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by claude@2026-07, 2026-07-06
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The paper studied how the acetogenic bacterium Eubacterium limosum performs C1 bioconversion when cofeeding carbon monoxide or glucose alongside a primary C1 substrate (methanol or formate), aiming to address energy-constrained growth and limited product spectra. To enable higher experimental throughput, the authors developed AneVO, a low-cost parallel anaerobic mini-bioreactor platform based on eVOLVER that supports batch and fed-batch cultivation with continuous gas-blend delivery. Across all tested substrate pairs, cofeeding increased growth and cell densities by 52–254% while maintaining or improving the volumetric uptake of the main C1 substrate, and improved acetate productivity, including up to 3-fold with CO cofeeding plus methanol. The paper does not discuss endometriosis or adenomyosis; it was included in the corpus via a keyword match in the upstream search index.
Abstract
Acetogenic bacteria have emerged as attractive biocatalysts for renewable biochemical production, using the highly efficient Wood-Ljungdahl pathway to convert a range of sustainable single-carbon (C1) feedstocks. The major challenge is their energy-constrained anaerobic lifestyle, which results in slow growth and limits the product spectrum. To overcome this limitation, here we investigate substrate co-metabolism in the acetogen Eubacterium limosum , cofeeding either carbon monoxide (CO) or glucose alongside the primary C1 substrate (methanol or formate). To increase experimental throughput, we developed AneVO, a parallel mini bioreactor system based on eVOLVER that enables benchtop anaerobic batch and fed-batch cultivation, along with continuous delivery of anaerobic gas blends. With all substrate pairs tested, E. limosum grew faster and reached 52-254% higher cell densities with cofeeding, while maintaining or improving the volumetric uptake rate of the main C1 substrate. Product formation also improved, with an increase in volumetric acetate productivity from glucose cofeeding of 2.2-fold with formate and 2.4-fold with methanol, and 3-fold from CO cofeeding with methanol. Together these results validate AneVO as a low-cost platform for convenient benchtop cultivation of strict anaerobic microbes in multiple growth modes, and present a strategy for enhancing C1 bioconversion rates in E. limosum , an emerging model acetogen.
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Abstract
Acetogenic bacteria have emerged as attractive biocatalysts for renewable biochemical production, using the highly efficient Wood-Ljungdahl pathway to convert a range of sustainable single-carbon (C1) feedstocks. The major challenge is their energy-constrained anaerobic lifestyle, which results in slow growth and limits the product spectrum. To overcome this limitation, here we investigate substrate co-metabolism in the acetogen Eubacterium limosum, cofeeding either carbon monoxide (CO) or glucose alongside the primary C1 substrate (methanol or formate). To increase experimental throughput, we developed AneVO, a parallel mini bioreactor system based on eVOLVER that enables benchtop anaerobic batch and fed-batch cultivation, along with continuous delivery of anaerobic gas blends. With all substrate pairs tested, E. limosum grew faster and reached 52-254% higher cell densities with cofeeding, while maintaining or improving the volumetric uptake rate of the main C1 substrate. Product formation also improved, with an increase in volumetric acetate productivity from glucose cofeeding of 2.2-fold with formate and 2.4-fold with methanol, and 3-fold from CO cofeeding with methanol. Together these results validate AneVO as a low-cost platform for convenient benchtop cultivation of strict anaerobic microbes in multiple growth modes, and present a strategy for enhancing C1 bioconversion rates in E. limosum, an emerging model acetogen.
Competing Interest Statement
A.S.K. is a scientific adviser for and holds equity in Senti Biosciences and Chroma Medicine, and is a cofounder of K2 Therapeutics and Fynch Biosciences, a manufacturer of eVOLVER hardware. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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