Design and Prototype Development Of A Harvesting Machine Mower For Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Plant

Design and Prototype Development Of A Harvesting Machine Mower For Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) 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Plant Orhan GÜNGÖR, İbrahim AKINCI This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6954412/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this study, a capsule-oriented prototype machine for mechanical harvesting of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) was developed and its design features and performance were evaluated. In Turkey, poppy cultivation is mostly carried out in small plots and harvesting operations are usually carried out manually. This situation both increases the need for labor and leads to crop losses. The prototype machine has been designed to provide a solution to these problems, including a carrier brush, a pulling brush and a three-point circular cutting system. During the design process, the physico-mechanical properties of the poppy plant were determined and cutting blade placements and motor selections were made in line with these properties. The harvesting success of the machine was analysed under different plant heights and capsule numbers through experiments conducted under laboratory and field conditions. The highest success rate was obtained especially in the cuts made at 0-25 mm internode stem length. It was determined that the circular cutting system worked with lower force and more efficiently compared to vertical cutting. In addition, the AC and DC motor systems used in the machine optimized the plant transport and capsule cutting processes by providing different speed and direction controls. The results show that the prototype machine is successful in terms of both efficiency and quality and can be applied in wider areas by integrating automatic feed systems in the future. This study presents an original application that will contribute to the spread of modern mechanization in poppy agriculture. Biological sciences/Plant sciences Physical sciences/Engineering Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) Mechanical harvesting Prototype machine Agricultural mechanization Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 1. Introduction Poppy ( Papaver somniferum L.) is an annual crop plant belonging to the Papaveraceae family with high economic and pharmaceutical value. In addition to being one of the basic raw materials of the pharmaceutical industry thanks to its alkaloids such as morphine, codeine and tebain, this plant draws attention with the use of oils obtained from its seeds in many industries such as food, cosmetics and biodiesel (Yücelşengün et al., 2020 ; Cesur et al., 2021 ). It has also been determined that poppy seeds have high antioxidant capacity (Şahin and Bursal, 2023). Turkey has accumulated significant experiences in terms of both legal regulations and agricultural practices in poppy cultivation and opium production in the historical process and has been recognized by the United Nations as one of the legal producing countries (Başlamışlı, 2021 ). In this context, Turkey maintains its leadership in this field with 64% of the world's poppy cultivation area (TMO, 2019). Poppy production is a process that needs to be optimized not only in terms of quantity but also quality. Morphine and similar alkaloid contents are directly related to genetic variations, climatic factors and agricultural management practices (Hope et al., 2020 ; Krošlák et al., 2017 ; György et al., 2022 ). Therefore, the harvesting process is as important as the cultivation of the poppy plant. Especially in terms of alkaloid contents, the timing, method and application of harvesting play a critical role in terms of plant yield and substance loss (Yanardağ et al., 2024 ). In Turkey, poppy harvesting is mostly done manually, which brings problems such as high labor requirements, low productivity and increased costs (Hacıyusufoğlu, 2013 ). On the other hand, since poppy is usually grown in small plots, there are incompatibilities in the use of large-scale mechanized harvesting machines. Variability in plant height and irregularities in land structure negatively affect machine efficiency (Kadıoğlu, 2007 ). Nevertheless, special adapters and mowers developed for poppy harvesting in European countries reduce labor costs and increase efficiency in capsule harvesting (Németh, 1998 ; Özarslan et al., 2018 ). One of the important advantages of mechanical harvesting systems is the even and uniform separation of ripe capsules from their stems (Sproll et al., 2006 ; Yamaguchi et al., 2010 ). However, some mechanical systems also mix capsule fragments and stalk remnants into the content during the seed sorting stage, which can cause quality control problems, especially in pharmaceutical production (Földesi, 1992 ). In this context, especially for countries like Turkey where small production plots are widespread, the development of capsule-focused, simplified but effective systems in poppy harvesting is a priority. In the study conducted by Özarslan et al. ( 2018 ), a prototype machine that can harvest poppy plants, separate the capsule from the stem, is suitable for domestic production and can be used in medium-sized lands was designed. This machine was evaluated in terms of mowing quality, stem-capsule separation and mechanical compatibility and was positioned as a step that will contribute to the widespread mechanization of poppy cultivation. Since poppy is a sensitive plant, the design of the harvesting machine is important. In their study, Sonavane et al. conducted studies for similar products. Field evaluations were made to evaluate harvest efficiency, chopping losses and field capacity at different forward and blade speeds (Sonavane et all., 2025). The main objective of this study is to present the design and production process of a system for capsule harvesting only, which is suitable for the mechanical harvesting difficulties encountered in poppy production in Turkey. The prototype developed for this purpose simplifies the harvesting process, reduces the need for labor and offers a technical solution to the producer. The findings obtained can contribute to both national agricultural policies and modern agricultural mechanization practices. In the developed prototype machine; unlike the previous machines, the brush transportation system, pulling brush system and 3-point cutting process were used for the first time. 2. Materials Unlike previous designs, the developed prototype machine is intended to calibrate each plant to the same size and to minimize the rate of foreign matter and lost matter while doing this process. The flow chart of the operation of the prototype machine is given in Fig. 1 . The closed schematic solid model image of the developed machine is given in Fig. 2 . 2.1 Brush Designs Before developing the prototype machine, the physico-mechanical properties of the poppy plant were determined in the field (Güngör & Akıncı, 2024 ). Based on the physico-mechanical properties identified, the height and length of the prototype machine, as well as the positions of the carrier brush, pulling brush, and cutting blades, were determined. The solid model views of the designed carrier brush and pulling brush are shown in Fig. 3 . The rotary motion of the brushes was driven by DC motors operating at a constant speed of 30 rpm. In the design of the carrier brush; the length of the brushes and the height of the plants were taken into consideration for the distance between the brushes. The average height of the poppy plant in the field was found to be 115 cm (Güngör, 2023 ). The height of the carrier brush of the prototype machine was designed by taking this value as reference. 2.2 Cutting Blades The mowing unit is equipped with 3 cutting blades. The position of the cutting blades used for the three-point cutting process is such that all plant heights of different sizes are brought to the same height until they reach the end of the prototype mowing unit. The task of the 1st blade in the prototype machine is to separate the plant from the soil. Therefore, this blade is mounted at the point where the plant enters the prototype machine (Fig. 4 .). The task of the 2nd blade is to shorten very branched and tall plants, both to separate the branched structure from each other and to shorten the tall plants, so it is mounted under the pulling brush (Fig. 5 .). The task of the 3rd blade is to separate the poppy capsule from the poppy stalk at the knuckle point, which is considered the most efficient point for harvesting. The 3rd cutting blade is placed just below the carrier brush as shown in Fig. 6 . In this way, the cutting process was realized from the knuckle point at the bottom of the capsule. Cutting blade motors were supplied with 220 V AC voltage. Circular cutting method was used for the cutting process. The reason for this is to ensure that the plant stem can continue along the carrier brush after the cutting process without getting stuck. The rotation speed of the cutting blades was determined as 7700 rpm. At this speed, it was determined that the loss was the least and the cutting process was the most suitable (Güngör, 2023 ). Güngör and Akıncı ( 2024 ) determined the vertical shear values of white poppy plant in their study. Vertical and circular cutting values of 7700 rpm circular white poppy plant are given in Table 1 . Table 1 Circular and vertical shear data Vertical cutting Circular cutting k constant Constant k at shear Rotation - 7700 rpm - - Advance speed 0.0000833 m/s 20 m/s - - Cutting force (Top) 42 N 3.45 N 0.08 0.005 Cutting force (Medium) 72.5 N 5.18 N 0.07 0.027 Cutting force (Bottom) 129 N 6.48 N 0.05 0.025 Cutting power (Top) 0.0035 W 160 W 3980 248 Cutting power (Medium) 0.0060 W 240 W 2718 1019 Cutting power (Bottom) 0.01075 W 300 W 2572 1286 The equation in 1. was used for the calculation of the vertical cutting force and circular cutting force. For all circular cutting operations, a time period of 1 hour was taken as reference. $$\:{\mathbf{P}}_{\mathbf{v}\mathbf{e}\mathbf{r}\mathbf{t}\mathbf{i}\mathbf{c}\mathbf{a}\mathbf{l}}={\mathbf{F}}_{\mathbf{v}\mathbf{e}\mathbf{r}\mathbf{t}\mathbf{i}\mathbf{c}\mathbf{a}\mathbf{l}}.\mathbf{V}=>\:{\mathbf{P}}_{\mathbf{c}\mathbf{i}\mathbf{r}\mathbf{c}\mathbf{u}\mathbf{l}\mathbf{a}\mathbf{r}}={\mathbf{F}}_{\mathbf{c}\mathbf{i}\mathbf{r}\mathbf{c}\mathbf{u}\mathbf{l}\mathbf{a}\mathbf{r}}.\frac{2\varvec{\pi\:}\mathbf{r}}{\mathbf{t}}$$ 1 P vertical : Vertical cutting power, W \(\:\text{F}\) vertical : Vertical shear force, N V : Cutting speed, m/s P circular : Circular cutting power, W \(\:\text{F}\) circular : Circular shear force, N R : Disk radius, m T : Time, s The equation in 2. is used to find the k constant between forces. F circular = k. F vertical (2) \(\:\text{F}\) circular : Circular shear force, N \(\:\text{F}\) vertical : Vertical shear force, N k : Constant between forces The above-mentioned carrier brush, pulling brush and cutting process from 3 different points stand out as innovative features unlike previous designs. 2.3 Guiding arms and Conveyor belt In front of the prototype machine, deflector arms were designed to straighten the tilted plants and take them between the conveyor brushes, and behind the machine, a conveyor belt was designed to transport them to the warehouse after harvesting. These designs are shown in Fig. 7. Since the prototype machine was designed for single row harvesting, a 5 cm stalk entry gap was left after the guiding arms. The conveyor belt motor was supplied with 12 V DC voltage. The distance between the steps to carry the capsule on the conveyor belt to the storage was chosen as 30 cm. The technical drawing of the designed machine is shown in Fig. 8 ., the solid model is shown in Fig. 9 . and the prototype manufacturing is shown in Fig. 10 . 3. Research Findings: Laboratory and Field Trials Plants of different height and number of capsules were used in the trials. Harvest success was evaluated on the basis of capsule internode cutting rate and loss rate. Laboratory and field conditions were designed separately and prototype performance was tested for each. Different height and number of capsules were based on the study of Güngör ( 2023 ). Plants with different number of capsules in the harvesting process are shown in Fig. 11 . A visualization of the experimental design for laboratory conditions is given in Fig. 12 . A visual of the harvesting process in the field is given in Fig. 13 . The appearance of the plant stem and capsule at the end of the harvesting process is given in Fig. 14 . As seen in Fig. 14 , the plant stem is divided into 3 parts. This provides an advantage over other harvesting methods as it facilitates the incorporation of the plant stem into the soil as fertilizer. A sample of the harvest results is given in Table 2 . Table 2 Prototype machine harvesting trial result Poppy size (cm) 86–105 Number of capsules per plant (number) 1 2 3 4+ Witness parcel Under-node stalk cutting length 0–25 mm a* 22 21 15 16 21 26–50 mm b 0 1 3 5 2 51–75 mm b 1 0 2 1 1 76–100 mm b 0 1 2 1 0 100 + mm b 1 1 2 1 0 Amount of loss (quantity) 2 4 3 3 2 Loss rate (%) 7.69 14.28 11.11 11.11 7.69 *: The difference between means with the same letter is statistically insignificant (P > 0.01) In the experimental design, poppy plant height was taken between 86 cm and 105 cm. Plants with 1,2,3,4 or more capsules and witness plot treatment are shown in separate columns. The most efficient point of harvesting is the node under the capsule. Five different sub-node length classifications were made as 0–25, 26–50, 51–75, 51 − 50, 76–100 and over 100 and a success class was formed. In addition, the amount of loss during the harvesting process was also classified in the table. It has been stated that the yield of morphine and its derivatives obtained from poppy capsule decreases as the length of the stalk under the internode increases (Güngör, 2023 ). As seen in Table 2 ., the highest number of capsules harvested was realized in the 0–25 mm internode stem length mowing/cutting group. In the evaluation made according to the number of capsules in the plant, it can be said that the most successful result was obtained in plants with 1 capsule. The highest harvesting/cutting loss occurred in plants with 2 capsules. The least harvest/harvest loss occurred in plants with 1 capsule. It was also observed that stem length increased as the number of capsules increased. Güngör ( 2023 ) also included the results of other experimental designs in his study. The results of the experimental designs are similar. It can be said that harvest success increases as the number of capsules decreases. 4. Conclusions In this study, an electronically controlled prototype machine was developed for mechanized harvesting of poppy plants. AC and DC motors were utilised for electronic control, and circuits were made for these motors to rotate in different speeds and directions. A carrier brush design was realized for the prototype machine. Brushes with a length of 3.5 cm were placed on a belt at 0.8 cm intervals to transport the poppy plant. The closed length of the belt is 250 cm. Thanks to the carrier brush, the plant is transported without damage. By increasing the hardness of the brushes placed on the belt, longer brushes can be driven, so that the number of harvest rows can be increased in planting with the row sowing method. By increasing the closed length of the belt, the progress speed can also be increased. The pulling brushes convey the intercepted plants vertically toward the carrier brush mechanism. In the prototype, the circular cutting method, which is rarely used in harvesting machines, was used. The speed of the motor to which the blade is connected was controlled. In addition, the cutting process was done at three different points. In most of today's harvesting machines, cutting is done from a single point. The design was made to perform the cutting process from three different points. In this way, the calibration process and the harvesting process were more successful. The progress speed can be increased by increasing the length of the carrying brush of the prototype mower, in this case, the number of circular cutting blades can be increased and the length of the carrying brush can be increased and the calibration process in this case can be made more successful. For the prototype machine, a stepped conveyor belt was designed to transport the harvested capsules to the warehouse. In the front part of the prototype, guiding arms were made so that the tilted plants could be grasped by the carrier brushes. If the length of the conveyor brush and the pulling brush is increased, the distance between the guiding arms can also be increased since the harvesting sequence in row crop fields can be increased. The prototype machine is manually operated by the user through push-assisted propulsion. Declarations Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Declaration of Generative AI and AI assisted technologies in the writing process During the preparation of this work the authors used ChatGPT for grammar and clarity improvements. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication. Declaration of Interest Statement The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. This article was produced from the doctoral dissertation of the 1st author. Data Availability The datasets generated during the current study are not publicly available due to the absence of a suitable public repository for engineering prototype data but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Author Contribution OG wrote the article, collected the data, performed the analyses, and this article was also derived from this author's doctoral thesis. IA performed structural reviews, provided consulting, and made corrections.All authors reviewed the manuscript. References Başlamışlı, M. (2021). Abd’nin Türkiye’ye yönelik ambargo kararına ilişkin haşhaş sorunu yerine 1974 Kıbrıs krizini ön plana çıkarma girişimi. 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(2022). Genetic diversity and relationships of opium poppy accessions based on SSR markers. Agriculture, 12 (9), 1343. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12091343 Hacıyusufoğlu, A. F. (2013). Laboratuvar koşullarında haşhaş kapsül toplama sisteminin geliştirilmesi (Doktora tezi, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tarım Makinaları Anabilim Dalı). Hope, E., Carins‐Murphy, M., Hudson, C., Baxter, L., & Gracie, A. (2020). Opium poppy capsule growth and alkaloid production is constrained by shade during early floral development. Annals of Applied Biology, 176 (3), 296–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12581 Kadıoğlu, Y. (2007). Uşak’ta haşhaş tarımının coğrafi özellikleri. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 12 (18), 165–186. Krošlák, E., Maliar, T., Nemeček, P., Viskupičová, J., Maliarová, M., Havrlentová, M., & Kraic, J. (2017). Antioxidant and proteinase inhibitory activities of selected poppy ( Papaver somniferum L. ) genotypes. 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Haşhaş (Papaver somniferum L.) bitkisinin kimyasal içerik, antioksidan aktivite ve asetilkolinesteraz enzim inhibisyonu özelliklerinin belirlenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü). TMO (Toprak Mahsulleri Ofisi). (2019). 2018 yılı haşhaş sektör raporu . Toprak Mahsulleri Ofisi Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara. Yamaguchi, K., Hayashida, M., Hayakawa, H., Nihira, M., & Ohno, Y. (2010). Urinary morphine and codeine concentrations after ingestion of bean-jam buns decorated with poppy seeds. Forensic Toxicology, 29 (1), 69–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-010-0099-5 Yanardağ, Y., Day, S., & Bayraktar, N. (2024). Characterization of capsule morphologic properties and alkaloid contents of Turkish poppy genotypes within Ankara environmental conditions. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 34 (4), 1031–1039. https://doi.org/10.36899/japs.2024.4.0785 Yücelşengün, İ., Yücel, E., Öztürk, B., & Kılıç, G. (2020). Haşhaş ( Papaver somniforum ) çeşitlerinin tohum yağlarının yağ asidi kompozisyonu, toplam fenolik madde miktarı, antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri. Gıda / The Journal of Food, 45 (5), 954–962. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.gd20061 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files GrafikselAbstract.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6954412","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":476763230,"identity":"ee4b6a1d-1d6b-47e1-b0ca-b9be57449b41","order_by":0,"name":"Orhan GÜNGÖR","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Orhan","middleName":"","lastName":"GÜNGÖR","suffix":""},{"id":476763231,"identity":"960d9952-c38d-47ce-9482-d0becb2a7967","order_by":1,"name":"İbrahim AKINCI","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Akdeniz University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"İbrahim","middleName":"","lastName":"AKINCI","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-23 08:23:30","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6954412/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6954412/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":85555254,"identity":"508aebee-fb8f-4895-b419-67f1fc43ec6a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-27 10:59:30","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":237688,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWork flow chart of the prototype machine\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6954412/v1/302ef12ebf09952df904558d.png"},{"id":85556404,"identity":"cc4580c3-f259-4587-b3ee-30de086b8890","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-27 11:15:30","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":246514,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePrototype machine closed schematic solid model: (a) Perspective view, (b) front view\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6954412/v1/1a723e879f414c5017444930.png"},{"id":85555255,"identity":"69d5b3c4-bc26-47c8-81fd-6a28c968e1db","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-27 10:59:30","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":204198,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 2. Brush designs: (a) carrier brush, (b) pulling brush\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6954412/v1/6f2a7fdc9216c5fb2052d5da.png"},{"id":85555259,"identity":"6a1571e0-fe71-45bc-85cd-70022b61f83e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-27 10:59:30","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":398702,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 3. First(1.) cutting blade layout\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6954412/v1/90c679d0fcf1dbd174f12e08.png"},{"id":85555528,"identity":"3c0ce9a5-330d-4764-9f6d-9bd6bd84feee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-27 11:07:30","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":378537,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 4. Second(2.) cutting blade placement\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6954412/v1/20bd6b8ce7fac8140e5c2778.png"},{"id":85555264,"identity":"7915a1b7-0940-456e-9fad-aca6893ae089","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-27 10:59:31","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":302119,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 5. Third(3.) cutter blade layout: (a) realized assembly, (b) solid model view\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6954412/v1/c836995cfbe88e7d80d578f4.png"},{"id":85555263,"identity":"6c3d8401-61c7-427b-9ae8-fc607a7397ed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-27 10:59:30","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":231435,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 6. Additional designs: (a) guiding arms, (b) conveyor belt\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6954412/v1/8d3385cc6b762c24bccf23eb.png"},{"id":85555532,"identity":"26c8ffac-9e08-489f-92dd-5db48b876347","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-27 11:07:31","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":253467,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePrototype machine technical drawing\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6954412/v1/9824f00b4e7cd650a5b1bb8f.png"},{"id":85556407,"identity":"0dd105a2-c015-4853-9527-f58f644eb118","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-27 11:15:31","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":340696,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePrototype machine solid model side view\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6954412/v1/98695d124f8a1bd5bffc6f05.png"},{"id":85555277,"identity":"efa86647-1326-4875-a78d-c672af4a89dd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-27 10:59:31","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":411440,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSide view of the prototype machine\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6954412/v1/d0041160e9390d84ff004cab.png"},{"id":85555544,"identity":"914fddcd-5641-4cf8-9a83-973c66f92b65","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-27 11:07:31","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":86432,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePoppy plants with different capsule numbers\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6954412/v1/a1adcba0e8fcc12cd413db44.png"},{"id":85556405,"identity":"505d3bde-ad0b-4471-9733-c7add4628057","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-27 11:15:31","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":805262,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHarvesting process under laboratory conditions\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6954412/v1/87234c5166faf538b30cdb45.png"},{"id":85555275,"identity":"4f235d16-2b50-4c2e-a051-87ccd88861e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-27 10:59:31","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":764841,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHarvesting process in the field\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6954412/v1/8afb73a7d3bfbf60a851f094.png"},{"id":85555292,"identity":"e7c687ef-0e65-433b-8f8d-9dcdd0dd71dd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-27 10:59:31","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":254918,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCutting points of poppy plant\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6954412/v1/08d6030f6232fdaa7d60aa11.png"},{"id":90173731,"identity":"154239ed-476f-435e-aafd-ffc2b454d2be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-29 11:53:49","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":6194087,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6954412/v1/c5cfe809-6c42-45c8-992d-05052401a239.pdf"},{"id":85555529,"identity":"c12fde37-a695-4861-94ac-3c680ac87ce7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-27 11:07:31","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":271914,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"GrafikselAbstract.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6954412/v1/67f69534f0303a09f1cd452d.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Design and Prototype Development Of A Harvesting Machine Mower For Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Plant","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePoppy (\u003cem\u003ePapaver somniferum L.) is\u003c/em\u003e an annual crop plant belonging to the Papaveraceae family with high economic and pharmaceutical value. In addition to being one of the basic raw materials of the pharmaceutical industry thanks to its alkaloids such as morphine, codeine and tebain, this plant draws attention with the use of oils obtained from its seeds in many industries such as food, cosmetics and biodiesel (Y\u0026uuml;celşeng\u0026uuml;n et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Cesur et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). It has also been determined that poppy seeds have high antioxidant capacity (Şahin and Bursal, 2023). Turkey has accumulated significant experiences in terms of both legal regulations and agricultural practices in poppy cultivation and opium production in the historical process and has been recognized by the United Nations as one of the legal producing countries (Başlamışlı, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, Turkey maintains its leadership in this field with 64% of the world's poppy cultivation area (TMO, 2019).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoppy production is a process that needs to be optimized not only in terms of quantity but also quality. Morphine and similar alkaloid contents are directly related to genetic variations, climatic factors and agricultural management practices (Hope et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Krošl\u0026aacute;k et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Gy\u0026ouml;rgy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the harvesting process is as important as the cultivation of the poppy plant. Especially in terms of alkaloid contents, the timing, method and application of harvesting play a critical role in terms of plant yield and substance loss (Yanardağ et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Turkey, poppy harvesting is mostly done manually, which brings problems such as high labor requirements, low productivity and increased costs (Hacıyusufoğlu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, since poppy is usually grown in small plots, there are incompatibilities in the use of large-scale mechanized harvesting machines. Variability in plant height and irregularities in land structure negatively affect machine efficiency (Kadıoğlu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Nevertheless, special adapters and mowers developed for poppy harvesting in European countries reduce labor costs and increase efficiency in capsule harvesting (N\u0026eacute;meth, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; \u0026Ouml;zarslan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the important advantages of mechanical harvesting systems is the even and uniform separation of ripe capsules from their stems (Sproll et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Yamaguchi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). However, some mechanical systems also mix capsule fragments and stalk remnants into the content during the seed sorting stage, which can cause quality control problems, especially in pharmaceutical production (F\u0026ouml;ldesi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this context, especially for countries like Turkey where small production plots are widespread, the development of capsule-focused, simplified but effective systems in poppy harvesting is a priority. In the study conducted by \u0026Ouml;zarslan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), a prototype machine that can harvest poppy plants, separate the capsule from the stem, is suitable for domestic production and can be used in medium-sized lands was designed. This machine was evaluated in terms of mowing quality, stem-capsule separation and mechanical compatibility and was positioned as a step that will contribute to the widespread mechanization of poppy cultivation. Since poppy is a sensitive plant, the design of the harvesting machine is important. In their study, Sonavane et al. conducted studies for similar products. Field evaluations were made to evaluate harvest efficiency, chopping losses and field capacity at different forward and blade speeds (Sonavane et all., 2025).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main objective of this study is to present the design and production process of a system for capsule harvesting only, which is suitable for the mechanical harvesting difficulties encountered in poppy production in Turkey. The prototype developed for this purpose simplifies the harvesting process, reduces the need for labor and offers a technical solution to the producer. The findings obtained can contribute to both national agricultural policies and modern agricultural mechanization practices. In the developed prototype machine; unlike the previous machines, the brush transportation system, pulling brush system and 3-point cutting process were used for the first time.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials","content":"\u003cp\u003eUnlike previous designs, the developed prototype machine is intended to calibrate each plant to the same size and to minimize the rate of foreign matter and lost matter while doing this process. The flow chart of the operation of the prototype machine is given in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe closed schematic solid model image of the developed machine is given in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Brush Designs\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBefore developing the prototype machine, the physico-mechanical properties of the poppy plant were determined in the field (G\u0026uuml;ng\u0026ouml;r \u0026amp; Akıncı, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Based on the physico-mechanical properties identified, the height and length of the prototype machine, as well as the positions of the carrier brush, pulling brush, and cutting blades, were determined. The solid model views of the designed carrier brush and pulling brush are shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe rotary motion of the brushes was driven by DC motors operating at a constant speed of 30 rpm. In the design of the carrier brush; the length of the brushes and the height of the plants were taken into consideration for the distance between the brushes. The average height of the poppy plant in the field was found to be 115 cm (G\u0026uuml;ng\u0026ouml;r, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The height of the carrier brush of the prototype machine was designed by taking this value as reference.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Cutting Blades\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe mowing unit is equipped with 3 cutting blades. The position of the cutting blades used for the three-point cutting process is such that all plant heights of different sizes are brought to the same height until they reach the end of the prototype mowing unit. The task of the 1st blade in the prototype machine is to separate the plant from the soil. Therefore, this blade is mounted at the point where the plant enters the prototype machine (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe task of the 2nd blade is to shorten very branched and tall plants, both to separate the branched structure from each other and to shorten the tall plants, so it is mounted under the pulling brush (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe task of the 3rd blade is to separate the poppy capsule from the poppy stalk at the knuckle point, which is considered the most efficient point for harvesting. The 3rd cutting blade is placed just below the carrier brush as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. In this way, the cutting process was realized from the knuckle point at the bottom of the capsule.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCutting blade motors were supplied with 220 V AC voltage. Circular cutting method was used for the cutting process. The reason for this is to ensure that the plant stem can continue along the carrier brush after the cutting process without getting stuck. The rotation speed of the cutting blades was determined as 7700 rpm. At this speed, it was determined that the loss was the least and the cutting process was the most suitable (G\u0026uuml;ng\u0026ouml;r, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG\u0026uuml;ng\u0026ouml;r and Akıncı (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) determined the vertical shear values of white poppy plant in their study. Vertical and circular cutting values of 7700 rpm circular white poppy plant are given in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCircular and vertical shear data\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVertical cutting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCircular cutting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ek constant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstant k at shear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRotation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7700 rpm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdvance speed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000833 m/s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 m/s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCutting force (Top)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.45 N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCutting force (Medium)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.5 N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.18 N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCutting force (Bottom)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129 N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.48 N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCutting power (Top)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0035 W\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160 W\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3980\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e248\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCutting power (Medium)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0060 W\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e240 W\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2718\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCutting power (Bottom)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01075 W\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300 W\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2572\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1286\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe equation in 1. was used for the calculation of the vertical cutting force and circular cutting force. For all circular cutting operations, a time period of 1 hour was taken as reference.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:{\\mathbf{P}}_{\\mathbf{v}\\mathbf{e}\\mathbf{r}\\mathbf{t}\\mathbf{i}\\mathbf{c}\\mathbf{a}\\mathbf{l}}={\\mathbf{F}}_{\\mathbf{v}\\mathbf{e}\\mathbf{r}\\mathbf{t}\\mathbf{i}\\mathbf{c}\\mathbf{a}\\mathbf{l}}.\\mathbf{V}=\u0026gt;\\:{\\mathbf{P}}_{\\mathbf{c}\\mathbf{i}\\mathbf{r}\\mathbf{c}\\mathbf{u}\\mathbf{l}\\mathbf{a}\\mathbf{r}}={\\mathbf{F}}_{\\mathbf{c}\\mathbf{i}\\mathbf{r}\\mathbf{c}\\mathbf{u}\\mathbf{l}\\mathbf{a}\\mathbf{r}}.\\frac{2\\varvec{\\pi\\:}\\mathbf{r}}{\\mathbf{t}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003evertical\u003c/sub\u003e : Vertical cutting power, W\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{F}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e \u003csub\u003evertical\u003c/sub\u003e : Vertical shear force, N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eV : Cutting speed, m/s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003ecircular\u003c/sub\u003e : Circular cutting power, W\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{F}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e \u003csub\u003ecircular\u003c/sub\u003e : Circular shear force, N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR : Disk radius, m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT : Time, s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe equation in 2. is used to find the k constant between forces.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003csub\u003ecircular\u003c/sub\u003e= k. F\u003csub\u003evertical\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{F}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e \u003csub\u003ecircular\u003c/sub\u003e : Circular shear force, N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{F}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e \u003csub\u003evertical\u003c/sub\u003e : Vertical shear force, N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ek : Constant between forces\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe above-mentioned carrier brush, pulling brush and cutting process from 3 different points stand out as innovative features unlike previous designs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Guiding arms and Conveyor belt\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn front of the prototype machine, deflector arms were designed to straighten the tilted plants and take them between the conveyor brushes, and behind the machine, a conveyor belt was designed to transport them to the warehouse after harvesting. These designs are shown in Fig. 7.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSince the prototype machine was designed for single row harvesting, a 5 cm stalk entry gap was left after the guiding arms. The conveyor belt motor was supplied with 12 V DC voltage. The distance between the steps to carry the capsule on the conveyor belt to the storage was chosen as 30 cm.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe technical drawing of the designed machine is shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e., the solid model is shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e. and the prototype manufacturing is shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Research Findings: Laboratory and Field Trials","content":"\u003cp\u003ePlants of different height and number of capsules were used in the trials. Harvest success was evaluated on the basis of capsule internode cutting rate and loss rate. Laboratory and field conditions were designed separately and prototype performance was tested for each. Different height and number of capsules were based on the study of G\u0026uuml;ng\u0026ouml;r (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Plants with different number of capsules in the harvesting process are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA visualization of the experimental design for laboratory conditions is given in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA visual of the harvesting process in the field is given in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe appearance of the plant stem and capsule at the end of the harvesting process is given in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e. As seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, the plant stem is divided into 3 parts. This provides an advantage over other harvesting methods as it facilitates the incorporation of the plant stem into the soil as fertilizer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA sample of the harvest results is given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrototype machine harvesting trial result\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoppy size (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u0026ndash;105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of capsules per plant (number)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWitness parcel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder-node stalk cutting length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;25 mm \u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u0026ndash;50 mm \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u0026ndash;75 mm \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u0026ndash;100 mm \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;mm \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmount of loss (quantity)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoss rate (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e*: The difference between means with the same letter is statistically insignificant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.01)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the experimental design, poppy plant height was taken between 86 cm and 105 cm. Plants with 1,2,3,4 or more capsules and witness plot treatment are shown in separate columns. The most efficient point of harvesting is the node under the capsule. Five different sub-node length classifications were made as 0\u0026ndash;25, 26\u0026ndash;50, 51\u0026ndash;75, 51\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;50, 76\u0026ndash;100 and over 100 and a success class was formed. In addition, the amount of loss during the harvesting process was also classified in the table. It has been stated that the yield of morphine and its derivatives obtained from poppy capsule decreases as the length of the stalk under the internode increases (G\u0026uuml;ng\u0026ouml;r, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs seen in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e., the highest number of capsules harvested was realized in the 0\u0026ndash;25 mm internode stem length mowing/cutting group. In the evaluation made according to the number of capsules in the plant, it can be said that the most successful result was obtained in plants with 1 capsule. The highest harvesting/cutting loss occurred in plants with 2 capsules. The least harvest/harvest loss occurred in plants with 1 capsule. It was also observed that stem length increased as the number of capsules increased.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u0026uuml;ng\u0026ouml;r (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) also included the results of other experimental designs in his study. The results of the experimental designs are similar. It can be said that harvest success increases as the number of capsules decreases.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, an electronically controlled prototype machine was developed for mechanized harvesting of poppy plants. AC and DC motors were utilised for electronic control, and circuits were made for these motors to rotate in different speeds and directions. A carrier brush design was realized for the prototype machine. Brushes with a length of 3.5 cm were placed on a belt at 0.8 cm intervals to transport the poppy plant. The closed length of the belt is 250 cm. Thanks to the carrier brush, the plant is transported without damage. By increasing the hardness of the brushes placed on the belt, longer brushes can be driven, so that the number of harvest rows can be increased in planting with the row sowing method. By increasing the closed length of the belt, the progress speed can also be increased.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pulling brushes convey the intercepted plants vertically toward the carrier brush mechanism. In the prototype, the circular cutting method, which is rarely used in harvesting machines, was used. The speed of the motor to which the blade is connected was controlled. In addition, the cutting process was done at three different points. In most of today's harvesting machines, cutting is done from a single point. The design was made to perform the cutting process from three different points. In this way, the calibration process and the harvesting process were more successful. The progress speed can be increased by increasing the length of the carrying brush of the prototype mower, in this case, the number of circular cutting blades can be increased and the length of the carrying brush can be increased and the calibration process in this case can be made more successful.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the prototype machine, a stepped conveyor belt was designed to transport the harvested capsules to the warehouse. In the front part of the prototype, guiding arms were made so that the tilted plants could be grasped by the carrier brushes. If the length of the conveyor brush and the pulling brush is increased, the distance between the guiding arms can also be increased since the harvesting sequence in row crop fields can be increased.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prototype machine is manually operated by the user through push-assisted propulsion.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of Generative AI and AI assisted technologies in the writing process\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the preparation of this work the authors used ChatGPT for grammar and clarity improvements. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of Interest Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis article was produced from the doctoral dissertation of the 1st author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during the current study are not publicly available due to the absence of a suitable public repository for engineering prototype data but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOG wrote the article, collected the data, performed the analyses, and this article was also derived from this author's doctoral thesis. IA performed structural reviews, provided consulting, and made corrections.All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaşlamışlı, M. (2021). Abd\u0026rsquo;nin T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;ye y\u0026ouml;nelik ambargo kararına ilişkin haşhaş sorunu yerine 1974 Kıbrıs krizini \u0026ouml;n plana \u0026ccedil;ıkarma girişimi. \u003cem\u003eAsia Minor Studies, 9\u003c/em\u003e(1), 695\u0026ndash;712. https://doi.org/10.17067/asm.827640\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCesur, C., Eryilmaz, T., Uskutoğlu, T., Doğan, H., Şenkal, B., \u0026amp; Sezer, S. (2021). Determination of the biodiesel fuel characteristics of poppy (\u003cem\u003ePapaver somniferum L.\u003c/em\u003e) seed oil. \u003cem\u003eKonya Journal of Engineering Sciences, 9\u003c/em\u003e(3), 797\u0026ndash;808. https://doi.org/10.36306/konjes.869723\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eF\u0026ouml;ldesi, D. (1992). Poppy. In L. 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Characterization of capsule morphologic properties and alkaloid contents of Turkish poppy genotypes within Ankara environmental conditions. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 34\u003c/em\u003e(4), 1031\u0026ndash;1039. https://doi.org/10.36899/japs.2024.4.0785\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eY\u0026uuml;celşeng\u0026uuml;n, İ., Y\u0026uuml;cel, E., \u0026Ouml;zt\u0026uuml;rk, B., \u0026amp; Kılı\u0026ccedil;, G. (2020). Haşhaş (\u003cem\u003ePapaver somniforum\u003c/em\u003e) \u0026ccedil;eşitlerinin tohum yağlarının yağ asidi kompozisyonu, toplam fenolik madde miktarı, antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri. \u003cem\u003eGıda / The Journal of Food, 45\u003c/em\u003e(5), 954\u0026ndash;962. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.gd20061\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.), Mechanical harvesting, Prototype machine, Agricultural mechanization","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6954412/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6954412/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, a capsule-oriented prototype machine for mechanical harvesting of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) was developed and its design features and performance were evaluated. In Turkey, poppy cultivation is mostly carried out in small plots and harvesting operations are usually carried out manually. This situation both increases the need for labor and leads to crop losses. The prototype machine has been designed to provide a solution to these problems, including a carrier brush, a pulling brush and a three-point circular cutting system. During the design process, the physico-mechanical properties of the poppy plant were determined and cutting blade placements and motor selections were made in line with these properties. The harvesting success of the machine was analysed under different plant heights and capsule numbers through experiments conducted under laboratory and field conditions. The highest success rate was obtained especially in the cuts made at 0-25 mm internode stem length. It was determined that the circular cutting system worked with lower force and more efficiently compared to vertical cutting. In addition, the AC and DC motor systems used in the machine optimized the plant transport and capsule cutting processes by providing different speed and direction controls. The results show that the prototype machine is successful in terms of both efficiency and quality and can be applied in wider areas by integrating automatic feed systems in the future. This study presents an original application that will contribute to the spread of modern mechanization in poppy agriculture.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Design and Prototype Development Of A Harvesting Machine Mower For Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Plant","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-27 10:59:26","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6954412/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5c1874b6-f883-4db7-801f-0a49b48064df","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 27th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":50627002,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences"},{"id":50627003,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-29T11:53:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-27 10:59:26","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6954412","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6954412","identity":"rs-6954412","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}