that needing and completing surgery correlated with worse Symptoms and Physical scale scores. Indications for surgical treatment of onychocryptosis include severe pain, refractory disease, secondary infection, onychogryphosis, and chronic paronychia, potentially impacting these scale scores [ 7 , 16 , 17 ]. Despite several studies suggesting that women with nail disease, particularly onychomycosis, report poorer HRQL, gender was not a significant predictor of NAIL-Q scale scores in our study [ 5 , 9 , 23 , 25 , 29 , 34 ]. However, a systematic review reported that toenail-only onychomycosis has only a moderate impact on quality of life, which may partly explain the lack of observed gender differences across scales [ 33 ]. This study has several limitations. First, data was collected from a crowdsourcing platform where participants self-reported socio-demographic and clinical variables. As such, this data could not be independently verified. There was no mycological confirmation of onychomycosis diagnosis. Second, as participants were compensated for their participation, these findings may be subject to volunteer bias, potentially overrepresenting certain groups. For instance, the predominance of participants from middle-to-high-income countries limits the generalizability of our results. Finally, without an established minimal clinically important difference for the NAIL-Q scales, it remains unclear whether statistically significant scores reflect clinically meaningful outcomes. CONCLUSION This study identifies key clinical and demographic variables that may impact the NAIL-Q Appearance, Nail Distress, Symptoms, Physical, and Outcome scores in people with toenail onychomycosis and/or onychocryptosis. Further research is needed to examine the factors associated with NAIL-Q scores in other nail conditions and in patients with fingernail conditions. Given the lack of HRQL tools that can be used across nail conditions, the NAIL-Q is a valuable PROM for research and clinical practice, providing insights into patient perspectives and informing care discussions. Declarations Funding sources: This study was funded by research funds provided to A Klassen from the Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University. Conflicts of interest: The NAIL-Q is owned by McMaster University and Weill Cornell Medicine. The developers could potentially receive a share of any license revenues as royalties based on their institutions’ inventor sharing policy. Anne Klassen provides research consulting services to the pharmaceutical industry through EVENTUM Research. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to report for this work. Ethical approval statement : Ethics board approval was obtained from the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board approvals #7370 and #14622 and from Weill Cornell Medicine (New York, NY, USA). Data availability : The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to participant privacy, and legal requirements under data transfer agreements. Patient consent : Data utilized in this study were collected from Prolific Academic, an online crowdsourcing program. Author Contribution Conceptualization: AK, CR, LG, SK; Methodology: AK, CR, LG, SK; Formal analysis and investigation: SK, CR; Writing - original draft preparation: SK; Writing - review and editing: all authors; Funding acquisition: AK; Supervision: AK References Abrouk M, Lee K, Brodsky M, Nakamura M, Singh R, Zhu TH, Farahnik B, Liao W (2017) Ethnicity affects the presenting severity of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 77:180–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.02.042 Álvarez-Jiménez J, Córdoba-Fernández A, Munuera PV (2012) Effect of curettage after segmental phenolization in the treatment of onychocryptosis: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Dermatol Surg Off Publ Am Soc Dermatol Surg Al 38:454–461. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02232.x Ameen M, Lear JT, Madan V et al (2014) British Association of Dermatologists’ guidelines for the management of onychomycosis 2014. Br J Dermatol 171:937–958. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13358 Austin PC, Steyerberg EW (2015) The number of subjects per variable required in linear regression analyses. J Clin Epidemiol 68:627–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.12.014 Belyayeva E, Gregoriou S, Chalikias J, Kontochristopoulos G, Koumantaki E, Makris M, Koti I, Katoulis A, Katsambas A, Rigopoulos D (2013) The impact of nail disorders on quality of life. Eur J Dermatol EJD 23:366–371. https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2013.2048 Chacon A, Franca K, Fernandez A, Nouri K (2013) Psychosocial impact of onychomycosis: a review. Int J Dermatol 52:1300–1307. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.12122 Chapeskie H, Kovac JR (2010) Soft-tissue nail-fold excision: a definitive treatment for ingrown toenails. Can J Surg 53:282–286. Available from: https://www.canjsurg.ca/content/53/4/282.short Cho SY, Kim YC, Choi JW (2018) Epidemiology and bone-related comorbidities of ingrown nail: A nationwide population-based study. J Dermatol 45:1418–1424. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.14659 Drake LA, Scher RK, Smith EB, Faich GA, Smith SL, Hong JJ, Stiller MJ (1998) Effect of onychomycosis on quality of life. J Am Acad Dermatol 38:702–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70199-9 Geizhals S, Lipner SR (2019) Review of onychocryptosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. Dermatol Online J 25. https://doi.org/10.5070/D3259045583 . :13030/qt9985w2n0 Gelfand JM, Stern RS, Nijsten T, Feldman SR, Thomas J, Kist J, Rolstad T, Margolis DJ (2005) The prevalence of psoriasis in African Americans: results from a population-based study. J Am Acad Dermatol 52:23–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2004.07.045 Ghannoum M, Isham N (2014) Fungal Nail Infections (Onychomycosis): A Never-Ending. Story? PLoS Pathog 10:e1004105. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004105 Gupta A k., Foley Ka, Mays Rr, Shear N h., Piguet V (2020) Which treatments for fungal nail infections work better, those taken by mouth work or those applied to the nail? Br J Dermatol 182:e65–e65. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.18757 Gupta AK, Gupta G, Jain HC, Lynde CW, Foley KA, Daigle D, Cooper EA, Summerbell RC (2016) The prevalence of unsuspected onychomycosis and its causative organisms in a multicentre Canadian sample of 30 000 patients visiting physicians’ offices. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol JEADV 30:1567–1572. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13677 Gupta AK, Stec N (2019) Recent advances in therapies for onychomycosis and its management. F1000Research 8:F1000. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.18646.1 . Faculty Rev-968 Hassan RE, Khan L, Shah SH et al Surgical Strategies for Ingrown Toenails: A Comprehensive Review of Techniques, Outcomes, and Advancements. Cureus 16:e52501. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.52501 Heidelbaugh JJ, Lee H (2009) Management of the Ingrown Toenail. Am Fam Physician 79:303–308. Available from: https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0215/p303.html IBM Corp (2021) IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 28.0 Klassen AF, Rae C, O’Malley M, Breitkopf T, Algu L, Mansouri J, Brown CR, Wang Y, Lipner SR (2023) Development and Validation of a Patient-Reported Outcome Measure for Fingernail and Toenail Conditions: The NAIL-Q. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 16:3091–3105. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S429120 Lebwohl MG, Bachelez H, Barker J, Girolomoni G, Kavanaugh A, Langley RG, Paul CF, Puig L, Reich K, van de Kerkhof PCM (2014) Patient perspectives in the management of psoriasis: results from the population-based Multinational Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Survey. J Am Acad Dermatol 70:871–881e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2013.12.018 Lecha M, Effendy I, Feuilhade de Chauvin M, Di Chiacchio N, Baran R, Taskforce on Onychomycosis Education (2005) Treatment options–development of consensus guidelines. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol JEADV 19 Suppl 125–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2005.01284.x Lin K, Lipner SR (2020) Modeling of usage and estimation of cost for efinaconazole 10% topical solution in the treatment of onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 83:227–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2019.10.078 Lubeck DP, Gause D, Schein JR, Prebil LE, Potter LP (1999) A health-related quality of life measure for use in patients with onychomycosis: a validation study. Qual Life Res 8:121–129. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026429012353 Lubeck DP, Patrick DL, McNulty P, Fifer SK, Birnbaum J (1993) Quality of life of persons with onychomycosis. Qual Life Res Int J Qual Life Asp Treat Care Rehabil 2:341–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00449429 Milobratović D, Janković S, Vukičević J, Marinković J, Janković J, Railić Z (2013) Quality of life in patients with toenail onychomycosis. Mycoses 56:543–551. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12072 Muriel-Sánchez JM, Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo R, Montaño-Jiménez P, Coheña-Jiménez M (2020) The Treatment of Ingrown Nail: Chemical Matricectomy With Phenol Versus Aesthetic Reconstruction. A Single Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial. J Clin Med 9:845. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030845 Nenoff P, Reinel D, Mayser P et al (2023) S1 Guideline onychomycosis. JDDG J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 21:678–692. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.14988 Pérez-Rey J, Mediavilla-Saldaña L, Martínez-Nova A (2014) Exploring postoperative outcomes for ingrown toenails. NaOH vs wedge resection techniques. Dermatol Surg Off Publ Am Soc Dermatol Surg Al 40:281–287. https://doi.org/10.1111/dsu.12427 Schein JR, Gause D, Stier DM, Lubeck DP, Bates MM, Fisk R (1997) Onychomycosis. Baseline results of an observational study. https://doi.org/10.7547/87507315-87-11-512 Shah SK, Arthur A, Yang Y-C, Stevens S, Alexis AF (2011) A retrospective study to investigate racial and ethnic variations in the treatment of psoriasis with etanercept. J Drugs Dermatol JDD 10:866–872. Available from: https://jddonline.com/articles/a-retrospective-study-to-investigate-racial-and-ethnic-variations-in-the-treatment-of-psoriasis-with-S1545961611P0866X / Stewart CR, Algu L, Kamran R, Leveille CF, Abid K, Rae C, Lipner SR (2020) Patient Satisfaction with Treatment for Onychocryptosis: A Systematic Review. Skin Appendage Disord 6:272–279. https://doi.org/10.1159/000508927 Stewart CR, Algu L, Kamran R, Leveille CF, Abid K, Rae C, Lipner SR (2021) The Impact of Nail Psoriasis and Treatment on Quality of Life: A Systematic Review. Skin Appendage Disord 7:83–89. https://doi.org/10.1159/000512688 Stewart CR, Algu L, Kamran R, Leveille CF, Abid K, Rae C, Lipner SR (2021) Effect of onychomycosis and treatment on patient-reported quality-of-life outcomes: A systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol 85:1227–1239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.05.143 Szepietowski J, Reich A, Pacan P, Garlowska E, Baran E, Group on behalf of the POS (2007) Evaluation of quality of life in patients with toenail onychomycosis by Polish version of an international onychomycosis-specific questionnaire. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 21:491–496. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.02004.x Tabassum H, Adil M, Amin SS, Mohtashim M, Bansal R, Agrawal D (2020) The Impact of Onychopathies on Quality of Life: A Hospital-based, Cross-sectional Study. Indian Dermatol Online J 11:187. https://doi.org/10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_272_19 Tabolli S, Alessandroni L, Gaido J, Sampogna F, Di Pietro C, Abeni D (2007) Health-related quality of life and nail disorders. Acta Derm Venereol 87:255–259. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-0224 Tanacan E, Erdogan FG Effect of Nail Disorders on Quality of Life Scale Scores: A Prospective, Cross-sectional Study from a Tertiary Referral Center. 2024 May 1 [cited 2024 Sep 25]; Available from: https://japmaonline.org/view/journals/apms/114/3/21-208.xml Terwee CB, Prinsen CaC, Chiarotto A, Westerman MJ, Patrick DL, Alonso J, Bouter LM, de Vet HCW, Mokkink LB (2018) COSMIN methodology for evaluating the content validity of patient-reported outcome measures: a Delphi study. Qual Life Res Int J Qual Life Asp Treat Care Rehabil 27:1159–1170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-018-1829-0 Yang EJ, Lipner SR (2019) Pharmacy costs of medications for the treatment of onychomycosis in the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol 81:276–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2019.01.032 Tables Table 1. Demographic and clinical information for participants Total (n = 362)* Onychomycosis (n = 150) Onychocryptosis (n = 232) Variable N % N % N % Age < 40 years 236 65.2 74 49.3 168 72.4 ≥ 40 years 126 34.8 76 50.7 64 27.6 Number of nails affected 1-2 249 68.8 77 51.3 179 77.2 3-4 63 17.4 38 25.3 34 14.2 ≥ 5 50 13.8 35 23.3 19 8.2 Side affected Unilateral 158 43.6 64 42.7 100 43.1 Bilateral 204 56.4 86 57.3 132 56.9 Gender Male 166 47 67 45.9 109 48.2 Female 187 53 79 54.1 117 51.8 Race Non-Caucasian 82 23 110 73.3 187 80.6 Caucasian 280 77 40 26.7 45 19.4 Highest level of education completed High school or less 131 37 51 34.2 87 38.0 More than high school 227 63 98 65.8 142 62.0 Financial instability Not at all 117 33 49 33.1 77 33.8 Little 129 36 58 39.2 78 34.2 Somewhat 72 20 29 19.6 45 19.7 Very/Extremely 38 11 12 8.1 28 12.3 Severity Mild 125 35 43 28.7 86 37.1 Moderate 198 55 81 54.0 130 56.0 Severe 39 11 26 17.3 16 6.9 Length of condition 1 year 199 55 96 64.0 119 51.3 Treatment status overall Treatment 263 73 121 80.7 158 68.7 No medical treatment 97 27 29 19.3 72 31.3 Completed 107 30 26 17.3 87 37.8 Self-reported pain None 116 32 82 54.7 40 17.2 Mild 137 38 53 35.3 94 40.5 Moderate/Severe 109 30 15 10.0 98 42.2 Self-reported interference with activities Not at all 134 37 81 54.0 64 27.6 Little 183 51 53 35.3 137 59.1 Quite/Very 45 12 16 10.7 31 13.4 *20 participants reported having both conditions on their toenails Table 2: Distribution of NAIL-Q scores Nail condition Onychomycosis Onychocryptosis Both N Mean ( ± SD) N Mean ( ± SD) N Mean ( ± SD) NAIL-Q scale Appearance 130 32.6 (±15.7) 212 46.4 (±15.2) 20 35.5 (±9.3) Distress 130 38.9 (±21.1) 209 48.8 (±19.0) 20 40.7 (±19.7) Symptoms 130 67.3 (±27.0) 211 54.4 (±23.1) 20 63.7 (±23.5) Function 130 81.4 (±21.2) 210 69.3 (±22.1) 20 87.3 (±20.9) Outcome 111 43.8 (±25.1) 167 60.9 (±19.5) 19 54.9 (±16.9) Table 3: Simple linear regression of participant variables on NAIL-Q scales Onychomycosis and onychocryptosis Onychocryptosis only Appearance Distress Outcome Symptoms Function Variable β p-value β p-value β p-value β p-value β p-value Age, years -0.1 0.02* -0.01 0.89 -0.3 <0.01* 0.3 <0.01* 0.3 <0.01* Total number of nails affected -2.0 <0.01* -2.3 <0.01* -1.8 <0.01* 0.4 0.61 -0.6 0.45 Gender (ref = male) -0.6 0.72 -0.9 0.68 2.5 0.37 -2.9 0.36 -0.1 0.98 Race (ref = non-Caucasian) 5.6 <0.01* 8.1 <0.01* -5.1 0.10 7.1 0.07 4.2 0.26 Education (ref = high school or less) 1.9 0.30 1.5 0.51 -2.9 0.31 -2.0 0.53 1.6 0.60 Difficulty paying bills (ref = not at all) Little -1.8 0.40 -3.2 0.22 -2.8 0.38 -8.8 0.02* -9.8 <0.01* Somewhat -3.7 0.14 -7.4 0.01* -5.3 0.16 -12.6 <0.01* -9.2 0.03* Very/ Extremely -7.6 0.01* -12.1 <0.01* -7.3 0.13 -15.3 <0.01* -12.2 0.01* Condition (ref=onychomycosis) Ingrown 13.8 <0.01* 9.9 <0.01* 17.1 <0.01* NA NA NA NA Both 2.9 0.43 1.7 0.71 11.1 0.04* NA NA NA NA Severity (ref = mild) Moderate -7.8 <0.01* -13.9 <0.01* -5.1 0.08 -11.8 <0.01* -13.0 <0.01* Severe -24.9 <0.01* -32.0 <0.01* -17.6 <0.01* -34.8 <0.01* -34.6 <0.01* Length of condition (ref = 1 year -6.0 0.01* -3.8 0.54 -17.2 <0.01* -1.4 0.86 3.8 0.55 Treatment status (ref = prior treatment) 7.3 <0.01* 12.0 <0.01* NA NA 8.3 0.01* 8.9 <0.01* Topical treatment (ref = don’t need) Need -12.6 <0.01* -14.6 <0.01* -8.0 0.05* -4.9 0.29 -8.4 0.06* Completed -9.6 <0.01* -14.2 <0.01* -10.9 <0.01* -8.5 <0.01* -10.5 <0.01* Oral treatment (ref = don’t need) Need -13.9 <0.01* -16.3 <0.01* -17.6 <0.01* -1.0 0.86 -1.8 0.75 Completed -6.5 <0.01* -10.3 <0.01* 1.2 0.71 -10.1 0.01* -10.6 <0.01* Surgical treatment (ref = don’t need) Need -4.7 0.06 -7.5 <0.01* -7.8 0.04* -11.2 <0.01* -14.2 <0.01* Completed 4.1 0.11 3.6 0.25 7.1 0.05* -1.2 0.75 -4.9 0.19 Taping treatment (ref = don’t need) Need -0.6 0.86 0.6 0.89 -5.7 0.27 -0.2 0.97 -3.1 0.55 Completed 3.3 0.37 -2.2 0.62 8.5 0.10 -2.8 0.62 -3.4 0.53 Clipping treatment (ref = don’t need) Need 1.5 0.49 -2.7 0.31 -0.4 0.91 -7.8 0.05* -7.2 0.06 Completed 5.5 <0.01* 1.8 0.49 8.9 <0.01* -5.2 0.16 -5.0 0.17 Pain (ref = none) Mild 1.6 0.45 -0.9 0.73 6.2 0.06 NA NA -11.6 <0.01* Moderate/ Severe 0.6 0.78 -6.3 0.02* 8.4 0.01* NA NA -28.0 <0.01* Interference with activities (ref = not at all) Little -1.2 0.51 -7.6 <0.01* 4.2 0.16 -12.5 <0.01* NA NA Quite/Very -11.0 <0.01* -24.2 <0.01* -1.1 0.79 -37.4 <0.01* NA NA *Denotes statistical significance Table 4: Multivariable linear regression of onychomycosis and onychocryptosis participant variables on NAIL-Q scales Variable β SE β* p-value LB UB Appearance Total number of nails affected -0.9 0.34 -0.1 <0.01* -1.60 -0.27 Race (ref = non-Caucasian) 3.6 1.74 0.1 <0.01* 0.22 7.03 Condition (ref=onychomycosis) Ingrown 9.0 1.64 0.3 <0.01* 5.74 12.18 Both 2.3 3.28 0.03 0.48 -4.09 8.78 Severity (ref = mild) Moderate -6.0 1.59 -0.2 <0.01* -9.13 -2.88 Severe -18.6 2.63 -0.4 <0.01* -23.75 -13.45 Oral treatment (ref = don’t need) Need -6.6 2.19 -0.1 <0.01* -10.91 -2.35 Completed -2.0 1.91 -0.05 0.31 -5.70 1.79 Distress Total number of nails affected -0.8 0.42 -0.1 0.06 -1.63 0.02 Race (ref = non-Caucasian) 3.7 2.17 -0.1 0.09 -0.56 7.96 Difficulty paying bills (ref = not at all) Little -1.5 2.12 -0.03 0.49 -5.62 2.70 Somewhat -3.7 2.55 -0.07 0.15 -8.66 1.32 Very/ Extremely -7.5 3.12 -0.1 0.02* -13.63 -1.39 Condition (ref=onychomycosis) Ingrown 4.9 2.29 -0.1 0.03* 0.44 9.42 Both 0.6 3.95 -0.006 0.89 -7.17 8.30 Severity (ref = mild) Moderate -6.7 2.10 -0.2 <0.01* -10.82 -2.58 Severe -17.0 3.52 -0.3 <0.01* -23.92 -10.11 Treatment status (ref = prior treatment) 3.7 2.24 0.08 0.10 -0.69 8.08 Topical treatment (ref = don’t need) Need -6.3 2.84 -0.1 0.03* -11.88 -0.75 Completed -5.6 2.26 -0.1 0.01* -10.00 -1.15 Oral treatment (ref = don’t need) Need -6.2 2.73 -0.1 0.02* -11.61 -0.89 Completed -1.2 2.39 -0.02 0.62 -5.87 3.52 Interference with activities (ref = not at all) Little -6.4 2.17 -0.2 <0.01* -10.63 -2.13 Quite/Very -15.8 3.31 -0.3 <0.01* -22.30 -9.33 Outcome Condition (ref=onychomycosis) Ingrown 12.2 2.69 0.3 <0.01* 6.89 17.43 Both 12.0 5.10 0.1 0.02* 1.97 21.97 Severity (ref = mild) Moderate -5.3 2.67 -0.1 0.05* -10.52 -0.046 Severe -11.6 4.10 -0.2 <0.01* -19.62 -3.54 Length of condition (ref = <6 months) 6 -12 months -5.1 3.72 -0.1 1 year -13.6 3.44 -0.3 <0.01* -20.36 -6.89 Oral treatment (ref = don’t need) Need -9.7 3.62 -0.2 <0.01* -16.81 -2.60 Completed 4.1 2.93 0.08 0.16 -1.60 9.87 SE, standard error. LB, lower bound. UB, upper bound. *Denotes statistical significance Table 5: Multivariable linear regression of onychocryptosis participant variables on NAIL-Q scales Variable β SE β* p-value LB UB Symptoms Age, years 0.2 0.10 0.1 0.02* 0.04 0.43 Difficulty paying bills (ref = not at all) Little -7.4 3.16 -0.2 0.02* -13.57 -1.20 Somewhat -12.4 3.71 -0.2 <0.01* -19.70 -5.16 Very/ Extremely -12.3 4.38 -0.2 <0.01* -20.84 -3.69 Severity (ref = mild) Moderate -6.7 3.02 -0.1 0.03* -12.57 -0.73 Severe -20.0 6.15 -0.2 <0.01* -32.05 -7.95 Treatment status (ref = prior treatment) 3.3 2.98 0.07 0.27 -2.55 9.15 Interference with activities (ref = not at all) Little -8.1 3.18 -0.2 0.01* -14.28 -1.83 Quite/Very -25.4 4.98 -0.4 <0.01* -35.12 -15.60 Function Age, years 0.3 0.095 0.2 <0.01* 0.14 0.47 Difficulty paying bills (ref = not at all) Little -9.3 2.99 -0.2 <0.01* -15.17 2.60 Somewhat -8.0 3.53 -0.1 0.03* -14.88 3.25 Very/ Extremely -7.9 4.16 -0.1 0.06 -16.10 3.94 Severity (ref = mild) Moderate -1.4 3.35 -0.03 0.67 -7.98 3.29 Severe -16.5 5.89 -0.03 <0.01* -28.08 5.83 Treatment status (ref = prior treatment) 5.2 3.17 0.1 0.10 -0.98 3.38 Topical treatment (ref = don’t need) Need -4.9 4.08 -0.08 0.23 -12.92 3.93 Completed -6.6 2.87 -0.1 0.02* -12.25 2.59 Surgical treatment (ref = don’t need) Need -8.2 3.58 -0.1 0.02* -15.22 3.31 Completed -6.8 3.37 -0.1 0.05* -13.36 3.13 Pain (ref = none) Little -8.4 3.62 -0.2 0.02* -15.53 3.26 Quite/Very -20.6 4.13 -0.5 <0.01* -28.66 3.24 SE, standard error. LB, lower bound. UB, upper bound. *Denotes statistical significance Additional Declarations Competing interest reported. The NAIL-Q is owned by McMaster University and Weill Cornell Medicine. The developers could potentially receive a share of any license revenues as royalties based on their institutions’ inventor sharing policy. Anne Klassen provides research consulting services to the pharmaceutical industry through EVENTUM Research. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to report for this work. Supplementary Files supplementarytable.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 26 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 24 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 15 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 30 Jun, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 30 Jun, 2025 First submitted to journal 29 Jun, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7004956","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":516400041,"identity":"e9cc8498-ecb1-4e7c-ac6c-c48a4a8f5225","order_by":0,"name":"Samantha Keow","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"McMaster University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Samantha","middleName":"","lastName":"Keow","suffix":""},{"id":516400042,"identity":"e9ce1af6-70f2-4a93-9213-6aa12b1e85c9","order_by":1,"name":"Charlene Rae","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"McMaster University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Charlene","middleName":"","lastName":"Rae","suffix":""},{"id":516400043,"identity":"b91958c2-f46e-4986-8275-62cc83c58dc5","order_by":2,"name":"Lucas Gallo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"McMaster University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lucas","middleName":"","lastName":"Gallo","suffix":""},{"id":516400044,"identity":"ea71c5a8-e5a3-4476-a1ac-37ae7416afc7","order_by":3,"name":"Shari R. Lipner","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Weill Cornell Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shari","middleName":"R.","lastName":"Lipner","suffix":""},{"id":516400045,"identity":"68ec768e-3fa0-4abc-90bd-392948f45a53","order_by":4,"name":"Maureen O’Malley","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"McMaster University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maureen","middleName":"","lastName":"O’Malley","suffix":""},{"id":516400046,"identity":"4c8698f5-fd15-4112-9893-0f4fc74a7f6e","order_by":5,"name":"Anne Klassen","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACHuYGIGlDkhZGkJY0COcACVoOk6CFv+dg48cff85H8087/Pjzh4p7DPztBDRKnG1sluZtu50743aamcSBM8UMEmcSCFhznrFBmrHhdu4G6QQzhoNtCQwGDAS0yJ9nbP754885oJb0zx8O/gNq4X+AX4vB2cY2CR62A0AtOQYSBxuAWiQI2GJ45mCbNW9bMtAvOWUSZ44l8EjcIGCL3Jnkwzd//LHL7Z+dvvlDRU2CHH8/AVswAA+J6kfBKBgFo2AUYAMAbxBJzzrD/ScAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"McMaster University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anne","middleName":"","lastName":"Klassen","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-29 22:38:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7004956/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7004956/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":92079232,"identity":"ad93abaa-12c7-41d4-ba5b-c5f72c868b3a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 11:29:41","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4468040,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript29062025.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7004956/v1/ea17f0e53137fd2aaa5030fa.docx"},{"id":92079226,"identity":"c15e2068-7297-400d-9c7f-7fe79ec90138","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 11:29:40","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7696,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"d369d95d805b4b99a341d1b9a654aafd.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7004956/v1/9ef68a7a871569f11d8151b1.json"},{"id":92079737,"identity":"4ec8db67-ec5f-4b84-a0ed-9e1178c748b1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 11:37:40","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17936,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"supplementarytable.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7004956/v1/430d0305eb2602e7264b3be2.docx"},{"id":92079229,"identity":"12790fde-ce8c-4ad0-a27e-8ea4f93107ed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 11:29:40","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":194591,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"d369d95d805b4b99a341d1b9a654aafd1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7004956/v1/3bd0a84dfebfbab47afd9fbe.xml"},{"id":92079738,"identity":"f0a4cf6b-eda8-47ae-b341-23fd07067787","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 11:37:40","extension":"xml","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":190017,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"d369d95d805b4b99a341d1b9a654aafd1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7004956/v1/f1212e4d1279609faff000fc.xml"},{"id":92079231,"identity":"66e7ad1b-7ccd-4a2c-ab78-3666a1a3fa8d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 11:29:41","extension":"html","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":200181,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7004956/v1/bd300b685044e4656fdcb38c.html"},{"id":92080452,"identity":"0225a40c-ddc5-4812-a86d-4e9247248be4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 11:45:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1463627,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7004956/v1/dcac1a47-2841-4801-94b3-b6bae860db7f.pdf"},{"id":92079228,"identity":"69450b1c-5b8c-45b5-aed3-529f9c4a7294","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 11:29:40","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":17936,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"supplementarytable.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7004956/v1/5036d60ae1bd5b611b09f57b.docx"}],"financialInterests":"Competing interest reported. The NAIL-Q is owned by McMaster University and Weill Cornell Medicine. The developers could potentially receive a share of any license revenues as royalties based on their institutions’ inventor sharing policy. Anne Klassen provides research consulting services to the pharmaceutical industry through EVENTUM Research. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to report for this work.","formattedTitle":"Patient factors associated with novel NAIL-Q scales in toenail onychomycosis or onychocryptosis: a cross-sectional study and regression analysis","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eOnychomycosis and onychocryptosis (ingrown nails) are prevalent disorders, 2\u0026ndash;8% and 2.5-5% of the general population, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Both conditions impair health-related quality of life (HRQL), primarily due to social stigma, cosmetic disfigurement, functional limitations, and financial burdens [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCapturing meaningful patient outcomes is essential for enhancing quality of care. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) can be useful for benchmarking, value-based payment, and shared-decision making. The NAIL-Q is a recently developed PROM that assesses patients\u0026rsquo; perceptions of nail appearance, HRQL, and treatment satisfaction. Its reliability and validity were evidenced through an international field-test involving 555 English-speaking participants aged 18\u0026ndash;80 years with fingernail and toenail conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic and clinical factors \u0026ndash; including gender [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e], race [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e], financial stability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e], disease severity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], number of affected nails [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e], and disease duration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e] \u0026ndash; have been independently associated with HRQL scores of patients with nail conditions. When the NAIL-Q is applied in observational study designs, these variables can act as confounders, potentially compromising the accuracy of the results. Identifying the patient factors that influence NAIL-Q scale scores and adjusting research methodologies accordingly reduces the risk of bias, enhancing the validity of findings and supporting the NAIL-Q\u0026rsquo;s effective application in clinical research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study was to examine possible associations between socio-demographics and clinical variables with the NAIL-Q Appearance, Distress, Symptoms, Physical, and Outcome scale scores in participants with either toenail onychomycosis or onychocryptosis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSample and recruitment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics approval was obtained from the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board (approval numbers 7370 and 14622) and Weill Cornell Medicine in New York, NY, USA. Data utilized in this study were collected from Prolific Academic, an online crowdsourcing program, for the international field test study conducted between June and July 2022. Further details regarding data collection are described in Klassen et al [19].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were English-speaking, aged 18-80 years, from 23 countries, and had a toenail condition for which they consulted a healthcare professional. They completed a survey that included one or more NAIL-Q scales. Clinical details were collected, including the severity of their condition, the sides and number of nails affected, and how long the condition had lasted. To evaluate the impact on daily life, participants answered single-item questions about pain, embarrassment, and interference with daily activities. Those who had received or were currently undergoing treatment provided information on the types of treatments they had received, their treatment status (e.g., “don’t need,” “need,” “completed”), and whether the treatments improved, worsened, or had no effect on their condition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study focused on a sub-sample of participants with toenail onychomycosis and/or onychocryptosis, the most commonly reported nail conditions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNAIL-Q scales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNAIL-Q scales assess Nail Appearance (1 scale), HRQL (5 scales), and Treatment (1 scale) (https://qportfolio.org/nail-q/). The Nail Appearance scale contains 10 items measuring satisfaction with how the nail looks. HRQL scales evaluate nail distress, symptoms, and physical function over the past week. The Treatment scale assesses the participant's agreement with statements regarding the outcome of their latest treatment. Scale scores are converted to a linearized Rasch-transformed score ranging from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). Missing data were imputed using the mean of completed items in a scale if less than 50% of the scale’s items were missing.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eData analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics were calculated for demographic and clinical characteristics. Included variables were selected based on a review of literature describing factors associated with nail condition outcomes (\u003cem\u003eTable 1; Supplementary Table I, available via Mendeley\u003c/em\u003e) [5, 31-33, 37]. Simple linear regression analysis was conducted between each predictor variable and the NAIL-Q Appearance, Distress, Symptoms, Physical, and Outcome scales. Predictor variables with insufficient sample sizes (n = \u0026lt;10) across categories were either collapsed or excluded. Notably, the Symptoms and Function scale responses for patients with onychomycosis were excluded from analysis due to \u0026lt;10 participants reporting issues in either of these domains [4].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data was re-coded using SPSS® version 28.0 and imported into R Statistical Software (version 4.4.1) for univariate linear regression analysis [18, 37].\u0026nbsp;Statistical significance was assessed using the Wald test for continuous variables and the partial F-test for categorical variables.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariables that showed a significant linear relationship in the initial analyses were included in a multivariable linear regression model using backward stepwise selection with a stopping rule of 0.10. Standardized coefficients (β*) were used to compare the relative importance of predictor variables. Variability explained by the model was assessed using the coefficient of determination (R²). Multicollinearity was assessed using the variance inflation factor (VIF); values that exceeded 5 were considered multicollinear. Assumptions were tested using the Shapiro-Wilk, Breusch-Pagan, and Durbin-Watson tests, with p-values \u0026gt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo ensure normality and homoscedasticity assumptions for linear regression, residuals were examined through visual inspection and P-P plots. Listwise deletion (i.e., complete case analysis) was applied for missing data in univariable and multivariable models. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDemographic and clinical characteristics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study included 130 participants with toenail onychomycosis, 212 with toenail onychocryptosis, and 20 with both conditions. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 1\u003c/em\u003e shows the participant characteristics. The majority of participants were women (n = 187; 53%) and Caucasian (n = 280; 77%), with a moderately severe toenail condition (n = 198; 55%). Mean age among onychomycosis participants was 41 (\u0026plusmn; 15.0) years, with an average of 3 (\u0026plusmn; 2.6) nails affected, predominantly involving both sides (n = 86; 57.3%). Participants with onychocryptosis were younger, with a mean age of 34 (\u0026plusmn; 13.0) and an average of 2 (\u0026plusmn; 1.9) nails affected, predominantly involving both sides (n = 132; 56.9%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNAIL-Q Appearance scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUnivariable results\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn univariable linear regression (\u003cem\u003eTable 3\u003c/em\u003e), lower satisfaction with nail appearance was significantly (p\u0026lt;0.05) associated with age, the total number of nails affected, race, the extent of difficulty in paying bills, the specific condition, disease severity, the length of condition duration, overall treatment status, topical, oral, and clipping treatment status, and the degree of interference with daily activities. Variables such as gender, level of education, surgical and taping treatment status, and pain were not statistically significant to Appearance scale scores.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMultivariable results\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the multivariable model (\u003cem\u003eTable 4\u003c/em\u003e), the total number of nails affected, race, the specific condition, disease severity, and oral treatment status remained significant after adjusting for all other statistically significant variables from the univariable regression in the model. \u0026ldquo;Severe\u0026rdquo; disease severity had the greatest influence on Appearance scores (\u0026beta;* = -18.6). The model explained 32.3% of score variability (R\u0026sup2; = 0.323, p \u0026lt; 0.01).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNAIL-Q Nail Distress scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUnivariable results\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWorse Nail Distress scores were significantly associated with the total number of nails affected, race, the extent of difficulty in paying bills, the specific condition, disease severity, overall treatment status, topical, oral, and surgical, treatment status, the amount of pain, and the degree of interference with daily activities. Variables such as age, gender, level of education, length of condition duration, and taping and clipping treatment status were not statistically significant (\u003cem\u003eTable 3\u003c/em\u003e).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMultivariable results\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the multivariable model (\u003cem\u003eTable 4\u003c/em\u003e), the extent of difficulty in paying bills, the specific condition, disease severity, topical and oral treatment status, and the degree of interference with daily activities remained significant after adjusting for all other statistically significant variables from the univariable regression in the model. \u0026ldquo;Severe\u0026rdquo; disease severity was the strongest predictor of Nail Distress scores (\u0026beta;* = -0.26). The model explained 35.9% of score variability (R\u0026sup2; = 0.359, p \u0026lt; 0.01).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNAIL-Q Symptoms scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSymptoms and physical function scales were examined only for onychocryptosis due to insufficient sample sizes for patients with onychomycosis.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUnivariable results\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLower Symptoms scores were significantly associated with age, the extent of difficulty in paying bills, disease severity, overall treatment status, topical, oral, surgical, and clipping treatment status, and the degree of interference with daily activities. Variables such as the total number of nails affected, gender, race, level of education, length of condition duration, and taping treatment status were not statistically significant (\u003cem\u003eTable 3\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMultivariable results\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the multivariable model (\u003cem\u003eTable 5\u003c/em\u003e), age, the extent of difficulty in paying bills, disease severity, and the degree of interference with daily activities remained significant. \u0026ldquo;Quite/very much\u0026rdquo; activity interference had the greatest influence on Symptoms scores (\u0026beta;* = -0.38). The model explained 30.5% of score variability (R\u0026sup2; = 0.305, p \u0026lt; 0.01).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNAIL-Q Physical scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUnivariable results\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLower Physical scores were significantly associated with age, the extent of difficulty in paying bills, disease severity, overall treatment status, topical, oral, and surgical treatment status, and the amount of pain. Variables such as the total number of nails affected, gender, race, level of education, length of condition duration, and taping and clipping treatment status were not statistically significant (\u003cem\u003eTable 3\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMultivariable results\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the multivariable model (\u003cem\u003eTable 5\u003c/em\u003e), age, the extent of difficulty in paying bills, disease severity, topical and surgical treatment status, and the amount of pain remained significant after adjusting for all other statistically significant variables from the univariable regression in the model. \u0026ldquo;Moderate/severe\u0026rdquo; pain was the strongest predictor of Physical scores (\u0026beta;* = -0.45). The model explained 34.4% of score variability (R\u0026sup2; = 0.344, p \u0026lt; 0.01).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNAIL-Q Outcome scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUnivariable results\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWorse Outcome scores were significantly associated with the age, total number of nails affected, the specific condition, disease severity, the length of condition duration, topical, oral, surgical, and clipping treatment status, and the amount of pain, and the degree of interference with daily activities. Variables such as gender, race, level of education, the extent of difficulty in paying bills, taping treatment status, and the degree of interference with daily activities were not statistically significant (\u003cem\u003eTable 3\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMultivariable results\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the multivariable model (\u003cem\u003eTable 4\u003c/em\u003e), the specific condition, disease severity, the length of condition duration, and oral treatment status remained significant after adjusting for all other statistically significant variables from the univariable regression in the model. A length of condition duration \u0026ldquo;\u0026gt; 1 year\u0026rdquo; was the strongest predictor of Outcome scores (\u0026beta;* = -0.30). The model explained 21.9% of score variability (R\u0026sup2; = 0.219, p \u0026lt; 0.01).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study explored the effect of socio-demographic and clinical factors on NAIL-Q scale scores in 150 adults with toenail onychomycosis and 232 with toenail onychocryptosis. Lower scores were generally associated with younger age, more total nails affected, being non-Caucasian, any level of difficulty in paying bills, having onychomycosis, moderate to severe disease severity, a condition duration of \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;6 months, topical, oral, and surgical treatment status, experiencing pain, and interference with daily activities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppearance of the nails is an important outcome for patients, potentially impacting both self-esteem and quality of life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Disease severity was the most influential factor for Appearance scale scores, followed by the type of nail condition. This finding aligns with previous research showing that severe onychocryptosis can lead to skin changes, including inflammation and nail fold hypertrophy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], while severe onychomycosis is associated with worse outcomes due to aesthetic concerns [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNail conditions can have substantial psychosocial impact, especially for patients with onychomycosis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. Our findings indicate that increased severity and interference with daily activities were the most important factors influencing Nail Distress scores, aligning with prior research on the relationship between nail disorder type and HRQL [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. However, our results found greater nail distress in participants with onychomycosis compared to those with onychocryptosis. Interestingly, while Tabassum et al. suggested that higher socioeconomic status may worsen HRQL due to heightened self-consciousness, our data found that poorer financial stability was associated with increased nail distress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. This may reflect the high costs of antifungal treatments and toenail matrixectomy, which, along with limited insurance coverage, can hinder access to care [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, non-Caucasian race was associated with lower Nail Distress scores. Research on nail psoriasis suggests that non-Caucasian patients often experience more severe disease [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], higher undertreatment rates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], and increased HRQL impact compared to Caucasian patients, potentially contributing to worse Nail Distress scores [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasuring the patient\u0026rsquo;s perspective of treatment outcomes is useful for determining treatment effectiveness. Oral antifungals therapies generally have better efficacy than topical antifungals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Due to nail plate thickness that accompanies onychomycosis, penetration of topical therapy is limited [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Incomplete cures and high recurrence rates of 10\u0026ndash;50% often lead to prolonged disease and worse HRQL even with oral antifungals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. This trend aligns with our finding that both needing oral treatment and longer disease duration are associated with worse Outcome scale scores. Surgical interventions for onychocryptosis are highly effective with recurrence rates as low as 0-2.8%, aligning with our finding of better Outcome scores in this group relative to those with onychomycosis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePatient perception of symptoms and function can be informative for clinical practice and shared decision making. Moderate to severe pain was the strongest predictor of poor Physical scores. It was also found that needing and completing surgery correlated with worse Symptoms and Physical scale scores. Indications for surgical treatment of onychocryptosis include severe pain, refractory disease, secondary infection, onychogryphosis, and chronic paronychia, potentially impacting these scale scores [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite several studies suggesting that women with nail disease, particularly onychomycosis, report poorer HRQL, gender was not a significant predictor of NAIL-Q scale scores in our study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. However, a systematic review reported that toenail-only onychomycosis has only a moderate impact on quality of life, which may partly explain the lack of observed gender differences across scales [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study has several limitations. First, data was collected from a crowdsourcing platform where participants self-reported socio-demographic and clinical variables. As such, this data could not be independently verified. There was no mycological confirmation of onychomycosis diagnosis. Second, as participants were compensated for their participation, these findings may be subject to volunteer bias, potentially overrepresenting certain groups. For instance, the predominance of participants from middle-to-high-income countries limits the generalizability of our results. Finally, without an established minimal clinically important difference for the NAIL-Q scales, it remains unclear whether statistically significant scores reflect clinically meaningful outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study identifies key clinical and demographic variables that may impact the NAIL-Q Appearance, Nail Distress, Symptoms, Physical, and Outcome scores in people with toenail onychomycosis and/or onychocryptosis. Further research is needed to examine the factors associated with NAIL-Q scores in other nail conditions and in patients with fingernail conditions. Given the lack of HRQL tools that can be used across nail conditions, the NAIL-Q is a valuable PROM for research and clinical practice, providing insights into patient perspectives and informing care discussions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding sources:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis study was funded by research funds provided to A Klassen from the Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of interest:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe NAIL-Q is owned by McMaster University and Weill Cornell Medicine. The developers could potentially receive a share of any license revenues as royalties based on their institutions’ inventor sharing policy. Anne Klassen provides research consulting services to the pharmaceutical industry through EVENTUM Research. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to report for this work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval statement\u003c/strong\u003e: Ethics board approval was obtained from the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board approvals #7370 and #14622 and from Weill Cornell Medicine (New York, NY, USA).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to participant privacy, and legal requirements under data transfer agreements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatient consent\u003c/strong\u003e: Data utilized in this study were collected from Prolific Academic, an online crowdsourcing program.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eConceptualization: AK, CR, LG, SK; Methodology: AK, CR, LG, SK; Formal analysis and investigation: SK, CR; Writing - original draft preparation: SK; Writing - review and editing: all authors; Funding acquisition: AK; Supervision: AK\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbrouk M, Lee K, Brodsky M, Nakamura M, Singh R, Zhu TH, Farahnik B, Liao W (2017) Ethnicity affects the presenting severity of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 77:180\u0026ndash;182. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.02.042\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jaad.2017.02.042\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026Aacute;lvarez-Jim\u0026eacute;nez J, C\u0026oacute;rdoba-Fern\u0026aacute;ndez A, Munuera PV (2012) Effect of curettage after segmental phenolization in the treatment of onychocryptosis: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Dermatol Surg Off Publ Am Soc Dermatol Surg Al 38:454\u0026ndash;461. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02232.x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02232.x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAmeen M, Lear JT, Madan V et al (2014) British Association of Dermatologists\u0026rsquo; guidelines for the management of onychomycosis 2014. Br J Dermatol 171:937\u0026ndash;958. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13358\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/bjd.13358\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAustin PC, Steyerberg EW (2015) The number of subjects per variable required in linear regression analyses. J Clin Epidemiol 68:627\u0026ndash;636. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.12.014\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.12.014\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBelyayeva E, Gregoriou S, Chalikias J, Kontochristopoulos G, Koumantaki E, Makris M, Koti I, Katoulis A, Katsambas A, Rigopoulos D (2013) The impact of nail disorders on quality of life. Eur J Dermatol EJD 23:366\u0026ndash;371. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2013.2048\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1684/ejd.2013.2048\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChacon A, Franca K, Fernandez A, Nouri K (2013) Psychosocial impact of onychomycosis: a review. Int J Dermatol 52:1300\u0026ndash;1307. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.12122\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/ijd.12122\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChapeskie H, Kovac JR (2010) Soft-tissue nail-fold excision: a definitive treatment for ingrown toenails. Can J Surg 53:282\u0026ndash;286. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.canjsurg.ca/content/53/4/282.short\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.canjsurg.ca/content/53/4/282.short\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCho SY, Kim YC, Choi JW (2018) Epidemiology and bone-related comorbidities of ingrown nail: A nationwide population-based study. J Dermatol 45:1418\u0026ndash;1424. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.14659\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/1346-8138.14659\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDrake LA, Scher RK, Smith EB, Faich GA, Smith SL, Hong JJ, Stiller MJ (1998) Effect of onychomycosis on quality of life. J Am Acad Dermatol 38:702\u0026ndash;704. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70199-9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70199-9\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGeizhals S, Lipner SR (2019) Review of onychocryptosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. Dermatol Online J 25. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.5070/D3259045583\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.5070/D3259045583\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. :13030/qt9985w2n0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGelfand JM, Stern RS, Nijsten T, Feldman SR, Thomas J, Kist J, Rolstad T, Margolis DJ (2005) The prevalence of psoriasis in African Americans: results from a population-based study. J Am Acad Dermatol 52:23\u0026ndash;26. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2004.07.045\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jaad.2004.07.045\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGhannoum M, Isham N (2014) Fungal Nail Infections (Onychomycosis): A Never-Ending. Story? PLoS Pathog 10:e1004105. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004105\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1371/journal.ppat.1004105\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGupta A k., Foley Ka, Mays Rr, Shear N h., Piguet V (2020) Which treatments for fungal nail infections work better, those taken by mouth work or those applied to the nail? Br J Dermatol 182:e65\u0026ndash;e65. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.18757\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/bjd.18757\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGupta AK, Gupta G, Jain HC, Lynde CW, Foley KA, Daigle D, Cooper EA, Summerbell RC (2016) The prevalence of unsuspected onychomycosis and its causative organisms in a multicentre Canadian sample of 30 000 patients visiting physicians\u0026rsquo; offices. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol JEADV 30:1567\u0026ndash;1572. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13677\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/jdv.13677\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGupta AK, Stec N (2019) Recent advances in therapies for onychomycosis and its management. F1000Research 8:F1000. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.18646.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.12688/f1000research.18646.1\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Faculty Rev-968\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHassan RE, Khan L, Shah SH et al Surgical Strategies for Ingrown Toenails: A Comprehensive Review of Techniques, Outcomes, and Advancements. Cureus 16:e52501. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.52501\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.7759/cureus.52501\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHeidelbaugh JJ, Lee H (2009) Management of the Ingrown Toenail. Am Fam Physician 79:303\u0026ndash;308. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0215/p303.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0215/p303.html\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIBM Corp (2021) IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 28.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKlassen AF, Rae C, O\u0026rsquo;Malley M, Breitkopf T, Algu L, Mansouri J, Brown CR, Wang Y, Lipner SR (2023) Development and Validation of a Patient-Reported Outcome Measure for Fingernail and Toenail Conditions: The NAIL-Q. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 16:3091\u0026ndash;3105. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S429120\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.2147/CCID.S429120\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLebwohl MG, Bachelez H, Barker J, Girolomoni G, Kavanaugh A, Langley RG, Paul CF, Puig L, Reich K, van de Kerkhof PCM (2014) Patient perspectives in the management of psoriasis: results from the population-based Multinational Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Survey. J Am Acad Dermatol 70:871\u0026ndash;881e1. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2013.12.018\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jaad.2013.12.018\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLecha M, Effendy I, Feuilhade de Chauvin M, Di Chiacchio N, Baran R, Taskforce on Onychomycosis Education (2005) Treatment options\u0026ndash;development of consensus guidelines. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol JEADV 19 Suppl 125\u0026ndash;33. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2005.01284.x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/j.1468-3083.2005.01284.x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLin K, Lipner SR (2020) Modeling of usage and estimation of cost for efinaconazole 10% topical solution in the treatment of onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 83:227\u0026ndash;228. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2019.10.078\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jaad.2019.10.078\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLubeck DP, Gause D, Schein JR, Prebil LE, Potter LP (1999) A health-related quality of life measure for use in patients with onychomycosis: a validation study. Qual Life Res 8:121\u0026ndash;129. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026429012353\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1023/A:1026429012353\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLubeck DP, Patrick DL, McNulty P, Fifer SK, Birnbaum J (1993) Quality of life of persons with onychomycosis. Qual Life Res Int J Qual Life Asp Treat Care Rehabil 2:341\u0026ndash;348. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/BF00449429\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/BF00449429\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMilobratović D, Janković S, Vukičević J, Marinković J, Janković J, Railić Z (2013) Quality of life in patients with toenail onychomycosis. Mycoses 56:543\u0026ndash;551. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12072\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/myc.12072\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMuriel-S\u0026aacute;nchez JM, Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo R, Monta\u0026ntilde;o-Jim\u0026eacute;nez P, Cohe\u0026ntilde;a-Jim\u0026eacute;nez M (2020) The Treatment of Ingrown Nail: Chemical Matricectomy With Phenol Versus Aesthetic Reconstruction. A Single Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial. J Clin Med 9:845. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030845\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/jcm9030845\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNenoff P, Reinel D, Mayser P et al (2023) S1 Guideline onychomycosis. JDDG J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 21:678\u0026ndash;692. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.14988\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/ddg.14988\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eP\u0026eacute;rez-Rey J, Mediavilla-Salda\u0026ntilde;a L, Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Nova A (2014) Exploring postoperative outcomes for ingrown toenails. NaOH vs wedge resection techniques. Dermatol Surg Off Publ Am Soc Dermatol Surg Al 40:281\u0026ndash;287. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/dsu.12427\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/dsu.12427\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSchein JR, Gause D, Stier DM, Lubeck DP, Bates MM, Fisk R (1997) Onychomycosis. Baseline results of an observational study. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.7547/87507315-87-11-512\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.7547/87507315-87-11-512\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShah SK, Arthur A, Yang Y-C, Stevens S, Alexis AF (2011) A retrospective study to investigate racial and ethnic variations in the treatment of psoriasis with etanercept. J Drugs Dermatol JDD 10:866\u0026ndash;872. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://jddonline.com/articles/a-retrospective-study-to-investigate-racial-and-ethnic-variations-in-the-treatment-of-psoriasis-with-S1545961611P0866X\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://jddonline.com/articles/a-retrospective-study-to-investigate-racial-and-ethnic-variations-in-the-treatment-of-psoriasis-with-S1545961611P0866X\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e/\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStewart CR, Algu L, Kamran R, Leveille CF, Abid K, Rae C, Lipner SR (2020) Patient Satisfaction with Treatment for Onychocryptosis: A Systematic Review. Skin Appendage Disord 6:272\u0026ndash;279. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1159/000508927\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1159/000508927\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStewart CR, Algu L, Kamran R, Leveille CF, Abid K, Rae C, Lipner SR (2021) The Impact of Nail Psoriasis and Treatment on Quality of Life: A Systematic Review. Skin Appendage Disord 7:83\u0026ndash;89. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1159/000512688\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1159/000512688\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStewart CR, Algu L, Kamran R, Leveille CF, Abid K, Rae C, Lipner SR (2021) Effect of onychomycosis and treatment on patient-reported quality-of-life outcomes: A systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol 85:1227\u0026ndash;1239. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.05.143\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jaad.2020.05.143\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSzepietowski J, Reich A, Pacan P, Garlowska E, Baran E, Group on behalf of the POS (2007) Evaluation of quality of life in patients with toenail onychomycosis by Polish version of an international onychomycosis-specific questionnaire. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 21:491\u0026ndash;496. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.02004.x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.02004.x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTabassum H, Adil M, Amin SS, Mohtashim M, Bansal R, Agrawal D (2020) The Impact of Onychopathies on Quality of Life: A Hospital-based, Cross-sectional Study. Indian Dermatol Online J 11:187. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_272_19\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_272_19\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTabolli S, Alessandroni L, Gaido J, Sampogna F, Di Pietro C, Abeni D (2007) Health-related quality of life and nail disorders. Acta Derm Venereol 87:255\u0026ndash;259. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-0224\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.2340/00015555-0224\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTanacan E, Erdogan FG Effect of Nail Disorders on Quality of Life Scale Scores: A Prospective, Cross-sectional Study from a Tertiary Referral Center. 2024 May 1 [cited 2024 Sep 25]; Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://japmaonline.org/view/journals/apms/114/3/21-208.xml\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://japmaonline.org/view/journals/apms/114/3/21-208.xml\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTerwee CB, Prinsen CaC, Chiarotto A, Westerman MJ, Patrick DL, Alonso J, Bouter LM, de Vet HCW, Mokkink LB (2018) COSMIN methodology for evaluating the content validity of patient-reported outcome measures: a Delphi study. Qual Life Res Int J Qual Life Asp Treat Care Rehabil 27:1159\u0026ndash;1170. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-018-1829-0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s11136-018-1829-0\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYang EJ, Lipner SR (2019) Pharmacy costs of medications for the treatment of onychomycosis in the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol 81:276\u0026ndash;278. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2019.01.032\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jaad.2019.01.032\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Demographic and clinical information for participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"623\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n = 362)*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOnychomycosis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n = 150)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOnychocryptosis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n = 232)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 40 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 40 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of nails affected\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e249\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSide affected\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnilateral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBilateral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRace\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-Caucasian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaucasian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHighest level of education completed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh school or less\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than high school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinancial instability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLittle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSomewhat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery/Extremely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeverity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMild\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of condition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 6 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 to 12 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 1 year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment status overall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e263\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo medical treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompleted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-reported pain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMild\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate/Severe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-reported interference with activities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLittle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuite/Very\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*20 participants reported having both conditions on their toenails\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: Distribution of NAIL-Q scores\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"586\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNail condition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOnychomycosis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOnychocryptosis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoth\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean (\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003cstrong\u003eSD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean (\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003cstrong\u003eSD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean (\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003cstrong\u003eSD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNAIL-Q scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAppearance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.6 (\u0026plusmn;15.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.4 (\u0026plusmn;15.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.5 (\u0026plusmn;9.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.9 (\u0026plusmn;21.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e209\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.8 (\u0026plusmn;19.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.7 (\u0026plusmn;19.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSymptoms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.3 (\u0026plusmn;27.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.4 (\u0026plusmn;23.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.7 (\u0026plusmn;23.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.4 (\u0026plusmn;21.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.3 (\u0026plusmn;22.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.3 (\u0026plusmn;20.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutcome\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.8 (\u0026plusmn;25.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.9 (\u0026plusmn;19.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.9 (\u0026plusmn;16.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3: Simple linear regression of participant variables on NAIL-Q scales\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"623\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOnychomycosis and onychocryptosis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOnychocryptosis only\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAppearance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutcome\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSymptoms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge, years\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal number of nails affected\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender (ref = male)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRace (ref = non-Caucasian)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation (ref = high school or less)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifficulty paying bills\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref = not at all)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLittle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSomewhat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtremely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-15.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCondition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref=onychomycosis)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIngrown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeverity (ref = mild)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-13.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-13.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-24.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-32.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-17.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-34.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-34.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of condition\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref = \u0026lt;6 months)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 -12 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1 year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-17.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment status\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref = prior treatment)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTopical treatment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;(ref = don\u0026rsquo;t need)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-14.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompleted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-14.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOral treatment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref = don\u0026rsquo;t need)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-13.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-16.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-17.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompleted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurgical treatment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref = don\u0026rsquo;t need) \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-14.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompleted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTaping treatment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref = don\u0026rsquo;t need)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompleted\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClipping treatment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref = don\u0026rsquo;t need)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompleted\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePain (ref = none)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMild\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-28.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInterference with activities (ref = not at all)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLittle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuite/Very\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-24.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-37.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Denotes statistical significance \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4: Multivariable linear regression of onychomycosis and onychocryptosis participant variables on NAIL-Q scales\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"614\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026beta;*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAppearance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal number of nails affected\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRace (ref = non-Caucasian)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCondition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref=onychomycosis)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIngrown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeverity (ref = mild)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-18.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-23.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-13.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOral treatment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref = don\u0026rsquo;t need)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompleted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"16\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal number of nails affected\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRace (ref = non-Caucasian)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifficulty paying bills\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref = not at all)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLittle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSomewhat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtremely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-13.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCondition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref=onychomycosis)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIngrown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeverity (ref = mild)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-17.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-23.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment status\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref = prior treatment)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTopical treatment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;(ref = don\u0026rsquo;t need)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompleted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOral treatment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref = don\u0026rsquo;t need)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompleted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInterference with activities\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref = not at all)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLittle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuite/Very\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-15.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-22.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutcome\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCondition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref=onychomycosis)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIngrown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeverity (ref = mild)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-19.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of condition\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref = \u0026lt;6 months)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 -12 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1 year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-13.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-20.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOral treatment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref = don\u0026rsquo;t need)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-16.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompleted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSE, standard error. LB, lower bound. UB, upper bound.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Denotes statistical significance \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5: Multivariable linear regression of onychocryptosis participant variables on NAIL-Q scales\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"586\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026beta;*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"9\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSymptoms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge, years\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifficulty paying bills\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref = not at all)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLittle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-13.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSomewhat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-19.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtremely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-20.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeverity (ref = mild)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-20.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-32.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment status\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref = prior treatment)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInterference with activities\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref = not at all)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLittle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-14.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuite/Very\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-25.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-35.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-15.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"13\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge, years\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.095\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifficulty paying bills\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref = not at all)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLittle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-15.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSomewhat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-14.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtremely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-16.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeverity (ref = mild)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-16.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-28.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment status\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref = prior treatment)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTopical treatment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;(ref = don\u0026rsquo;t need)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompleted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurgical treatment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ref = don\u0026rsquo;t need)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-15.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompleted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-13.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePain (ref = none)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLittle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-15.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuite/Very\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-20.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-28.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSE, standard error. LB, lower bound. UB, upper bound.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Denotes statistical significance \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"archives-of-dermatological-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Archives of Dermatological Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/403)","snPcode":"403","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/403/3","title":"Archives of Dermatological Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"NAIL-Q, Onychomycosis, Onychocryptosis, Health-related quality of life, Patient factors","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7004956/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7004956/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe NAIL-Q is a patient-reported outcome measure assessing nail appearance, health-related quality of life (HRQL), and treatment satisfaction. Socio-demographic and clinical factors significantly impact the HRQL of these patients. To identify the effects of socio-demographic and clinical variables on NAIL-Q Appearance, Nail Distress, Symptoms, Physical, and Outcome scores in people with toenail onychomycosis and/or onychocryptosis. In an international field-test study, participants with toenail onychomycosis (n = 150) or onychocryptosis (n = 232), aged 18–80, completed the NAIL-Q along with socio-demographic and clinical questionnaires. Univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses identified predictors for NAIL-Q scores. In both groups, most participants were female and Caucasian, with mean ages of 41 (± 15.0) years for onychomycosis and 34 (± 13) years for onychocryptosis. Worse NAIL-Q scores were associated with younger age, more affected nails, being non-Caucasian, difficulty paying bills, having onychomycosis, moderate to severe disease severity, longer condition duration, topical, oral, and surgical treatment status, experiencing pain, and interference with daily activities. Considering patient variables when utilizing the NAIL-Q for toenail onychomycosis and/or onychocryptosis is essential for improving research methodology and ensuring effective implementation in clinical practice.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Patient factors associated with novel NAIL-Q scales in toenail onychomycosis or onychocryptosis: a cross-sectional study and regression analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-24 11:29:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7004956/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-09-26T20:08:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-25T11:15:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-24T12:01:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"288410752391619582831997655496555313923","date":"2025-09-17T08:58:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"233353790561091055251253818770524068764","date":"2025-09-17T08:10:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-15T04:26:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-06-30T13:02:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-06-30T13:00:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Archives of Dermatological Research","date":"2025-06-29T22:34:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"archives-of-dermatological-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Archives of Dermatological Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/403)","snPcode":"403","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/403/3","title":"Archives of Dermatological Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7397af59-5eec-4263-b88e-0b283f648b50","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 24th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-10T20:53:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-24 11:29:36","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7004956","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7004956","identity":"rs-7004956","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}