Large scale burning of the upstream catchment results in greater and longer lasting effects on stream macroinvertebrate communities than local site scale burning.

Large scale burning of the upstream catchment results in greater and longer lasting effects on stream macroinvertebrate communities than local site scale burning. | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Large scale burning of the upstream catchment results in greater and longer lasting effects on stream macroinvertebrate communities than local site scale burning. Mark D Shenton, Ross M Thompson, Ben J Kefford This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5119771/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background The increasing frequency, severity and intensity of wildfire globally is generally recognised as a significant threat to freshwater biodiversity. Fires impact streams through a range of mechanisms including geomorphological change, altered resource availability and direct impacts on biota. The magnitude and duration of fire impacts on stream ecosystems vary widely. Reasons for this variation are hypothesised to include the effects of fire can be from upstream catchment disturbance, disturbance at the site, or both. Additionally, many studies have sub-optimal designs as they are poorly replicated, short term, lack before data, and/or lack unburnt controls, which may further contribute to this variations in impacts. Here, we use a before-after-control-impact (BACI) design in sub-alpine woodlands in south-eastern Australia with 7 years of before data and 8 years of after data, to determine the effects of landscape-scale fires on stream macroinvertebrate community structure at local and landscape scales. Results Catchment scale disturbance had greater impacts for a longer duration (up to 4 years) on macroinvertebrate communities than local site scale disturbance (up to 1 year). Fire-induced changes in in-stream habitat and resources (e.g., substrate composition) were associated with the greatest changes in macroinvertebrate communities. Macroinvertebrate diversity was lower post fire at burnt sites and catchment burnt sites because of both reduced taxa richness and increased evenness. Differences between burnt and unburnt sites were predominantly a consequence of changes to the abundances of Coleoptera and Diptera taxa. Recovery in macroinvertebrate communities, including those downstream of fire, was associated with recovery of riparian vegetation cover at burnt sites. Conclusions Larger scale disturbance to the upstream catchment was more important for the macroinvertebrate community than local site scale disturbance. Post-fire management to minimise and ameliorate fire effects on stream macroinvertebrates should focus on limiting the downstream effects of fire on in-stream habitat caused by sediment movement and geomorphic changes. landscape downstream effect disturbance wildfire Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Wildfire (hereafter fire) plays a pivotal role in the determination of the condition, structure, composition, and processes in many vegetated ecosystems globally (Minshall 2003 , Bowman et al. 2009 , Pausas and Keeley 2009 , Bixby et al. 2015 , Van Butsic et al. 2015, Verkaik et al. 2015 ). However, climate change (Leigh et al. 2015 , Silva et al. 2020 ), landuse change (Bliege Bird et al. 2008 , Bowman et al. 2011 , Van Butsic et al. 2015), and resource management practices (Minshall 2003 , Collins et al. 2011 , Paveglio et al. 2011 , Adams et al. 2013 , Fry et al. 2014 ) are altering fire regimes in many regions (e.g., Cochrane ( 2003 ), Seidl et al. ( 2014 ), Fairman et al. 2015 )). Despite many species having adapted to fire, rapid rates of change to fire regimes, in terms of frequency, intensity, and spatial pattern of area burnt, have the potential to severely impact biodiversity and ecosystem function (Bergeron et al. 2002 , Dey and Hartman 2005 , Krebs et al. 2010 , Fairman et al. 2015 ). The impacts of fire on terrestrial ecosystems have been intensively studied and are often the focus of media reporting (Paveglio et al. 2011 , Crow et al. 2017 ). There has been an increasing focus on land management policy and practices to protect terrestrial resources (Bixby et al. 2015 , Lindenmayer and Taylor 2020 ). However, fire also affects freshwater systems within and downstream of burnt areas. The increasing frequency, severity, and intensity of fire potentially threatens freshwater biodiversity by degrading or destroying habitat, pollution, modification of flows, and potentially facilitating invasive species. There are direct and indirect effects of fires on freshwater ecosystems and biota. Direct effects occur when fires impact a stream at a local scale, whereas indirect effects occur when fires affect a waterway’s upstream catchment, but the fire does not reach this location. Impacts of fire at a site can therefore be a consequence of catchment impacts only, local fire effects only, or both. Long-term effects from fire in the surrounding landscape can occur well after the fire has passed (Minshall 2003 ). Fire impacts on aquatic ecosystems depend on a wide range of factors including area burnt, intensity, seasonal timing and frequency (Gresswell 1999 , Minshall 2003 , Arkle et al. 2010 , Adams et al. 2020 , Van Oldenborgh et al. 2021 ), land use and vegetation cover (Foley et al. 2005 , Pielke Sr 2005 , Taylor et al. 2014 , Van Butsic et al. 2015), pre- and post-fire hydrologic conditions (e.g., flood and/or drought) (Verkaik et al. 2015 , Leonard et al. 2017 , Van Oldenborgh et al. 2021 ), catchment slope, soil type (Scott and Van Wyk 1990 , Verkaik et al. 2013b ), and waterway characteristics (e.g., lentic or lotic, discharge, geomorphology and biota) (Bixby et al. 2015 ). Catchment and waterway characteristics vary, thus effects of fires are also highly variable. The large number of variables involved potentially generates complex high-order interactions (Duncan and Kefford 2021 , Jackson et al. 2021 , Kefford et al. 2023 ). Reported effects of fire on aquatic taxa richness include declines (e.g. Minshall ( 2003 ), Verkaik et al. ( 2015 )), increases (e.g. Silins et al. ( 2014 ), Robson et al. ( 2018 )), and no consistent change (e.g. Romme et al. ( 2011 ), Oliver et al. ( 2012 ), Verkaik et al. ( 2015 )). Similarly, the reported duration of responses also varies widely ranging from months (e.g. Peat et al. ( 2005 )) to years (e.g. Vieira et al. ( 2004 )), to decades (e.g. Minshall ( 2003 ), Leonard et al. ( 2017 )). One of the challenges in understanding any general responses of aquatic ecosystems to fire at local and landscape scales is the lack of well replicated study designs with controls. Most studies of fire effects have no or poor before fire data, lack unburnt controls, and are typically less than 5 years duration (Verkaik et al. 2013b , Bixby et al. 2015 ) (but see Romme et al. ( 2011 )). Most studies used either a before-after (BA) study design (e.g., White et al. ( 2006 ), Dahm et al. 2015 )) or control-impact (CI) study design (e.g. Verkaik et al. ( 2013a ), Verkaik et al. ( 2015 )) (but see Vieira et al. ( 2004 ), for example). Misleading conclusions can result from BA study designs assuming no average change in the control group mean before fire relative to after fire, and CI study designs assuming all temporal change is attributable to fire (Christie et al. 2019 ). Thus, these designs limit the accuracy of inferences that researchers can make, which limits our scientific understanding of fire effects. We seek to overcome these limitations using a before-after-control-impact (BACI) study design, with the aim of determining the effects of landscape- and site-scale fires on stream macroinvertebrate community structure up to 8 years post-fire. Sampling occurs at least four times per year up to 7 years before fire and then 8 years after fire. Moreover, our design incorporates 6 control sites with no, or extremely low levels of burning, within their upstream catchment allowing determination of any temporal change not attributable to fire (e.g. due to dry conditions). Finally, the design includes sites within burnt and unburnt catchments, allowing investigation of local versus landscape scale effects. Based on a litterature review (Shenton et al. 2024 [submitted]) we formed five hypotheses with respect to how stream macroinvertebrates and macroinvertebrate communities will be affected by fire at local and landscape scales (Table 1 , below). Table 1 Hypotheses of stream macroinvertebrate responses to fire at local and landscape scales based on the published literature as reviewed in Shenton et al. (2024 [submitted]). CB = catchment burnt sites. SB = site burnt sites. Definitions of these site types are provided in methods (below) . ↑ = an increase, ↓ = a decrease. Hypothesis Expected Response Duration (CB) Duration (SB) References H1 : Macroinvertebrate abundances will change in response to fire due to both local and catchment impacts. ↑ or ↓ Total abundance ↑ up to 6 months ↓ 6 to 48 months ↑ 6 to 96 months ↓ 6 to 48 months I ncreases : Mellon et al. ( 2008 ); Oliver et al. ( 2012 ); Verkaik et al. ( 2013a ); Silins et al. ( 2014 ); Verkaik et al. ( 2015 ); Leonard et al. ( 2017 ); Martens et al. ( 2019 ). Decreases : Vieira et al. ( 2004 ). H2 : Taxa richness will change in response to fire due to both local and catchment impacts. ↑ or ↓ Taxa richness ↑ up to 6 months ↓ 6 to 48 months ↑ 6 to 96 months ↓ 6 to 48 months I ncreases : Leonard et al. ( 2017 ); Robson et al. ( 2018 ). Decreases : Roby and Azuma ( 1995 ); Minshall ( 2003 ); Vieira et al. ( 2004 ); Verkaik et al. ( 2013a ); Oliver et al. ( 2012 ); Martens et al. ( 2019 ); Paul et al. ( 2022 ). H3 : Taxa diversity will change in response to fire due to both local and catchment impacts. ↑ or ↓ Shannon’s Diversity index (H’). ↑ or ↓ Simpson’s Diversity index (1- D ). ↑ 6 to 48 months ↓ up to 96 months ↑ 6 to 96 months ↓ up to 96 months I ncreases : Silins et al. ( 2014 ); Leonard et al. ( 2017 ). Decreases : Roby and Azuma ( 1995 ); Mellon et al. ( 2008 ). H4 : Chironomidae taxa richness and/or abundance will increase post-fire due to local impacts. ↑ % Chironomidae taxa. ↑ Chironomidae relative abundance (%). ↑ Chironomidae total abundance. NA Up to 96 months Mellon et al. ( 2008 ); Oliver et al. ( 2012 ); Verkaik et al. ( 2013a ); Silins et al. ( 2014 ); Verkaik et al. ( 2015 ); Leonard et al. ( 2017 ); Robson et al. ( 2018 ); Martens et al. ( 2019 ). H5 : Macroinvertebrate community composition will change post-fire due to both local and catchment impacts. ↓ Sensitive taxa (i.e. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, and/or EPT combined), as % taxa richness, relative abundance (%) and/or total abundance. ↑ Bray-Curtis dissimilarity coefficients. Up to 60 months Up to 96 months Minshall et al. ( 2001a ); Arkle et al. ( 2010 ); Oliver et al. ( 2012 ); Verkaik et al. ( 2013a ); Silins et al. ( 2014 ); Robson et al. ( 2018 ). ** INSERT Table 1 HERE. IT HAS BEEN MOVED TO THE END OF THIS DOCUMENT (PP.32 AND 33) AS PER AUTHOR INSTRUCTIONS FOR LARGE TABLES. ** Methods Study area The study was conducted in south-eastern Australia, an area characterised by temperate climate (Koppen-Geiger climate classification Cfb). Streams sampled were at sub-alpine elevations (1160 to 1760 m above sea level (ASL)) in Kosciuszko National Park (KNP), New South Wales (NSW) within the Australian Alps (see Fig. 1 , and Supplementary Table S2 ). Vegetation predominantly consists of native grasslands and heaths adjacent to streams, with eucalyptus (primarily Eucalyptus pauciflora or Snow Gum) woodlands that increase in height at lower elevations. Land use in the catchments is primarily conservation areas but also includes ski resorts and recreational areas (primarily for hiking and camping). Australia experienced one of its largest fires on record by area in the summer of 2003, with 1.73 million hectares burned across Victoria, NSW and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). This event occurred during one of the most intense droughts on record (McLeod 2003 , Worboys 2003 , Lane et al. 2006 ). Fires in Australian alpine and sub-alpine regions have historically been infrequent, with fire intervals estimated from dendrochronology ranging from approximately 50 to 140 years over the past 400 years (Williams et al. 2008 ) and above ground parts of E. pauciflora are typically killed by fire (Barker 1988 ). Macroinvertebrate field sampling and laboratory processing Benthic macroinvertebrate sampling was undertaken using standardised methods (Nichols et al. 2000 ) on at least four occasions per year (approximately February, May, August and November) from 1996 to 2010 inclusive, at 16 study sites (Fig. 1 ). In brief, macroinvertebrates were collected from the riffle habitat using a 350 mm D-shaped kick net with 250 µm mesh, while disturbing the stream substrate to a depth of approximately 10 cm over a length of 10 metres. Samples were preserved in > 70% ethanol, and sub-sampled (Marchant 1989 ) in the laboratory until approximately 200 individuals were identified, and then count data extrapolated up to the full sample (Nichols et al. 2000 ). From 1996 to 2010 inclusive, all samples collected during February, May, August and November were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic resolution (usually genus or species level). Otherwise, macroinvertebrates were identified to family level, apart from Oligochaeta (worms) and Acarina (mites) to class, and Chironomidae (non-biting midges) to sub-family. Study design : We used a before-after-control-impact (BACI) study design (Stewart-Oaten et al. 1986 , Stewart-Oaten et al. 1992 , Christie et al. 2019 ) with multiple control and impact sites. A BACI design controls for potentially confounding temporal variation and to provide a more powerful exploration of fire effects (Christie et al. 2019 ). The sites were classified into 3 three categories: (1) six sites where the site (i.e., where sampling occurred) was burnt and the upstream catchment was also burnt (hereafter referred to as ‘site burnt’; SB); (2) four sites where no burning occurred at the site but a significant proportion (> 60%) of the upstream catchment was burnt (hereafter ‘catchment burnt’; CB); and (3) six control sites where both site and the catchment were unburnt (hereafter ‘unburnt’; UB) (Fig. 1 , see also Supplementary Table S2 for a list of the sites). To determine these categories, we consulted original datasheets and relevant reports. Data analyses Changes in univariate response variables (see below) were statistically tested using a linear mixed effects model ANOVA (R-Studio version 4.3.1, R packages ‘ nlme ’ and ‘ lme4 ’). Sites were set as the random factor, while burn category (3 levels – i.e. site burnt, catchment burnt, and unburnt) and time since fire (2 levels – before and after the fire) were fixed effects. This model included an interaction term (burn category * time since fire) because with a BACI design this interaction indicates the effect of the fire, our primary interest. Time after fire was initially set at 12 months post-fire. When the statistical model was analysed where a statistically significant (α = 0.05) interaction between burn category and time since fire was found, then the model was re-run for the next 12 months of data (i.e., using before fire data, and after fire data for 13 to 24 months following the fire). This process was repeated until the interaction term was no longer significant. If the results of this analysis for the first 12 months did not have a significant interaction term, then the post-fire window was shortened in 3 month increments to determine the interaction for a period of less than 12 months. The length of time that the interaction remained significant indicated the duration of post-fire effects. The response variables total abundance (i.e. the count of all macroinvertebrates in a sample), Chironomidae abundance, and EPT abundance (combined) data were log 10 transformed, or log 10 (x + 1) transformed in the case of EPT abundances (individually) to ensure normal distribution and similar variability. Otherwise, response variables were untransformed (e.g. Shannon’s and Simpson’s indices, Pielou’s Evenness, measures of taxa richness, and measures of relative abundance). Data were visualised using boxplots. Multivariate analysis of log 10 (x + 1) transformed macroinvertebrate count data was undertaken using Bray-Curtis distances (Bray and Curtis 1957 ) in a permutational MANOVA (PerMANOVA) (9999 permutations) (Anderson 2014 ) within the R-package ‘ vegan ’ using the statistical model described above for univariate analyses. Then SIMPER (SIMilarity PERcentage) analysis was used to identify taxa contributing to differences observed. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) (Kruskal 1964 ) was used to visualise overall differences in macroinvertebrate assemblages at sites using log 10 (x + 1) transformed macroinvertebrate abundance data, and Bray-Curtis distances. Mean Bray-Curtis dissimilarity coefficients were calculated between catchment burnt and unburnt sites, and site burnt and unburnt sites, and relevant values extracted from the dissimilarity matrix. Sites with identical macroinvertebrate assemblages would have a Bray-Curtis dissimilarity coefficient of 0, while those with no common taxa a coefficient of 1. Results A total of 434 taxa were recorded across all samples. The majority (94%) were insects, but there were also mites (Acarina), oligochaete worms (Oligochaeta), flatworms (Turberallia), roundworms (Nematoda), snails (Gastropoda) crustaceans (Amphipoda and Isopoda), and bivalves (Pelecypoda). Within the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) 232 taxa were observed. The 10 most frequently occurring taxa, in no specific order, were Oligochaeta, Acarina, Elmidae (Coleoptera), Orthocladiinae (Diptera, Chironomidae), Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae), Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera), Gripopterygidae (Plecoptera), Hydrobiosidae (Trichoptera), Conoesucidae (Trichoptera), and Leptoceridae (Trichoptera). Univariate results: Burnt sites. Of the 20 univariate response variables tested, 4 showed a statistically significant interaction term between burn category and time since fire, but only during the first 12 months following fire (p ≤ 0.05, Table 2 ). The interaction term was significant for 6 months post-fire for Shannon’s Diversity index, Ephemeroptera relative abundance (%) and Trichoptera relative abundance (%), and for 12 months post-fire for % Ephemeroptera taxa richness (%E). The direction of change in each of the response variables was a decrease (Table 2 , and Supplementary Figures S4, S10 , and S9 respectively), except for Trichoptera relative abundance (%) which increased (Table 2 , and Supplementary Figure S16 ). No response variables at burnt sites showed a statistically significant interaction for longer than 12 months post-fire (p = > 0.05, Table 2 , see Supplementary Tables S3 to S22 and Figures S1 to S20 for full statistical results). Univariate results: Catchment burnt sites. Of the 20 univariate response variables tested, 14 showed a statistically significant interaction term between burnt category and time since fire, for the first 12 months post-fire. Thirteen variables had a significant interaction during the second-year post-fire, and for 3 response variables (taxa richness, Ephemeroptera relative abundance (%), and EPT taxa richness (%EPT)) effects were significant for the third and fourth years post-fire (p ≤ 0.05, Table 2 ). Six (43%) of the significant response variables showed a decreasing post-fire (taxa richness, Simpson’s Index, Shannon’s Index, % Ephemeroptera taxa (%E), Ephemeroptera relative abundance (%), and % EPT taxa (%EPT), Supplementary Figures S2, S3, S4, S9, S10 , and S18 ). The remaining eight (57%) response variables increased post-fire (total abundance, Pielou’s Evenness, % Chironomidae taxa (%C), Chironomidae (total abundance), Plecoptera (total abundance), Trichoptera relative abundance (%), Trichoptera (total abundance), and EPT (total abundance) (Table 2 , Figs. 2 and 3 , Supplementary Figures S1 , S5, S6, S8, S14, S16, S17 and S20 respectively). No response variables showed a statistically significant interaction for longer than 4 years post-fire (p = > 0.05, Table 2 , see Supplementary Tables S3 to S22 and Figures S1 to S20 for full statistical results). ** INSERT Table 2 HERE. IT HAS BEEN MOVED TO THE END OF THIS DOCUMENT (PP.34–36) AS PER AUTHOR INSTRUCTIONS FOR LARGE TABLES. ** Table 2. Summary of univariate results from statistical testing of the interaction between site type and time since fire for response variables. NSS = not statistically significant. For full reporting of results see Supplementary Tables S3 to S22 and Supplementary Figures S1 to S20. Response variable Site type Statistical testing results summary Direction of effect Effect as expected Total abundance Site burnt NSS (p= 0.3414 - 0.9385) - - Catchment burnt 1-24 months: t 1, 368-1, 444 =1.08-2.76; p=0.006 - 0.042 ↑ Y Taxa richness (S) Site burnt NSS (p= 0.0561 – 0.2028) - - Catchment burnt 1-48 months: t 1, 400-1,444 =-2.33 - -3.95; p=0.0001 – 0.02 ↓ Y Simpson’s Index (1- D ) Site burnt NSS (p= 0.18 - 0.72) - - Catchment burnt 1-6 months: t 1, 368-1,392 =-2.21 - -2.28; p=0.023—0.028 ↓ Y Shannon’s Index (H’) Site burnt 1-6 months: t 1, 368-1,400 =-2.09 - -2.17; p=0.030—0.037 ↓ Y Catchment burnt 1-24 months: t 1,368-1,429 =-0.21 - -0.53; p=0.0001-0.0396 ↓ Y Pielou’s Evenness (J) Site burnt NSS (p=0.44-0.91) - - Catchment burnt 1-18 months: t 1,368-1,444 =-0.04 – 0.02; p=0.0007 - 0.047 ↑ NA % Chironomidae taxa (%C) Site burnt NSS (p= 0.21 – 0.79) - - Catchment burnt 1-24 months: t 1, 400-1, 444 =2.18-3.55; p=0.0004 - 0.03 ↑ N Chironomidae relative abundance (%) Site burnt NSS (p= 0.18 - 0.99) - - Catchment burnt NSS (p= 0.13 - 0.61) - - Chironomidae (total abundance) Site burnt NSS (p= 0.17 - 0.93) - - Catchment burnt 1-18 months: t 1, 368 – 1, 444 =0.41 – 0.85; p=0.003 - 0.016 ↑ N % Ephemeroptera taxa (%E) Site burnt 1-12 months: t 1,368-1,444 =-1.99 - -2.87; p=0.004 - 0.047 ↓ Y Catchment burnt 1-18 months: t 1,368-1,444 =-1.56 - -4.65; p=0.0001 - 0.048 ↓ Y Ephemeroptera relative abundance (%) Site burnt 1-6 months: t 1, 368-1,400 =-2.07 - -2.26; p=0.024—0.039 ↓ Y Catchment burnt 1-48 months: t 1, 368-1,444 =-2.41 - -4.12; p=0.0001 - 0.02 ↓ Y Ephemeroptera (total abundance) Site burnt NSS (p= 0.05-0.49) - - Catchment burnt NSS (p= 0.05-0.64) - - % Plecoptera taxa (%P) Site burnt NSS (p= 0.45-0.75) - - Catchment burnt NSS (p= 0.10-0.78) - - Plecoptera relative abundance (%) Site burnt NSS (p= 0.21-0.75) - - Catchment burnt NSS (p= 0.13-0.81) - - Plecoptera (total abundance) Site burnt NSS (p= 0.11-0.35) - - Catchment burnt 1-24 months: t 1,392-1,444 =2.32 -3.99; p=0.0001-0.021 ↑ N % Trichoptera taxa (%T) Site burnt NSS (p= 0.39-0.94) - - Catchment burnt NSS (p= 0.17-0.87) - - Trichoptera relative abundance (%) Site burnt 1-6 months: t 1, 392-1,400 =2.66 – 3.29; p=0.001—0.008 ↑ N Catchment burnt 1-24 months: t 1,429-1,444 =2.05 -3.03; p=0.003-0.041 ↑ N Trichoptera (total abundance) Site burnt NSS (p= 0.15 - 0.74) - - Catchment burnt 1-24 months: t 1,392-1,444 =2.36 -2.76; p=0.006-0.019 ↑ N % EPT taxa (%EPT) Site burnt NSS (p=0.18-0.98) - - Catchment burnt 1-48 months: t 1, 392-1,444 =-2.49 - -3.57; p=0.0004 - 0.013 ↓ Y EPT relative abundance (%) Site burnt NSS (p=0.47-0.90) - - Catchment burnt NSS (p=0.39-0.91) - - EPT (total abundance) Site burnt NSS (p=0.45-0.79) - - Catchment burnt 1-24 months: t 1, 429-1,444 =2.64 – 2.96; p=0.003 - 0.009 ↑ N Multivariate analyses: PerMANOVA found a significant interaction between burn category and time since fire at catchment burnt sites (9999 permutations: R 2 = 0.005–0.011, F = 1.59–2.65, PR(> F) = 0.0004–0.027) (Table 3 ) indicating an effect of fire on macroinvertebrate community composition for up to 4 years post-fire. However, this effect was relatively weak, with F) = > 0.05, Table 3 ). Table 3 PerMANOVA results for the interaction term (burn category * time since fire) at study sites (9999 permutations). Post-fire period Burn Category R 2 F PR(> F) 1 to 12 months Site burnt 0.00291 0.9651 0.4521 1 to 12 months Catchment burnt 0.00598 1.9072 0.0266 13 to 24 months Catchment burnt 0.00778 2.4007 0.0046 25 to 36 months Catchment burnt 0.00868 2.6465 0.0019 37 to 48 months Catchment burnt 0.01067 3.2824 0.0004 49 to 60 months Catchment burnt 0.00528 1.5883 0.0634 Two-dimensional nMDS plots of data using pre-fire and 12 months post-fire data ( Supplementary Figures S21 to S23 ) (stress = 0.30), and pre-fire data and up to 3 years post-fire ( Supplementary Figures S24 to S26 ) (stress = 0.31) did not show any clear patterns. Graphs of mean Bray-Curtis dissimilarity coefficients (Fig. 4 ) illustrate that community composition at catchment burnt sites was less similar to community composition at unburnt sites immediately following the fire (but this did not occur at burnt sites), however, these changes remained within ranges observed in pre-fire period. SIMPER analysis of macroinvertebrate abundance data (i.e. log 10 (x + 1) count data) for the 8 years following fire identified 31 taxa at catchment burnt sites (Table 4 ), and 29 taxa at burnt sites (Table 5 ) that made the greatest average contribution to dissimilarity (p ≤ 0.05 and average dissimilarity ≥ 0.01) when contrasted with unburnt sites. During the first 12 months post-fire, 12 taxa at catchment burnt sites, and 6 taxa at burnt sites made the greatest average contributions to dissimilarity when compared to unburnt sites. Of those taxa making the greatest contributions to dissimilarity in the first 12-month post-fire identified above, 4 taxa at catchment burnt sites (Aphroteniinae, Diamesinae, Gripopterygidae and Leptoceridae) and 1 taxon at burnt sites (Elmidae: Austrolimnius sp.) have been disregarded because they were taxa that additionally contributed to dissimilarity in the same direction of change during the pre-fire period (greyed out entries in Tables 4 and 5 ), indicating that change could not be attributed clearly with fire effects. Taxa that consistently contributed to post-fire dissimilarity (e.g. for at least 3 years post-fire) at catchment burnt sites were Elmidae (Coleoptera) and Calocidae (Trichoptera), both of which increased in number (Table 4 , Supplementary Tables S25, S27 and S29 ). Taxa that consistently contributed to post-fire dissimilarity at burnt sites were Scirtidae (Coleoptera), Tipulidae (Diptera) and Tanypodinae (Diptera, Chironomidae) which all decreased in number during the first year following fire, and then all increased during the second- and third-years following fire (Table 5 , Supplementary Tables S26, S28 and S30 ). Taxa that contributed to dissimilarity during the pre-fire period, but not immediately post-fire (thus indicating a post-fire change) at catchment burnt sites were Austrolimnius sp (Elmidae), Athericidae (Diptera), Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) Austrophleboides sp. (Ephemeroptera), Leptophlebiidae (Ephermeroptera), Dinotoperla fontana (Plecoptera), Riekoperla sp. (Plecoptera), Conoesucidae (Trichoptera) and Notalina sp. (Trichoptera) (Table 4 , Supplementary Tables S23, S25, S27 and S29 ). Those taxa that contributed to dissimilarity during the pre-fire period, but not immediately post-fire at burnt sites were Leptophlebiidae (Epheroptera), Gripopterygidae (Plecoptera) and Conoesucidae (Trichoptera). (Table 5 , Supplementary Tables S24, S26, S28 and S30 ). For full reporting of SIMPER results see Supplementary Tables S23 to S40 . ** INSERT Table 4 HERE. IT HAS BEEN MOVED TO THE END OF THIS DOCUMENT (PP.37–38) AS PER AUTHOR INSTRUCTIONS FOR LARGE TABLES. ** ** INSERT Table 5 HERE. IT HAS BEEN MOVED TO THE END OF THIS DOCUMENT (PP.39–40) AS PER AUTHOR INSTRUCTIONS FOR LARGE TABLES. ** Table 4 SIMPER results showing taxa most responsible for post-fire differences between unburnt and catchment burnt sites. Numbers are the contribution of each taxon to average dissimilarity between groups (larger = greater dissimilarity, values only shown if ≥ 0.01 and p ≤ 0.05). Arrows indicate direction of change in average abundance. Greyed out taxa contributed to dissimilarity between site categories pre-fire, in the same direction as observed post-fire. For full reporting refer to Supplementary Tables S23 – S40. Post-fire period Taxa Pre-fire 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years 6 years 7 years 8 years Acarina 0.016↑ 0.017↑ 0.011↑ Scirtidae 0.012↓ 0.017↑ Austrolimnius sp. (Elmidae) 0.011↑ 0.018↑ 0.019↑ 0.019↑ Simsonia sp. (Elmidae) 0.016↑ Elmidae 0.016↑ 0.012↑ 0.015↑ 0.023↑ 0.018↑ 0.019↓ Athericidae 0.010↑ 0.012↑ Tipulidae 0.011↓ 0.013↑ 0.014↑ Empididae 0.011↑ 0.011↑ 0.011↑ Aphroteniinae 0.013↑ 0.017↑ 0.017↑ 0.016↑ 0.018↑ 0.016↑ 0.017↑ 0.016↑ Diamesinae 0.011↑ 0.012↑ 0.012↑ 0.014↑ Podonominae 0.017↑ Tanypodinae 0.013↓ 0.012↓ 0.014↓ 0.013↓ Orthocladiinae 0.013↑ Edmundsiops sp. (Baetidae) 0.013↑ Baetidae 0.013↑ 0.016↑ 0.023↑ 0.017↑ 0.020↑ 0.021↑ Austrophleboides sp. (Leptophlebiidae) 0.010↑ 0.010↑ 0.015↑ Leptophlebiidae 0.013↑ 0.013↑ 0.019↑ 0.017↑ Dinotoperla fontana (Gripopterygidae) 0.013↑ 0.015↑ 0.013↑ 0.016↑ Riekoperla sp. (Gripopterygidae) 0.012↑ 0.016 ↑ Gripopterygidae 0.012↑ 0.019↑ 0.016↑ 0.020↑ 0.020↑ 0.017↑ Austrocercella sp. (Notonemouridae) 0.012↓ Notonemouridae 0.011↑ 0.014↓ Hydrobiosidae 0.012↑ 0.011↑ 0.014↓ Conoesucus sp. (Conoesucidae) 0.016↑ Matasia satana (Conoesucidae) 0.010↑ Conoesucidae 0.012↑ Helicopsychidae 0.011↑ Calocidae 0.019↑ 0.016↑ 0.015↑ 0.014↑ 0.013↑ 0.011↑ 0.014↑ Notalina bifaria (Leptoceridae) 0.012↑ 0.016↑ Notalina sp. (Leptoceridae) 0.010↑ 0.011↑ 0.011↑ Leptoceridae 0.018↑ 0.030↑ 0.026↑ 0.025↑ 0.028↑ 0.024↑ 0.022↑ 0.019↑ Table 5 SIMPER results showing taxa most responsible for post-fire differences between unburnt and burnt sites. Numbers are the contribution of each taxon to average dissimilarity between groups (larger = greater dissimilarity, values only shown if ≥ 0.01 and p ≤ 0.05). Arrows indicate direction of change in average abundance. Greyed out taxa contributed to dissimilarity between site categories pre-fire, in the same direction as observed post-fire. For full reporting refer to Supplementary Tables S23 – S40. Post-fire period Taxa Pre-fire 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years 6 years 7 years 8 years Oligochaeta 0.010↓ 0.013↓ 0.014↓ 0.014↓ Acarina 0.014↑ 0.012↑ 0.015↑ Scirtidae 0.011↑ 0.012↓ 0.011↑ 0.012↑ 0.015↑ 0.017↑ 0.016↑ 0.017↓ Austrolimnius sp. (Elmidae) 0.012↑ 0.012↑ 0.016↑ 0.017↑ Elmidae 0.018↑ 0.016↑ Sclerocyphon sp. (Psephenidae) 0.010↓ 0.013↑ 0.011↑ 0.014↓ 0.011↓ Tipulidae 0.010↑ 0.011↓ 0.010↑ 0.011↓ 0.011↑ 0.012↓ Ceratopogonidae 0.012↓ Simuliidae 0.011↑ 0.015↓ 0.014↓ 0.015↓ 0.012↓ Empididae 0.012↑ 0.011↑ Aphroteniinae 0.018↑ 0.018 ↑ Chironominae 0.010↓ 0.014↓ 0.014↓ 0.013↓ Orthocladiinae 0.013↓ Podonominae 0.014↑ Tanypodinae 0.010↑ 0.013↓ 0.011↑ 0.012↓ 0.014↓ 0.013↓ 0.014↑ Baetidae 0.018↑ 0.016↑ 0.018↑ 0.017↑ Colobruscoides sp. (Coloburiscidae) 0.012↑ Leptophlebiidae 0.012↑ 0.013↑ 0.019↑ 0.017↑ 0.018↑ 0.014↑ 0.013↑ Eustheniidae 0.012↓ Riekoperla sp. (Gripopterygidae) 0.012↓ Gripopterygidae 0.011↑ 0.019↑ 0.017↑ Notonemouridae 0.011↓ 0.016↓ 0.012↑ 0.015↓ 0.011↑ Hydrobiosidae 0.013↓ Asmicridea sp.AV1 0.011↑ Hydropsychidae 0.011↑ 0.015↑ 0.016↑ Ecnomidae 0.011↓ Conoesucus sp.AV1 0.011↑ Conoesucus sp.AV2 0.010↓ Conoesucidae 0.012↓ 0.018↓ Discussion Overall, the impacts of fire on stream macroinvertebrate communities were greater and longer lasting at sites located downstream of fire, than at sites burnt by the fire. Effects on stream macroinvertebrate univariate variables from the fire persisted for a shorter duration at the site of burning (up to 12 months post-fire) than at sites downstream of fire (up to 4 years post-fire). The longest effects at burnt sites were detected in % Ephemeroptera taxa (%E) which declined relative to the pre-fire period. At catchment burnt sites the longest lasting effects were declines in taxa richness, Ephemeroptera relative abundance (%), and % EPT taxa (%EPT) relative to the pre-fire period. Fewer univariate variables (4) were significantly affected at burnt sites and compared to the catchment burnt sites (14). Multivariate changes in macroinvertebrate community structure because of the fire were detected at catchment burnt sites for 4 years, but these changes explained very little of the variation in community structure (< 2%). Variables associated with changed in-stream habitat and resources (e.g., substrate composition, muck and/or detritus) identified in (Shenton et al. 2024 [submitted]) were associated with the greatest changes in macroinvertebrate communities in the post-fire period. Larger scale disturbance to the upstream catchment was therefore more important for the macroinvertebrate community than local site scale disturbance. Our results showed a stronger and longer lasting effect of fire on stream macroinvertebrate communities in larger streams, relative to smaller streams. Although several catchment burnt sites were located on the Thredbo River, which is a large waterway relative to other streams in the study, the response of stream macroinvertebrates was broadly similar to those observed at the remaining catchment burnt site located on the smaller Sawpit Creek. The remaining site attributes were also similar between catchment burnt sites; large proportions (> 80%) of upstream areas were burnt, sites are at similar elevations (1340 to 1450 m ASL), and fires in these areas appear to have been of similar burn intensity. Further, we found no evidence of variables confounded between site categories in this study that could be attributed to stream size. In contrast to the above, effects of fire on macroinvertebrate communities (Minshall et al. 1989 , Minshall et al. 2001b ) and water quality (Mahlum et al. 2011 , Sanders et al. 2022 ) tend to decrease as stream size increases. Thus, our results contradict the generalisation of decreasing effect of fire on macroinvertebrate community in larger streams reported elsewhere. So, this generalisation does not always hold true. Recovery of stream physicochemistry following fires is associated with recovery of vegetation (e.g. (Verkaik et al. 2013b , Bixby et al. 2015 , Leonard et al. 2017 ). Terrestrial and stream systems are closely linked by the riparian ecotone, where riparian vegetation plays an important role in the maintenance of natural stream processes (Naiman and Decamps 1997 , Tabacchi et al. 2000 , Rios and Bailey 2006 ). Intact riparian zones are important for trapping sediment (Prosser and Williams 1998 , Scottt et al. 1998 , Lane et al. 2006 , Smith et al. 2011 ), and riparian grasses can trap more than 50% of sediment transported from hillslope areas when overland flow is < 5 cm in depth (Magette et al. ( 1989 ) cited in Tabacchi et al. ( 2000 )) through mechanical filtration (Feld et al. 2018 ). Riparian zones are also effective sinks for nitrogen and phosphorus (Vought et al. 1994, Naiman and Decamps 1997 ), thereby playing an important role in reducing eutrophication of streams. In our study, grasses and herbaceous ground cover at burnt sites had recovered by 12 months (Shenton et al. 2024 [submitted]), which is also when we no longer detected changes to macroinvertebrate communities at burnt sites. Conversely, riparian shrub cover still had not recovered by 8 years post-fire (Shenton et al. 2024 [submitted]). Recovery of riparian grasses and herbaceous plants at our sites was more important for recovery of stream macroinvertebrates than riparian shrub cover. Increased macroinvertebrate abundances, which we hypothesised would occur as a response to increased coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) (Shenton et al. 2024 [submitted]), were detected for 2 years post-fire, although were only expected for 6 months post-fire (Table 1 ) The unexpectedly long duration of effect relative to our predictions suggests that other variables are also driving the post-fire increase we observed in some macroinvertebrate taxa. For example, following this fire we also detected increases in mud/muck for up to 4 years following fire (Shenton et al. 2024 [submitted]) which is the substrate fraction associated with ash inputs, but may also include other fine organic components (Nichols et al. 2000 ). It is plausible the fine organic component of the mud/muck substrate fraction provided food and/or habitat resources for some taxa, e.g., detritivores, rather than being universally detrimental by smothering biofilms and/or filling interstitial spaces that provide habitat (Burdon et al. 2013 , Descloux et al. 2013 , Wharton et al. 2017 ). The macroinvertebrate families that increased in our study may have been advantaged by increases to the amount of in-stream detritus brought about by fire. Similar to our findings, others have reported increased total macroinvertebrate abundances following fire (e.g. Mellon et al. ( 2008 ), Martens et al. ( 2019 )) and timber harvesting (e.g. Thompson et al. ( 2009 ), Martens et al. ( 2019 )). These increases are typically attributed to disturbance-adapted taxa such as Chironomidae (e.g., Mellon et al. ( 2008 ), Silins et al. ( 2014 ), Martens et al. ( 2019 )), but also to taxa that make use of increased food (e.g., periphyton and fine particulate organic matter (FPOM)) and resource availability (e.g. increased CPOM or changes to substrate composition) such as some caddisflies (e.g. Thompson et al. ( 2009 ), Verkaik et al. ( 2013a ), Martens et al. ( 2019 )) and some gripoptogerid stoneflies (Verkaik et al. 2013a ). The families that increased in abundance at catchment burnt sites were detritivores (Elmidae, Calocidae) or herbivores and detritivores (Notonemouridae), except for Empididae which are predatory (Hawking et al. 2013 ). The catchment burnt sites in our study had increased detritus cover in the stream (Shenton et al. 2024 [submitted]) which likely increased the abundance of detritivores that were able to use this food source, or caddis flies that used the detritus in their protective cases (e.g., Leptoceridae and Calocidae). Additionally, Empididae feed on other Dipterans such as Chironomidae, which we observed were in high post-fire abundance at catchment burnt sites. Both of these dipterans can be found in the same microhabitat, soft sediments (Hawking et al. 2013 ) including mud and muck. We therefore reason the increase in Empididae abundance is likely due to the increased abundance of chironomid prey. Malison and Baxter ( 2010a ) explained increased abundances of predatory insects as a response to increases of disturbance adapted primary consumers following fire. Indeed, fire induced increases of predatory Diptera known to thrive in soft sediments were reported in Robson et al. ( 2018 ). Thus, increased abundances of taxa at our sites could be explained as a response to changes in food and habitat resources from the mud/muck component of substratum that provided a benefit to specific macroinvertebrates, rather than having a uniformly negative effect on all benthic stream macroinvertebrates. Chironomidae taxa richness and total abundances did not increase at burnt sites but did increase downstream of burning at catchment burnt sites. This contradicts our expected increases at burnt sites only, for up to 8 years following fire. We detected changes at catchment burnt sites downstream of fire as an increased proportion of Chironomidae taxa (%C) and Chironomidae total abundances for 24 and 18 months respectively. Tanypodinae made the greatest contribution to differences in Chironomidae between unburnt sites and burnt sites, and unburnt sites and catchment burnt sites (Tables 4 and 5 ). Chironomidae are frequently reported as being more abundant following disturbances (e.g., Minshall ( 2003 ), Mellon et al. ( 2008 ), Verkaik et al. ( 2013a ), Verkaik et al. ( 2015 )) because they have relatively short life cycles, small size, high fecundity, and high dispersal rates compared to other taxa and are thus early colonising or r -strategist taxa (Minshall 2003 , Mellon et al. 2008 , Malison and Baxter 2010b , Verkaik et al. 2013a ). We expected more Chironomidae at burnt sites only, because of increased nutrients and solar radiation reported in Shenton et al. (2024 [submitted]) that was expected to result in filamentous algal growth that would provide habitat for Chironomidae. However, the changes in Chironomidae were detected downstream of fire, where no nutrient increases nor reductions in stream shading occurred. Consequently, increases of Chironomids found downstream of fire are likely attributable to deposition of detritus, or mud and muck (Shenton et al. 2024 [submitted]) that provide habitat, cover from predation, and/or a food source for Chironomidae (De Haas et al. 2006 , Hawking et al. 2013 ), and because of their r -strategist attributes. The effect of fires on taxa total abundances and richness is highly dependent on the presence and severity of post-fire flooding (Minshall 2003 , Vieira et al. 2004 ). Catchments experiencing only minor post-fire flooding have high resilience and resistance to fire effects (Gresswell 1999 ) (but see Oliver et al. ( 2012 )). In contrast, where there is severe or repeated flooding, richness and community composition are less resilient and recovery dramatically lengthened (Vieira et al. 2004 ). Our study occurred during a drought lasting from 2001 to 2009 (Van Dijk et al. 2013), except for 2006 when approximately mean annual precipitation occurred ( www.bom.gov.au , Supplementary Figure S27 ). Indeed, the Thredbo River approximately 10–15 km downstream of our sites on this river, there were no unusual flood events within 8 years following the fire ( www.bom.gov.au , Supplementary Figure S28 ). Thus, we hypothesise that post-fire water and sediment movement were not severe in our study sites to generate a strong response from macroinvertebrates (e.g., P total abundance and T total abundance), yet still enough to cause sensitive taxa to decline in richness (E and EPT taxa richness). However, we cannot exclude the alternative hypothesis that the fire itself was not severe enough to elicit the above macroinvertebrate responses. Both Shannon’s and Simpson diversity indies were reduced at burnt sites and catchment burnt sites following the fire (Table 2 ). Diverse communities tend to be stable, that is fluctuating less over time, relative to simplified ecological communities (e.g., (Cottingham et al. 2001 , Loreau et al. 2001 , Hooper et al. 2005 ) but such relationships are not universal (Valone and Barber 2008 ). Resistance and resilience are two components of stability. Shannon’s diversity index emphasises the taxa richness component of diversity (Nagendra 2002 ), and we found a reduced taxa richness relative to unburnt sites, implying decreased resilience (Hillebrand et al. 2008 ). On the other hand, Simpson’s diversity index emphasises the evenness component of diversity (Nagendra 2002 ). To explore evenness, we calculated Pielou’s J post-hoc , finding increased community evenness at catchment burnt sites for 18 months post-fire (Table 2 ) implying decreased resistance (Hillebrand et al. 2008 ). Using relative abundance as an indicator of evenness, the orders that contributed to changes in evenness were Ephemeroptera which declined at burnt sites and catchment burnt sites for 6 and 48 months respectively, and Trichoptera which increased at burnt sites and catchment burnt sites for 6 and 24 months respectively (Table 2 ). Similarly, reduced taxa richness was driven mainly by a decrease in Ephemeroptera species. Thus, the post-fire changes in two diversity indices were driven by reduced taxa richness and increased community evenness within the orders Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera, likely resulting in reduced overall community resistance and resilience up to 2 years post-fire while macroinvertebrate diversity was recovering. EPT taxa contributed the most to differences in community composition between control sites and catchment burnt sites before fire, but this shifted to Coleoptera and Diptera immediately following fire. Post-fire changes to assemblages often occur through the loss of sensitive taxa such as EPT taxa, and a corresponding increase in Chironomidae (e.g., Oliver et al. ( 2012 ), Verkaik et al. ( 2013a ), Silins et al. ( 2014 ), Verkaik et al. ( 2015 )). In our study, post-fire changes within the EPT group were attributed to decreases in the richness and abundance of E taxa, however, we found unexpected increases in total abundances of P and T taxa, in addition to increases in Chironomidae and Empididae (discussed above). Thus, while changes to assemblages could occur because of losses of sensitive taxa within the EPT grouping, not all taxa within this broad group were negatively affected by fire. Additionally, increases in some Coleoptera, particularly those from family Elmidae that feed on algae and fungi associated with waterlogged wood (Hawking et al. 2013 ), have been strongly associated with burnt catchments in other studies (e.g., Verkaik et al. ( 2013a ), Robson et al. ( 2018 ), Martens et al. ( 2019 )). Macroinvertebrates may be sensitive to changes in woody input dynamics from fire (Vaz et al. 2014 , Vaz et al. 2015 ), and therefore the changes detected in Elmidae are likely to be a response to increased CPOM (e.g., wood, sticks and leaves) in streams immediately post-fire reported in Shenton et al. (2024 [submitted]) that provide food and habitat to these taxa. Conclusion Larger scale disturbance to the upstream catchment was more important for the macroinvertebrate community than local site scale disturbance. Our results suggest that variables associated with in-stream habitat and resources (e.g. variables associated with substrate composition, muck, and/or detritus) were associated with the greatest changes in macroinvertebrate communities in the post-fire period. However, not all changes to in-stream habitat and resources had negative consequences for macroinvertebrates (e.g., P, T, and EPT total abundances increased post-fire). Macroinvertebrate community diversity was reduced at burnt sites and catchment burnt sites, driven by reduced taxa richness and increased evenness. EPT taxa contributed the most to differences in community composition between control sites and test sites before fire, but this changed to Coleoptera and Diptera immediately post-fire. Our study further indicates that the recovery of riparian grasses was more important for macroinvertebrate community recovery at site burnt sites than the recovery of shrubby vegetation. Management actions in the immediate post-fire period that are intended to minimise and ameliorate effects on stream macroinvertebrates should focus on responses that limit downstream effects of fire on in-stream habitat caused by sediment movement and geomorphic changes. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate : Not applicable. Consent for publication : Not applicable. Availability of data and material : The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available because they belong to third parties. Data are available from the authors upon reasonable request and with the permission of Kosciuszko Thredbo Pty Ltd, and NSW Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. Competing interests : The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding : We thank the Hermon Slade Foundation (Grant HSF20198) for funding. Authors’ Contributions : Conceptualisation: BJK. Developing methods: BJK, RMT, MDS. Research, data analysis and interpretation, preparation of figures and tables, writing original draft: MDS. Review, commenting and editing of draft manuscript: BJK, RMT, MDS. Acknowledgements : We thank Kosciuszko Thredbo Pty Ltd, and NSW Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water for permission to use data for this project, and all people involved with collecting of these data. 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Supplementary Files ShentonFiremacrocommunitypaperSupplementaryFile.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5119771","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":377391995,"identity":"6be6edc7-64c2-42de-8a2b-2c607f12c7d0","order_by":0,"name":"Mark D Shenton","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0241-9430","institution":"University of Canberra","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mark","middleName":"D","lastName":"Shenton","suffix":""},{"id":377391996,"identity":"5620c0fd-9370-4306-91f2-808a8190efef","order_by":1,"name":"Ross M Thompson","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Canberra","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ross","middleName":"M","lastName":"Thompson","suffix":""},{"id":377391997,"identity":"0bd98822-3b81-4b2b-8c8a-6cbed0a35347","order_by":2,"name":"Ben J Kefford","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Canberra","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ben","middleName":"J","lastName":"Kefford","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-20 01:10:01","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5119771/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5119771/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":70536017,"identity":"6d039fb5-616b-40b2-93cc-050dacc3b5b6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-04 06:57:18","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":97852,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStudy locations in southeastern Australia showing study sites in the Perisher-Thredbo area. ACT = Australian Capital Territory. All sites are on streams that flow into Lake Jindabyne. Sites shown as red circles were burnt at the site, yellow squares had burning within their upstream catchment but not at the site itself, and black triangles are unburnt (control) sites.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eFor\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003einformation about sites see Supplementary Table S2.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5119771/v1/4826926843dfc6932cfd2e78.jpeg"},{"id":70536022,"identity":"28ea5ba7-cb63-4243-b877-b2ea1c6f448e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-04 06:57:19","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":141322,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTotal macroinvertebrate abundance (log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e(x+1) transformed) illustrating an increasing trend for 24 months post-fire at catchment burnt sites.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5119771/v1/e64f1019e62d84d0755df423.jpeg"},{"id":70536020,"identity":"f5771325-e275-4299-8f86-10600f8dbb3b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-04 06:57:18","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":143790,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEPT abundance (log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e(x+1) transformed) illustrating an increasing trend for 24 months post-fire at catchment burnt sites.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5119771/v1/7983a99341ad682025c3912b.jpeg"},{"id":70536018,"identity":"942b2fac-da7e-40ce-9559-ab6462ee2df8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-04 06:57:18","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":114815,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBray-Curtis dissimilarities (with 95% CIs) between unburnt (control) and catchment burnt sites, and unburnt (control) and site burnt sites. Larger values indicate greater dissimilarity. Vertical dashed line shows when the fires occurred in Jan. – Feb. 2003.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5119771/v1/5c745752817b0934e723a243.jpeg"},{"id":75645499,"identity":"3129f7a1-d03d-41b5-8682-216c0f0f33a0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-06 16:31:03","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2625146,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5119771/v1/8b7240fd-ff55-4b82-8957-0d9e8af12ae7.pdf"},{"id":70536019,"identity":"4bb0a03f-b9f1-4e82-bcdc-9b86f7f0700d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-04 06:57:18","extension":"docx","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":3528767,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ShentonFiremacrocommunitypaperSupplementaryFile.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5119771/v1/4735786dc3235d4b6b99f11c.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Large scale burning of the upstream catchment results in greater and longer lasting effects on stream macroinvertebrate communities than local site scale burning.","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWildfire (hereafter fire) plays a pivotal role in the determination of the condition, structure, composition, and processes in many vegetated ecosystems globally (Minshall \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e, Bowman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e, Pausas and Keeley \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e, Bixby et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Van Butsic et al. 2015, Verkaik et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). However, climate change (Leigh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Silva et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), landuse change (Bliege Bird et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e, Bowman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, Van Butsic et al. 2015), and resource management practices (Minshall \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e, Collins et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, Paveglio et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, Adams et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e, Fry et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) are altering fire regimes in many regions (e.g., Cochrane (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), Seidl et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), Fairman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)). Despite many species having adapted to fire, rapid rates of change to fire regimes, in terms of frequency, intensity, and spatial pattern of area burnt, have the potential to severely impact biodiversity and ecosystem function (Bergeron et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e, Dey and Hartman \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e, Krebs et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, Fairman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe impacts of fire on terrestrial ecosystems have been intensively studied and are often the focus of media reporting (Paveglio et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, Crow et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). There has been an increasing focus on land management policy and practices to protect terrestrial resources (Bixby et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Lindenmayer and Taylor \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). However, fire also affects freshwater systems within and downstream of burnt areas. The increasing frequency, severity, and intensity of fire potentially threatens freshwater biodiversity by degrading or destroying habitat, pollution, modification of flows, and potentially facilitating invasive species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are direct and indirect effects of fires on freshwater ecosystems and biota. Direct effects occur when fires impact a stream at a local scale, whereas indirect effects occur when fires affect a waterway\u0026rsquo;s upstream catchment, but the fire does not reach this location. Impacts of fire at a site can therefore be a consequence of catchment impacts only, local fire effects only, or both. Long-term effects from fire in the surrounding landscape can occur well after the fire has passed (Minshall \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Fire impacts on aquatic ecosystems depend on a wide range of factors including area burnt, intensity, seasonal timing and frequency (Gresswell \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e, Minshall \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e, Arkle et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, Adams et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, Van Oldenborgh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), land use and vegetation cover (Foley et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e, Pielke Sr \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e, Taylor et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, Van Butsic et al. 2015), pre- and post-fire hydrologic conditions (e.g., flood and/or drought) (Verkaik et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Leonard et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, Van Oldenborgh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), catchment slope, soil type (Scott and Van Wyk \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e, Verkaik et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013b\u003c/span\u003e), and waterway characteristics (e.g., lentic or lotic, discharge, geomorphology and biota) (Bixby et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatchment and waterway characteristics vary, thus effects of fires are also highly variable. The large number of variables involved potentially generates complex high-order interactions (Duncan and Kefford \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, Jackson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, Kefford et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Reported effects of fire on aquatic taxa richness include declines (e.g. Minshall (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), Verkaik et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)), increases (e.g. Silins et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), Robson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e)), and no consistent change (e.g. Romme et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), Oliver et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), Verkaik et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)). Similarly, the reported duration of responses also varies widely ranging from months (e.g. Peat et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e)) to years (e.g. Vieira et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e)), to decades (e.g. Minshall (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), Leonard et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the challenges in understanding any general responses of aquatic ecosystems to fire at local and landscape scales is the lack of well replicated study designs with controls. Most studies of fire effects have no or poor before fire data, lack unburnt controls, and are typically less than 5 years duration (Verkaik et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013b\u003c/span\u003e, Bixby et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) (but see Romme et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e)). Most studies used either a before-after (BA) study design (e.g., White et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), Dahm et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)) or control-impact (CI) study design (e.g. Verkaik et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e), Verkaik et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)) (but see Vieira et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e), for example). Misleading conclusions can result from BA study designs assuming no average change in the control group mean before fire relative to after fire, and CI study designs assuming all temporal change is attributable to fire (Christie et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, these designs limit the accuracy of inferences that researchers can make, which limits our scientific understanding of fire effects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe seek to overcome these limitations using a before-after-control-impact (BACI) study design, with the aim of determining the effects of landscape- and site-scale fires on stream macroinvertebrate community structure up to 8 years post-fire. Sampling occurs at least four times per year up to 7 years before fire and then 8 years after fire. Moreover, our design incorporates 6 control sites with no, or extremely low levels of burning, within their upstream catchment allowing determination of any temporal change not attributable to fire (e.g. due to dry conditions). Finally, the design includes sites within burnt and unburnt catchments, allowing investigation of local versus landscape scale effects. Based on a litterature review (Shenton et al. 2024 [submitted]) we formed five hypotheses with respect to how stream macroinvertebrates and macroinvertebrate communities will be affected by fire at local and landscape scales (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, below).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHypotheses of stream macroinvertebrate responses to fire at local and landscape scales based on the published literature as reviewed in\u003c/em\u003e Shenton et al. (2024 [submitted]). \u003cem\u003eCB\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;catchment burnt sites. SB\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;site burnt sites. Definitions of these site types are provided in methods (below)\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; = an increase, \u0026darr; = a decrease.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypothesis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpected Response\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration (CB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration (SB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eH1\u003c/b\u003e: Macroinvertebrate abundances will change in response to fire due to both local and catchment impacts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; or \u0026darr; Total abundance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; up to 6 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr; 6 to 48 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; 6 to 96 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr; 6 to 48 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003cb\u003encreases\u003c/b\u003e: Mellon et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e); Oliver et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e); Verkaik et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e); Silins et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e); Verkaik et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e); Leonard et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e); Martens et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDecreases\u003c/b\u003e: Vieira et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eH2\u003c/b\u003e: Taxa richness will change in response to fire due to both local and catchment impacts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; or \u0026darr; Taxa richness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; up to 6 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr; 6 to 48 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; 6 to 96 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr; 6 to 48 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003cb\u003encreases\u003c/b\u003e: Leonard et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e); Robson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDecreases\u003c/b\u003e: Roby and Azuma (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e); Minshall (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e); Vieira et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e); Verkaik et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e); Oliver et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e); Martens et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e); Paul et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eH3\u003c/b\u003e: Taxa diversity will change in response to fire due to both local and catchment impacts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; or \u0026darr; Shannon\u0026rsquo;s Diversity index (H\u0026rsquo;).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; or \u0026darr; Simpson\u0026rsquo;s Diversity index (1-\u003cem\u003eD\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; 6 to 48 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr; up to 96 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; 6 to 96 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr; up to 96 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003cb\u003encreases\u003c/b\u003e: Silins et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e); Leonard et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDecreases\u003c/b\u003e: Roby and Azuma (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e); Mellon et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eH4\u003c/b\u003e: Chironomidae taxa richness and/or abundance will increase post-fire due to local impacts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; % Chironomidae taxa.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; Chironomidae relative abundance (%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; Chironomidae total abundance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUp to 96 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMellon et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e); Oliver et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e); Verkaik et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e); Silins et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e); Verkaik et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e); Leonard et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e); Robson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e); Martens et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eH5\u003c/b\u003e: Macroinvertebrate community composition will change post-fire due to both local and catchment impacts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr; Sensitive taxa (i.e. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, and/or EPT combined), as % taxa richness, relative abundance (%) and/or total abundance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; Bray-Curtis dissimilarity coefficients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUp to 60 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUp to 96 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinshall et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001a\u003c/span\u003e); Arkle et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e); Oliver et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e); Verkaik et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e); Silins et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e); Robson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e** INSERT\u003c/b\u003e Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003eHERE. IT HAS BEEN MOVED TO THE END OF THIS DOCUMENT (PP.32 AND 33) AS PER AUTHOR INSTRUCTIONS FOR LARGE TABLES. **\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eStudy area\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in south-eastern Australia, an area characterised by temperate climate (Koppen-Geiger climate classification Cfb). Streams sampled were at sub-alpine elevations (1160 to 1760 m above sea level (ASL)) in Kosciuszko National Park (KNP), New South Wales (NSW) within the Australian Alps (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSupplementary Table S2\u003c/em\u003e). Vegetation predominantly consists of native grasslands and heaths adjacent to streams, with eucalyptus (primarily \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus pauciflora\u003c/em\u003e or Snow Gum) woodlands that increase in height at lower elevations. Land use in the catchments is primarily conservation areas but also includes ski resorts and recreational areas (primarily for hiking and camping).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAustralia experienced one of its largest fires on record by area in the summer of 2003, with 1.73\u0026nbsp;million hectares burned across Victoria, NSW and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). This event occurred during one of the most intense droughts on record (McLeod \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e, Worboys \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e, Lane et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Fires in Australian alpine and sub-alpine regions have historically been infrequent, with fire intervals estimated from dendrochronology ranging from approximately 50 to 140 years over the past 400 years (Williams et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) and above ground parts of \u003cem\u003eE. pauciflora\u003c/em\u003e are typically killed by fire (Barker \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eMacroinvertebrate field sampling and laboratory processing\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eBenthic macroinvertebrate sampling was undertaken using standardised methods (Nichols et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) on at least four occasions per year (approximately February, May, August and November) from 1996 to 2010 inclusive, at 16 study sites (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In brief, macroinvertebrates were collected from the riffle habitat using a 350 mm D-shaped kick net with 250 \u0026micro;m mesh, while disturbing the stream substrate to a depth of approximately 10 cm over a length of 10 metres. Samples were preserved in \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;70% ethanol, and sub-sampled (Marchant \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e) in the laboratory until approximately 200 individuals were identified, and then count data extrapolated up to the full sample (Nichols et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). From 1996 to 2010 inclusive, all samples collected during February, May, August and November were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic resolution (usually genus or species level). Otherwise, macroinvertebrates were identified to family level, apart from Oligochaeta (worms) and Acarina (mites) to class, and Chironomidae (non-biting midges) to sub-family.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan type=\"ItalicUnderline\" class=\"ItalicUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eStudy design\u003c/span\u003e: We used a before-after-control-impact (BACI) study design (Stewart-Oaten et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e, Stewart-Oaten et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e, Christie et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) with multiple control and impact sites. A BACI design controls for potentially confounding temporal variation and to provide a more powerful exploration of fire effects (Christie et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The sites were classified into 3 three categories: (1) six sites where the site (i.e., where sampling occurred) was burnt and the upstream catchment was also burnt (hereafter referred to as \u0026lsquo;site burnt\u0026rsquo;; SB); (2) four sites where no burning occurred at the site but a significant proportion (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;60%) of the upstream catchment was burnt (hereafter \u0026lsquo;catchment burnt\u0026rsquo;; CB); and (3) six control sites where both site and the catchment were unburnt (hereafter \u0026lsquo;unburnt\u0026rsquo;; UB) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, see also \u003cem\u003eSupplementary Table S2\u003c/em\u003e for a list of the sites). To determine these categories, we consulted original datasheets and relevant reports.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eData analyses\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges in univariate response variables (see below) were statistically tested using a linear mixed effects model ANOVA (R-Studio version 4.3.1, R packages \u0026lsquo;\u003cem\u003enlme\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;\u003cem\u003elme4\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rsquo;). Sites were set as the random factor, while burn category (3 levels \u0026ndash; i.e. site burnt, catchment burnt, and unburnt) and time since fire (2 levels \u0026ndash; before and after the fire) were fixed effects. This model included an interaction term (burn category * time since fire) because with a BACI design this interaction indicates the effect of the fire, our primary interest. Time after fire was initially set at 12 months post-fire. When the statistical model was analysed where a statistically significant (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05) interaction between burn category and time since fire was found, then the model was re-run for the next 12 months of data (i.e., using before fire data, and after fire data for 13 to 24 months following the fire). This process was repeated until the interaction term was no longer significant. If the results of this analysis for the first 12 months did not have a significant interaction term, then the post-fire window was shortened in 3 month increments to determine the interaction for a period of less than 12 months. The length of time that the interaction remained significant indicated the duration of post-fire effects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe response variables total abundance (i.e. the count of all macroinvertebrates in a sample), Chironomidae abundance, and EPT abundance (combined) data were log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e transformed, or log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e (x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1) transformed in the case of EPT abundances (individually) to ensure normal distribution and similar variability. Otherwise, response variables were untransformed (e.g. Shannon\u0026rsquo;s and Simpson\u0026rsquo;s indices, Pielou\u0026rsquo;s Evenness, measures of taxa richness, and measures of relative abundance). Data were visualised using boxplots.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariate analysis of log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e(x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1) transformed macroinvertebrate count data was undertaken using Bray-Curtis distances (Bray and Curtis \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e) in a permutational MANOVA (PerMANOVA) (9999 permutations) (Anderson \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) within the R-package \u0026lsquo;\u003cem\u003evegan\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rsquo; using the statistical model described above for univariate analyses. Then SIMPER (SIMilarity PERcentage) analysis was used to identify taxa contributing to differences observed. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) (Kruskal \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1964\u003c/span\u003e) was used to visualise overall differences in macroinvertebrate assemblages at sites using log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e(x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1) transformed macroinvertebrate abundance data, and Bray-Curtis distances. Mean Bray-Curtis dissimilarity coefficients were calculated between catchment burnt and unburnt sites, and site burnt and unburnt sites, and relevant values extracted from the dissimilarity matrix. Sites with identical macroinvertebrate assemblages would have a Bray-Curtis dissimilarity coefficient of 0, while those with no common taxa a coefficient of 1.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 434 taxa were recorded across all samples. The majority (94%) were insects, but there were also mites (Acarina), oligochaete worms (Oligochaeta), flatworms (Turberallia), roundworms (Nematoda), snails (Gastropoda) crustaceans (Amphipoda and Isopoda), and bivalves (Pelecypoda). Within the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) 232 taxa were observed. The 10 most frequently occurring taxa, in no specific order, were Oligochaeta, Acarina, Elmidae (Coleoptera), Orthocladiinae (Diptera, Chironomidae), Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae), Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera), Gripopterygidae (Plecoptera), Hydrobiosidae (Trichoptera), Conoesucidae (Trichoptera), and Leptoceridae (Trichoptera).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan type=\"ItalicUnderline\" class=\"ItalicUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eUnivariate results: Burnt sites.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf the 20 univariate response variables tested, 4 showed a statistically significant interaction term between burn category and time since fire, but only during the first 12 months following fire (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The interaction term was significant for 6 months post-fire for Shannon\u0026rsquo;s Diversity index, Ephemeroptera relative abundance (%) and Trichoptera relative abundance (%), and for 12 months post-fire for % Ephemeroptera taxa richness (%E). The direction of change in each of the response variables was a decrease (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSupplementary Figures S4, S10\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eS9\u003c/em\u003e respectively), except for Trichoptera relative abundance (%) which increased (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSupplementary Figure S16\u003c/em\u003e). No response variables at burnt sites showed a statistically significant interaction for longer than 12 months post-fire (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, see \u003cem\u003eSupplementary Tables S3 to S22\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eFigures \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003eS20\u003c/em\u003e for full statistical results).\u003c/p\u003e \n\u003cp\u003e \u003cspan type=\"ItalicUnderline\" class=\"ItalicUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eUnivariate results: Catchment burnt sites.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf the 20 univariate response variables tested, 14 showed a statistically significant interaction term between burnt category and time since fire, for the first 12 months post-fire. Thirteen variables had a significant interaction during the second-year post-fire, and for 3 response variables (taxa richness, Ephemeroptera relative abundance (%), and EPT taxa richness (%EPT)) effects were significant for the third and fourth years post-fire (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Six (43%) of the significant response variables showed a decreasing post-fire (taxa richness, Simpson\u0026rsquo;s Index, Shannon\u0026rsquo;s Index, % Ephemeroptera taxa (%E), Ephemeroptera relative abundance (%), and % EPT taxa (%EPT), \u003cem\u003eSupplementary Figures S2, S3, S4, S9, S10\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eS18\u003c/em\u003e). The remaining eight (57%) response variables increased post-fire (total abundance, Pielou\u0026rsquo;s Evenness, % Chironomidae taxa (%C), Chironomidae (total abundance), Plecoptera (total abundance), Trichoptera relative abundance (%), Trichoptera (total abundance), and EPT (total abundance) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSupplementary Figures \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e, S5, S6, S8, S14, S16, S17\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS20\u003c/em\u003e respectively). No response variables showed a statistically significant interaction for longer than 4 years post-fire (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, see \u003cem\u003eSupplementary Tables S3\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003eS22\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eFigures \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003eS20\u003c/em\u003e for full statistical results).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e** INSERT\u003c/b\u003e Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003eHERE. IT HAS BEEN MOVED TO THE END OF THIS DOCUMENT (PP.34\u0026ndash;36) AS PER AUTHOR INSTRUCTIONS FOR LARGE TABLES. **\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 2.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Summary of univariate results from statistical testing of the interaction between site type and time since fire for response variables. NSS = not statistically significant. For full reporting of results see \u003cem\u003eSupplementary Tables S3\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003eS22\u003c/em\u003e and\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Supplementary Figures S1 to S20.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"945\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResponse variable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSite type\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical testing results summary\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDirection of effect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect as expected\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal abundance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSS (p= 0.3414 - 0.9385)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1-24 months: t\u003csub\u003e1, 368-1, 444\u003c/sub\u003e=1.08-2.76; p=0.006 - 0.042\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026uarr;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTaxa richness (S)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSS (p= 0.0561 \u0026ndash; 0.2028)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1-48 months: t\u003csub\u003e1, 400-1,444\u003c/sub\u003e=-2.33 - -3.95; p=0.0001 \u0026ndash; 0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026darr;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSimpson\u0026rsquo;s Index (1-\u003cem\u003eD\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSS (p= 0.18 - 0.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1-6 months: t\u003csub\u003e1, 368-1,392\u003c/sub\u003e=-2.21 - -2.28; p=0.023\u0026mdash;0.028\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026darr;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShannon\u0026rsquo;s Index (H\u0026rsquo;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1-6 months: t\u003csub\u003e1, 368-1,400\u003c/sub\u003e=-2.09 - -2.17; p=0.030\u0026mdash;0.037\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026darr;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1-24 months: t\u003csub\u003e1,368-1,429\u003c/sub\u003e=-0.21 - -0.53; p=0.0001-0.0396\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026darr;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePielou\u0026rsquo;s Evenness (J)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSS (p=0.44-0.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1-18 months: t\u003csub\u003e1,368-1,444\u003c/sub\u003e=-0.04 \u0026ndash; 0.02; p=0.0007 - 0.047\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026uarr;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% Chironomidae taxa (%C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSS (p= 0.21 \u0026ndash; 0.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1-24 months: t\u003csub\u003e1, 400-1, 444\u003c/sub\u003e=2.18-3.55; p=0.0004 - 0.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026uarr;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChironomidae relative abundance (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSS (p= 0.18 - 0.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSS (p= 0.13 - 0.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChironomidae (total abundance)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSS (p= 0.17 - 0.93)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1-18 months: t\u003csub\u003e1, 368 \u0026ndash; 1, 444\u003c/sub\u003e=0.41 \u0026ndash; 0.85; p=0.003 - 0.016\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026uarr;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% Ephemeroptera taxa (%E)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1-12 months: t\u003csub\u003e1,368-1,444\u003c/sub\u003e=-1.99 - -2.87; p=0.004 - 0.047\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026darr;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1-18 months: t\u003csub\u003e1,368-1,444\u003c/sub\u003e=-1.56 - -4.65; p=0.0001 - 0.048\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026darr;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEphemeroptera relative abundance (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1-6 months: t\u003csub\u003e1, 368-1,400\u003c/sub\u003e=-2.07 - -2.26; p=0.024\u0026mdash;0.039\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026darr;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1-48 months: t\u003csub\u003e1, 368-1,444\u003c/sub\u003e=-2.41 - -4.12; p=0.0001 - 0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026darr;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEphemeroptera (total abundance)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSS (p= 0.05-0.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSS (p= 0.05-0.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% Plecoptera taxa (%P)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSS (p= 0.45-0.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSS (p= 0.10-0.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlecoptera relative abundance (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSS (p= 0.21-0.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSS (p= 0.13-0.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlecoptera (total abundance)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSS (p= 0.11-0.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1-24 months: t\u003csub\u003e1,392-1,444\u003c/sub\u003e=2.32 -3.99; p=0.0001-0.021\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026uarr;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% Trichoptera taxa (%T)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 381px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSS (p= 0.39-0.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 381px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSS (p= 0.17-0.87)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrichoptera relative abundance (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 381px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1-6 months: t\u003csub\u003e1, 392-1,400\u003c/sub\u003e=2.66 \u0026ndash; 3.29; p=0.001\u0026mdash;0.008\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026uarr;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 381px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1-24 months: t\u003csub\u003e1,429-1,444\u003c/sub\u003e=2.05 -3.03; p=0.003-0.041\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026uarr;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrichoptera (total abundance)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 381px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSS (p= 0.15 - 0.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 381px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1-24 months: t\u003csub\u003e1,392-1,444\u003c/sub\u003e=2.36 -2.76; p=0.006-0.019\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026uarr;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% EPT taxa (%EPT)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 381px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSS (p=0.18-0.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 381px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1-48 months: t\u003csub\u003e1, 392-1,444\u003c/sub\u003e=-2.49 - -3.57; p=0.0004 - 0.013\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026darr;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEPT relative abundance (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 381px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSS (p=0.47-0.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 381px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSS (p=0.39-0.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEPT (total abundance)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 381px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSS (p=0.45-0.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 381px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1-24 months: t\u003csub\u003e1, 429-1,444\u003c/sub\u003e=2.64 \u0026ndash; 2.96; p=0.003 - 0.009\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026uarr;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\" \" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMultivariate analyses:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePerMANOVA found a significant interaction between burn category and time since fire at catchment burnt sites (9999 permutations: R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005\u0026ndash;0.011, F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.59\u0026ndash;2.65, PR(\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;F)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0004\u0026ndash;0.027) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) indicating an effect of fire on macroinvertebrate community composition for up to 4 years post-fire. However, this effect was relatively weak, with \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2% of the variability in the data accounted for by the interaction term. For the burnt sites the interaction term was not statistically significant for any period post-fire (PR(\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;F)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePerMANOVA results for the interaction term (burn category * time since fire) at study sites (9999 permutations).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-fire period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurn Category\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePR(\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;F)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 to 12 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSite burnt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00291\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9651\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4521\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 to 12 months\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.00598\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.9072\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0266\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 to 24 months\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.00778\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.4007\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0046\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 to 36 months\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.00868\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.6465\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0019\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e37 to 48 months\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.01067\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.2824\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49 to 60 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatchment burnt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00528\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5883\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0634\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo-dimensional nMDS plots of data using pre-fire and 12 months post-fire data (\u003cem\u003eSupplementary Figures S21\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003eS23\u003c/em\u003e) (stress\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.30), and pre-fire data and up to 3 years post-fire (\u003cem\u003eSupplementary Figures S24\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003eS26\u003c/em\u003e) (stress\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.31) did not show any clear patterns. Graphs of mean Bray-Curtis dissimilarity coefficients (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) illustrate that community composition at catchment burnt sites was less similar to community composition at unburnt sites immediately following the fire (but this did not occur at burnt sites), however, these changes remained within ranges observed in pre-fire period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSIMPER analysis of macroinvertebrate abundance data (i.e. log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e (x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1) count data) for the 8 years following fire identified 31 taxa at catchment burnt sites (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), and 29 taxa at burnt sites (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) that made the greatest average contribution to dissimilarity (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05 and average dissimilarity\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.01) when contrasted with unburnt sites. During the first 12 months post-fire, 12 taxa at catchment burnt sites, and 6 taxa at burnt sites made the greatest average contributions to dissimilarity when compared to unburnt sites.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOf those taxa making the greatest contributions to dissimilarity in the first 12-month post-fire identified above, 4 taxa at catchment burnt sites (Aphroteniinae, Diamesinae, Gripopterygidae and Leptoceridae) and 1 taxon at burnt sites (Elmidae: \u003cem\u003eAustrolimnius\u003c/em\u003e sp.) have been disregarded because they were taxa that additionally contributed to dissimilarity in the same direction of change during the pre-fire period (greyed out entries in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e), indicating that change could not be attributed clearly with fire effects. Taxa that consistently contributed to post-fire dissimilarity (e.g. for at least 3 years post-fire) at catchment burnt sites were Elmidae (Coleoptera) and Calocidae (Trichoptera), both of which increased in number (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSupplementary Tables S25, S27\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS29\u003c/em\u003e). Taxa that consistently contributed to post-fire dissimilarity at burnt sites were Scirtidae (Coleoptera), Tipulidae (Diptera) and Tanypodinae (Diptera, Chironomidae) which all decreased in number during the first year following fire, and then all increased during the second- and third-years following fire (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSupplementary Tables S26, S28 and S30\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaxa that contributed to dissimilarity during the pre-fire period, but not immediately post-fire (thus indicating a post-fire change) at catchment burnt sites were \u003cem\u003eAustrolimnius\u003c/em\u003e sp (Elmidae), Athericidae (Diptera), Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) \u003cem\u003eAustrophleboides\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Ephemeroptera), Leptophlebiidae (Ephermeroptera), \u003cem\u003eDinotoperla fontana\u003c/em\u003e (Plecoptera), \u003cem\u003eRiekoperla\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Plecoptera), Conoesucidae (Trichoptera) and \u003cem\u003eNotalina\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Trichoptera) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSupplementary Tables S23, S25, S27\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS29\u003c/em\u003e). Those taxa that contributed to dissimilarity during the pre-fire period, but not immediately post-fire at burnt sites were Leptophlebiidae (Epheroptera), Gripopterygidae (Plecoptera) and Conoesucidae (Trichoptera). (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSupplementary Tables S24, S26, S28 and S30\u003c/em\u003e). For full reporting of SIMPER results see \u003cem\u003eSupplementary Tables S23\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003eS40\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e** INSERT\u003c/b\u003e Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003eHERE. IT HAS BEEN MOVED TO THE END OF THIS DOCUMENT (PP.37\u0026ndash;38) AS PER AUTHOR INSTRUCTIONS FOR LARGE TABLES. **\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e** INSERT\u003c/b\u003e Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003eHERE. IT HAS BEEN MOVED TO THE END OF THIS DOCUMENT (PP.39\u0026ndash;40) AS PER AUTHOR INSTRUCTIONS FOR LARGE TABLES. **\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSIMPER results showing taxa most responsible for post-fire differences between unburnt and catchment burnt sites. Numbers are the contribution of each taxon to average dissimilarity between groups (larger\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;greater dissimilarity, values only shown if\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.01 and p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Arrows indicate direction of change in average abundance. Greyed out taxa contributed to dissimilarity between site categories pre-fire, in the same direction as observed post-fire. For full reporting refer to Supplementary Tables S23 \u0026ndash; S40.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-fire period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaxa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-fire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcarina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScirtidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAustrolimnius\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Elmidae)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSimsonia\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Elmidae)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElmidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAthericidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.010\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTipulidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmpididae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAphroteniinae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiamesinae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePodonominae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTanypodinae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthocladiinae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEdmundsiops\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Baetidae)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaetidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.020\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAustrophleboides\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Leptophlebiidae)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.010\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.010\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeptophlebiidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDinotoperla fontana\u003c/em\u003e (Gripopterygidae)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRiekoperla\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Gripopterygidae)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016 \u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGripopterygidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.020\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.020\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAustrocercella\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Notonemouridae)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotonemouridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrobiosidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConoesucus\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Conoesucidae)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMatasia satana\u003c/em\u003e (Conoesucidae)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.010\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConoesucidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHelicopsychidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalocidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotalina bifaria\u003c/em\u003e (Leptoceridae)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotalina\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Leptoceridae)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.010\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeptoceridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.030\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.026\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.025\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.028\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.024\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.022\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSIMPER results showing taxa most responsible for post-fire differences between unburnt and burnt sites. Numbers are the contribution of each taxon to average dissimilarity between groups (larger\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;greater dissimilarity, values only shown if\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.01 and p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Arrows indicate direction of change in average abundance. Greyed out taxa contributed to dissimilarity between site categories pre-fire, in the same direction as observed post-fire. For full reporting refer to Supplementary Tables S23 \u0026ndash; S40.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-fire period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaxa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-fire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOligochaeta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.010\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcarina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScirtidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAustrolimnius\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Elmidae)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElmidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSclerocyphon\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Psephenidae)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.010\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTipulidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.010\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.010\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCeratopogonidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimuliidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmpididae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAphroteniinae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018 \u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChironominae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.010\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthocladiinae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePodonominae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTanypodinae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.010\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaetidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eColobruscoides\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Coloburiscidae)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeptophlebiidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEustheniidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRiekoperla\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Gripopterygidae)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGripopterygidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotonemouridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrobiosidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAsmicridea sp.AV1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydropsychidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcnomidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConoesucus sp.AV1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConoesucus sp.AV2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.010\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConoesucidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOverall, the impacts of fire on stream macroinvertebrate communities were greater and longer lasting at sites located downstream of fire, than at sites burnt by the fire. Effects on stream macroinvertebrate univariate variables from the fire persisted for a shorter duration at the site of burning (up to 12 months post-fire) than at sites downstream of fire (up to 4 years post-fire). The longest effects at burnt sites were detected in % Ephemeroptera taxa (%E) which declined relative to the pre-fire period. At catchment burnt sites the longest lasting effects were declines in taxa richness, Ephemeroptera relative abundance (%), and % EPT taxa (%EPT) relative to the pre-fire period. Fewer univariate variables (4) were significantly affected at burnt sites and compared to the catchment burnt sites (14). Multivariate changes in macroinvertebrate community structure because of the fire were detected at catchment burnt sites for 4 years, but these changes explained very little of the variation in community structure (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2%). Variables associated with changed in-stream habitat and resources (e.g., substrate composition, muck and/or detritus) identified in (Shenton et al. 2024 [submitted]) were associated with the greatest changes in macroinvertebrate communities in the post-fire period. Larger scale disturbance to the upstream catchment was therefore more important for the macroinvertebrate community than local site scale disturbance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur results showed a stronger and longer lasting effect of fire on stream macroinvertebrate communities in larger streams, relative to smaller streams. Although several catchment burnt sites were located on the Thredbo River, which is a large waterway relative to other streams in the study, the response of stream macroinvertebrates was broadly similar to those observed at the remaining catchment burnt site located on the smaller Sawpit Creek. The remaining site attributes were also similar between catchment burnt sites; large proportions (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;80%) of upstream areas were burnt, sites are at similar elevations (1340 to 1450 m ASL), and fires in these areas appear to have been of similar burn intensity. Further, we found no evidence of variables confounded between site categories in this study that could be attributed to stream size. In contrast to the above, effects of fire on macroinvertebrate communities (Minshall et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e, Minshall et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001b\u003c/span\u003e) and water quality (Mahlum et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, Sanders et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) tend to decrease as stream size increases. Thus, our results contradict the generalisation of decreasing effect of fire on macroinvertebrate community in larger streams reported elsewhere. So, this generalisation does not always hold true.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery of stream physicochemistry following fires is associated with recovery of vegetation (e.g. (Verkaik et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013b\u003c/span\u003e, Bixby et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Leonard et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Terrestrial and stream systems are closely linked by the riparian ecotone, where riparian vegetation plays an important role in the maintenance of natural stream processes (Naiman and Decamps \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e, Tabacchi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e, Rios and Bailey \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Intact riparian zones are important for trapping sediment (Prosser and Williams \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e, Scottt et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e, Lane et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e, Smith et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), and riparian grasses can trap more than 50% of sediment transported from hillslope areas when overland flow is \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5 cm in depth (Magette et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e) cited in Tabacchi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e)) through mechanical filtration (Feld et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Riparian zones are also effective sinks for nitrogen and phosphorus (Vought et al. 1994, Naiman and Decamps \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e), thereby playing an important role in reducing eutrophication of streams. In our study, grasses and herbaceous ground cover at burnt sites had recovered by 12 months (Shenton et al. 2024 [submitted]), which is also when we no longer detected changes to macroinvertebrate communities at burnt sites. Conversely, riparian shrub cover still had not recovered by 8 years post-fire (Shenton et al. 2024 [submitted]). Recovery of riparian grasses and herbaceous plants at our sites was more important for recovery of stream macroinvertebrates than riparian shrub cover.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncreased macroinvertebrate abundances, which we hypothesised would occur as a response to increased coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) (Shenton et al. 2024 [submitted]), were detected for 2 years post-fire, although were only expected for 6 months post-fire (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) The unexpectedly long duration of effect relative to our predictions suggests that other variables are also driving the post-fire increase we observed in some macroinvertebrate taxa. For example, following this fire we also detected increases in mud/muck for up to 4 years following fire (Shenton et al. 2024 [submitted]) which is the substrate fraction associated with ash inputs, but may also include other fine organic components (Nichols et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). It is plausible the fine organic component of the mud/muck substrate fraction provided food and/or habitat resources for some taxa, e.g., detritivores, rather than being universally detrimental by smothering biofilms and/or filling interstitial spaces that provide habitat (Burdon et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e, Descloux et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e, Wharton et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe macroinvertebrate families that increased in our study may have been advantaged by increases to the amount of in-stream detritus brought about by fire. Similar to our findings, others have reported increased total macroinvertebrate abundances following fire (e.g. Mellon et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), Martens et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)) and timber harvesting (e.g. Thompson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), Martens et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)). These increases are typically attributed to disturbance-adapted taxa such as Chironomidae (e.g., Mellon et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), Silins et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), Martens et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)), but also to taxa that make use of increased food (e.g., periphyton and fine particulate organic matter (FPOM)) and resource availability (e.g. increased CPOM or changes to substrate composition) such as some caddisflies (e.g. Thompson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), Verkaik et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e), Martens et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)) and some gripoptogerid stoneflies (Verkaik et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e). The families that increased in abundance at catchment burnt sites were detritivores (Elmidae, Calocidae) or herbivores and detritivores (Notonemouridae), except for Empididae which are predatory (Hawking et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The catchment burnt sites in our study had increased detritus cover in the stream (Shenton et al. 2024 [submitted]) which likely increased the abundance of detritivores that were able to use this food source, or caddis flies that used the detritus in their protective cases (e.g., Leptoceridae and Calocidae). Additionally, Empididae feed on other Dipterans such as Chironomidae, which we observed were in high post-fire abundance at catchment burnt sites. Both of these dipterans can be found in the same microhabitat, soft sediments (Hawking et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) including mud and muck. We therefore reason the increase in Empididae abundance is likely due to the increased abundance of chironomid prey. Malison and Baxter (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010a\u003c/span\u003e) explained increased abundances of predatory insects as a response to increases of disturbance adapted primary consumers following fire. Indeed, fire induced increases of predatory Diptera known to thrive in soft sediments were reported in Robson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, increased abundances of taxa at our sites could be explained as a response to changes in food and habitat resources from the mud/muck component of substratum that provided a benefit to specific macroinvertebrates, rather than having a uniformly negative effect on all benthic stream macroinvertebrates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChironomidae taxa richness and total abundances did not increase at burnt sites but did increase downstream of burning at catchment burnt sites. This contradicts our expected increases at burnt sites only, for up to 8 years following fire. We detected changes at catchment burnt sites downstream of fire as an increased proportion of Chironomidae taxa (%C) and Chironomidae total abundances for 24 and 18 months respectively. Tanypodinae made the greatest contribution to differences in Chironomidae between unburnt sites and burnt sites, and unburnt sites and catchment burnt sites (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Chironomidae are frequently reported as being more abundant following disturbances (e.g., Minshall (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), Mellon et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), Verkaik et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e), Verkaik et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)) because they have relatively short life cycles, small size, high fecundity, and high dispersal rates compared to other taxa and are thus early colonising or \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e-strategist taxa (Minshall \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e, Mellon et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e, Malison and Baxter \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010b\u003c/span\u003e, Verkaik et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e). We expected more Chironomidae at burnt sites only, because of increased nutrients and solar radiation reported in Shenton et al. (2024 [submitted]) that was expected to result in filamentous algal growth that would provide habitat for Chironomidae. However, the changes in Chironomidae were detected downstream of fire, where no nutrient increases nor reductions in stream shading occurred. Consequently, increases of Chironomids found downstream of fire are likely attributable to deposition of detritus, or mud and muck (Shenton et al. 2024 [submitted]) that provide habitat, cover from predation, and/or a food source for Chironomidae (De Haas et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e, Hawking et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), and because of their \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e-strategist attributes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effect of fires on taxa total abundances and richness is highly dependent on the presence and severity of post-fire flooding (Minshall \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e, Vieira et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Catchments experiencing only minor post-fire flooding have high resilience and resistance to fire effects (Gresswell \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e) (but see Oliver et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e)). In contrast, where there is severe or repeated flooding, richness and community composition are less resilient and recovery dramatically lengthened (Vieira et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Our study occurred during a drought lasting from 2001 to 2009 (Van Dijk et al. 2013), except for 2006 when approximately mean annual precipitation occurred (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ewww.bom.gov.au\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.bom.gov.au\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSupplementary Figure S27\u003c/em\u003e). Indeed, the Thredbo River approximately 10\u0026ndash;15 km downstream of our sites on this river, there were no unusual flood events within 8 years following the fire (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ewww.bom.gov.au\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.bom.gov.au\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSupplementary Figure S28\u003c/em\u003e). Thus, we hypothesise that post-fire water and sediment movement were not severe in our study sites to generate a strong response from macroinvertebrates (e.g., P total abundance and T total abundance), yet still enough to cause sensitive taxa to decline in richness (E and EPT taxa richness). However, we cannot exclude the alternative hypothesis that the fire itself was not severe enough to elicit the above macroinvertebrate responses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth Shannon\u0026rsquo;s and Simpson diversity indies were reduced at burnt sites and catchment burnt sites following the fire (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Diverse communities tend to be stable, that is fluctuating less over time, relative to simplified ecological communities (e.g., (Cottingham et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e, Loreau et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e, Hooper et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) but such relationships are not universal (Valone and Barber \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Resistance and resilience are two components of stability. Shannon\u0026rsquo;s diversity index emphasises the taxa richness component of diversity (Nagendra \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e), and we found a reduced taxa richness relative to unburnt sites, implying decreased resilience (Hillebrand et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, Simpson\u0026rsquo;s diversity index emphasises the evenness component of diversity (Nagendra \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). To explore evenness, we calculated Pielou\u0026rsquo;s J \u003cem\u003epost-hoc\u003c/em\u003e, finding increased community evenness at catchment burnt sites for 18 months post-fire (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) implying decreased resistance (Hillebrand et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Using relative abundance as an indicator of evenness, the orders that contributed to changes in evenness were Ephemeroptera which declined at burnt sites and catchment burnt sites for 6 and 48 months respectively, and Trichoptera which increased at burnt sites and catchment burnt sites for 6 and 24 months respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, reduced taxa richness was driven mainly by a decrease in Ephemeroptera species. Thus, the post-fire changes in two diversity indices were driven by reduced taxa richness and increased community evenness within the orders Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera, likely resulting in reduced overall community resistance and resilience up to 2 years post-fire while macroinvertebrate diversity was recovering.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEPT taxa contributed the most to differences in community composition between control sites and catchment burnt sites before fire, but this shifted to Coleoptera and Diptera immediately following fire. Post-fire changes to assemblages often occur through the loss of sensitive taxa such as EPT taxa, and a corresponding increase in Chironomidae (e.g., Oliver et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), Verkaik et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e), Silins et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), Verkaik et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)). In our study, post-fire changes within the EPT group were attributed to decreases in the richness and abundance of E taxa, however, we found unexpected increases in total abundances of P and T taxa, in addition to increases in Chironomidae and Empididae (discussed above). Thus, while changes to assemblages could occur because of losses of sensitive taxa within the EPT grouping, not all taxa within this broad group were negatively affected by fire. Additionally, increases in some Coleoptera, particularly those from family Elmidae that feed on algae and fungi associated with waterlogged wood (Hawking et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), have been strongly associated with burnt catchments in other studies (e.g., Verkaik et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e), Robson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), Martens et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)). Macroinvertebrates may be sensitive to changes in woody input dynamics from fire (Vaz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, Vaz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), and therefore the changes detected in Elmidae are likely to be a response to increased CPOM (e.g., wood, sticks and leaves) in streams immediately post-fire reported in Shenton et al. (2024 [submitted]) that provide food and habitat to these taxa.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eLarger scale disturbance to the upstream catchment was more important for the macroinvertebrate community than local site scale disturbance. Our results suggest that variables associated with in-stream habitat and resources (e.g. variables associated with substrate composition, muck, and/or detritus) were associated with the greatest changes in macroinvertebrate communities in the post-fire period. However, not all changes to in-stream habitat and resources had negative consequences for macroinvertebrates (e.g., P, T, and EPT total abundances increased post-fire). Macroinvertebrate community diversity was reduced at burnt sites and catchment burnt sites, driven by reduced taxa richness and increased evenness. EPT taxa contributed the most to differences in community composition between control sites and test sites before fire, but this changed to Coleoptera and Diptera immediately post-fire. Our study further indicates that the recovery of riparian grasses was more important for macroinvertebrate community recovery at site burnt sites than the recovery of shrubby vegetation. Management actions in the immediate post-fire period that are intended to minimise and ameliorate effects on stream macroinvertebrates should focus on responses that limit downstream effects of fire on in-stream habitat caused by sediment movement and geomorphic changes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cu\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cu\u003e:\u003c/u\u003e\u0026nbsp; Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cu\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cu\u003e:\u003c/u\u003e Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cu\u003eAvailability\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eof data and material\u003c/em\u003e:\u003c/u\u003e The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available because they belong to third parties. Data are available from the authors upon reasonable request and with the permission of Kosciuszko Thredbo Pty Ltd, and NSW Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cu\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cu\u003e:\u003c/u\u003e The authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cu\u003eFunding\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cu\u003e:\u003c/u\u003e We thank the Hermon Slade Foundation (Grant HSF20198) for funding.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cu\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; Contributions\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cu\u003e:\u003c/u\u003e Conceptualisation: BJK. Developing methods: BJK, RMT, MDS. Research, data analysis and interpretation, preparation of figures and tables, writing original draft: MDS. Review, commenting and editing of draft manuscript: \u0026nbsp;BJK, RMT, MDS.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cu\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cu\u003e:\u003c/u\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWe thank Kosciuszko Thredbo Pty Ltd, and NSW Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water for permission to use data for this project, and all people involved with collecting of these data. We thank Milad Esmaeilbeigi for thoughtful comments on drafts. MDS was supported by a scholarship from the University of Canberra.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdams, M. A., S. C. Cunningham, and M. T. Taranto. 2013. A critical review of the science underpinning fire management in the high altitude ecosystems of south-eastern Australia. Forest Ecology and Management \u003cstrong\u003e294\u003c/strong\u003e:225-237.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdams, M. A., M. 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Mountain Research and Development \u003cstrong\u003e23\u003c/strong\u003e:294-295.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"landscape, downstream effect, disturbance, wildfire","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5119771/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5119771/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe increasing frequency, severity and intensity of wildfire globally is generally recognised as a significant threat to freshwater biodiversity. Fires impact streams through a range of mechanisms including geomorphological change, altered resource availability and direct impacts on biota. The magnitude and duration of fire impacts on stream ecosystems vary widely. Reasons for this variation are hypothesised to include the effects of fire can be from upstream catchment disturbance, disturbance at the site, or both. Additionally, many studies have sub-optimal designs as they are poorly replicated, short term, lack before data, and/or lack unburnt controls, which may further contribute to this variations in impacts. Here, we use a before-after-control-impact (BACI) design in sub-alpine woodlands in south-eastern Australia with 7 years of before data and 8 years of after data, to determine the effects of landscape-scale fires on stream macroinvertebrate community structure at local and landscape scales.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatchment scale disturbance had greater impacts for a longer duration (up to 4 years) on macroinvertebrate communities than local site scale disturbance (up to 1 year). Fire-induced changes in in-stream habitat and resources (e.g., substrate composition) were associated with the greatest changes in macroinvertebrate communities. Macroinvertebrate diversity was lower post fire at burnt sites and catchment burnt sites because of both reduced taxa richness and increased evenness. Differences between burnt and unburnt sites were predominantly a consequence of changes to the abundances of Coleoptera and Diptera taxa. Recovery in macroinvertebrate communities, including those downstream of fire, was associated with recovery of riparian vegetation cover at burnt sites.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarger scale disturbance to the upstream catchment was more important for the macroinvertebrate community than local site scale disturbance. Post-fire management to minimise and ameliorate fire effects on stream macroinvertebrates should focus on limiting the downstream effects of fire on in-stream habitat caused by sediment movement and geomorphic changes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Large scale burning of the upstream catchment results in greater and longer lasting effects on stream macroinvertebrate communities than local site scale burning.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-04 06:57:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5119771/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1309e863-5443-45f3-9e18-951f12d6e688","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 4th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-06T16:22:55+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-04 06:57:13","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5119771","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5119771","identity":"rs-5119771","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}