Trends and determinants of diarrhea among under-five children in Gambia, evidence from 2013 – 2019/20 Gambian demographic and health survey; multilevel binary logistic regression and multivariate decomposition analysis

Trends and determinants of diarrhea among under-five children in Gambia, evidence from 2013 – 2019/20 Gambian demographic and health survey; multilevel binary logistic regression and multivariate decomposition analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Trends and determinants of diarrhea among under-five children in Gambia, evidence from 2013 – 2019/20 Gambian demographic and health survey; multilevel binary logistic regression and multivariate decomposition analysis Yitateku Adugna Agmas, Abebew Aklog Asmare This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1761711/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Diarrhea is the opening of three and more movable or liquid stools per day, or more frequently than is common for the individual. It is usually an indicator of gastrointestinal infection which can be caused by a variety of bacterial, viral, and parasitic organisms. Objective This study aimed to analyze the trend and determinants of diarrhea prevalence among under-five children within the Gambia for the last five years (2013–2019/20). Methods A total of 6,705 in 2013, and 5,780 in 2019/20 under-five aged children were involved in this study. Multivariate decomposition and multilevel analysis based on a binary logistic regression analysis approach were performed. Results 74.57% of the change in diarrhea prevalence over time was attributable to differences in behavior. Unimproved water source (AOR = 1.4061; 95% CI: 1.0415–1.8982), Wollof ethnicity (AOR = 1.5442; 95% CI: 1.2196–1.9551), not vaccinated for rotavirus (AOR = 3.1476; 95% CI: 2.1486–4.6110) and for measles (AOR = 1.5128; 95% CI: 1.2384–1.8479), average birth size (AOR = 0.8038; 95% CI: 0.6555–0.9855), child age less than one year (AOR = 0.6160; 95% CI: 0.4710–0.8057). Conclusion The prevalence of diarrhea was significantly increased over the last five years and the decline was due to differences in behavior between the surveys. Source of drinking water, ethnicity, birth size, age of children, rotavirus, and measles vaccine were significantly associated with diarrhea among under-five children in the Gambia. Therefore, the Gambian régime should attention to the creation and topping up of behavioral change packages of the public regarding the protection of hygiene and sanitation of the community and their environment, vaccinating of their children to prevent diarrheal disease. Gambia Diarrhea Under-five Children Trend Binary logistic Figures Figure 1 Introduction Diarrhea is the initial of three and more movable or liquid stools per day, or additional repeatedly than is common for the individual people. It is commonly a sign of gastrointestinal poison which can be happen by a multiplicity of bacteriological, disease-causing, and sponging organisms [ 1 ]. Universally diarrhea is the second major cause of mortality among under-five children and responsible nearly one in five children deaths, and accounts for around 1.5 million children losses each year. Cumulatively, diarrhea only murders more childhood than acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), malaria, and measles [ 2 , 3 ]. Globally diarrhea is the key causes of childhood illness and death, mainly in emerging countries like Gambia. It is accountable for 525,000 losses [ 4 ], and 1.7 billion cases [ 5 ] among under five children each year. The microorganisms which are a source of diarrhea disease spread through unimproved water and contaminated food. They can also transferee from one individual to another individual. Microorganisms are usually common in situations with unimproved intake water and hygiene [ 6 ]. In emerging countries, a child involves three or more happenings of diarrheal illness per year [ 7 ]. Diarrhea becomes a severe reason of undernourishment and undernourished youngsters have a chance to fall ill from diarrhea [ 8 ]. Maximum losses from diarrhea happen among children less than two years of age living in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa [ 9 ]. Minor rotavirus poisons can be preserved successfully in the similar method as other forms of diarrhea, by giving liquids and salts (verbal rehydration treatment). But, children with severe rotavirus diarrhea can come to be dehydrated and regularly want intravenous solutions or they risk to dying. [ 10 ] The possibility reasons for diarrhea incidences different from place to place among children included the size of child at birth, type of toilet facility[ 11 ], quality of drinking water and lack of hygiene services reason the loss of millions of the world’s poorest individuals through diarrheal illnesses each year [ 12 , 13 ]. Additionally, studies shows that age of child [ 14 , 15 ], maternal education [ 14 , 16 , 17 ], lack of awareness of mothers/caregivers [ 18 , 19 ], lower socio-economic status [ 16 ], distance and source of drinking water[ 14 , 20 , 21 ], latrine and hand washing facilities [ 22 , 23 ], breast feeding [ 22 , 24 ], place of residence [ 11 , 23 , 25 ], disposal of children’s stool [ 25 , 26 ], family size [ 17 , 18 , 27 ], number of under-five children in the household [ 17 ], maternal age [ 18 ], and maternal employment status 16 as the determinant factors of diarrhea among under-five children. Rotavirus vaccines have to be announced as measure of a widespread method to control diarrheal illness, alongside with additional involvements including oral rehydration therapy, breastfeeding, zinc treatment, and improvements in water and hygiene.[ 28 ] Even though still illness and death of youngsters due to diarrhea is high in Gambia; the occurrence of diarrhea among under five children increase from 17% in 2013 to19% in 2019-20 [ 29 , 30 ]. The increases in the incidence of diarrhea is due the change of population growth in the country [ 29 ]. The problem of crucial attention in this study is just in what way of the variation is basically due to the enhancement of behavior suggesting the concrete raise in diarrhea occurrence and just how much is due to a compositional variation in the population distribution. Therefore, to end and control diarrhea, it is vital to differentiate the trends of diarrhea over time, source of deviation, the fundamental features for the variation in occurrence of diarrhea precisely and factors of diarrhea using appropriate statistical technique of analysis. Since unsuitable result clues to confusing deduction and involvement. But there is no suggestion that displays studies done at national level to determine main factors of diarrhea prevalence by considering the regional effect using mixed effect model method and that study the causal factors for the variation in the occurrence of diarrhea among youngsters through decomposition analysis. Therefore, the current study aimed to analyze the trend and determinants of diarrhea prevalence among under-five children within the Gambia for the last five years. Knowing the trends and determinants of diarrhea incidence could aid policymakers, and followers to take evidence-based involvement to reduce effectively the incidence of diarrhea. Materials And Methods Data Source and Population The current study used 2019/20, and 2013 GDHSs data. These GDHSs data are a countrywide representative cross-sectional survey executed in eight Local Government Areas (LGAs). In both GDHSs surveys, stratified two-stage clusters sampling was accomplished. Stratification was applied by dividing each specific Local Government Area into urban and rural areas. Therefore, a total of 14 sampling strata have been made. In the first step, a total of 281 Enumeration Areas (EAs) were randomly selected proportional to the enumeration areas size for each survey period. At the second phase, 25 households per enumeration area are designated [ 31 , 32 ]. Variables of the Study Variables exposed in this study were originated from studies that have been conducted at the international level [ 3 , 12 , 33 – 35 ]. The possible factor related with the occurrence of diarrhea for under-five children were included as variables in the current study. The variables of the study were taken out from Kid Record (KR file) from each GDHSs data set. The whole technique for sampling was labeled in the detailed GDHS report. Outcome Variable The outcome variable of this study was diarrhea status of children aged below five years. The outcome is specifying have not diarrhea coded by zero or have diarrhea coded by one. \({Y}_{ij}=\left\{\begin{array}{c}Have not diarrhea =0\\ Have diarrhea =1\end{array}\right.\) [ 1 ] Explanatory variables Local government areas of the study participants, types of place of residence, Religion, Ethnicity, Number of household member, Number of children 5 and under, Types of toilet facility, Sex of household head, Wealth index, Mothers education level, mothers husband education level, current working of mother, Birth order number, Child is twin, Sex of child, Duration of breastfeeding, Size of child, Covered by health insurance, Age of child, Media exposer, Received Measles, and Rotavirus were considered as independent variables for this study. Data Analysis The data were retrieved from the child Record (KR file for both GDHSs data set. Before the initial statistical analysis, the data were weighted via sampling weight for probability sampling to recover the representativeness of the survey and find consistent statistical estimates; the data analysis was executed by using STATA 16. The data inspection includes three important portions. First, descriptive statistics and trends were analyzed by each variable characteristics. Second, multivariate decomposition analysis was applied to hold the magnitude to which each nominated covariate contributed to the observed trend in diarrhea prevalence, finally, multilevel binary logistic regression analysis was applied to determine factors correlated to prevalence of diarrhea among under-five children in Gambia. Analysis of trend and decomposition The trend stage was particular period which is (2019/20–2013), and familiarized to see the changes in magnitude of diarrhea over the last five years for various features. The trend was evaluated through descriptive analyses method for each different levels of the covariates and was assessed 2019/202–2013 period. Multivariate decomposition analysis is used to understand the differences within the outcome between two survey (comparable 2013 and 2019/20 survey year). The decomposition procedure splits the entire increment in prevalence of diarrhea into two parts; the part that may be recognized to the variation in composition or the occurrence of a collection of indicators (stated as endowments part) and the part which recognized to the variation within the effect of those indicators (stated as coefficient part). Therefore, the observed variation in load of diarrhea between two points of survey time was additively decomposed in to endowment (characteristics) part and coefficient (characteristics) part. The analysis was applied through newly established Stata package [ 36 ]. The equality is given by \({{\Delta }Y}^{i-j}=\left({X}^{i}-{X}^{j}\right){\beta }^{i}+{X}^{j}\left({\beta }^{i}-{\beta }^{j}\right), i\ne j\) [ 2 ] Where \(i,j=2013 and 2016/2020\) \({\Delta }Y\) is the dissimilarity average prediction of diarrhea prevalence between year \(i\) and year \(j\) , given that of different features of X. β is the estimated regression coefficients. \(\left({X}^{i}-{X}^{j}\right){\beta }^{i}\) , Represents the alteration due to endowment between the \({i}^{th}\) and \({j}^{th}\) years. \({X}^{j}\left({\beta }^{i}-{\beta }^{j}\right)\) , Represents the difference due to coefficients between the \({i}^{th}\) and \({j}^{th}\) years [ 36 ]. Determinants of diarrhea prevalence among under-five children As the data used for this study had nested structure, under-five children within the same group share similar characteristics. In data which is nested, known statistical model like mixed-effect analysis is conducted to get consistent estimate. Thus, to draw a sound conclusion single-level mixed-effect logistic regression model (both fixed and random effect) was fitted using enumeration areas as a variation [ 33 ]. The assumptions the model was tested using the Intra-class coefficient of correlation (ICC), which used to measure the degree of similarity for diarrhea prevalence between the cluster, and Likelihood Ratio (LR) test. Median Odds Ratio [ 35 ] and Proportional Change in Variance (PCV) were considered to calculate the deviation across groups [ 35 ]. \(ICC=\frac{{\sigma }^{2}}{({\sigma }^{2}+\frac{\pi }{3})}\) [ 3 ] The MOR measures the variation between the groups in terms of odds ratio. The odds ratio of the median value is the ratio between the cluster at higher risk of diarrhea and at lower risk of diarrhea prevalence when randomly picking out two clusters [ 33 ]. \(MOR=\left(0.95*\sigma \right)\) [ 4 ] \(\sigma\) Is cluster standard deviation PCV is used to measure total variation in diarrhea prevalence that was explained by the final model compared to the null model [ 35 ]. \(PCV=\frac{var\left(null model\right)-var\left(full model\right)}{var\left(null model\right)}\) [ 5 ] The authors used Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC), Akaike Information Criteria (AIC), and deviance to evaluate the model. Models having lower deviance, Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC), and Akaike Information Criteria (AIC was chosen as a nested model. The Adjusted Odds Ratio [ 35 ] with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) and p-value < 0.05 were used in the final model to announce significant factors correlated with diarrhea prevalence among under-five children. Results Characteristics of the study population Table 1 presents the percentage distribution of diarrhea for under-five children based on selected measurable, children, and household characteristics reports from 2013–2019/20 GDHS. Thus, the analysis encompassed weighted data from 6,705 in 2013 and 5,780 in 2019/20. Demographic characteristics of GDHSs Table 1 Frequency and Percentage distribution of characteristics of respondents and their children in Gambia Variable Characteristics Frequency and percentage in DHS Periods GDHS 2013 Weighted frequency (%) GDHS 2019 Weighted frequency (%) Region Banjul 98(1.5) 58 (1) Kanifing 1112(16.4) 911 (15.8) Brikama 2269(33.6) 2274 (39.4) Mansakanko 349 (5.2) 257 (4.4) Kerewan 805 (11.9) 728 (12.6) Kuntaur 470 (7.0) 382 (6.6) Janjanbureh 578 (8.5) 414 (7.2) Basse 1080 (16.0) 755 (13.1) Type of place of residence Urban 3156 (46.7) 3626 (62.7) Rural 3607 (53.3) 2153 (37.3) Source of drinking water Unimproved 721(10.7) 414 (7.2) Improved 6038 (89.3) 5365 (92.8) Religion Islam 6632 (98.1) 5691(98.5 Christianity 129 (1.9) 89 (1.5) Number of household member five and less 876(13) 698(12.1) Six and more 5885(87.0) 5081 (87.1) sex of household head Male 5730 (84.7) 4961 (85.8) Female 1031 (15.3) 818 (14.2) Type of toilet facility Unimproved 2889(42.7) 2059 (35.6) Improved 3872 (57.3) 3720 (64.4) Variable Characteristics Frequency and percentage in GDHS Periods GDHS 2013 Weighted frequency (%) GDHS 2019 Weighted frequency (%) Ethnicity Mandinka /Jahanka 2297 (34.0) 1919 (33.2) Wollof 895(13.2) 752 (13) Jola/karoninka 565 (8.4) 430 (7.4) Fula/Tukulur/Lorobo 1643(24.3) 1179 (20.4) Serere 183(2.7) 138 (2.4) Serahuleh 540 (8) 476 (8.2) Creole/Aku Marabout 17 (0.3) 6 (0.1) Manjago 67 (1) 36 (0.6) Bambara 63(0.9) 72(1.3) Other 65 (1) 38 (0.7) Non-Gambian 427 (6.3) 732 (12.7) Number of children 5 and under in household Two and less 2831 (42.2) 2468 (42.7) Three and more 3873 (57.4) 3312 (57.3) Wealth index Poor 2838 (42) 2603 (45) Medium 1367 (20.2) 1198(20.7) Reach 2556 (37.8) 1979 (34.2) Mothers education level No education 4103 (60.7) 2822(48.8) Primary education 923(13.7) 988 (17.1) Secondary and above 1518 (22.5) 1731 (30) Higher 216 (3.2) 238 (4.1) Husbands educational level No education 4240 (62.7) 3175(54.9) Primary education 435 (6.4) 395(6.8) Secondary and above 1656 (24.5) 1726 (29.9) Higher 430 (6.4) 484 (8.4) Current working No 3509 (51.9) 2582 (44.7) Yes 3252 (48.1) 31.97 (55.3) Variable Characteristics Frequency and percentage in GDHS Periods GDHS 2013 Weighted frequency (%) GDHS 2019 Weighted frequency (%) Birth order number First 1315 (19.5) 977 (16.9) Two to three 2323 (34.4) 2078 (36) Four to five 1639 (24.2) 1430 (24.8) Six and more 1483 (21.9) 1293 (22.4) Child is twin Single 6563 (97.1) 5595 (96.8) Multiple 198 (2.9) 184 (3.2) Duration of breastfeeding Never breastfeed 52 (0.8) 52 (0.9) Ever breastfeed not currently 3916 (57.9) 3542 (61.3) Still breastfeeding 2793 (48.5) 2186 (37.8) Sex of child Male 3462 (51.2) 2991 (51.7) Female 3299 (48.8) 2789 (48.3) Current age of child Less than one 3086 (45.6) 2513 (43.5) One and less two 1266 (18.7) 1129 (19.5) Two and less than three 1203 (17.8) 1153 (19.9) Three and less than five 1206 (17.8) 984 (17) Size of child at birth Small 1398 (20.7) 869 (15) Average 1843 (27.3) 2442 (42.3) Large 3520 (52.1) 2468 (42.7) Had diarrhea recently No 5615 (83.1) 4706 (81.4) Yes 1146 (16.9) 1074 (18.6) Received MEASLES No 1804 (26.7) 1288 (22.3) Yes 1957 (73.3) 4491 (77.7) Covered by health insurance No 6651 (98.4) 5636 (97.5) Yes 110 (1.6) 144 (2.5) Media exposure No 4029 (59.6) 3830 (66.3) Yes 2732 (40.4) 1950 (33.7) Demographic characteristics of GDHSs data revealed that 46.7% and 62.7% of children’s households lived in urban and rural areas in 2013 and 2019/20 respectively. 84.7% in 2013 and 85.8% in 2019/20 of the total households in the two consecutive GDHSs survey were led by males. Considering birth features of GDHSs data, the highest percent (3.2%) of twin birth was in 2019/20. 20.7% and 15% of small birth size was reported in the 2013 and 2019/20 GDHSs study period respectively. Regarding the birth order of children, the highest percentage of children has birth order of two to three were recorded in the 2019/20 survey year which was 36%. Among the surveyed households, 10.7%, and 7.2% of households were not drink improved water in the 2013 and 2019/20 GDHSs survey years respectively. Regarding households’ wealth status 42% of the households in 2013 and 45% in 2019/20 was poorest. From the total surveyed population 87% of households in 2013 and 87.1% in 2019/2020 have 6 and more members per household. Overall Trends Of Anemia Prevalence Among Children Aged 6–59 In The Gambia By observing the trend, there is an increment in diarrhea prevalence among under-five children from the 2013–2019/20 survey period in Gambia. Accordingly, it was 17.0% in 2013 and was increased 1.6% in 2019/20. Generally, the overall change (2019/20–2013) in diarrhea prevalence of under-five children was 1.6% point change increment (Fig. 1). Table 2 presents the Trends of diarrhea prevalence of under-five children in Gambia grounded on children’s, maternal, and household characteristics from 2013–2019/20 GDHS. The trends for prevalence of diarrhea among under-five children discovered that originality based on predictor levels. Diarrhea prevalence increment was observed in most of the characteristics in the phase (2013–2019/20). Considering ethnicity of Gambia, the largest increment was recorded in Manjago which is was 16.7%. Based on local government areas, the largest increment was observed in Kuntaur local government area with 7.2% point increment. Respondents who had have unimproved Toilet facility showed that under-five children diarrhea prevalence increment which is 2.9%. Table 2. Trends of diarrhea prevalence among under-five children by selected characteristics in Gambia. Variable Characteristics GDHSs periods Point difference in anemia prevalence (2019/20-2013) 2013 (1142(17.0%)) 2019 (1074(18.6%)) Region Banjul 25(25.5) 13 (22.4) -2.8 Kanifing 237 (21.5) 152 (16.7) -4.8 Brikama 427 (18.9) 451 (19.8) 0.9 Mansakanko 49 (14.4) 55 (21.4) 7.0 Kerewan 100 (12.5) 103 (14.1) 1.6 Kuntaur 100 (21.6) 110 (28.8) 7.2 Janjanbureh 83 (14.5) 77 (18.6) 4.1 Basse 122 (11.4) 114 (15.1) 3.7 Type of place of residence Urban 558 (17.8) 676(18.6) 0.8 Rural 584 (16.4) 398 (18.5) 2.1 Source of drinking water Unimproved 123 (17.1) 64 (15.5) -1.6 Improved 1019 (17) 1010 (18.8) 1.8 Religion Islam 1119 (17) 1060 (18.6) 1.6 Christianity 23(17.8 14 (15.7) -2.1 Number of household member (listed) five and less 126 (14.4) 128 (18.3) 3.9 Six and more 1016 (17.4) 946 (18.6) 1.2 sex of household head Male 951 (17.2) 935 (18.8) 1.6 Female 167 (16.3) 138 (16.9) 0.3 Type of toilet facility Unimproved 444 (15.5) 378 (18.4) 2.9 Improved 698 (18.1) 696 (18.7) 0.6 Variable Characteristics GDHSs periods Point difference in anemia prevalence (2019-2013) 2013 (1142(17.0%)) 2019 (1074(18.6%)) Ethnicity Mandinka /Jahanka 339(14.9) 312 (16.3) 1.4 Wollof 190 (21.4) 166 (22.1) 0.7 Jola/karoninka 116 (20.6) 68 (15.8) -4.8 Fula/Tukulur/Lorobo 247 (15.2) 244 (20.7) 5.5 Serere 41(23.2) 20 (14.5) -8.7 Serahuleh 94 (17.6) 81 (17) -0.6 Creole/Aku Marabout 3 (17.6) 1 (14.3) -3.3 Manjago 13 (19.4) 13 (36.1) 16.7 Bambara 16 (25.8) 13 (17.8) -8.0 Other 15(23.4) 5 (13.2) -10.2 Non-Gambian 66 (15.5) 151 (20.6) 5.1 Current age of child Less than one 694 (22.5) 638 (25.4) 2.9 One and less two 267 (21.2) 230 (20.4) -0.8 Two and less than three 103(8.7) 120 (10.4) 1.7 3 and less than four 78 (6.6) 85 (8.6) 2.0 Husbands/partners educational attainment No education 703(16.7) 586 (18.5) 1.8 Primary 67 (15.5) 83 (21.0) 5.5 Secondary 292 (17.8) 302 (17.5) -0.3 Higher 80 (18.8) 102 (21.1) 2.3 Duration of breastfeeding Never breastfeed 3(5.8) 11 (21.6) 15.8 Ever breastfeed not currently 543 (13.9) 514 (14.5) 0.6 Still breastfeeding 596 (21.7) 548 (25.1) 3.4 Wealth index Poor 470 (16.6) 496 (19.1) 2.5 Medium 217 (16.4) 196 (16.4) 0.0 Reach 454 (17.8) 382 (19.3) 2.3 Current working No 541 (15.6) 487 (18.9) 3.3 Yes 600 (18.6) 587 (18.4) -0.2 Variable Characteristics GDHSs periods Point difference in anemia prevalence (2019-2013) 2013 (1142(17.0%)) 2019 (1074(18.6%)) Birth order number First 234 (18) 197 (20.2) -37 Two to three 407 (17.7) 403 (19.4) -4 Four to five 257(15.8) 260 (18.2) 3 Six and more 243(16.5) 214 (16.6) -29 Child is twin Single 1105 (17) 1052 (18.8) -53 Multiple 37(19.1) 22 (12) -15 Sex of child Male 624 (22.5) 586 (19.6) -38 Female 267 (21.2) 488 (17.5) 221 Size of child at birth Small 253 (18.3) 185 (21.3) -68 Average 286 (15.7) 433 (17.7) 147 Large 603(17.2) 456 (18.5) -147 Received MEASLES No 317 (17.6) 247 (19.2) -70 Yes 825 (16.8) 827 (18.4) 2 Covered by health insurance No 1115(16.9) 1048 (18.6) -67 Yes 27 (24.5) 26 (18.1) -1 Media exposure No 684 (17.1) 706 (18.4) 22 Yes 458 (16.9) 368 (18.9) -90 Number of children 5 and under Two and less 435 (15.4) 456 (18.5) 21 Three and more 707 (18.3) 617 (18.6) -90 Highest education level No education - 511 (18.1) - Primary - 204 (20.6) - Secondary - 324 (18.7) - Higher - 36 (15.1) - Rotavirus No - 35 (9) - Yes - 1039 (19.3) - Table 3 Over all multivariate decomposition analysis of diarrhea prevalence in Gambia 2013–2019/20 Prevalence of diarrhea Cofe. 95%CI Pct. E 0.0055 (0.0019 − 0.0010)* 25.43 C 0.0159 (0.0029–0.0289)* 74.57 R 0.0214 (0.0086–0.0334) Table 3 presents the general multivariate decomposition result of diarrhea prevalence of children aged below five years in the Gambia some selected characteristics from 2013–2019/20 GDHSs survey. Overall from 2013 to 2019/20, there is a significant increment in the prevalence of diarrhea in the Gambia. The whole decomposition result showed that 25.43% of increment in the prevalence of diarrhea over time was due to behavioral changes between the surveys, and 74.57% of increment was due to differences in characteristics. Factors region, ethnicity, type of toilet facility, wealth index, current working status of mother, birth order number, sex of children, age of children, and received MEASLES indicated a significant effect for the increment of under-five children diarrhea prevalence in Gambia. Making compositional changes constant, behavioral change households who are use improved toilet facility were contributed 21.84% for the decrement of control the prevalence of diarrhea for the last five years as compared to used unimproved toilet facilities. Keeping compositional changes constant behavioral change of households who had medium wealth status was contributed 18.59% for the decrement in resist of diarrhea prevalence for the last five years as compared to households who had the poor wealth status. Similarly, the behavioral change of mother who have current working was 45.61% decrement of control diarrhea prevalence in the last five years as compared to mother who had no current working (Table 4 ). Table 4 Comprehensive multivariate decomposition analysis of diarrhea prevalence in Gambia, 2013–2019/20 Diarrhea prevalence duo to Difference characteristics (E) duo to Difference coefficients (C) Cofe. 95%CI Pct. Cofe. 95%CI Pct. Region Banjul Ref Ref Kanifing 0.0007 -0.00008, 0.0015 3.178 -0.0016 -0.0068, 0.0037 -7.2719 Brikama 0.0003 -0.0005, 0.0011 1.2444 0.0036 -0.0049, 0.0119 16.503 Mansakanko 0.0001 -0.0006, 0.0007 0.2227 0.0089 0.0023, 0.0154 41.434 Kerewan 0.0013 0.0005, 0.0010 5.6855 0.0111 0.0026, 0.0195 51.707 Kuntaur 0.0009 -4.9219, 0.0018 4.0126 0.0119 0.0039, 0.0110 55.772 Janjanbureh -0.0006 -0.0014, 0.0003 -2.5449 0.0083 0.0013, 0.0151 38.585 Basse -0.0023 -0.0044, -0.0002 -10.574 0.0133 0.0040, 0.0225 62.214 Ethnicity Mandinka /Jahanka Ref Ref Wollof -0.0003 -0.0005, -0005 -1.4749 -0.0030 -0.0079, 0.0019 -14.135 Jola/karoninka 0.0004 -0.0008, 0.0015 1.6413 -0.0014 -0.0047, 0.0019 -6.7504 Fula/Tukulur/Lorobo 0.0009 -0.0017, -0.0002 -4.6273 0.0019 -0.0058, 0.0098 9.2622 Serere 0.0000 -0.0006, 0.0004 -0.2656 -0.0014 -0.0034, 0.0005 -6.8244 Serahuleh 0.0007 -0.0002, 0.0017 3.3839 -0.0013 -0.0049, 0.0021 -6.418 Creole/Aku Marabout 0.0000 -0.0003, 0.0004 0.3027 -0.0003 -0.0009, 0.0004 -1.2085 Manjago -0.0002 -0.0007,0.0002 -1.123 0.0004 -0.0005, 0.0014 2.0435 Bambara 0.000 1 -0.0001, 0.0004 0.6089 -0.0003 -0.0012, 0.0007 -1.3014 Other 0.0000 -0.0006, 0.0007 0.2199 -0.0007 -0.0019, 0.0004 -3.4716 Non-Gambian 0.0037 0.0014,0.0059 17.401 0.0033 0.0007,0.0059 15.43 Type of toilet facility Unimproved Ref Ref Improved 0.0005 0.0000, 0..0010 2.6098 -0.0047 -0.0171, 0.0078 -21,844 Wealth index Poor Ref Medium 0.0005 0.00003, 0.0009 2.3584 -0.0039 -0.0102, 0.0023 -18.588 Reach 0.0010 -0.0006, 0.0027 4.8952 0.0075 -0.0024, 0.0174 35.106 Current working status of mother No Ref Ref Yes 0.0015 0.0005, 0.0025 7.1134 -0.0097 -0.0201, 0.0007 -45.608 Anemia prevalence Duo to Difference characteristics E duo to Difference coefficients (C) Cofe. 95%CI Pct. Cofe. 95%CI Pct. Birth order number First Ref Ref Two to three -0.0000 -0.0003, 0.0000 -0.4682 0.0000 -0.0094, 0.0095 0.3066 Four to five 0.0000 6.1242, 0.0000 0.1306 -0.0011 -0.0089, 0.0067 -5.3514 Six and more -0.0008 -0.0013, -0.0003 -3.8685 -0.0032 -0.0107, 0.0043 -15.306 Sex of child Male Ref Ref Female 0.0000 -0.0000, 0.0002 0.3123 0.0072 -0.0028, 0.0173 33.839 Age of child in year Less than one Ref Ref One and less two -0.0000 -0.0000, -0.0000 -0.2871 -0.0048 -0.0105, 0.0009 -22.546 2 and < 3 -0.0029 -0.0035, -0.0024 -14.03 0.0013 -0.0074, 0.0048 -6.1107 3 and < 4 -0.0018 -0.0021, -0.0015 -8.589 -0.0000 -0.0069, 0.0067 -0.4657 Received MEASLES No Ref Ref. Yes 0.0038 0.0028, 0.0048 17.964 0.0214 -0.0001, 0.0428 100.17 Determinants of children anemia Model comparison Table 5 Standard logistic regression and mixed-effects logistic regression models comparison Model AIC BIC Deviance The standard binary logistic regression model 3398.525 3682.11 3302.525 The multilevel binary logistic regression model 2941.192 3224.557 2843.192 Table 6 Random effect parameters for the mixed-effects logistic regression model Random effects parameters Null model Full model \({\sigma }^{2}\) 0.296 (0.100, 0.879) 0.212 (0.069, 0.624) ICC 0.0826 (0.029, 0.211) 0.061 (0.021, 0.165) MOR 1.52 1.44 PCV Ref. 0.284 LR test: LR = 295.86, p-value = < 0.001 A multilevel binary logistic regression model was the best-fitted model because the model had a smaller deviance value (Table 5). The ICC value was 0.061 (95% CI: 0.021, 0.165), which is shows that 6.1% of the total variability in the prevalence of anemia among under-five children is significantly attributable to the local government areas level, and the rest 93.9% is attributable to individual levels within local government areas difference. The LR test was (\({X}^{2}\) = 295.86 with P-value < 0.001) which indicates that the mixed-effect binary logistic regression model was the best-fitted model. Furthermore, the MOR value in the full model was 1.44, indicating that children in high diarrhea prevalence clusters were 1.44 times higher likelihood of diarrhea compared to children in low diarrhea prevalence clusters (Table 6). So investigation and reports were prepared based on a multilevel binary logistic regression model. From all independent variables included in the full model for multilevel analysis, source of drinking water, ethnicity, birth order number, size of child at birth, age of child, received rotavirus and measles vaccine were significantly associated with the prevalence of diarrhea for under-five children in Gambia. The odds of getting diarrhea among children who have un improved source of drinking water were 40.61% (AOR = 1.4061; 95% CI: 1.0415–1.8982) higher than the odds of children who have not improved drinking water. In this finding the chance of developing diarrhea among under-five children who were from Wollof ethnicity were 54.42% (AOR = 1.5442; 95% CI: 1.2196–1.9551) higher than the odds of under-five children who were from Mandinka/Jahanka. Similarly, the odds of developing diarrhea for under-five children who were from Fula/Tukulur/Lorobo and Manjago ethnicity were 1.4394 (AOR = 1.4394; 95% CI: 1.1738–1.7651) and 2.9667 (AOR = 2.9667; 95% CI: 1.3127–6.7046) times the odds of under-five children who were from Mandinka/Jahanka respectively. The chance of developing diarrhea for children who have six and more birth number were 0.7296 (AOR = 0.7296; 95% CI: 0.5711–0.9321) times as compared to children who have first birth number. The odds of having diarrhea among children whose birth size was average (normal) were 19.62% (AOR = 0.8038; 95% CI: 0.6555–0.9855) lower as compared to children whose birth size was small. The chance of developing diarrhea for children having age less than one year, one to less than two years, two to less than three years was decreased by 38.4% (AOR = 0.6160; 95% CI: 0.4710–0.8057), 72.98% (AOR = 0.2726; 95% CI: 0.2019–0.3680), and 77.98% (AOR = 0.2202; 95% CI: 0.1595–0.3040) as compared to children having age three to five years respectively. The chance of developing diarrhea for children who were not take rotavirus vaccine was 3.1476 (AOR = 3.1476; 95% CI: 2.1486–4.6110) times as compared to children who was take the vaccine. Moreover, the chance of developing diarrhea for children who were not received measles was 51.28% (AOR = 1.5128; 95% CI: 1.2384–1.8479) higher as compared to children who were received measles (Table 7 ). Table 7 Bivariable and multivariable mixed effect logistic regression analysis of determinants on diarrhea prevalence Variable Characteristics AOR(95%CI) P value COR(95%CI) P value Type of place of residence Urban 0.9154(0.7176, 1.1679) 0.477 0.9152(0.7911,1.1930) 0.783 Rural Ref. Ref. Source of drinking water Un improved 1.4061 (1.0415, 1.8982) 0.026 1.4299(1.0798,1.8935) 0.013 Improved Ref. Ref. Religion Islam Ref Ref Christianity 0.7353 (0.3674, 1.4175) 0.385 0.8080(0.4536,1.4393) 0.469 Ethnicity Mandinka /Jahanka Ref Ref Wollof 1.5442(1.2196, 1.9551) 0.000 1.4874(1.1929, 1.8546) 0.000 Jola/karoninka 0.9419 (0.6945, 1.2773) 0.700 0.9425(0.7060, 1.2582) 0.688 Fula/Tukulur/Lorobo 1.4394 (1.1738, 1.7651) 0.000 1.3478(1.1136, 1.6314) 0.002 Serere 1.2190 (0.7342, 2.0239) 0.444 0.9916(0.6068, 1.6203) 0.973 Serahuleh 1.2805 (0.9349, 1.7538) 0.123 1.2502(0.9269, 1.6861) 0.143 Creole/Aku Marabout 0.7793 (0.0425, 14.2875) 0.867 0.5361(0.0312, 9.1958) 0.667 Manjago 2.9667 (1.3127, 6.7046) 0.009 2.8675(1.4398, 5.7107) 0.003 Bambara 1.2138 (0.6294, 2.3404) 0.563 1.2660(0.6737, 2.3789) 0.464 Other 0.6743(0.2520, 1.8044) 0.433 0.7044(0.2705, 1.8341) 0.473 Non-Gambian 1.5224 (1.1971, 1.9360) 3.43 1.3779(1.1069, 1.7152) 0.004 Number of household member five and less Ref Ref Six and more 1.2424(0.9761, 1.5813) 0.078 1.0192(0.8269, 1.2561) 0.858 Number of children 5and under Two and less Ref Ref Three and more 0.9929(0.8490, 1.1612) 0.930 1.0148(0.8841, 1.1649) 0.476 Types of toilet facility Unimproved 1.0805(0.9113, 1.2813) 0.373 1.0563(0.9085,1.2282) 0.476 Improved Ref Ref Sex of household head Male Ref Ref Female 0.9264 (0.7504, 1.1436) 0.477 0.8899(0.7297, 1.0854) 0.250 Wealth index Poor Ref Ref Medium 0.8305(0.6667, 1.0346) 0.098 0.8654(0.7134, 1.0497) 0.142 Reach 0.9639(0.7603, 1.2221) 0.762 1.0470(0.8766, 1.2505) 0.612 Mothers education attainment No education Ref. Ref Primary 1.0345 (0.9921, 1.2321) 0.079 1.1861(0.9872, 1.4252) 0.068 Secondary 1.0092 (0.8941, 1.0221) 0.642 1.0384(0.8836, 1.2203) 0.647 Higher 0.7602 (0.7609, 1.0168) 0.331 0.7972(0.5473, 1.1610) 0.237 Husbands/partners education attainment No education Ref Ref Primary 1.1708(0.8870, 1.5453) 0.266 1.2017(0.9260, 1.5595) 0.167 Secondary 0.9395(0.7812, 1.1298) 0.507 0.9444(0.8030, 1.1107) 0.490 Higher 1.2931(0.9782, 1.7094) 0.071 1.1915(0.9352, 1.5180) 0.156 Current working No Ref Ref Yes 1.1359(0.9808,1.3156) 0.089 0.9752(0.8523,1.1158 0.715 Variable Characteristics AOR(95%CI) P value COR(95%CI) P value Birth order number First Ref Ref Two to three 0.9310(0.7608,1.1394) 0.488 0.9473(0.7823, 1.1472) 0.580 Four to five 0.8079(0.6458,0.0107) 0.062 0.8738(0.7103, 1.0750) 0.202 Six and more 0.7296(0.5711,0.9321) 0.012 0.7730(0.6226, 0.9597) 0.020 Child is twin Single 0.6406(0.3983, 1.0303) 0.066 0.5731(0.3647, 0.9005 0.016 Multiple Ref Ref Sex of child Male Ref Ref Female 0.9000(0.7828, 1.0348 0.139 0.8724(0.7634, 0.9970) 0.045 Duration of breastfeed Never breastfeed Ref Ref Ever breastfeed not currently 0.5996(0.2958, 1.2154) 0.156 0.5940(0.3036, 1.1621) 0.128 Still breastfeeding 0.6808(0.3292, 1.4080) 0.300 1.1774(0.6015, 2.3044) 0.634 Size of child Small Ref Average 0.8038(0.6555, 0.9855) 0.036 0.7907(0.6513, 0.9600) 0.018 Large 0.8444(0.6876, 1.0370) 0.107 0.8282(0.6830, 1.0048) 0.056 Covered by health insurance No Ref Ref Yes 0.8796(0.5550, 1.3939) 0.585 0.9743(0.6317, 1.5028) 0.907 Age of child in year Less than one 0.6160(0.4710, 0.8057) 0.000 0.7467(0.6292, 0.8861) 0.001 1 and < 2 0.2726(0.2019, 0.3680) 0.000 0.4309(0.2764, 0.4205) 0.000 2 and < 3 0.2202(0.1595, 0.3040) 0.000 0.2769(0.2177, 0.3521) 0.000 3 to 5 Ref. Ref. Media exposer No 1.0679(0.9199,1.239) 0.387 1.0322(0.8963, 1.1887) 0.659 Yes Ref Ref. Received MEASLES No 1.5128(1.2384,1.8479) 0.000 1.146 (0.8074, 1.1086) 0.494 Yes Ref Rotavirus No 3.1476(2.1486,4.6110) 0.000 2.4381(1.7093, 3.4778) 0.000 Yes Ref Ref. Discussion Diarrhea disease are a main cause of under-five children death and one of the key reasons of medical session for under-five children in low income countries Gambia [ 33 , 37 ]. The aim of the current study was to analyze the trend and determinants of diarrhea prevalence among under-five children in Gambia for the last five years. In this paper, the trend of diarrhea incidence has been meaningfully rise from 17% in 2013 to 18.6% in 2019/20 (overall phase). This finding is not compatible with the pervious study done in Ethiopia, and Democratic Congo [ 33 , 38 ]. The reason for the increment of diarrhea prevalence is that the change of population proportion in Gambia [ 29 ]. After we decompose this change, behavioral change of the respondents between the studies contributed 74.57% for the increment of diarrhea prevalence over the last five years, and the endowment portion contributes 25.43%. The multilevel binary logistic regression reveled that source of drinking water, ethnicity, birth order number, size of child at birth, age of children, received measles, and rotavirus vaccine were significantly associated with the prevalence of diarrhea for under-five children in Gambia. This finding shown that there is the significant relationship between diarrhea prevalence of under-five children and unsafe drinking water source. The finding is in agreement with the study conducted in Cameroon [ 39 ].The possible reason is unclean drinking water is a potential risk of diarrhea-causing organisms transmission. In this study birth order number of children are statistically significant with the prevalence of diarrhea for under-five children in Gambia. lower birth order number of children have less chance of developing diarrhea as compared to higher birth order number children. This paper is in line with the study conducted in Ethiopia and Gahanna [ 33 , 40 ]. Children who were small size at birth were more likely to develop diarrhea as compared to children who were normal (average) size at birth. This study is coincides with the pervious study conducted in Ethiopia [ 33 ]. The possible explanation is infectious metabolites, mostly short chain fatty acids, can lead to representing changes in the host enterocytes and motility disorders and lastly sources diarrhea [ 41 ]. The odds of developing diarrhea among children in the age group between 1 and 2 years were higher than those children whose age was three and above three years. Similarly, the odds of developing diarrhea among children in the age group between two to three and less than one year were more likely to be occur than those children whose age was between 4 and 5. This finding was supported by previous studies conducted from Ethiopia, Ghana, and Cameroon [ 34 , 39 , 40 ]. Moreover, taking rotavirus and measles vaccine were interrelated with diarrhea among under five children in Gambia. The study shown that children who were not vaccinated for rotavirus and measles were additional danger to develop diarrhea as compared to under five children who were take rotavirus and measles vaccine. This finding was in agreement with the previous study done in Ethiopia [ 33 , 42 ]. Measles is a extremely infectious disease which disturbs the epithelial cells and defeats the immune system leading to poison in numerous organ systems and protein dropping enteropathy [ 43 ]. Similarly, Rotavirus is common cause of severe gastroenteritis and diarrhea among young children universally specially emerging countries like Gambia [ 44 ]. In the direction of this reason, rotavirus vaccine was hosted by WHO in 2006 [ 44 ]. Conclusion The prevalence of diarrhea was significantly increased over the last five years. A major driver for increment in diarrhea prevalence over time was behavioral change of respondents who were from Kuntaur region and contributed 55,772% for the increment. Based on multilevel analysis source of drinking water, ethnicity, birth order number, size of child at birth, age of child, received rotavirus and measles vaccine were significantly associated with the prevalence of diarrhea for under-five children in Gambia. Therefore, Gambian government and other concerned body should focus on the establishment and scaling up of behavioral change package strategies of the community regarding to keeping hygiene and sanitation of the community and their environment, vaccinating their children, accessing health care services to prevent diarrheal disease. Similarly, the government should resolve structural related problems that precipitate diarrheal disease of under-five children. And also under-five should vaccinate their children based on the national guideline. Abbreviations AOR Adjusted odds ratio CI confidence interval:Cofe.:coefficient COR crude odds ratio DHS Demographic health survey EAs Enumeration areas, GDHS:Gambian demographic and health survey, Ref.:Reference Category, OR:Odds ratio WHO world health organization. Declarations Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to the measure of DHS program for giving us permission to use the data for our purpose. Authors’ contributions AA wrote the proposal, analyzed the data and manuscript writing. YA accredited the proposal with revisions, analysis the data and manuscript writing. Both YA and AA read and approved the very last manuscript. Funding The authors have no support or funding to report. Availability of data and materials The data used in this study are from the Measure DHS program http://dhsprogram.com, and can be accessed following the protocol outlined in the Methods section, and data can be found at https://www.dhsprogram.com/data/dataset_admin/login_main.cfm Ethics approval and consent to participate The current study was built on the analysis of openly accessible secondary data with all identifier information were removed. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of ICF Macro at Fairfax, Virginia in the USA reviewed and approved the MEASURE DHS Project Phase three. The 2010–2018 DHS’s are considered under that approval. The IRB of ICF Macro complied with the United States Department of Health and Human Services requirements for the “Protection of Human Subjects” (45 CFR 46). The IRB approved procedures for DHS public use datasets do not in any way allow respondents, households, or sample communities to be identified. There are no names of individuals or household addresses in the data files. The geographic identifiers only go down to the regional level (where regions are typically very large geographical areas encompassing several states/provinces). Each enumeration area (Primary Sampling Unit) has a PSU number in the data file, but the PSU numbers do not have any labels to indicate their names or locations. In surveys that collect GIS coordinates in the field, the coordinates are only for the enumeration area (EA) as a whole, and not for individual households, and the measured coordinates are randomly displaced within a large geographic area so that specific enumeration areas cannot be identified. In addition, written informed consent was obtained from a parent or guardian for participants under 16 years old. DHS Program has remained consistent with confidentiality and informed consent over the years. We obtained express approval to use the data from ICF Macro. The data is secondary data and hence no further approval was required for this study. The data owners can be contacted at https://dhsprogram.com/Data/terms-of-use.cfm, and data can be found at https://www.dhsprogram.com/data/dataset_admin/login_main.cfm, Further documentations on ethical issues relating to the surveys are available at http://dhsprogram.com. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Consent for publication Not applicable Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Author details YAA: Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, Mekdela Amba University, P.O. 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Srinivasan, Obesity, motility, diet, and intestinal microbiota—connecting the dots . Current gastroenterology reports, 2019. 21 (4): p. 1–11. Azage, M., et al., Childhood diarrhea in high and low hotspot districts of Amhara Region, northwest Ethiopia: a multilevel modeling . Journal of health, population and nutrition, 2016. 35 (1): p. 1–14. Rybolt, A., et al., Protein-losing enteropathy associated with Clostridium difficile infection . The Lancet, 1989. 333 (8651): p. 1353–1355. Organization, W.H., The world health report 2006: working together for health . 2006: World Health Organization. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1761711","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":117003333,"identity":"e1b3a7b4-2a50-458c-b556-daa937268f5e","order_by":0,"name":"Yitateku Adugna Agmas","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABDklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZiD+YCAhx8CQAOLaADFj4wH8WpgZGGdU2BhDtaSBtDTg1wK0hpnnTFpiA0TLYbAYXi0Gx/mPSfC2HU7sb88xfl1Qc95ubfthoC01NtE4tRxmZpOQbDtsPOPMGzPrGcduJ287kwjUciwttwGfFsO2w7INN3LMjHnYbiebHQBqYWw4jF9LYtthxvlgLf/OJZudf0iElgNn0hQ33MgxfszbdsDO7AYBWyQPMxtbNgAD2fDMszJm3r7kBLMbQFsS8PiF7/zBh7f/AKNS7njy5s883+zszc6nP3zwocYGpxaFAwg2mwSQSASrTMChHATkkcxi/gAk7PEoHgWjYBSMghEKAE9YZ8vAPt6CAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Mekdela Amba University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yitateku","middleName":"Adugna","lastName":"Agmas","suffix":""},{"id":117003334,"identity":"90aaf0e6-9dd3-498a-84bd-e531e737a9ab","order_by":1,"name":"Abebew Aklog Asmare","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mekdela Amba University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abebew","middleName":"Aklog","lastName":"Asmare","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-06-15 14:44:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1761711/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1761711/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":23648807,"identity":"e41660b0-b06f-4d02-8d0d-449b31f3d7e2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-07-08 18:50:09","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":31172,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTrend of diarrhea prevalence in Gambia (2013 – 2019/20)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1761711/v1/aec5021072b2176a048d0fed.jpg"},{"id":26060593,"identity":"d6198eca-52cd-46ae-b3e9-e88e4f604d96","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-09-05 10:29:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":7468179,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1761711/v1/2ecaab77-72df-4dfe-93e1-5d55dd5d278d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Trends and determinants of diarrhea among under-five children in Gambia, evidence from 2013 – 2019/20 Gambian demographic and health survey; multilevel binary logistic regression and multivariate decomposition analysis","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDiarrhea is the initial of three and more movable or liquid stools per day, or additional repeatedly than is common for the individual people. It is commonly a sign of gastrointestinal poison which can be happen by a multiplicity of bacteriological, disease-causing, and sponging organisms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Universally diarrhea is the second major cause of mortality among under-five children and responsible nearly one in five children deaths, and accounts for around 1.5\u0026nbsp;million children losses each year. Cumulatively, diarrhea only murders more childhood than acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), malaria, and measles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobally diarrhea is the key causes of childhood illness and death, mainly in emerging countries like Gambia. It is accountable for 525,000 losses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], and 1.7\u0026nbsp;billion cases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] among under five children each year. The microorganisms which are a source of diarrhea disease spread through unimproved water and contaminated food. They can also transferee from one individual to another individual. Microorganisms are usually common in situations with unimproved intake water and hygiene [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn emerging countries, a child involves three or more happenings of diarrheal illness per year [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Diarrhea becomes a severe reason of undernourishment and undernourished youngsters have a chance to fall ill from diarrhea [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Maximum losses from diarrhea happen among children less than two years of age living in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Minor rotavirus poisons can be preserved successfully in the similar method as other forms of diarrhea, by giving liquids and salts (verbal rehydration treatment). But, children with severe rotavirus diarrhea can come to be dehydrated and regularly want intravenous solutions or they risk to dying. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe possibility reasons for diarrhea incidences different from place to place among children included the size of child at birth, type of toilet facility[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], quality of drinking water and lack of hygiene services reason the loss of millions of the world\u0026rsquo;s poorest individuals through diarrheal illnesses each year [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, studies shows that age of child [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], maternal education [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], lack of awareness of mothers/caregivers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], lower socio-economic status [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], distance and source of drinking water[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], latrine and hand washing facilities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e], breast feeding [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], place of residence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e], disposal of children\u0026rsquo;s stool [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], family size [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], number of under-five children in the household [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], maternal age [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], and maternal employment status 16 as the determinant factors of diarrhea among under-five children. Rotavirus vaccines have to be announced as measure of a widespread method to control diarrheal illness, alongside with additional involvements including oral rehydration therapy, breastfeeding, zinc treatment, and improvements in water and hygiene.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEven though still illness and death of youngsters due to diarrhea is high in Gambia; the occurrence of diarrhea among under five children increase from 17% in 2013 to19% in 2019-20 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. The increases in the incidence of diarrhea is due the change of population growth in the country [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. The problem of crucial attention in this study is just in what way of the variation is basically due to the enhancement of behavior suggesting the concrete raise in diarrhea occurrence and just how much is due to a compositional variation in the population distribution. Therefore, to end and control diarrhea, it is vital to differentiate the trends of diarrhea over time, source of deviation, the fundamental features for the variation in occurrence of diarrhea precisely and factors of diarrhea using appropriate statistical technique of analysis. Since unsuitable result clues to confusing deduction and involvement. But there is no suggestion that displays studies done at national level to determine main factors of diarrhea prevalence by considering the regional effect using mixed effect model method and that study the causal factors for the variation in the occurrence of diarrhea among youngsters through decomposition analysis. Therefore, the current study aimed to analyze the trend and determinants of diarrhea prevalence among under-five children within the Gambia for the last five years. Knowing the trends and determinants of diarrhea incidence could aid policymakers, and followers to take evidence-based involvement to reduce effectively the incidence of diarrhea.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Source and Population\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current study used 2019/20, and 2013 GDHSs data. These GDHSs data are a countrywide representative cross-sectional survey executed in eight Local Government Areas (LGAs). In both GDHSs surveys, stratified two-stage clusters sampling was accomplished. Stratification was applied by dividing each specific Local Government Area into urban and rural areas. Therefore, a total of 14 sampling strata have been made. In the first step, a total of 281 Enumeration Areas (EAs) were randomly selected proportional to the enumeration areas size for each survey period. At the second phase, 25 households per enumeration area are designated [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eVariables of the Study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables exposed in this study were originated from studies that have been conducted at the international level [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR34\" citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. The possible factor related with the occurrence of diarrhea for under-five children were included as variables in the current study. The variables of the study were taken out from Kid Record (KR file) from each GDHSs data set. The whole technique for sampling was labeled in the detailed GDHS report.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOutcome Variable\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe outcome variable of this study was diarrhea status of children aged below five years. The outcome is specifying have not diarrhea coded by zero or have diarrhea coded by one.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({Y}_{ij}=\\left\\{\\begin{array}{c}Have not diarrhea =0\\\\ Have diarrhea =1\\end{array}\\right.\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExplanatory variables\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal government areas of the study participants, types of place of residence, Religion, Ethnicity, Number of household member, Number of children 5 and under, Types of toilet facility, Sex of household head, Wealth index, Mothers education level, mothers husband education level, current working of mother, Birth order number, Child is twin, Sex of child, Duration of breastfeeding, Size of child, Covered by health insurance, Age of child, Media exposer, Received Measles, and Rotavirus were considered as independent variables for this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data were retrieved from the child Record (KR file for both GDHSs data set. Before the initial statistical analysis, the data were weighted via sampling weight for probability sampling to recover the representativeness of the survey and find consistent statistical estimates; the data analysis was executed by using STATA 16. The data inspection includes three important portions. First, descriptive statistics and trends were analyzed by each variable characteristics. Second, multivariate decomposition analysis was applied to hold the magnitude to which each nominated covariate contributed to the observed trend in diarrhea prevalence, finally, multilevel binary logistic regression analysis was applied to determine factors correlated to prevalence of diarrhea among under-five children in Gambia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnalysis of trend and decomposition\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe trend stage was particular period which is (2019/20\u0026ndash;2013), and familiarized to see the changes in magnitude of diarrhea over the last five years for various features. The trend was evaluated through descriptive analyses method for each different levels of the covariates and was assessed 2019/202\u0026ndash;2013 period. Multivariate decomposition analysis is used to understand the differences within the outcome between two survey (comparable 2013 and 2019/20 survey year). The decomposition procedure splits the entire increment in prevalence of diarrhea into two parts; the part that may be recognized to the variation in composition or the occurrence of a collection of indicators (stated as endowments part) and the part which recognized to the variation within the effect of those indicators (stated as coefficient part). Therefore, the observed variation in load of diarrhea between two points of survey time was additively decomposed in to endowment (characteristics) part and coefficient (characteristics) part. The analysis was applied through newly established Stata package [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe equality is given by\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({{\\Delta }Y}^{i-j}=\\left({X}^{i}-{X}^{j}\\right){\\beta }^{i}+{X}^{j}\\left({\\beta }^{i}-{\\beta }^{j}\\right), i\\ne j\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(i,j=2013 and 2016/2020\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\Delta }Y\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the dissimilarity average prediction of diarrhea prevalence between year \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(i\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eand year\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(j\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, given that of different features of X. β is the estimated regression coefficients. \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\left({X}^{i}-{X}^{j}\\right){\\beta }^{i}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, Represents the alteration due to endowment between the \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({i}^{th}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({j}^{th}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e years. \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({X}^{j}\\left({\\beta }^{i}-{\\beta }^{j}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, Represents the difference due to coefficients between the \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({i}^{th}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({j}^{th}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e years [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDeterminants of diarrhea prevalence among under-five children\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs the data used for this study had nested structure, under-five children within the same group share similar characteristics. In data which is nested, known statistical model like mixed-effect analysis is conducted to get consistent estimate. Thus, to draw a sound conclusion single-level mixed-effect logistic regression model (both fixed and random effect) was fitted using enumeration areas as a variation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. The assumptions the model was tested using the Intra-class coefficient of correlation (ICC), which used to measure the degree of similarity for diarrhea prevalence between the cluster, and Likelihood Ratio (LR) test. Median Odds Ratio [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e] and Proportional Change in Variance (PCV) were considered to calculate the deviation across groups [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(ICC=\\frac{{\\sigma }^{2}}{({\\sigma }^{2}+\\frac{\\pi }{3})}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe MOR measures the variation between the groups in terms of odds ratio. The odds ratio of the median value is the ratio between the cluster at higher risk of diarrhea and at lower risk of diarrhea prevalence when randomly picking out two clusters [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(MOR=\\left(0.95*\\sigma \\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\sigma\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e Is cluster standard deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePCV is used to measure total variation in diarrhea prevalence that was explained by the final model compared to the null model [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(PCV=\\frac{var\\left(null model\\right)-var\\left(full model\\right)}{var\\left(null model\\right)}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors used Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC), Akaike Information Criteria (AIC), and deviance to evaluate the model. Models having lower deviance, Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC), and Akaike Information Criteria (AIC was chosen as a nested model. The Adjusted Odds Ratio [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e] with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) and p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 were used in the final model to announce significant factors correlated with diarrhea prevalence among under-five children.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003c!DOCTYPE html\u003e\n\u003chtml\u003e\n\n\u003chead\u003e\n \u003ctitle\u003e\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003c/head\u003e\n\n\u003cbody\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec11\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eCharacteristics of the study population\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents the percentage distribution of diarrhea for under-five children based on selected measurable, children, and household characteristics reports from 2013\u0026ndash;2019/20 GDHS. Thus, the analysis encompassed weighted data from 6,705 in 2013 and 5,780 in 2019/20. Demographic characteristics of GDHSs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency and Percentage distribution of characteristics of respondents and their children in Gambia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cTable 7. (Continued)/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency and percentage in DHS Periods\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGDHS 2013\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeighted frequency (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGDHS 2019\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeighted frequency (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBanjul\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98(1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKanifing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1112(16.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e911 (15.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrikama\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2269(33.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2274 (39.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMansakanko\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e349 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e257 (4.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKerewan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e805 (11.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e728 (12.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKuntaur\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e470 (7.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e382 (6.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJanjanbureh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e578 (8.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e414 (7.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1080 (16.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e755 (13.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of place of residence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3156 (46.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3626 (62.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3607 (53.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2153 (37.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource of drinking water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnimproved\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e721(10.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e414 (7.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6038 (89.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5365 (92.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIslam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6632 (98.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5691(98.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChristianity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of household member\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efive and less\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e876(13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e698(12.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSix and more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5885(87.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5081 (87.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esex of household head\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5730 (84.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4961 (85.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1031 (15.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e818 (14.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of toilet facility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnimproved\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2889(42.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2059 (35.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3872 (57.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3720 (64.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab2\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency and percentage in GDHS Periods\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGDHS 2013\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeighted frequency (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGDHS 2019\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeighted frequency (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMandinka /Jahanka\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2297 (34.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1919 (33.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWollof\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e895(13.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e752 (13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJola/karoninka\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e565 (8.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e430 (7.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFula/Tukulur/Lorobo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1643(24.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1179 (20.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSerere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183(2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138 (2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSerahuleh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e540 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e476 (8.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCreole/Aku Marabout\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManjago\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBambara\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63(0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72(1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65 (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-Gambian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e427 (6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e732 (12.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of children 5 and under in household\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwo and less\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2831 (42.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2468 (42.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThree and more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3873 (57.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3312 (57.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWealth index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2838 (42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2603 (45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1367 (20.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1198(20.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReach\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2556 (37.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1979 (34.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMothers education level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4103 (60.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2822(48.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e923(13.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e988 (17.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1518 (22.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1731 (30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e216 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e238 (4.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHusbands educational level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4240 (62.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3175(54.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e435 (6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e395(6.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1656 (24.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1726 (29.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e430 (6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e484 (8.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCurrent working\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3509 (51.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2582 (44.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3252 (48.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.97 (55.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"margin-right: calc(0%); width: 100%;\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25.5492%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"28.285714285714285%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristics\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 30.8212%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41.142857142857146%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency and percentage in GDHS Periods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41.666666666666664%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGDHS 2013\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Weighted frequency (%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"58.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGDHS 2019\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeighted frequency (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 25.5492%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBirth order number \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"28.285714285714285%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1315 (19.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e977 (16.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"40.74074074074074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwo to three \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.691358024691358%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2323 (34.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.5679012345679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2078 (36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"40.74074074074074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFour to five \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.691358024691358%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1639 (24.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.5679012345679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1430 (24.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"40.74074074074074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSix and more\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.691358024691358%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1483 (21.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.5679012345679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1293 (22.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25.5492%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChild is twin \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"28.285714285714285%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6563 (97.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5595 (96.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"40.74074074074074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultiple\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.691358024691358%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198 (2.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.5679012345679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 25.5492%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of breastfeeding \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"28.285714285714285%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever breastfeed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"40.74074074074074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEver breastfeed not currently\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.691358024691358%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3916 (57.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.5679012345679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3542 (61.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"40.74074074074074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStill breastfeeding \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.691358024691358%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2793 (48.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.5679012345679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2186 (37.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 64.7854%;\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25.5492%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex of child\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"28.285714285714285%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3462 (51.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2991 (51.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"40.74074074074074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.691358024691358%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3299 (48.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.5679012345679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2789 (48.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 25.5492%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCurrent age of child \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"28.285714285714285%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than one\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3086 (45.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2513 (43.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"40.74074074074074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOne and less two\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.691358024691358%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1266 (18.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.5679012345679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1129 (19.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"40.74074074074074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwo and less than three \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.691358024691358%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1203 (17.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.5679012345679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1153 (19.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"40.74074074074074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThree and less than five\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.691358024691358%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1206 (17.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.5679012345679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e984 (17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 25.5492%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSize of child at birth \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"28.285714285714285%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmall\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1398 (20.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e869 (15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"40.74074074074074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.691358024691358%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1843 (27.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.5679012345679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2442 (42.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"40.74074074074074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.691358024691358%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3520 (52.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.5679012345679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2468 (42.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25.5492%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHad diarrhea \u0026nbsp;recently \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"28.285714285714285%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5615 (83.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4706 (81.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"40.74074074074074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.691358024691358%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1146 (16.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.5679012345679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1074 (18.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 25.5492%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReceived MEASLES \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"28.285714285714285%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1804 (26.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1288 (22.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"40.74074074074074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.691358024691358%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1957 (73.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.5679012345679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4491 (77.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 64.7854%;\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25.5492%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCovered by health insurance \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"28.285714285714285%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6651 (98.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5636 (97.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"40.74074074074074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.691358024691358%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.5679012345679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25.5492%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedia exposure \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"28.285714285714285%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4029 (59.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3830 (66.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.9642%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"40.74074074074074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.8256%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.691358024691358%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2732 (40.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.9956%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.5679012345679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1950 (33.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics of GDHSs data revealed that 46.7% and 62.7% of children\u0026rsquo;s households lived in urban and rural areas in 2013 and 2019/20 respectively. 84.7% in 2013 and 85.8% in 2019/20 of the total households in the two consecutive GDHSs survey were led by males. Considering birth features of GDHSs data, the highest percent (3.2%) of twin birth was in 2019/20. 20.7% and 15% of small birth size was reported in the 2013 and 2019/20 GDHSs study period respectively. Regarding the birth order of children, the highest percentage of children has birth order of two to three were recorded in the 2019/20 survey year which was 36%. Among the surveyed households, 10.7%, and 7.2% of households were not drink improved water in the 2013 and 2019/20 GDHSs survey years respectively. Regarding households\u0026rsquo; wealth status 42% of the households in 2013 and 45% in 2019/20 was poorest. From the total surveyed population 87% of households in 2013 and 87.1% in 2019/2020 have 6 and more members per household.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eOverall Trends Of Anemia Prevalence Among Children Aged 6\u0026ndash;59 In The Gambia\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBy observing the trend, there is an increment in diarrhea prevalence among under-five children from the 2013\u0026ndash;2019/20 survey period in Gambia. Accordingly, it was 17.0% in 2013 and was increased 1.6% in 2019/20. Generally, the overall change (2019/20\u0026ndash;2013) in diarrhea prevalence of under-five children was 1.6% point change increment (Fig. 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 2 \u0026nbsp;presents the Trends of diarrhea prevalence of under-five children in Gambia grounded on children\u0026rsquo;s, maternal, and household characteristics from 2013\u0026ndash;2019/20 GDHS. The trends for prevalence of diarrhea among under-five children discovered that originality based on predictor levels. Diarrhea prevalence increment was observed in most of the characteristics in the phase (2013\u0026ndash;2019/20). Considering ethnicity of Gambia, the largest increment was recorded in Manjago which is was 16.7%. Based on local government areas, the largest increment was observed in Kuntaur local government area with 7.2% point increment. Respondents who had have unimproved Toilet facility showed that under-five children diarrhea prevalence increment which is 2.9%.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;2. Trends of diarrhea prevalence among under-five children by selected characteristics in Gambia.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.054755043227665%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.469740634005763%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.726224783861674%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGDHSs periods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"20.7492795389049%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoint difference in anemia prevalence (2019/20-2013)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2013\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(1142(17.0%))\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2019\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(1074(18.6%))\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.08802308802309%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegion \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.5007215007215%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBanjul\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.316017316017316%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(25.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.316017316017316%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (22.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.77922077922078%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.954971857410882%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKanifing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e237 (21.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.01688555347092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.954971857410882%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrikama\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e427 (18.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e451 (19.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.01688555347092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.954971857410882%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMansakanko\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (14.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 (21.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.01688555347092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.954971857410882%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKerewan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103 (14.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.01688555347092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.954971857410882%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKuntaur\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100 (21.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110 (28.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.01688555347092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.954971857410882%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJanjanbureh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83 (14.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77 (18.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.01688555347092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.954971857410882%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122 (11.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114 (15.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.01688555347092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.08802308802309%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of place of residence\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.5007215007215%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.316017316017316%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e558 (17.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.316017316017316%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e676(18.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.77922077922078%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.954971857410882%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e584 (16.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e398 (18.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.01688555347092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.08802308802309%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource of drinking water\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.5007215007215%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnimproved \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.316017316017316%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123 (17.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.316017316017316%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64 (15.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.77922077922078%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.954971857410882%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImproved \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1019 (17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1010 (18.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.01688555347092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.08802308802309%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReligion\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.5007215007215%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIslam\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.316017316017316%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1119 (17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.316017316017316%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1060 (18.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.77922077922078%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.954971857410882%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChristianity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(17.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (15.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.01688555347092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.08802308802309%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of household member (listed)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.5007215007215%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efive and less\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.316017316017316%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126 (14.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.316017316017316%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128 (18.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.77922077922078%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.954971857410882%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSix and more\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1016 (17.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e946 (18.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.01688555347092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.08802308802309%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esex of household head\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.5007215007215%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.316017316017316%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e951 (17.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.316017316017316%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e935 (18.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.77922077922078%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.954971857410882%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167 (16.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138 (16.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.01688555347092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.08802308802309%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of toilet facility\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.5007215007215%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnimproved\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.316017316017316%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e444 (15.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.316017316017316%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e378 (18.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.77922077922078%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.954971857410882%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImproved\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e698 (18.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.5140712945591%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e696 (18.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.01688555347092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.714285714285715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristics\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.42857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGDHSs periods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.714285714285715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoint difference in anemia\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eprevalence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(2019-2013)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2013\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(1142(17.0%))\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2019\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(1074(18.6%))\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"11\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.17882689556509%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthnicity \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.74821173104435%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMandinka /Jahanka\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.167381974248926%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e339(14.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.167381974248926%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e312 (16.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.738197424892704%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"31.739961759082217%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWollof\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190 (21.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166 (22.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.37093690248566%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"31.739961759082217%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJola/karoninka\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116 (20.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68 (15.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.37093690248566%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"31.739961759082217%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFula/Tukulur/Lorobo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e247 (15.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e244 (20.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.37093690248566%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"31.739961759082217%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Serere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41(23.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (14.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.37093690248566%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"31.739961759082217%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSerahuleh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94 (17.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81 (17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.37093690248566%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"31.739961759082217%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCreole/Aku Marabout\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (17.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.37093690248566%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"31.739961759082217%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManjago\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (19.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (36.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.37093690248566%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"31.739961759082217%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBambara\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (25.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (17.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.37093690248566%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"31.739961759082217%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(23.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (13.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.37093690248566%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"31.739961759082217%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-Gambian\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66 (15.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151 (20.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.37093690248566%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.17882689556509%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCurrent age of child \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.74821173104435%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than one\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.167381974248926%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e694 (22.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.167381974248926%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e638 (25.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.738197424892704%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"31.739961759082217%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOne and less two\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e267 (21.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e230 (20.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.37093690248566%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"31.739961759082217%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwo and less than three \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103(8.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120 (10.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.37093690248566%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"31.739961759082217%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 and less than four\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78 (6.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85 (8.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.37093690248566%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.17882689556509%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHusbands/partners educational attainment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.74821173104435%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo education\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.167381974248926%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e703(16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.167381974248926%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e586 (18.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.738197424892704%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"31.739961759082217%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 (15.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83 (21.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.37093690248566%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"31.739961759082217%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e292 (17.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e302 (17.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.37093690248566%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"31.739961759082217%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 (18.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102 (21.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.37093690248566%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.17882689556509%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of breastfeeding \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.74821173104435%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever breastfeed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.167381974248926%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(5.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.167381974248926%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (21.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.738197424892704%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"31.739961759082217%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEver breastfeed not currently\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e543 (13.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e514 (14.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.37093690248566%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"31.739961759082217%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStill breastfeeding \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e596 (21.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e548 (25.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.37093690248566%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.17882689556509%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWealth index\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.74821173104435%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.167381974248926%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e470 (16.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.167381974248926%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e496 (19.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.738197424892704%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"31.739961759082217%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e217 (16.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196 (16.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.37093690248566%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"31.739961759082217%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReach\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e454 (17.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e382 (19.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.37093690248566%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.17882689556509%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCurrent working\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.74821173104435%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.167381974248926%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e541 (15.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.167381974248926%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e487 (18.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.738197424892704%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"31.739961759082217%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e600 (18.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.94455066921606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e587 (18.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.37093690248566%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"26.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"20.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristics\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.57142857142857%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGDHSs periods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.714285714285715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoint difference in anemia prevalence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(2019-2013)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"50.638297872340424%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;2013\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(1142(17.0%))\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"49.361702127659576%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2019\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(1074(18.6%))\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"26.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBirth order number \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e234 (18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197 (20.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.714285714285715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.43190661478599%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwo to three \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.151750972762645%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e407 (17.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.56809338521401%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e403 (19.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.848249027237355%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.43190661478599%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFour to five \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.151750972762645%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e257(15.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.56809338521401%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e260 (18.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.848249027237355%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.43190661478599%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSix and more\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.151750972762645%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243(16.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.56809338521401%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e214 (16.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.848249027237355%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"26.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChild is twin \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1105 (17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1052 (18.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.714285714285715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.43190661478599%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultiple\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.151750972762645%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37(19.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.56809338521401%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.848249027237355%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"26.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex of child\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e624 (22.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e586 (19.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.714285714285715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.43190661478599%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.151750972762645%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e267 (21.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.56809338521401%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e488 (17.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.848249027237355%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"26.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSize of child at birth \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmall\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e253 (18.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e185 (21.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.714285714285715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.43190661478599%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.151750972762645%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e286 (15.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.56809338521401%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e433 (17.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.848249027237355%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.43190661478599%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.151750972762645%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e603(17.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.56809338521401%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e456 (18.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.848249027237355%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"26.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReceived MEASLES \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e317 (17.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e247 (19.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.714285714285715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.43190661478599%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.151750972762645%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e825 (16.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.56809338521401%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e827 (18.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.848249027237355%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"26.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCovered by health insurance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1115(16.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1048 (18.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.714285714285715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.43190661478599%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.151750972762645%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (24.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.56809338521401%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (18.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.848249027237355%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"26.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedia exposure \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e684 (17.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e706 (18.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.714285714285715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.43190661478599%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.151750972762645%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e458 (16.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.56809338521401%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e368 (18.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.848249027237355%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"26.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of children 5 and under\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwo and less\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e435 (15.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e456 (18.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.714285714285715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.43190661478599%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThree and more\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.151750972762645%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e707 (18.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.56809338521401%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e617 (18.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.848249027237355%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"26.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHighest education level\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo education\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e511 (18.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.714285714285715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.43190661478599%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.151750972762645%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.56809338521401%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e204 (20.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.848249027237355%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.43190661478599%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.151750972762645%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.56809338521401%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e324 (18.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.848249027237355%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.43190661478599%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.151750972762645%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.56809338521401%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (15.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.848249027237355%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"26.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRotavirus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.714285714285715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.43190661478599%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.151750972762645%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.56809338521401%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1039 (19.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.848249027237355%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOver all multivariate decomposition analysis of diarrhea prevalence in Gambia 2013\u0026ndash;2019/20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence of diarrhea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCofe.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePct.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0019\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.0010)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0159\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0029\u0026ndash;0.0289)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0086\u0026ndash;0.0334)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e presents the general multivariate decomposition result of diarrhea prevalence of children aged below five years in the Gambia some selected characteristics from 2013\u0026ndash;2019/20 GDHSs survey.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall from 2013 to 2019/20, there is a significant increment in the prevalence of diarrhea in the Gambia. The whole decomposition result showed that 25.43% of increment in the prevalence of diarrhea over time was due to behavioral changes between the surveys, and 74.57% of increment was due to differences in characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors region, ethnicity, type of toilet facility, wealth index, current working status of mother, birth order number, sex of children, age of children, and received MEASLES indicated a significant effect for the increment of under-five children diarrhea prevalence in Gambia. Making compositional changes constant, behavioral change households who are use improved toilet facility were contributed 21.84% for the decrement of control the prevalence of diarrhea for the last five years as compared to used unimproved toilet facilities. Keeping compositional changes constant behavioral change of households who had medium wealth status was contributed 18.59% for the decrement in resist of diarrhea prevalence for the last five years as compared to households who had the poor wealth status. Similarly, the behavioral change of mother who have current working was 45.61% decrement of control diarrhea prevalence in the last five years as compared to mother who had no current working (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComprehensive multivariate decomposition analysis of diarrhea prevalence in Gambia, 2013\u0026ndash;2019/20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiarrhea prevalence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eduo to Difference characteristics (E)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eduo to Difference coefficients (C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCofe.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95%CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePct.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCofe.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95%CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePct.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBanjul\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKanifing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.00008, 0.0015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0068, 0.0037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.2719\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrikama\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0005, 0.0011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2444\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0049, 0.0119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.503\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMansakanko\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0006, 0.0007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0023, 0.0154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.434\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKerewan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0005, 0.0010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6855\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0026, 0.0195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.707\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKuntaur\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.9219, 0.0018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0039, 0.0110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.772\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJanjanbureh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0014, 0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.5449\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0013, 0.0151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.585\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0044, -0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.574\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0040, 0.0225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthnicity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMandinka /Jahanka\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWollof\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0005, -0005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.4749\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0079, 0.0019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-14.135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJola/karoninka\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0008, 0.0015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6413\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0047, 0.0019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.7504\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFula/Tukulur/Lorobo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0017, -0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.6273\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0058, 0.0098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.2622\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSerere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0006, 0.0004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2656\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0034, 0.0005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.8244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSerahuleh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0002, 0.0017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3839\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0049, 0.0021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.418\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCreole/Aku Marabout\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0003, 0.0004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0009, 0.0004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.2085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManjago\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0007,0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0005, 0.0014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0435\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBambara\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0001, 0.0004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0012, 0.0007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.3014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0006, 0.0007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2199\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0019, 0.0004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.4716\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-Gambian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0014,0.0059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.401\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0007,0.0059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType of toilet facility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnimproved\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000, 0..0010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0171, 0.0078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-21,844\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWealth index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00003, 0.0009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3584\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0102, 0.0023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-18.588\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReach\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0006, 0.0027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8952\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0024, 0.0174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCurrent working status of mother\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0005, 0.0025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0097\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0201, 0.0007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-45.608\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnemia prevalence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuo to Difference characteristics E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eduo to Difference coefficients (C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCofe.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95%CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePct.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCofe.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95%CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePct.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBirth order number\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwo to three\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0003, 0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.4682\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0094, 0.0095\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFour to five\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.1242, 0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1306\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0089, 0.0067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.3514\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSix and more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0013, -0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.8685\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0107, 0.0043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-15.306\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex of child\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0000, 0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0028, 0.0173\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.839\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge of child in year\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than one\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOne and less two\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0000, -0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2871\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0105, 0.0009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-22.546\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 and \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0035, -0.0024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-14.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0074, 0.0048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.1107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 and \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0021, -0.0015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.589\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0069, 0.0067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.4657\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReceived MEASLES\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0028, 0.0048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.964\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0001, 0.0428\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eDeterminants of children anemia\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eModel comparison\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard logistic regression and mixed-effects logistic regression models comparison\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAIC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBIC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeviance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe standard binary logistic regression model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3398.525\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3682.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3302.525\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe multilevel binary logistic regression model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2941.192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3224.557\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2843.192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: calc(1%); width: 99%;\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRandom effect parameters for the mixed-effects logistic regression model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRandom effects parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNull model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFull model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\sigma }^{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.296 (0.100, 0.879)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.212 (0.069, 0.624)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0826 (0.029, 0.211)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.061 (0.021, 0.165)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.284\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLR test: LR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;295.86, p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA multilevel binary logistic regression model was the best-fitted model because the model had a smaller deviance value (Table 5). The ICC value was 0.061 (95% CI: 0.021, 0.165), which is shows that 6.1% of the total variability in the prevalence of anemia among under-five children is significantly attributable to the local government areas level, and the rest 93.9% is attributable to individual levels within local government areas difference. The LR test was (\\({X}^{2}\\) = 295.86 with P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) which indicates that the mixed-effect binary logistic regression model was the best-fitted model. Furthermore, the MOR value in the full model was 1.44, indicating that children in high diarrhea prevalence clusters were 1.44 times higher likelihood of diarrhea compared to children in low diarrhea prevalence clusters (Table 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSo investigation and reports were prepared based on a multilevel binary logistic regression model. From all independent variables included in the full model for multilevel analysis, source of drinking water, ethnicity, birth order number, size of child at birth, age of child, received rotavirus and measles vaccine were significantly associated with the prevalence of diarrhea for under-five children in Gambia. The odds of getting diarrhea among children who have un improved source of drinking water were 40.61% (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.4061; 95% CI: 1.0415\u0026ndash;1.8982) higher than the odds of children who have not improved drinking water. In this finding the chance of developing diarrhea among under-five children who were from Wollof ethnicity were 54.42% (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.5442; 95% CI: 1.2196\u0026ndash;1.9551) higher than the odds of under-five children who were from Mandinka/Jahanka. Similarly, the odds of developing diarrhea for under-five children who were from Fula/Tukulur/Lorobo and Manjago ethnicity were 1.4394 (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.4394; 95% CI: 1.1738\u0026ndash;1.7651) and 2.9667 (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.9667; 95% CI: 1.3127\u0026ndash;6.7046) times the odds of under-five children who were from Mandinka/Jahanka respectively. The chance of developing diarrhea for children who have six and more birth number were 0.7296 (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.7296; 95% CI: 0.5711\u0026ndash;0.9321) times as compared to children who have first birth number. The odds of having diarrhea among children whose birth size was average (normal) were 19.62% (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.8038; 95% CI: 0.6555\u0026ndash;0.9855) lower as compared to children whose birth size was small. The chance of developing diarrhea for children having age less than one year, one to less than two years, two to less than three years was decreased by 38.4% (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.6160; 95% CI: 0.4710\u0026ndash;0.8057), 72.98% (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.2726; 95% CI: 0.2019\u0026ndash;0.3680), and 77.98% (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.2202; 95% CI: 0.1595\u0026ndash;0.3040) as compared to children having age three to five years respectively. The chance of developing diarrhea for children who were not take rotavirus vaccine was 3.1476 (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.1476; 95% CI: 2.1486\u0026ndash;4.6110) times as compared to children who was take the vaccine. Moreover, the chance of developing diarrhea for children who were not received measles was 51.28% (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.5128; 95% CI: 1.2384\u0026ndash;1.8479) higher as compared to children who were received measles (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;'\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;'\u003e).\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBivariable and multivariable mixed effect logistic regression analysis of determinants on diarrhea prevalence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAOR(95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOR(95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of place of residence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9154(0.7176, 1.1679)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.477\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9152(0.7911,1.1930)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.783\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource of drinking water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUn improved\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4061 (1.0415, 1.8982)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4299(1.0798,1.8935)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIslam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChristianity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7353 (0.3674, 1.4175)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8080(0.4536,1.4393)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.469\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMandinka /Jahanka\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWollof\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5442(1.2196, 1.9551)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4874(1.1929, 1.8546)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJola/karoninka\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9419 (0.6945, 1.2773)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9425(0.7060, 1.2582)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.688\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFula/Tukulur/Lorobo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4394 (1.1738, 1.7651)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3478(1.1136, 1.6314)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSerere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2190 (0.7342, 2.0239)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.444\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9916(0.6068, 1.6203)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.973\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSerahuleh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2805 (0.9349, 1.7538)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2502(0.9269, 1.6861)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCreole/Aku Marabout\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7793 (0.0425, 14.2875)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.867\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5361(0.0312, 9.1958)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManjago\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9667 (1.3127, 6.7046)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8675(1.4398, 5.7107)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBambara\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2138 (0.6294, 2.3404)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.563\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2660(0.6737, 2.3789)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.464\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6743(0.2520, 1.8044)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.433\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7044(0.2705, 1.8341)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.473\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-Gambian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5224 (1.1971, 1.9360)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3779(1.1069, 1.7152)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of household member\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efive and less\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSix and more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2424(0.9761, 1.5813)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0192(0.8269, 1.2561)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.858\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of children 5and under\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwo and less\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThree and more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9929(0.8490, 1.1612)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.930\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0148(0.8841, 1.1649)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.476\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTypes of toilet facility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnimproved\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0805(0.9113, 1.2813)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.373\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0563(0.9085,1.2282)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.476\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex of household head\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9264 (0.7504, 1.1436)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.477\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8899(0.7297, 1.0854)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWealth index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8305(0.6667, 1.0346)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8654(0.7134, 1.0497)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReach\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9639(0.7603, 1.2221)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.762\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0470(0.8766, 1.2505)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.612\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMothers education attainment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0345 (0.9921, 1.2321)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1861(0.9872, 1.4252)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0092 (0.8941, 1.0221)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.642\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0384(0.8836, 1.2203)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.647\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7602 (0.7609, 1.0168)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.331\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7972(0.5473, 1.1610)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHusbands/partners education attainment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1708(0.8870, 1.5453)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.266\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2017(0.9260, 1.5595)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9395(0.7812, 1.1298)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.507\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9444(0.8030, 1.1107)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.490\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2931(0.9782, 1.7094)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1915(0.9352, 1.5180)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCurrent working\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 21.2863%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 23.1241%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1359(0.9808,1.3156)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9752(0.8523,1.1158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.715\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.820512820512821%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristics \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.641025641025642%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOR(95%CI)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.401709401709402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.22222222222222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOR(95%CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.401709401709402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.820512820512821%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBirth order number\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.641025641025642%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.401709401709402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.22222222222222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.401709401709402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwo to three \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"29.41176470588235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9310(0.7608,1.1394)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.49019607843137%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9473(0.7823, 1.1472)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.580\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFour to five \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"29.41176470588235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8079(0.6458,0.0107)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.49019607843137%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8738(0.7103, 1.0750)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSix and more\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"29.41176470588235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7296(0.5711,0.9321)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.49019607843137%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7730(0.6226, 0.9597)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.820512820512821%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChild is twin\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.641025641025642%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6406(0.3983, 1.0303)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.401709401709402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.22222222222222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5731(0.3647, 0.9005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.401709401709402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultiple\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"29.41176470588235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.49019607843137%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.820512820512821%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex of child\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.641025641025642%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.401709401709402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.22222222222222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.401709401709402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"29.41176470588235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9000(0.7828, 1.0348\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.49019607843137%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8724(0.7634, 0.9970)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.820512820512821%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of breastfeed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever breastfeed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.641025641025642%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.401709401709402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.22222222222222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.401709401709402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEver breastfeed not currently\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"29.41176470588235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5996(0.2958, 1.2154)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.49019607843137%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5940(0.3036, 1.1621)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStill breastfeeding \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"29.41176470588235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6808(0.3292, 1.4080)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.49019607843137%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1774(0.6015, 2.3044)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.634\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.820512820512821%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSize of child\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmall\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.641025641025642%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.401709401709402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.22222222222222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.401709401709402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"29.41176470588235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8038(0.6555, 0.9855)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.49019607843137%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7907(0.6513, 0.9600)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"29.41176470588235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8444(0.6876, 1.0370)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.49019607843137%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8282(0.6830, 1.0048)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.820512820512821%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCovered by health insurance \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.641025641025642%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.401709401709402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.22222222222222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.401709401709402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"29.41176470588235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8796(0.5550, 1.3939)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.585\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.49019607843137%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9743(0.6317, 1.5028)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.907\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.820512820512821%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge of child in year \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than one\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.641025641025642%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6160(0.4710, 0.8057)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.401709401709402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.22222222222222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7467(0.6292, 0.8861)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.401709401709402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 and \u0026lt; 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"29.41176470588235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2726(0.2019, 0.3680)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.49019607843137%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4309(0.2764, 0.4205)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 and \u0026lt; 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"29.41176470588235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2202(0.1595, 0.3040)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.49019607843137%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2769(0.2177, 0.3521)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 to 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"29.41176470588235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.49019607843137%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.820512820512821%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedia exposer \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.641025641025642%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0679(0.9199,1.239)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.401709401709402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.387\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.22222222222222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0322(0.8963, 1.1887)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.401709401709402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.659\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"29.41176470588235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.49019607843137%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.820512820512821%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReceived MEASLES \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.641025641025642%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5128(1.2384,1.8479)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.401709401709402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.22222222222222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.146 (0.8074, 1.1086)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.401709401709402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.494\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"29.41176470588235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.49019607843137%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.820512820512821%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRotavirus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.641025641025642%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1476(2.1486,4.6110)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.401709401709402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.22222222222222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4381(1.7093, 3.4778)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.401709401709402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"29.41176470588235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.49019607843137%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/body\u003e\n\n\u003c/html\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDiarrhea disease are a main cause of under-five children death and one of the key reasons of medical session for under-five children in low income countries Gambia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. The aim of the current study was to analyze the trend and determinants of diarrhea prevalence among under-five children in Gambia for the last five years. In this paper, the trend of diarrhea incidence has been meaningfully rise from 17% in 2013 to 18.6% in 2019/20 (overall phase). This finding is not compatible with the pervious study done in Ethiopia, and Democratic Congo [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. The reason for the increment of diarrhea prevalence is that the change of population proportion in Gambia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. After we decompose this change, behavioral change of the respondents between the studies contributed 74.57% for the increment of diarrhea prevalence over the last five years, and the endowment portion contributes 25.43%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe multilevel binary logistic regression reveled that source of drinking water, ethnicity, birth order number, size of child at birth, age of children, received measles, and rotavirus vaccine were significantly associated with the prevalence of diarrhea for under-five children in Gambia. This finding shown that there is the significant relationship between diarrhea prevalence of under-five children and unsafe drinking water source. The finding is in agreement with the study conducted in Cameroon [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].The possible reason is unclean drinking water is a potential risk of diarrhea-causing organisms transmission. In this study birth order number of children are statistically significant with the prevalence of diarrhea for under-five children in Gambia. lower birth order number of children have less chance of developing diarrhea as compared to higher birth order number children. This paper is in line with the study conducted in Ethiopia and Gahanna [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. Children who were small size at birth were more likely to develop diarrhea as compared to children who were normal (average) size at birth. This study is coincides with the pervious study conducted in Ethiopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. The possible explanation is infectious metabolites, mostly short chain fatty acids, can lead to representing changes in the host enterocytes and motility disorders and lastly sources diarrhea [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. The odds of developing diarrhea among children in the age group between 1 and 2 years were higher than those children whose age was three and above three years. Similarly, the odds of developing diarrhea among children in the age group between two to three and less than one year were more likely to be occur than those children whose age was between 4 and 5. This finding was supported by previous studies conducted from Ethiopia, Ghana, and Cameroon [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, taking rotavirus and measles vaccine were interrelated with diarrhea among under five children in Gambia. The study shown that children who were not vaccinated for rotavirus and measles were additional danger to develop diarrhea as compared to under five children who were take rotavirus and measles vaccine. This finding was in agreement with the previous study done in Ethiopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. Measles is a extremely infectious disease which disturbs the epithelial cells and defeats the immune system leading to poison in numerous organ systems and protein dropping enteropathy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, Rotavirus is common cause of severe gastroenteritis and diarrhea among young children universally specially emerging countries like Gambia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. In the direction of this reason, rotavirus vaccine was hosted by WHO in 2006 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003c!DOCTYPE html\u003e\n\u003chtml\u003e\n\n\u003chead\u003e\n \u003ctitle\u003e\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003c/head\u003e\n\n\u003cbody\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of diarrhea was significantly increased over the last five years. A major driver for increment in diarrhea prevalence over time was behavioral change of respondents who were from Kuntaur region and contributed 55,772% for the increment. Based on multilevel analysis source of drinking water, ethnicity, birth order number, size of child at birth, age of child, received rotavirus and measles vaccine were significantly associated with the prevalence of diarrhea for under-five children in Gambia. Therefore, Gambian government and other concerned body should focus on the establishment and scaling up of behavioral change package strategies of the community regarding to keeping hygiene and sanitation of the community and their environment, vaccinating their children, accessing health care services to prevent diarrheal disease. Similarly, the government should resolve structural related problems that precipitate diarrheal disease of under-five children. And also under-five should vaccinate their children based on the national guideline. \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/body\u003e\n\n\u003c/html\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAOR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003econfidence interval:Cofe.:coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCOR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrude odds ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eDHS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic health survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eEAs\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnumeration areas, GDHS:Gambian demographic and health survey, Ref.:Reference Category, OR:Odds ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eWHO\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eworld health organization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are grateful to the measure of DHS program for giving us permission to use the data for our purpose.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAA wrote the proposal, analyzed the data and manuscript writing. YA accredited the proposal with revisions, analysis the data and manuscript writing. Both YA and AA read and approved the very last manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no support or funding to report.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data used in this study are from the Measure DHS program http://dhsprogram.com, and can be accessed following the protocol outlined in the Methods section, and data can be found at https://www.dhsprogram.com/data/dataset_admin/login_main.cfm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe current study was built on the analysis of openly accessible secondary data with all identifier information were removed. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of ICF Macro at Fairfax, Virginia in the USA reviewed and approved the MEASURE DHS Project Phase three. The 2010\u0026ndash;2018 DHS\u0026rsquo;s are considered under that approval. The IRB of ICF Macro complied with the United States Department of Health and Human Services requirements for the \u0026ldquo;Protection of Human Subjects\u0026rdquo; (45 CFR 46). The IRB approved procedures for DHS public use datasets do not in any way allow respondents, households, or sample communities to be identified. There are no names of individuals or household addresses in the data files. The geographic identifiers only go down to the regional level (where regions are typically very large geographical areas encompassing several states/provinces). Each enumeration area (Primary Sampling Unit) has a PSU number in the data file, but the PSU numbers do not have any labels to indicate their names or locations. In surveys that collect GIS coordinates in the field, the coordinates are only for the enumeration area (EA) as a whole, and not for individual households, and the measured coordinates are randomly displaced within a large geographic area so that specific enumeration areas cannot be identified. \u0026nbsp;In addition, written informed consent was obtained from a parent or guardian for participants under 16 years old. DHS Program has remained consistent with confidentiality and informed consent over the years. We obtained express approval to use the data from ICF Macro. The data is secondary data and hence no further approval was required for this study. The data owners can be contacted at https://dhsprogram.com/Data/terms-of-use.cfm, and data can be found at https://www.dhsprogram.com/data/dataset_admin/login_main.cfm, Further documentations on ethical issues relating to the surveys are available at http://dhsprogram.com. \u003cstrong\u003eAll methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor details\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYAA: Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, Mekdela Amba University, P.O. Box: 32, Tuluawlyia, Ethiopia \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAAA: Department of Statistics, Mekdela Amba University, P.O. Box: 32, Tuluawlyia, Ethiopia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdler, S., et al., \u003cem\u003eSymptoms and risk factors of Cryptosporidium hominis infection in children: data from a large waterborne outbreak in Sweden\u003c/em\u003e. Parasitology research, 2017. \u003cb\u003e116\u003c/b\u003e(10): p.\u0026nbsp;2613\u0026ndash;2618.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eQuick, R.E., et al., \u003cem\u003eDiarrhoea prevention in Bolivia through point-of-use water treatment and safe storage: a promising new strategy\u003c/em\u003e. Epidemiology \u0026amp; Infection, 1999. \u003cb\u003e122\u003c/b\u003e(1): p.\u0026nbsp;83\u0026ndash;90.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKalakheti, B., K. Panthee, and K.C. 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Current gastroenterology reports, 2019. \u003cb\u003e21\u003c/b\u003e(4): p.\u0026nbsp;1\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAzage, M., et al., \u003cem\u003eChildhood diarrhea in high and low hotspot districts of Amhara Region, northwest Ethiopia: a multilevel modeling\u003c/em\u003e. Journal of health, population and nutrition, 2016. \u003cb\u003e35\u003c/b\u003e(1): p.\u0026nbsp;1\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRybolt, A., et al., \u003cem\u003eProtein-losing enteropathy associated with Clostridium difficile infection\u003c/em\u003e. The Lancet, 1989. \u003cb\u003e333\u003c/b\u003e(8651): p.\u0026nbsp;1353\u0026ndash;1355.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOrganization, W.H., \u003cem\u003eThe world health report 2006: working together for health\u003c/em\u003e. 2006: World Health Organization.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Gambia, Diarrhea, Under-five, Children, Trend, Binary logistic ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1761711/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1761711/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiarrhea is the opening of three and more movable or liquid stools per day, or more frequently than is common for the individual. It is usually an indicator of gastrointestinal infection which can be caused by a variety of bacterial, viral, and parasitic organisms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to analyze the trend and determinants of diarrhea prevalence among under-five children within the Gambia for the last five years (2013\u0026ndash;2019/20).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 6,705 in 2013, and 5,780 in 2019/20 under-five aged children were involved in this study. Multivariate decomposition and multilevel analysis based on a binary logistic regression analysis approach were performed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.57% of the change in diarrhea prevalence over time was attributable to differences in behavior. Unimproved water source (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.4061; 95% CI: 1.0415\u0026ndash;1.8982), Wollof ethnicity (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.5442; 95% CI: 1.2196\u0026ndash;1.9551), not vaccinated for rotavirus (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.1476; 95% CI: 2.1486\u0026ndash;4.6110) and for measles (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.5128; 95% CI: 1.2384\u0026ndash;1.8479), average birth size (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.8038; 95% CI: 0.6555\u0026ndash;0.9855), child age less than one year (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.6160; 95% CI: 0.4710\u0026ndash;0.8057).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of diarrhea was significantly increased over the last five years and the decline was due to differences in behavior between the surveys. Source of drinking water, ethnicity, birth size, age of children, rotavirus, and measles vaccine were significantly associated with diarrhea among under-five children in the Gambia. Therefore, the Gambian r\u0026eacute;gime should attention to the creation and topping up of behavioral change packages of the public regarding the protection of hygiene and sanitation of the community and their environment, vaccinating of their children to prevent diarrheal disease.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Trends and determinants of diarrhea among under-five children in Gambia, evidence from 2013 – 2019/20 Gambian demographic and health survey; multilevel binary logistic regression and multivariate decomposition analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-07-08 18:50:07","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1761711/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b787e135-51a7-4231-932b-dd60077b517d","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 8th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-09-05T10:29:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-07-08 18:50:07","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1761711","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1761711","identity":"rs-1761711","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"J0_U0BvcaRcwD8yVFaRlm","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}