Scope, Effects and Mitigation of Hydropeaking: A Case Study of Lundesokna, Gaula River

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Nithila Devi, Abinesh Ganapathy, Yuan-Shun Chang, B. Yessica Sevilla Angulo This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2262656/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Lundesokna river which is a tributary of the unregulated Gaula River, is exposed to the problem of hydropeaking caused by the hydropower plant. River Gaula is also one of the best Atlantic Salmon fishing rivers in Norway. The main objective of the paper is to quantify the impact of hydropeaking in Lundesokna-Gaula confluence and along the lengths of River Lundesokna on salmon population. As a first step, the characteristics of hydropeaking such as peaking discharge, base flow, standard amplitude, peak retention, flashness and rate of change are estimated. Then the seasonality of hydropeaking behaviour is quantified by detecting hydropeaking events using Hydropeaking Event Detection Algorithm (HEDA) (Li & Pasternack, 2021 ) algorithm. For the individual peaking event and seasonal average peak-base flows the hydraulic model was set-up. The hydraulic characteristics of hydropeaking events at various zones of the Lundesokna River, such as various ramping areas, ramping rate were estimated. Additionally, the eco-hydraulic indicators such as potential spawning area, spawning habitat and fish stranding indices were estimated at various zones of the Lundesokna River. The key highlights of the analysis that has been conducted for Lundesokna are as follows: (i) 15 min temporal resolution was found out to be optimal in capturing the hydropeaking events, (ii) base-peak flow differences were prominent in Winter season, (iii) confluence reported lower ramping rates due to moderation by the unregulated flows in Gaula, (iv) irrespective of the increase in flows in Lundesokna (up to a flow similar to that in Gaula), confluence’s spawning potential will not be much affected; however other sites in Lundesokna might get affected, therefore site-specific mitigation strategies need to be practiced, (v) when Gaula is at low flows, hydropeaking flows at Lundesokna should be maintained accordingly to reduce the stranding risk. We also propose an environmental flow informed comprehensive framework for drafting operational guidelines and site-specific mitigation measures can be undertaken to ensure effective conservation of the salmon population. Ecological Modeling Hydrology Marine and Freshwater Ecology ecohydraulics hydropeaking atlantic salmon fish stranding Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Introduction The worldwide use of hydroelectric energy has it boom due to the characteristics attributed to it: being clean and renewable; however, the impact that its production has on the fluvial ecosystem cannot be denied, among which the alteration of natural flow regimes stands out. Generally, the power plants at the foot of dams operate intermittently based on energy price and demand variables, which causes the phenomenon known as hydropeaking. Hydropeaking is the rapid and constant variation of flow in a short period of time, usually during of a single day, as a result of alterations in hydraulic variables such as flow velocity, entrainment stress, water level, water quality and river morphology. The term hydropeaking first appeared in the literature with Jackson et al. (1991) as a definition, however, the study of daytime flow variation and its impact on the river ecosystem had already been described decades earlier with Hynes (1970). Even so, research on the ecological effects it causes is recent; studies are generally based on fish and macroinvertebrate communities. For fish, the greatest impacts are generally found in the stranding, behavioral change of the species, growth difficulties, population decline and habitat deterioration (Nagrodski et al., 2012 ; Finch et al., 2015; Vollset et al, 2016; Boavida et al., 2015). In this paper we present the perspectives and solution proposals raised as a team, trying to answer the sections presented for the case study in the Lundesokna River. The scientific knowledge and the tools provided allow identifying the scenarios and the impacts generated on them, giving rise to reflection on the possible strategies for the conservation or restoration of this ecosystem. Context The Gaula River is located in Trondhei, Norway, which originates in a mountainous region; it has an approximate length of 150.6 km and flows into the Trondheim Fjord through a basin of 3,635.8 km2. The Gaula River has a great conservation value due to the high number of wild salmon that inhabit it, for which a rigorous environmental protection is required and demanded. One of the main affluents of the Gaula River is the Lundesokna River, which is meticulously regulated because of the extreme fluctuation due to the production discharge from the Sokna hydroelectric power plant. The hydropower plant operates in relation to the market, i.e., the largest daily fluctuations in the Lundesokna River are generated at the Sokna plant, based on its daily and weekly demand. Discharges into the Gaula River have a negative impact on the river's water ecosystem. In the last 50 years, due to hydroelectric discharges, it is estimated that the salmon population has decreased by 90%, a problem that makes it urgent to consider regulating and protecting the ecosystem in the area of the Gaula River. 1. Analysis Of Flow/water Levels & Determination Of Optimal Data Resolution Testing the differences between 1 min, 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h resolutions (based on instantaneous measurements at each resolution) Visually assessment of the Lundesokna hydrograph Hourly and sub-hourly resolutions The instantaneous water level values of the Lundesokna river were sampled at 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, and 1 hr intervals using MATLAB for the hourly and sub-hourly resolutions. During winter, in a ~3-day sample when the 1 min data of water levels were continuous, it can be seen that 15 mins data did not miss any hydro-peaking event. While the 30 min and 1 hr data missed 1 and 2 hydropeaking events’ base flow in comparison to the reference 1 min data, respectively. The missed events are indicated by red circles in Fig.1. It can also be seen in the second red circle that the 1 hr data has not only failed to capture the base flow but has merged two events into one. This has eventually prolonged the peak flow duration. Also, Fig. 2 corresponding to the zoomed area in the green box of Fig.1, shows that the flashness or the rate of change from peak to base and base to peak is missed out largely by 30 min and 1 hr data. Sub-daily resolutions It can be seen from Fig.3 that the 1-hr and 2-hr data are better performing compared to other resolutions as they retain the peak duration. The rate of rise and fall / flashness of the hydropeaking events are also lost in all the hourly to sub-daily resolution data. However, the 1-hr and 2-hr data also miss the base flow values at 2 and 4 instances, represented by red circles. The first red circle is zoomed in Fig. 4 for better understanding. From Fig.4, it can be seen that hydropeaking event happening for ~100 minutes is not captured by 2-hr resolution and above. This is due to the fact that the 2-hr and above resolution data have missed out on the base-peak and peak-base pairs of this shorter event. Even in the 1-hr resolution the flashness and the peak duration of this short event are not captured. Therefore, from the visual analysis, it can be seen that 15-min resolution is good in preserving the critical information related to number of hydropeaking events, peak duration, and baseflow values. Calculation of standard hydropeaking metrics for each of the resolutions and assessing the point of change Table 1 presents the metrics calculated for a sample week in the winter period for various resolutions based on (Li and Pasternack et al., 2021). The metrics were averaged for rise and fall phases. The timing and values of base-peak and peak-base pairs were obtained manually with the intention to retain instantaneous values rather than averaging out with any curve fitting or thresholding method. Table 1. Standard hydropeaking metrics that are averaged for rise and fall phases. Description Indices 1min 5min 15min 30min 1hr 2hr 4hr 6hr 12hr 24hr Peaking discharge Q peak 1.42 1.42 1.41 1.45 1.45 1.44 1.39 1.45 1.55 1.05 Base flow Q base 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.38 0.39 0.36 0.37 0.45 0.52 0.26 Standardized amplitude St rg 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.04 Daily peaking number PK no 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.29 1.14 1 1 1 1 0.29 Retention of peak (min) PK rtn 589.5 589.5 587.7 586.67 652.5 675 582.86 411.43 0 1441.29 From Table 1 it can be seen that the daily peaking number and retention of peak starts changing noticeably beyond 15-min. This corroborated with the visual inspection done previously as beyond 15-min resolution the base flow values get missed out and the peak duration is not retained correctly with respect to the reference 1-min data. Table 2. Standard hydropeaking metrics that are calculated separately for rise and fall phases. Description Indices 1min 15min 30min 1hr Duration (min) D rc rise 103.0 97.5 96.7 180.0 D rc fall 187.6 201.7 190.0 247.5 Standardized amplitude St rg rise 1.071 1.07 1.007 1.022 St rg fall 1.018 1.01 0.953 0.954 Flashness (hr -1 ) RB rise 0.010 0.011 0.016 0.007 RB fall 0.005 0.006 0.010 0.004 Rate of change (m 3 /s)/ hr -1 RC rise 0.35 0.40 0.24 0.14 RC fall 0.13 0.12 0.16 0.06 In order to further understand the behavior of the critical resolutions (15-min, 1-hr and 2-hr) in rise and fall cycles, the metrics were calculated separately for the rise and fall phases (Table 2). The values highlighted in red are ~30% different from the reference 1-min resolution. Beyond 15 min resolution, it can be seen that the metrics start to change noticeably. There can be errors associated due to the subjective nature of the analysis. Implications of flow measurements at different resolutions for further hydro-ecological assessments. These indices that correspond to the magnitude, frequency, duration, and rate of change show that 15-min resolution data is the optimal resolution in capturing the hydropeaking events. Beyond the 15-min resolution, the peak duration, frequency, and rate of change are not captured. This coincides with the fact that turbine switching off/on occurs in the span of 15-60 minutes duration and the abrupt changes in hydropeaking discharges from 20 m 3 /s to 0.45 m 3 /s occurs in less than 20 minutes (Vanzo., 2015). From the hydro-ecological point of view, this may affect the magnitude and duration of hydraulic parameters such as flow velocity, depth, and discharge. Hence, the assessment of the suitability of the domain for various ecological functions of species such as spawning, survival of fry, and juvenile based on the hydraulic parameters may not be accurate if the optimal resolution is not used. 1.2. Comparing seasons from a hydrological perspective: winter vs spring vs summer Determining reference mean values for peak (highest), base (lowest), and mean (average) flows and durations of the peaks of each season (winter: Dec-Feb; spring: March-April; summer: May-June). We used Hydropeaking Event Detection Algorithm (HEDA) (Li & Pasternack, 2021) to determine the average base, peak, mean values and duration of hydropeaking events for different seasons. Li & Pasternack (2021) developed this HEDA algorithm to separate hydropeaking events. It has three components namely, data preparation, vector angle and noise-cleaning. In data preparation, the flow time series will be converted into an hourly flow and flow records would be truncated by 10 th and 90 th percentile values. It will be followed by smoothing, where the flow variations (Q t+1 -Q t ) smaller than the threshold value (t 1 ) are assigned zero. In vector angle, change points are identified if the angle of the rise/fall rate of discharge exceeds a certain threshold value (t 2 ). Finally, in the noise cleaning, noisy points are removed and hydropeaking events are detected based on the base-flow pair, peak pair and transition points that were identified in the previous stage. R Package for this detection algorithm is freely available on Github. Although this technique is robust, it has some inherent assumptions that are not suitable for our case. Hence, we modified the R script to suit our study. The first modification is regarding the time step, Section 1.1 identified that15 minutes time step is the optimal one, so we made changes in the script to convert the input flow series into 15 minutes discharge series. This step, demands further modifications since the threshold values (t 1 & t 2 ) discussed above are with respect to one hour. Li & Pacternack (2021) used 1.1m 3 /s/hr as t 1 value. But this value results in a more serrated discharge flow rather than smoothened series. So, we visually compared the discharge series over the range of values and fixed t 1 as 2.8m 3 /s/hr (i.e., 0.7m 3 /s/15 min). This provides much better results and is also in congruence with the previous literature cited in Li & Pasternack (2021). Fig. 5 shows the smoothened discharge for the selected t 1 value of 0.7 for a small time window. Further colour of the points indicates the base and peak of the hydropeaking event i.e., red-blue indicates the base pair, red-black indicates the peak pair and green triangle point represents the transition point. After the hydropeaking event detection, we calculated the average base, peak, mean values and duration of the hydropeaking events for three seasons i.e., (Winter: December-February, Spring: March &Apr, Summer: May & June) (Fig. 6a). However, we observed that the difference between the average peak and base value is in the range of 3 to 10 m 3 /s. This small variation is due to the fact that there are two types of hydropeaking events with different base flow levels. One is less than ~5 m 3 /s whereas the other one is more than 8 m 3 /s. This difference dampens the average value so we also presented the base, peak value for a maximum individual event for all the seasons in Fig. 6b. Also, in the spring and summer months, the peak value is the same as the mean discharge value. In Fig. 6a, the mean discharge value event exceeded the average peaking value of the hydropeaking event. This is mainly due to the high natural flows in the Lundesokna tributary in these seasons and the number of the hydropeaking events is also less in these seasons than in the winter season. However, it is reversed for the average duration values where the average hydropeaking duration for the winter season is lesser than the remaining two seasons. 2. Simulation Of Different Flow Conditions And Identification Of Critical Hydro-geomorphological Changes In the previous section 1.2 as per Fig.7, the identified baseflow values were segregated into that < 8.5 m 3 /s (Scenario I) and greater than 8.5 m 3 /s for the Winter season. This is done with a view to accommodate two types of baseflows in the analyses. The average base flow values for Scenario I and II are 4.25 m 3 /s and 18.28 m 3 /s, respectively. The average peak flow value for both scenarios was 23.32 m 3 /s. The values were obtained from Section 1.2. Details on running the full 2D hydrodynamic HEC-RAS model for the domain and extracting ramping area using GIS are provided in the Annexure. The ramping areas were estimated for the average baseflows (Scenario I and II) and peak flow for four different sites in Fig.8a. Figure 7b shows the definition of the ramping area or the ramping zone that gets wet or dry based on the flow conditions and is thus not permanently under the water. In addition to the average winter base and peak flow values, an individual hydropeaking event with inflows as presented in Fig. 9, was also run. The green and magenta boxes represent the up ramping (base to peak) and down ramping (peak to base) phases, respectively, for the individual hydro-peaking event in the winter. The following figures 10 and 11 show overall ramping areas for the average winter scenarios I and II and the individual winter event scenario, respectively. Variation of ramping area among the sites Table 3. Ramping areas for various scenarios in m 2 . Scenarios Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Average winter Scenario I 3717 6061 6271 5288 Average winter Scenario II 818 927 1406 1752 Individual winter up ramping 4712 9138 9202 5201 Individual winter down ramping 4340 8691 8989 5127 Average winter flow values from Section 1.2 From Table 3 and Figs 10 and 11, it can be seen that site 3 reports the highest area for the average winter Scenario I. Site 4, which consists of the confluence of Gaula and Lundesokna, reports the highest ramping area for the average winter Scenario II. This shows that site 4 is sensitive to reporting differences in inundation areas for higher flows in Lundesokna. This can be attributed to the branching at higher elevations occurring at high discharges as shown in Fig. 12 below. The inundation in the blue circle region in Fig.12a has been reported only for the average peak flow of 23.32 m 3 /s and not up to ~19 m 3 /s (peak for the individual event). While in other sites the cross-sections are not that complexly connected for higher elevation values as shown in Figure 13. However, a more detailed analysis using different discharges of peak and base flows will help us to better understand the hydraulic behaviour of the sites. In general, the ramping areas are greatest for Scenario I (base 4.25 m 3 /s and peak 23.32 m 3 /s) in all the sites as the difference between base and peak flows is higher than Scenario II (base 18.28 m 3 /s and peak 23.32 m 3 /s). As one may expect, the greater the difference between the base and peak flows, the greater will be the ramping area or the areas that undergo wet/dry transition. Site 1 presents the lowest ramping area in all the scenarios as it has a relatively lower reach length. Individual winter event with optimal resolution from 1.1 Site 3 reports the highest ramping areas during both the up and down ramping phases. It can be seen that the river reach length is the longest in site 3. The peak discharge for the event is ~19 m 3 /s for which the branching didn’t happen at site 4. The base flow is ~1.1 m 3 /s. Thus, due to similar base and peak flow values, the area estimates of the individual events are close to that of the Average winter flow Scenario I. Ramping rates and its change in the marked areas shown in fig. 8 The ramping rates, i.e., the rate of change of the water level or depth for the base-peak/peak-base phases are calculated for the individual event. The calculations were carried out in the raster calculator of QGIS software. Based on the inference from Section 1.1, a 15 minutes resolution is used. From Fig. 9 showing the Lundesokna river’s inflow hydrograph, the up ramping and down ramping occurs in a duration of around 30 and 60 minutes, respectively. The corresponding base-peak and peak-base depth differences were calculated and were divided by the duration to obtain ramping rate maps. The ramping rate maps for up and down ramping phases are presented in Figure 14. Fig. 14 shows that the ramping rates are higher for the up ramping phase while lower for the down ramping phase in all four sites. This is due to the fact that up ramping happened in ~30 minutes while the down ramping happened in ~60 minutes. Site 4 reported the lowest ramping rate values of <2 and <0.5 m/hr in the up ramping and down ramping phases, respectively. This could be due to the consistent high flows in the larger Gaula river. Sites 2 and 3 reported higher ramping rates in the up ramping phase. The zonal statistics of the ramping rates for the four sites that were estimated using QGIS are tabulated in Table 4. While Table 5 presents the area under various classes of ramping rates for the four sites. Table 4. Statistics of ramping rate (m/hr) Statistics Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Up Down Up Down Up Down Up Down mean 1.36 0.45 1.83 0.68 1.31 0.41 0.31 0.13 min 1.06 0.17 0.61 0.02 0 0 0 0 max 2 0.67 3.27 0.93 4.39 0.66 1.31 0.48 Table 5. Area under different categories of ramping rates in m 2 Ramping rate (m/hr) Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Up Down Up Down Up Down Up Down 0.01 - 0.5 0 6507 0 340 4514 13792 40223 40054 0.5 - 1 0 1135 2070 13300 5052 7752 3980 0 1 - 2 6087 0 5168 0 12586 0 1160 0 2 - 3 51 0 4914 0 4363 0 0 0 3 - 4 0 0 958 0 1326 0 0 0 The average up ramping rates in sites 1, 2, 3, and 4 are 1.36, 1.83, 1.31, and 0.31 m/hr, respectively. The average down ramping rates in sites 1, 2, 3, and 4 are 0.45, 0.68, 0.41, and 0.13 m/hr, respectively. Thus, site 2 has high values of mean ramping rates. Table 5 shows that Site 4 has lower ramping rates < 1 m/hr and <0.5 m/hr, for up and down ramping phases. Site 3 shows the largest areas under high ramping rates of 3 - 4 m/hr, while site 2 shows the largest areas under the high ramping rates of 2 – 3 m/hr. It has to be mentioned that site 2 has a maximum area under 0.5 – 1 m/hr which are the highest values in the down ramping phase. In short, it can be said that Sites 4 and 1 are the least affected by the event. While sites 2 and 3 are most affected by the hydropeaking event. Ecological issues at the confluence in Gaula (site 4). There is a confluence for two river tributaries in area #4. As mentioned earlier, due to the stable discharge from the main river Gaula, the change in flow in the tributary Lundesokna due to hydropeaking was less pronounced. This eventually resulted in stable flow conditions and lesser ramping rates. Site 4 reported lower ramping rates <1 m/hr for both phases, this means that the chance of stranding of fry and juvenile is very less. Thus, from an ecological perspective, site 4 is suitable for habitation for the early stages of fish, and the moderation of hydropeaking flow by the main river Gaula is responsible for it. 3. Ecological Effects Implications to the spawning ground of salmonids based on the results of section 2 (ramping areas and ramping rates) It can be seen that with hydropeaking, due to the peak flow more areas come under inundation, which may make them suitable for spawning. However, when the areas are subjected to ramping prolonged exposure to sub-zero temperature and dehydration may desiccate the eggs. Areas that were seen as potential spawning places may be exposed to higher ramping rates and eventually lead to the stranding of the fry and juvenile, i.e., the early stages of the fish. However, from the previous inferences in Section 2, the ramping areas in site 4 are subjected to lesser ramping rates due to the moderation of hydropeaking by the main river Gaula. Further, in order to quantitatively assess the areas having spawning potential, the acceptable ranges of flow depth and velocity that are duped as ideal hydrological conditions for spawning in the CEDREN Handbook (Forseth et al., 2014) are mapped. Also, the areas that satisfy the individual criteria of depth and velocity are also mapped (Figure 15). The acceptable ranges of depths and velocities are 0.3 - 1.5 m and 0.3 - 0.5 m/s, respectively. The average winter scenarios from Section 2.1 are considered in this regard. In Fig. 14, the areas in red are not suitable for spawning, inversely, the green areas are suitable, and the orange and the blue area are the areas that satisfy either velocity or depth criteria. Figure 14 shows that among the two influencing factors, the area conforming to the “Depth” only was much larger than the area conforming to the “Velocity”. Thus, it can be said that the standard for flow velocity was stricter and more sensitive than that of the water depth. The areas under each category of the spawning index are tabulated in Table 6. Table 6. Areas under different spawning index criteria in m 2 Categories Scenario I - base Scenario II - base Scenarios I, II - peak Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Depth and Velocity 965 1258 5553 18657 1955 2799 5171 19509 270 831 1605 3869 Depth only 6553 10950 16712 30540 4112 7965 15336 32046 9897 15957 25388 43642 Velocity only 1706 3020 3345 1418 236 951 1206 1041 682 936 1131 2799 Not suitable 2199 4336 4116 5704 5938 8779 9524 5529 1409 2827 2992 7781 Table 6 shows that during peak flow, the area under depth only criteria is greater in all the sites and the area suitable for spawning is reduced in all the sites. However, a substantial reduction is observed in site 4. This can be understood from the disappearance of the upstream green patch in Figure 14 peak flow map. Thus, the peak flow (23.32 m 3 /s) from the tributary makes the flow regime unsuitable for spawning even in the upstream regions of the confluence in site 4. The scenario II base (18.28 m 3 /s) has improved the spawning potential to some extent from that of the scenario I base (4.25 m 3 /s). It has to be noted that flow in Gaula is maintained at 21.17 m 3 /s based on the observed average flow values. Therefore, it can be said that a flow in Lundesokna greater than that of Gaula will have adverse implications on spawning, as the stable flow conditions are disturbed. Such a generalization anyways warrants a more in-depth analysis. Impacts on the salmonid eggs Based on the literature (Casas‐Mulet et al., 2015; Casas‐Mulet et al., 2016), it can be said that the eggs that were laid in the permanent wetted area within the base flow have a 100 % chance of survival despite the freezing temperatures. However, the eggs that are laid in the ramping zone, when subjected to dewatering or complete dry conditions for a period greater than 3 hours and sub-zero air temperature might not survive. The eggs that are laid deeper by the salmon females in the gravel may survive due to the moisture and the warmth there. Additionally, exposure to intercepted groundwater may prevent complete desiccation and provide warmer water. Therefore, the eggs that are laid in the ramping area in the top portion are at a greater risk. It is also said that eggs and early life stages of the salmon that are subjected to high flows of the order > ~8 m 3 /s are at a higher risk of mortality. The discharge map can be easily prepared by multiplying the depth and velocity maps as the DEM resolution is 1m. The analysis is withheld due to the lack of clarity on whether the above-said criterion is site-specific or applicable everywhere for the salmonid eggs. Effects of hydropeaking on the four sites in relation to stranding or ramping area increase From Section 2, it was observed that site 3 is the most affected by ramping area increase, while in higher base flow Scenario II, site 4 is the most affected. To better correlate the effect of ramping and stranding, the Swiss protocol (Baumann et al., 2012) is used to estimate the stranding index. The cross-sectional wetted area variation during hydropeaking is estimated as, Cross-sections with can be considered as good for the survival of salmon. The terrain DEM is of the spatial resolution of 1m × 1m. Therefore, the area can be replaced by depth to obtain the wetted area variation as per the above formula. , is therefore defined as the stranding index to demarcate suitable and non-suitable areas for the survival of the salmon. As one may expect, due to the higher difference between peak and base flows in the scenario I more areas are not suitable as they undergo more variation in the cross-sectional wetted area in each pixel. While it’s the contrary in scenario II. The areas under each criterion are tabulated in Table 7. Table 7. Area under the categories of cross-sectional area stranding index in m 2 Scenario I Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Not suitable 8507 14364 22695 17271 Suitable 2 19 2136 35512 Scenario II Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Not suitable 1448 2808 2570 2491 Suitable 9959 16700 27120 53828 Table 7 also helps us to arrive at the same conclusion that the lesser the difference between base and peak, the lesser will be the possibility of the creation of the ramping zone. Section 2 analyzed it longitudinally, while the stranding index helps us to look at the wetted area variation cross-sectionally. Nevertheless, in both analyses, the same conclusion is reached that the difference between base and peak needs to be minimized to prevent the stranding of salmon. Site 4 is the least affected by ramping area and stranding in all the scenarios (I & II) due to moderation by the unregulated flow from Gaula river. Effects of peaking in Lundesokna at site #4, when Gaula is at low flows Individual hydropeaking event is retained in Lundesokna. While, existing flow for the event’s period (19.64 m 3 /s) and low (10.533 m 3 /s) flow winter conditions are supplied to Gaula River, and are referred to as “normal” and “low” scenarios respectively. The low flow value is taken based on Vanzo (2015). The corresponding base (~1 m 3 /s) and peak (~19.1 m 3 /s) flow conditions in the Lundesokna event for the two scenarios are compared using spawning and stranding indices maps (Fig. 16) for site 4. Table 8 presents the area occupied under each category of the indices in both scenarios. Table 8. Area occupied by the scenarios under different categories of the indices for site 4. Indices Zones normal low base peak base peak Fish Stranding Not Suitable 20314 34172 Suitable 31157 14925 Spawning Habitat Depth and Velocity 16976 6723 12744 7006 Depth only 29169 37252 30923 27949 Velocity only 2260 3657 2957 12666 Not Suitable 7778 8571 7979 6982 From Fig. 16 and Table 8, it can be understood that the low flow in Gaula is better for the peak scenario in the Spawning habitat index. While the normal (existing) flow in Gaula is better for the base scenario in Spawning habitat index. In terms of fish stranding, which is minimized with less difference between peak and base flows, the normal scenario performs better. We also need to consider with caution the fact that as the potential spawning area increase in the “normal” base, the risk of stranding also increases. While in the case of the “low” scenario in Gaula, the potential spawning area increases under peak flow and decreases under base flow, and the possibility of stranding is increased greatly. Thus, it can be said that a low flow in Gaula warrants lesser peak flow in Lundesokna to weather the implications of hydropeaking from an ecological perspective. Ecological impact of stranding on overall salmonid populations The salmon is an anadromous fish that spends its early life stages in the fresh waters and migrate as “smolt” towards the sea at later stages. They return back to the fresh waters to spawn and so on and so forth. The stranding happens in the riverine systems when the fish gets trapped in the ramping zone that undergoes a wet and dry transition. This ramping is by and large caused by hydropeaking in Lundesokna and in the confluence with river Gaula. A prolonged cut-off from the main body of water will result in the mortality of the stranded fish. Thus, the mortality of alevin (with egg sac), fry, and parr will affect the count of the overall salmon population that migrates as “smolt” towards the sea (Nagrodski et al., 2012; Sauterleute et al., 2016). This, in turn, will affect the population of adult salmon that return to the rivers for spawning. In other words, mortality of the juvenile due to stranding if continued may act as negative feedback and threaten the overall salmon population and endanger the species as a whole. 4. Mitigation Measures • Application of environmental flows, as a viable mitigation option, to the Lundesokna river The concept of environmental flows is relevant in regulated rivers to help meet the requirements of the ecosystem without compromising much on the human benefits. The figures show how the presence of stressors without consideration of the environmental needs may degrade the riverine environment. Figure 17. Conceptual diagrams show relationships between (a) the presence of stressors and ecological degradation (USEPA, 2015) and (b) environmental flows and the status of the ecosystem (Bakken et al., 2012 ) This is conventionally done by allowing a sustained minimum flow in the river considering the survival of its habitants. Such a concept was already followed in Norwegian rivers much earlier. However, in the 1990s the concept of minimum flow was replaced by a stepwise decrease in inflow from summer to winter along with the occasional release of artificial floods to facilitate the migration of the anadromous fish population (Bakken et al., 2012 ). Lundesokna is a river in Norway that has a few hydropower plants withdrawing and releasing water from it and also has the Atlantic salmon inhabiting it. It has to be noted that adult salmon fish migrate to shallow upper reaches of the rivers to spawn typically by autumn. The eggs that are placed in the top layer of the gravel in the ramping zone of the river, when exposed to prolonged dryness and sub-zero air temperature desiccate (Casas-Mulet et al., 2015 ). While the alevins, fry, and juvenile face a high mortality risk when they get stranded in the ramping zone for a longer duration (Nagrodski et al., 2012 ; Sauterleute et al., 2016 ). Stranding may act as negative feedback and may threaten the overall population. The ramping operations when carried out without any guidelines will impact the river morphology, invertebrate composition, and bio-diversity. The juvenile and fry that took refuge along shorelines prior to peak flows may be forced to go deeper where there may not be sufficient forage, increased risk of predation, and high energy expenditure. This in turn may affect the overall health and growth and affect the density and timing of smolt migration, etc. In a natural unregulated system, the flows occurring in the winter, summer, and spring may be synchronized and normally facilitate such functions and the risk of stranding due to hydropeaking won’t be present. The naturally occurring floods may be synchronized with the timing of migration. The floods also help in flushing the fine sediments and retaining the original substrate, although in-depth research is required in that regard. As the production of hydropower cannot be compromised, the life-stage specific needs of the salmon at various times of the year that in general occurs naturally, have to be considered to set the hydropower plant operating guidelines. Shortly, the ecological potential reflecting the ecosystem needs and the economic benefits reflecting the human requirements have to be balanced without much compromise. Consequently, the concept of environmental flows is applicable to the Lundesokna river. This can be achieved by having the natural flow conditions as the boundaries for the operation of hydropower plants. In that light, the Building Block Method (BBM) was proposed (Bakken et al., 2012 ) which suggests environmental flows by considering different needs based on the ecological functions or the life stage of the native species, the flow variations occurring in different times of the year (Fig. 18 ). However, setting of such flows needs consensus among all the stakeholders of the system. Keeping these environmental flow limits and feasibility in mind, various hydro-peaking scenarios with frequencies and dewatering rates can be considered. Vanzo ( 2015 ) considered various scenarios of dewatering (Fig. 19 a) based on the minimum production cut-off value of 8 m 3 /s to prevent cavitation and the optimal intake capacity of 20 m 3 /s for the Sokna plant. In the analysis, he has found that scenario 6 is the one with lesser dewatering rates, ramping area, and duration of dry exposure of the bed. Scenario 6 starts production at 5 min and reduces production at 11.5 m 3 /s as ‘partial production’ and then stops. In another study, with a view to supporting the Paris agreement on increasing power production through renewable resources, the ecological impact of increased frequency of hydropeaking events and variations in the dewatering rate were studied (Fig. 19 b & c) for a river in Sweden (Burman et al., 2021 ). This was done with a view to understanding flexible operation range and the associated susceptibility of the salmonid population. It was seen that a lesser number of cycles meant a stable flow condition and increased potential spawning area. It was also observed that the stranding risk of fry that is more vulnerable than juvenile salmonids is minimal for a dewatering duration of 30 mins. Similar feasible operating hydrographs can be tested hydraulically for habitat suitability. In that regard, we also propose to test the operating hydrographs with various steps of operation (considering cavitation and optimal efficiency ranges of turbines) so as to avoid high dewatering rates and hence the associated stranding risk (Fig. 19 d). This might help in increasing the potential spawning habitat areas too. The potential spawning areas and stranding status are found using hydraulic parameters such as flow, depth, wetted area, ramping area, velocity, etc as done in Section 3. Habitat suitability curves (Jonsson and Jonsson, 2011 ) for the early and late stages of the salmon can also be used in that regard. The problem of high velocities can be solved by artificially generating armor layers or moderately creating the zone of low velocity by optimal contouring the gravel bed according to the slope for salmon to rest. A flowchart for arriving at mitigation measures or operating guidelines is presented in Fig. 20 . Thus, with the environmental flows as boundaries, design operation hydrographs can be tested using hydraulic models, and habitat simulation models for various timings of the year and the associated life stage of the salmon. Finally, based on the analysis operation guidelines and local mitigation measures such as augmenting the substrate in potential areas, contouring the bed, provision of cover, etc. can be undertaken. The conclusions are site-specific as it was seen from Section 3 that the confluence of Lundesokna and Gaula behaved differently than the other three sites in the tributary. • Relation of ramping area to the base flow magnitude A logarithmic decrease is observed in sites 1, 2, and 3 with the increase in base flow (0.3 to 18.3 m 3 /s) (Fig. 21 ). While a linear trend is observed for site 4. As discussed in earlier sections, the lesser the difference between base and peak flows (higher the base flow), the lesser will be the ramping areas. Importantly, a greater rate of decrease in ramping areas is observed within ~ 0.3–2 m 3 /s and thus can be realized as the best trade-off range. 5. Critical Discussion Of Results Seasonality: identification of the most sensitive periods in terms of ecological impacts of hydropeaking and envision a strategy to reduce dynamical impacts during critical period In terms of ecological impacts, winter is the most sensitive period due to the low flow in Gaula & Lundesokna, and it is also a spawning season (including late autumn) for the Atlantic salmon. The eggs that are laid in the top layer of the ramping zone are at a higher risk of desiccation when exposed to a long period of dryness and sub-zero air temperature in the winter. According to Hedger et al. ( 2018 ), the largest negative effect on the Atlantic salmon population abundance was caused by hydropeaking during winter daylight. Further, based on the results of section 3, we also noted a significant decrease in the spawning index due to the large variation in flow caused by hydropeaking. Dynamic release of the flows from the Sokna power plant based on various ecological needs such as egg survival, prevention of stranding of the alevins, fry, and juvenile, and smolt migration is a viable strategy to conserve the salmonid population. The presence of a water bank to store water and release it during periods with flows lower than the ecological need can also be resorted to. • Impacts/trends due to global warming and potential future issues/problems/opportunities An increase in the global temperature and the hydrologic extreme i.e., both droughts and floods are the envisaged aspects of global warming. Although a small increase in temperature during the winter may be good for egg survival, we are not certain about the projected increase in the river temperature, due to global warming over the Norway region. Further, IPCC SYN (2014) reported the high confidence (very likely) over the earlier occurrence of spring peak flows in the snow and glacier-fed rivers. This may lead to high flows in the late winter seasons. So, future research should focus on the sensitivity of Atlantic Salmon to the projected changes in temperature & flow and whether hydropeaking will complement these effects. Outlook: main lessons to river managers and stakeholders From Section 1 , it was understood that an optimal 15 min resolution data can capture the flashness in the up and down ramping phases of hydropeaking events in Lundesokna. Section 2 shows that higher ramping rates are seen in sites 2 and 3 during the up and down ramping phases. While in site 4 consisting of the confluence of Gaula and Lundesokna, the lowest rates were observed due to moderation by the unregulated flow in Gaula. Based on the analysis made in Section 3, the base-peak flow differences of the hydropeaking events in Lundesokna can be minimized to prevent stranding in all the sites. Irrespective of the increase in flows in Lundesokna (up to a flow similar to that in Gaula), site 4’s spawning potential will not be much affected. As mentioned earlier, this is due to the moderation of the flow by Gaula. However, other sites might get affected by the increase in flow in Lundesokna. Due to this contrasting behaviour of sites 4 and sites 1, 2, and 3, site-specific mitigation measures are to be formulated. When Gaula is at low flows, the peak flow in Lundesokna during hydropeaking events has to be maintained at a flow similar to that of the Gaula to reduce the stranding risks. Environmental flow informed comprehensive framework for drafting operational guidelines and site-specific mitigation measures can be undertaken to ensure effective conservation of the salmon population. The framework is presented and explained in detail under Section 4.1. • Limitations and assumptions of our analysis Insufficiency in the length of data – The discharge data for the Lundesokna for the time period from December-June was only available. So we are not certain about the annual average frequency and properties of hydropeaking events. A sufficient number of wet/dry years is needed to gain a holistic outlook. Low-resolution of Gaula data – We have assumed that daily averaged flow provided for Gaula river as a constant flow throughout the day. More focused on winter – Other critical periods such as spawning (late autumn), hatching (spring) & fry, and juvenile survival period (summer) have not been analyzed. • Future scope Hydrologic/hydraulic simulations for future projections can be run to evaluate the possible changes in the river ecology. Hydraulic results such as flow depth and flow velocity can be given as input into the habitat simulation model and the habitat cells in the model can track the spawning, habitat selection, feeding, growth, and survival. This will help us to assess how the fish population responds to the hydropeaking event scenarios. Possibility of bypassing high peaks during winters into secondary reservoirs would have been analyzed to ensure egg survival. Mitigation measures such as various dewatering scenarios of different frequencies and dewatering rates as discussed in section 4. Exhaustive field visits to understand how the variation in the ramping rates will affect the early stages of salmon – alevins, fry & juvenile. Declarations Acknowledgement We would like to acknowledge the International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR) for providing us with the data, opportunity and technical guidance to carry this research work. We would also like to thank all the organizers of the 2nd IAHR Young Professionals Hydro-Environment Challenge (Ecohydraulics challenge). References Li, T., & Pasternack, G. B. (2021). Revealing the diversity of hydropeaking flow regimes. Journal of Hydrology , 598 , 126392. Vanzo, D. (2015). Eco-hydraulic quantication of hydropeaking and thermopeaking: development of modeling and assessment tools (Doctoral dissertation, University of Trento). Bakken, T. H., Zinke, P., Melcher, A., Sundt, H., Vehanen, T., Jorde, K., & Acreman, M. (2012). Setting environmental flows in regulated rivers. SINTEF report TRA , 4276 . Burman, A. J., Hedger, R. D., Hellström, J. G. I., Andersson, A. G., & Sundt-Hansen, L. E. (2021). Modelling the downstream longitudinal effects of frequent hydropeaking on the spawning potential and stranding susceptibility of salmonids. Science of The Total Environment , 796 , 148999. Jonsson, B., & Jonsson, N. (2011). Ecology of Atlantic Salmon and Brown Trout Habitat as a template for life histories. [USEPA] US Environmental Protection Agency. (2005). Use of Biological Information to Better Define Designated Aquatic Life Uses in State and Tribal Water Quality Standards: Tiered Aquatic Life Uses. Casas‐Mulet, Roser., Saltveit, S. J., & Alfredsen, K. N. U. T. (2015). The survival of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) eggs during dewatering in a river subjected to hydropeaking. River Research and Applications , 31 (4), 433-446. Casas-Mulet, R., Saltveit, S. J., & Alfredsen, K. T. (2016). Hydrological and thermal effects of hydropeaking on early life stages of salmonids: A modelling approach for implementing mitigation strategies. Science of the total environment , 573 , 1660-1672. Forseth, T., Harby, A., Ugedal, O., Pulg, U., Fjeldstad, H. P., Robertsen, G., ... & Arnekleiv, J. V. (2014). Handbook for environmental design in regulated salmon rivers. Nagrodski, A., Raby, G. D., Hasler, C. T., Taylor, M. K., & Cooke, S. J. (2012). Fish stranding in freshwater systems: sources, consequences, and mitigation. Journal of environmental management , 103 , 133-141. Sauterleute, J. F., Hedger, R. D., Hauer, C., Pulg, U., Skoglund, H., Sundt-Hansen, L. E., ... & Ugedal, O. (2016). Modelling the effects of stranding on the Atlantic salmon population in the Dale River, Norway. Science of the Total Environment , 573 , 574-584. IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report. IPCC Synthetic Report. Hedger, R. D., Sauterleute, J., Sundt-Hansen, L. E., Forseth, T., Ugedal, O., Diserud, O. H., & Bakken, T. H. (2018). Modelling the effect of hydropeaking-induced stranding mortality on Atlantic salmon population abundance. Ecohydrology, 11(5), e1960. https://doi.org/10.1002/ECO.1960 Additional Declarations Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2262656","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Case Report","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":151291883,"identity":"b0ee4fa6-6b56-4968-a5dd-fffdc3660421","order_by":0,"name":"N. 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Yessica Sevilla Angulo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad de Guanajuato","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"B.","middleName":"Yessica Sevilla","lastName":"Angulo","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-11-11 10:19:27","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":true,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"coiExplicitlySet":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2262656/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2262656/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":29149883,"identity":"2c7196ea-1bb0-4167-ad78-f14faff80ff9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-16 17:47:33","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":56408,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInstantaneous measurements at sub-hourly and hourly resolutions. The units of X and Y axes are minutes and m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2262656/v1/150e71e77ba0ea803b0cb8d5.png"},{"id":29148940,"identity":"ae44f0e3-93c2-43c9-9624-455da38272c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-16 17:39:33","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28410,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eZoomed in area of the green box in Fig.1. The units of X and Y axes are minutes and m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2262656/v1/d42eac5567a81e4b39d74323.png"},{"id":29149884,"identity":"c2dc12dd-a1fd-4ddf-b3c7-7e4bfd0f2d82","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-16 17:47:34","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":109390,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e7-day sample of hourly to sub-daily resolution data. The units of X and Y axes are minutes and m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2262656/v1/2b77f290eeae3fc02c976837.png"},{"id":29148942,"identity":"d4bfbe6a-43c2-461e-bd37-8c2627d9c9b0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-16 17:39:34","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":49718,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eZoomed in area of the first red circle in Fig.3. The units of X and Y axes are minutes and m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2262656/v1/b0b79301e1941108bd4b0146.png"},{"id":29150523,"identity":"649fab9e-1305-4cdf-afbc-175cbfaf9d43","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-16 17:55:34","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26843,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSmoothened and noise removed discharge time series along with the hydropeaking critical points i.e., red-blue (base pair), red-black (peak pair) and transition points obtained from the Modified Hydropeaking Event Detected Algorithm.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2262656/v1/868fe2c756ae688211a0c833.png"},{"id":29151109,"identity":"a05efaf6-ca45-459f-bf6e-1692d0e51844","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-16 18:03:34","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":66850,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHydropeaking base flow, peak flow, mean flow and duration for seasonal average (a) and for an individual maximum event (b) for three different seasons.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2262656/v1/4a5571ff13d429e3f99402b5.png"},{"id":29149888,"identity":"0825d9f4-3d7b-4e47-a6c9-b9f5e4f94568","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-16 17:47:34","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":67364,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlow in Lundesokna for the Winter season. The red line corresponding to 8.5 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s demarcates two types of base flows.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2262656/v1/0a9546f2ac141ef64090204f.png"},{"id":29149891,"identity":"c1726a36-989e-45f6-a4e4-0fc5c3ecc1fc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-16 17:47:34","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":284544,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePictures showing: a) four sites in the study area and b) an illustration of ramping area.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2262656/v1/b20c30efc75f333654f18749.png"},{"id":29151108,"identity":"a5c5fae6-dcd0-4fed-a8d0-3eada7c3555e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-16 18:03:34","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17121,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInflow boundary conditions for an individual hydropeaking event in the Winter.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2262656/v1/3ed5c4b1f20da83cf7ebd86b.png"},{"id":29148949,"identity":"89152011-d44d-453f-ad76-b651f73d4674","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-16 17:39:34","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":243324,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe left-side panel presents the overall ramping areas for average winter flow scenario I for (a) site 1; (c) site 2; (e) site 3, and (g) site 4. While the right-side panel presents the overall ramping areas for the average winter scenario II for (b) site 1; (d) site 2; (f) site 3, and (h) site 4.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2262656/v1/46fba6e3349773f8ee5a21e9.png"},{"id":29151110,"identity":"54a5b691-a334-48d3-83ac-219c534d5388","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-16 18:03:34","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":136834,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOverall ramping areas for the individual winter event for the four sites (a) site 1, (b) site 2, (c) site 3, and (d) site 4.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2262656/v1/37fe9040b848413d90d7393b.png"},{"id":29149898,"identity":"418f2ad8-5c79-4943-8e1c-7406d113b5bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-16 17:47:34","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":280601,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Maximum depth map for average peak scenario at 23.32 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s. The blue circle portion indicates branching at this discharge. (b) The profile plot over a cross-section ~150m shows an inundation of ~0.2 m in the blue circle region.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2262656/v1/aa9aabb1709812126c2d509d.png"},{"id":29148952,"identity":"b5a72125-04d1-4509-bebe-c60479a45e01","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-16 17:39:34","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":115810,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCross-section terrain plots at random locations for (a) site 3 and (b) site 2.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"131.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2262656/v1/ceeac567bff769b446e76747.png"},{"id":29151293,"identity":"68006932-d7bf-4fd0-bf1c-7616e3274d97","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-16 18:11:34","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":177300,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRamping rates for the up ramping phase for (a) site 1, (c) site 2, (e) site 3, and (g) site 4 and down ramping phase for (b) site 1, (d) site 2, (f) site 3, and (h) site 4.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2262656/v1/c9661769ff778acb2200f19e.png"},{"id":29148961,"identity":"a4950a11-5d1d-427e-a054-e806a00880b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-16 17:39:34","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":202538,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 14. Potential spawning area index maps based on flow depth and velocity for 1,2,3, and 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e rows representing sites 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. The 1, 2, and 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e columns represent Scenario I base, Scenario II base and Scenarios I and II peak. Note the peak is common in both the scenarios (refer to Section 2).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2262656/v1/e234fa0accabec15c3d85f28.png"},{"id":29148945,"identity":"d69e3689-7b71-4d9c-b391-4be46506bc41","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-16 17:39:34","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":113187,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 15. Fish stranding index: 1, 2, 3, and 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e rows represent sites 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively; 1 and 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e columns represent scenarios I and II. The red areas are not good for survival and the green areas are suitable.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2262656/v1/4a15f0ac7ca518ae5136e37c.png"},{"id":29150527,"identity":"87f15a99-3e26-447b-be0e-4b687b374184","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-16 17:55:34","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"Figure 17","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":129063,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 16. Spawning habitat and fish stranding indices for “normal” and “low” flow scenarios for river Gaula for site 4.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2262656/v1/2107cd8154a9717ee45fc8c7.png"},{"id":29148958,"identity":"faaa0d33-c866-4219-adfa-9b69cda05625","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-16 17:39:34","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"Figure 18","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":230804,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 17. Conceptual diagrams show relationships between (a) the presence of stressors and ecological degradation (USEPA, 2015) and (b) environmental flows and the status of the ecosystem (Bakken et al., 2012)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2262656/v1/d7e177ba795794aaee3c4086.png"},{"id":29148960,"identity":"52008ccc-c26c-4a16-8684-9914ae2d5365","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-16 17:39:34","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"Figure 19","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":421575,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 18. Environmental flows were set for Norwegian conditions (Bakken et al., 2012)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2262656/v1/27428b69bd5202919bf25ebb.png"},{"id":29150529,"identity":"48a079dd-8faa-4ddd-890d-7e9e53d387f7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-16 17:55:34","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"Figure 20","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":124100,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 19. Hydropeaking scenarios (a) Vanzo (2015); (b) \u0026amp; (c) Burman et al. (2021); (d) proposed multi-step wise dewatering scenarios – only a sample.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2262656/v1/9ce4f094317a831708443edb.png"},{"id":29148956,"identity":"f5b0e7b5-9ce9-4613-bdd8-1fab3f3f9250","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-16 17:39:34","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"Figure 21","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":117543,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 20. Proposed framework for the formulation of environmental flow-based hydropower operation and mitigation measure guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"20.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2262656/v1/6537e3a4940d1ac01fe87982.png"},{"id":29150532,"identity":"d4cec3e0-86f6-44dd-bf34-c66d83436f88","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-16 17:55:34","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"Figure 22","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25316,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 21. Variation of ramping areas with different base flows for the four sites.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"21.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2262656/v1/8a91949aefbe9287c0df6249.png"},{"id":29151295,"identity":"1b4fb890-9799-4480-b571-372dfb07dcbe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-16 18:11:42","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3213477,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2262656/v1/4d8079ee-2498-4add-b346-613c9b047b25.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests: The authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScope, Effects and Mitigation of Hydropeaking: A Case Study of Lundesokna, Gaula River\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe worldwide use of hydroelectric energy has it boom due to the characteristics attributed to it: being clean and renewable; however, the impact that its production has on the fluvial ecosystem cannot be denied, among which the alteration of natural flow regimes stands out. Generally, the power plants at the foot of dams operate intermittently based on energy price and demand variables, which causes the phenomenon known as hydropeaking. Hydropeaking is the rapid and constant variation of flow in a short period of time, usually during of a single day, as a result of alterations in hydraulic variables such as flow velocity, entrainment stress, water level, water quality and river morphology. The term hydropeaking first appeared in the literature with Jackson et al. (1991) as a definition, however, the study of daytime flow variation and its impact on the river ecosystem had already been described decades earlier with Hynes (1970). Even so, research on the ecological effects it causes is recent; studies are generally based on fish and macroinvertebrate communities. For fish, the greatest impacts are generally found in the stranding, behavioral change of the species, growth difficulties, population decline and habitat deterioration (Nagrodski et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Finch et al., 2015; Vollset et al, 2016; Boavida et al., 2015). In this paper we present the perspectives and solution proposals raised as a team, trying to answer the sections presented for the case study in the Lundesokna River. The scientific knowledge and the tools provided allow identifying the scenarios and the impacts generated on them, giving rise to reflection on the possible strategies for the conservation or restoration of this ecosystem.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eContext\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Gaula River is located in Trondhei, Norway, which originates in a mountainous region; it has an approximate length of 150.6 km and flows into the Trondheim Fjord through a basin of 3,635.8 km2. The Gaula River has a great conservation value due to the high number of wild salmon that inhabit it, for which a rigorous environmental protection is required and demanded. One of the main affluents of the Gaula River is the Lundesokna River, which is meticulously regulated because of the extreme fluctuation due to the production discharge from the Sokna hydroelectric power plant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe hydropower plant operates in relation to the market, i.e., the largest daily fluctuations in the Lundesokna River are generated at the Sokna plant, based on its daily and weekly demand. Discharges into the Gaula River have a negative impact on the river's water ecosystem. In the last 50 years, due to hydroelectric discharges, it is estimated that the salmon population has decreased by 90%, a problem that makes it urgent to consider regulating and protecting the ecosystem in the area of the Gaula River.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"1. Analysis Of Flow/water Levels \u0026 Determination Of Optimal Data Resolution","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eTesting the differences between 1 min, 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h resolutions (based on instantaneous measurements at each resolution)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eVisually assessment of the Lundesokna hydrograph\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cu\u003eHourly and sub-hourly resolutions\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe instantaneous water level values of the Lundesokna river were sampled at 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, and 1 hr intervals using MATLAB for the hourly and sub-hourly resolutions. During winter, in a ~3-day sample when the 1 min data of water levels were continuous, it can be seen that 15 mins data did not miss any hydro-peaking event. While the 30 min and 1 hr data missed 1 and 2 hydropeaking events\u0026rsquo; base flow in comparison to the reference 1 min data, respectively. The missed events are indicated by red circles in Fig.1. It can also be seen in the second red circle that the 1 hr data has not only failed to capture the base flow but has merged two events into one. This has eventually prolonged the peak flow duration.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlso, Fig. 2 corresponding to the zoomed area in the green box of Fig.1, shows that the flashness or the rate of change from peak to base and base to peak is missed out largely by 30 min and 1 hr data.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cu\u003eSub-daily resolutions\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt can be seen from Fig.3 that the 1-hr and 2-hr data are better performing compared to other resolutions as they retain the peak duration. The rate of rise and fall / flashness of the hydropeaking events are also lost in all the hourly to sub-daily resolution data. However, the 1-hr and 2-hr data also miss the base flow values at 2 and 4 instances, represented by red circles. The first red circle is zoomed in Fig. 4 for better understanding.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom Fig.4, it can be seen that hydropeaking event happening for ~100 minutes is not captured by 2-hr resolution and above. This is due to the fact that the 2-hr and above resolution data have missed out on the base-peak and peak-base pairs of this shorter event. Even in the 1-hr resolution the flashness and the peak duration of this short event are not captured.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, from the visual analysis, it can be seen that 15-min resolution is good in preserving the critical information related to number of hydropeaking events, peak duration, and baseflow values.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eCalculation of standard hydropeaking metrics for each of the resolutions and assessing the point of change\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 presents the metrics calculated for a sample week in the winter period for various resolutions based on (Li and Pasternack et al., 2021). The metrics were averaged for rise and fall phases. The timing and values of base-peak and peak-base pairs were obtained manually with the intention to retain instantaneous values rather than averaging out with any curve fitting or thresholding method.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:.25in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 1. Standard hydropeaking metrics that are averaged for rise and fall phases.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border: none;width:6.3in;border-collapse:collapse;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91.75pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.9pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eDescription\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:36.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:11.9pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eIndices\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:30.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:11.9pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1min\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:30.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:11.9pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e5min\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:33.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:11.9pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e15min\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.4pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:11.9pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e30min\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:30.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:11.9pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1hr\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:26.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:11.9pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2hr\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.4pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:11.9pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4hr\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.4pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:11.9pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e6hr\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:26.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:11.9pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e12hr\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:40.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:11.9pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e24hr\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91.75pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePeaking discharge\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.7pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1.05\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91.75pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eBase flow\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.7pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30.75pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.15pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.9pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.52\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91.75pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eStandardized amplitude\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.7pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSt\u003csub\u003erg\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30.75pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.07\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30.75pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.07\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.65pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.07\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.07\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30.75pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.07\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.15pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.07\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.07\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.07\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.9pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.08\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.04\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91.75pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eDaily peaking number\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.7pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePK\u003csub\u003eno\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30.75pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1.43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30.75pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1.43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.65pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1.43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e1.29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30.75pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e1.14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.15pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.9pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e0.29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91.75pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eRetention of peak (min)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.7pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePK\u003csub\u003ertn\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30.75pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e589.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30.75pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e589.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.65pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e587.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e586.67\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30.75pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e652.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.15pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e675\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e582.86\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e411.43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.9pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e1441.29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom Table 1 it can be seen that the daily peaking number and retention of peak starts changing noticeably beyond 15-min. This corroborated with the visual inspection done previously as beyond 15-min resolution the base flow values get missed out and the peak duration is not retained correctly with respect to the reference 1-min data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eStandard hydropeaking metrics that are calculated separately for rise and fall phases.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"border: none;width:371.0pt;border-collapse:collapse;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eDescription\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eIndices\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1min\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e15min\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e30min\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1hr\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:116.0pt;border:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:.25in;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eDuration (min)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.25in;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eD\u003csub\u003erc\u003c/sub\u003e rise\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.25in;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e103.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.25in;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e97.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.25in;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e96.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.25in;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e180.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.25in;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eD\u003csub\u003erc\u003c/sub\u003e fall\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.25in;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e187.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.25in;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e201.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.25in;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e190.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.25in;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e247.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:116.0pt;border:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:.25in;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eStandardized amplitude\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.25in;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSt\u003csub\u003erg\u003c/sub\u003e rise\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.25in;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1.071\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.25in;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1.07\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.25in;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1.007\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.25in;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1.022\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.25in;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSt\u003csub\u003erg\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003efall\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.25in;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1.018\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.25in;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.25in;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.953\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.25in;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.954\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:116.0pt;border:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eFlashness (hr\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eRB rise\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.010\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.011\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e0.016\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e0.007\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eRB fall\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.005\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.006\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e0.010\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.004\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:116.0pt;border:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eRate of change (m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s)/ hr\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eRC rise\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e0.24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e0.14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eRC fall\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e0.06\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to further understand the behavior of the critical resolutions (15-min, 1-hr and 2-hr) in rise and fall cycles, the metrics were calculated separately for the rise and fall phases (Table 2). \u0026nbsp;The values highlighted in red are ~30% different from the reference 1-min resolution. Beyond 15 min resolution, it can be seen that the metrics start to change noticeably. There can be errors associated due to the subjective nature of the analysis.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eImplications of flow measurements at different resolutions for further hydro-ecological assessments.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese indices that correspond to the magnitude, frequency, duration, and rate of change show that 15-min resolution data is the optimal resolution in capturing the hydropeaking events. Beyond the 15-min resolution, the peak duration, frequency, and rate of change are not captured. This coincides with the fact that turbine switching off/on occurs in the span of 15-60 minutes duration and the abrupt changes in hydropeaking discharges from 20 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s to 0.45 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s occurs in less than 20 minutes (Vanzo., 2015). From the hydro-ecological point of view, this may affect the magnitude and duration of hydraulic parameters such as flow velocity, depth, and discharge. Hence, the assessment of the suitability of the domain for various ecological functions of species such as spawning, survival of fry, and juvenile based on the hydraulic parameters may not be accurate if the optimal resolution is not used. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.2. Comparing seasons from a hydrological perspective: winter vs spring vs summer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eDetermining reference mean values for peak (highest), base (lowest), and mean (average) flows and durations of the peaks of each season (winter: Dec-Feb; spring: March-April; summer: May-June).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe used Hydropeaking Event Detection Algorithm (HEDA) (Li \u0026amp; Pasternack, 2021) to determine the average base, peak, mean values and duration of hydropeaking events for different seasons. Li \u0026amp; Pasternack (2021) developed this HEDA algorithm to separate hydropeaking events. It has three components namely, data preparation, vector angle and noise-cleaning. In data preparation, the flow time series will be converted into an hourly flow and flow records would be truncated by 10\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e and 90\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e percentile values. It will be followed by smoothing, where the flow variations (Q\u003csub\u003et+1\u003c/sub\u003e-Q\u003csub\u003et\u003c/sub\u003e) smaller than the threshold value (t\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e) are assigned zero. In vector angle, change points are identified if the angle of the rise/fall rate of discharge exceeds a certain threshold value (t\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e). Finally, in the noise cleaning, noisy points are removed and hydropeaking events are detected based on the base-flow pair, peak pair and transition points that were identified in the previous stage. R Package for this detection algorithm is freely available on Github.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough this technique is robust, it has some inherent assumptions that are not suitable for our case. Hence, we modified the R script to suit our study. The first modification is regarding the time step, Section 1.1 identified that15 minutes time step is the optimal one, so we made changes in the script to convert the input flow series into 15 minutes discharge series. This step, demands further modifications since the threshold values (t\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026amp; t\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) discussed above are with respect to one hour. Li \u0026amp; Pacternack (2021) used 1.1m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s/hr as t\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e value. But this value results in a more serrated discharge flow rather than smoothened series. So, we visually compared the discharge series over the range of values and fixed t\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e as 2.8m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s/hr (i.e., 0.7m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s/15 min). This provides much better results and is also in congruence with the previous literature cited in Li \u0026amp; Pasternack (2021).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig. 5 shows the smoothened discharge for the selected t\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e value of 0.7 for a small time window. Further colour of the points indicates the base and peak of the hydropeaking event i.e., red-blue indicates the base pair, red-black indicates the peak pair and green triangle point represents the transition point.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the hydropeaking event detection, we calculated the average base, peak, mean values and duration of the hydropeaking events for three seasons i.e., (Winter: December-February, Spring: March \u0026amp;Apr, Summer: May \u0026amp; June) (Fig. 6a). However, we observed that the difference between the average peak and base value is in the range of 3 to 10 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s. This small variation is due to the fact that there are two types of hydropeaking events with different base flow levels. One is less than ~5 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s whereas the other one is more than 8 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s. This difference dampens the average value so we also presented the base, peak value for a maximum individual event for all the seasons in Fig. 6b. Also, in the spring and summer months, the peak value is the same as the mean discharge value. In Fig. 6a, the mean discharge value event exceeded the average peaking value of the hydropeaking event. This is mainly due to the high natural flows in the Lundesokna tributary in these seasons and the number of the hydropeaking events is also less in these seasons than in the winter season. However, it is reversed for the average duration values where the average hydropeaking duration for the winter season is lesser than the remaining two seasons.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2.\tSimulation Of Different Flow Conditions And Identification Of Critical Hydro-geomorphological Changes ","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the previous section 1.2 as per Fig.7, the identified baseflow values were segregated into that \u0026lt; 8.5 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s (Scenario I) and greater than 8.5 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s for the Winter season. This is done with a view to accommodate two types of baseflows in the analyses. The average base flow values for Scenario I and II are 4.25 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s and 18.28 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s, respectively. The average peak flow value for both scenarios was 23.32 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s. The values were obtained from Section 1.2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDetails on running the full 2D hydrodynamic HEC-RAS model for the domain and extracting ramping area using GIS are provided in the Annexure. The ramping areas were estimated for the average baseflows (Scenario I and II) and peak flow for four different sites in Fig.8a. Figure 7b shows the definition of the ramping area or the ramping zone that gets wet or dry based on the flow conditions and is thus not permanently under the water.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the average winter base and peak flow values, an individual hydropeaking event with inflows as presented in Fig. 9, was also run.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe green and magenta boxes represent the up ramping (base to peak) and down ramping (peak to base) phases, respectively, for the individual hydro-peaking event in the winter.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe following figures 10 and 11 show overall ramping areas for the average winter scenarios I and II and the individual winter event scenario, respectively. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eVariation of ramping area among the sites\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:.25in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 3. Ramping areas for various scenarios in m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"border: none;width:356.7pt;border-collapse:collapse;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:184.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#BFBFBF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.05pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;Scenarios\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#BFBFBF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.05pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#BFBFBF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.05pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#BFBFBF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.05pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:44.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#BFBFBF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.05pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:184.25pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eAverage winter Scenario I\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3717\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e6061\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e6271\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:44.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e5288\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:184.25pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eAverage winter Scenario II\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e818\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e927\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1406\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:44.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e1752\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:184.25pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eIndividual winter up ramping\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4712\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e9138\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e9202\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:44.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e5201\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:184.25pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eIndividual winter down ramping\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4340\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8691\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e8989\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:44.9pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e5127\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cu\u003eAverage winter flow values from Section 1.2\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom Table 3 and Figs 10 and 11, it can be seen that site 3 reports the highest area for the average winter Scenario I. Site 4, which consists of the confluence of Gaula and Lundesokna, reports the highest ramping area for the average winter Scenario II. This shows that site 4 is sensitive to reporting differences in inundation areas for higher flows in Lundesokna. This can be attributed to the branching at higher elevations occurring at high discharges as shown in Fig. 12 below.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe inundation in the blue circle region in Fig.12a has been reported only for the average peak flow of 23.32 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s and not up to ~19 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s (peak for the individual event). \u0026nbsp;While in other sites the cross-sections are not that complexly connected for higher elevation values as shown in Figure 13. However, a more detailed analysis using different discharges of peak and base flows will help us to better understand the hydraulic behaviour of the sites.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn general, the ramping areas are greatest for Scenario I (base 4.25 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s and peak 23.32 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s) in all the sites as the difference between base and peak flows is higher than Scenario II (base 18.28 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s and peak 23.32 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s). As one may expect, the greater the difference between the base and peak flows, the greater will be the ramping area or the areas that undergo wet/dry transition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSite 1 presents the lowest ramping area in all the scenarios as it has a relatively lower reach length.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cu\u003eIndividual winter event with optimal resolution from 1.1\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSite 3 reports the highest ramping areas during both the up and down ramping phases. It can be seen that the river reach length is the longest in site 3. The peak discharge for the event is ~19 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s for which the branching didn\u0026rsquo;t happen at site 4. The base flow is ~1.1 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s. Thus, due to similar base and peak flow values, the area estimates of the individual events are close to that of the Average winter flow Scenario I.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eRamping rates and its change in the marked areas shown in fig. 8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ramping rates, i.e., the rate of change of the water level or depth for the base-peak/peak-base phases are calculated for the individual event. The calculations were carried out in the raster calculator of QGIS software. Based on the inference from Section 1.1, a 15 minutes resolution is used. From Fig. 9 showing the Lundesokna river\u0026rsquo;s inflow hydrograph, the up ramping and down ramping occurs in a duration of around 30 and 60 minutes, respectively. The corresponding base-peak and peak-base depth differences were calculated and were divided by the duration to obtain ramping rate maps. The ramping rate maps for up and down ramping phases are presented in Figure 14.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig. 14 shows that the ramping rates are higher for the up ramping phase while lower for the down ramping phase in all four sites. This is due to the fact that up ramping happened in ~30 minutes while the down ramping happened in ~60 minutes. Site 4 reported the lowest ramping rate values of \u0026lt;2 and \u0026lt;0.5 m/hr in the up ramping and down ramping phases, respectively. This could be due to the consistent high flows in the larger Gaula river. Sites 2 and 3 reported higher ramping rates in the up ramping phase. The zonal statistics of the ramping rates for the four sites that were estimated using QGIS are tabulated in Table 4. While Table 5 presents the area under various classes of ramping rates for the four sites.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 4. Statistics of ramping rate (m/hr)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 4.7e+2pt;border: none;border-collapse:collapse;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:61.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eStatistics\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:102.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:102.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:102.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:102.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:41.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eUp\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:61.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eDown\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:41.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eUp\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:61.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eDown\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:41.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eUp\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:61.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eDown\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:41.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eUp\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:61.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eDown\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:61.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003emean\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1.36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61pt;border-color: currentcolor black currentcolor currentcolor;border-style: none solid none none;border-width: medium 1pt medium medium;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41pt;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e1.83\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61pt;border-color: currentcolor black currentcolor currentcolor;border-style: none solid none none;border-width: medium 1pt medium medium;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:#70AD47;'\u003e0.68\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41pt;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1.31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61pt;border-color: currentcolor black currentcolor currentcolor;border-style: none solid none none;border-width: medium 1pt medium medium;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41pt;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:61.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003emin\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1.06\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61pt;border-color: currentcolor black currentcolor currentcolor;border-style: none solid none none;border-width: medium 1pt medium medium;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41pt;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.61\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61pt;border-color: currentcolor black currentcolor currentcolor;border-style: none solid none none;border-width: medium 1pt medium medium;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.02\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41pt;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61pt;border-color: currentcolor black currentcolor currentcolor;border-style: none solid none none;border-width: medium 1pt medium medium;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41pt;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:61.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003emax\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor black;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61pt;border-color: currentcolor black black currentcolor;border-style: none solid solid none;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.67\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor black;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61pt;border-color: currentcolor black black currentcolor;border-style: none solid solid none;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.93\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor black;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61pt;border-color: currentcolor black black currentcolor;border-style: none solid solid none;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.66\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor black;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1.31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor black;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 5. Area under different categories of ramping rates in m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 4.7e+2pt;border: none;border-collapse:collapse;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:59.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eRamping rate (m/hr)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:102.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:102.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:102.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:102.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:46.15pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eUp\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:55.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eDown\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eUp\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eDown\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eUp\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eDown\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eUp\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eDown\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e340\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4514\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e13792\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e40223\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:#70AD47;'\u003e40054\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:59.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.5 - 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:46.15pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:55.85pt;border:none;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1135\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.65pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2070\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.35pt;border:none;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:#70AD47;'\u003e13300\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e5052\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e7752\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3980\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:59.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1 - 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:46.15pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e6087\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:55.85pt;border:none;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.65pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e5168\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.35pt;border:none;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e12586\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1160\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:59.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2 - 3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:46.15pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:55.85pt;border:none;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.65pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e4914\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.35pt;border:none;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4363\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:59.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3 - 4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:46.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:55.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e958\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e1326\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe average up ramping rates in sites 1, 2, 3, and 4 are 1.36, 1.83, 1.31, and 0.31 m/hr, respectively. The average down ramping rates in sites 1, 2, 3, and 4 are 0.45, 0.68, 0.41, and 0.13 m/hr, respectively. Thus, site 2 has high values of mean ramping rates. Table 5 shows that Site 4 has lower ramping rates \u0026lt; 1 m/hr and \u0026lt;0.5 m/hr, for up and down ramping phases. Site 3 shows the largest areas under high ramping rates of 3 - 4 m/hr, while site 2 shows the largest areas under the high ramping rates of 2 \u0026ndash; 3 m/hr. It has to be mentioned that site 2 has a maximum area under 0.5 \u0026ndash; 1 m/hr which are the highest values in the down ramping phase. In short, it can be said that\u0026nbsp;Sites 4 and 1 are the least affected by the event. While sites 2 and 3 are most affected by the hydropeaking event.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eEcological issues at the confluence in Gaula (site 4).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is a confluence for two river tributaries in area #4. As mentioned earlier, due to the stable discharge from the main river Gaula, the change in flow in the tributary Lundesokna due to hydropeaking was less pronounced. This eventually resulted in stable flow conditions and lesser ramping rates. Site 4 reported lower ramping rates \u0026lt;1 m/hr for both phases, this means that the chance of stranding of fry and juvenile is very less. Thus, from an ecological perspective, site 4 is suitable for habitation for the early stages of fish, and the moderation of hydropeaking flow by the main river Gaula is responsible for it. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Ecological Effects","content":"\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eImplications to the spawning ground of salmonids based on the results of section 2 (ramping areas and ramping rates)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt can be seen that with hydropeaking, due to the peak flow more areas come under inundation, which may make them suitable for spawning. However, when the areas are subjected to ramping prolonged exposure to sub-zero temperature and dehydration may desiccate the eggs. Areas that were seen as potential spawning places may be exposed to higher ramping rates and eventually lead to the stranding of the fry and juvenile, i.e., the early stages of the fish. However, from the previous inferences in Section 2, the ramping areas in site 4 are subjected to lesser ramping rates due to the moderation of hydropeaking by the main river Gaula.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurther, in order to quantitatively assess the areas having spawning potential, the acceptable ranges of flow depth and velocity that are duped as ideal hydrological conditions for spawning in the CEDREN Handbook (Forseth et al., 2014) are mapped. Also, the areas that satisfy the individual criteria of depth and velocity are also mapped (Figure 15). The acceptable ranges of depths and velocities are 0.3 - 1.5 m and 0.3 - 0.5 m/s, respectively. The average winter scenarios from Section 2.1 are considered in this regard.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Fig. 14, the areas in red are not suitable for spawning, inversely, the green areas are suitable, and the orange and the blue area are the areas that satisfy either velocity or depth criteria. Figure 14 shows that among the two influencing factors, the area conforming to the \u0026ldquo;Depth\u0026rdquo; only was much larger than the area conforming to the \u0026ldquo;Velocity\u0026rdquo;. Thus, it can be said that the standard for flow velocity was stricter and more sensitive than that of the water depth. The areas under each category of the spawning index are tabulated in Table 6.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 6. Areas under different spawning index criteria in m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 5.2e+2pt;margin-left:-5.65pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76.25pt;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style: none solid solid none;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eCategories\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 147.95pt;border-color: currentcolor windowtext currentcolor currentcolor;border-style: none solid none none;border-width: medium 1pt medium medium;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eScenario I - base\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 148pt;border-color: currentcolor windowtext currentcolor currentcolor;border-style: none solid none none;border-width: medium 1pt medium medium;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eScenario II - base\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 148pt;border: medium none;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eScenarios I, II - peak\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.95pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 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1pt 1pt medium;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.25pt;border-color: currentcolor windowtext currentcolor currentcolor;border-style: none solid none none;border-width: medium 1pt medium medium;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eDepth and Velocity\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.95pt;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e965\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e16712\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;border-color: currentcolor windowtext currentcolor currentcolor;border-style: none solid none none;border-width: medium 1pt medium medium;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e30540\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e15336\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;border-color: currentcolor windowtext currentcolor currentcolor;border-style: none solid none none;border-width: medium 1pt medium medium;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e32046\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e25388\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e43642\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.25pt;border-color: currentcolor windowtext currentcolor currentcolor;border-style: none solid none none;border-width: medium 1pt medium medium;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1409\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2827\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2992\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e7781\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6 shows that during peak flow, the area under depth only criteria is greater in all the sites and the area suitable for spawning is reduced in all the sites. However, a substantial reduction is observed in site 4. This can be understood from the disappearance of the upstream green patch in Figure 14 peak flow map. Thus, the peak flow (23.32 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s) from the tributary makes the flow regime unsuitable for spawning even in the upstream regions of the confluence in site 4. The scenario II base (18.28 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s) has improved the spawning potential to some extent from that of the scenario I base (4.25 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s). It has to be noted that flow in Gaula is maintained at 21.17 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s based on the observed average flow values. Therefore, it can be said that a flow in Lundesokna greater than that of Gaula will have adverse implications on spawning, as the stable flow conditions are disturbed. Such a generalization anyways warrants a more in-depth analysis.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eImpacts on the salmonid eggs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the literature (Casas‐Mulet et al., 2015; Casas‐Mulet et al., 2016), it can be said that the eggs that were laid in the permanent wetted area within the base flow have a 100 % chance of survival despite the freezing temperatures. However, the eggs that are laid in the ramping zone, when subjected to dewatering or complete dry conditions for a period greater than 3 hours and sub-zero air temperature might not survive. The eggs that are laid deeper by the salmon females in the gravel may survive due to the moisture and the warmth there. Additionally, exposure to intercepted groundwater may prevent complete desiccation and provide warmer water. Therefore, the eggs that are laid in the ramping area in the top portion are at a greater risk. It is also said that eggs and early life stages of the salmon that are subjected to high flows of the order \u0026gt; ~8 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s are at a higher risk of mortality. The discharge map can be easily prepared by multiplying the depth and velocity maps as the DEM resolution is 1m. The analysis is withheld due to the lack of clarity on whether the above-said criterion is site-specific or applicable everywhere for the salmonid eggs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eEffects of hydropeaking on the four sites in relation to stranding or ramping area increase\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom Section 2, it was observed that site 3 is the most affected by ramping area increase, while in higher base flow Scenario II, site 4 is the most affected. To better correlate the effect of ramping and stranding, the Swiss protocol (Baumann et al., 2012) is used to estimate the stranding index. The cross-sectional wetted area variation during hydropeaking is estimated as,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"381\" height=\"67\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCross-sections with \u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"113\" height=\"26\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;can be considered as good for the survival of salmon. The terrain DEM is of the spatial resolution of 1m \u0026times; 1m. Therefore, the area can be replaced by depth to obtain the wetted area variation as per the above formula. \u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"113\" height=\"26\"\u003e, is therefore defined as the stranding index to demarcate suitable and non-suitable areas for the survival of the salmon.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs one may expect, due to the higher difference between peak and base flows in the scenario I more areas are not suitable as they undergo more variation in the cross-sectional wetted area in each pixel. While it\u0026rsquo;s the contrary in scenario II. The areas under each criterion are tabulated in Table 7.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 7. Area under the categories of cross-sectional area stranding index in m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"border: none;width:283.0pt;border-collapse:collapse;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:79.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eScenario I\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:79.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eNot suitable\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8507\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e14364\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e22695\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e17271\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:79.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSuitable\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2136\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e35512\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"border: none;width:283.0pt;border-collapse:collapse;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:79.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eScenario II\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSite 4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:79.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eNot suitable\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1448\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2808\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2570\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2491\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:79.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSuitable\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e9959\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e16700\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e27120\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e53828\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 7 also helps us to arrive at the same conclusion that the lesser the difference between base and peak, the lesser will be the possibility of the creation of the ramping zone. Section 2 analyzed it longitudinally, while the stranding index helps us to look at the wetted area variation cross-sectionally. Nevertheless, in both analyses, the same conclusion is reached that the difference between base and peak needs to be minimized to prevent the stranding of salmon. Site 4 is the least affected by ramping area and stranding in all the scenarios (I \u0026amp; II) due to moderation by the unregulated flow from Gaula river.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eEffects of peaking in Lundesokna at site #4, when Gaula is at low flows\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndividual hydropeaking event is retained in Lundesokna. While, existing flow for the event\u0026rsquo;s period (19.64 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s) and low (10.533 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s) flow winter conditions are supplied to Gaula River, and are referred to as \u0026ldquo;normal\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;low\u0026rdquo; scenarios respectively. The low flow value is taken based on Vanzo (2015). The corresponding base (~1 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s) and peak (~19.1 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s) flow conditions in the Lundesokna event for the two scenarios are compared using spawning and stranding indices maps (Fig. 16) for site 4. Table 8 presents the area occupied under each category of the indices in both scenarios.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 8. Area occupied by the scenarios under different categories of the indices for site 4.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"border: none;width:418.0pt;border-collapse:collapse;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eIndices\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:115.1pt;border:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eZones\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:125.0pt;border:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003enormal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:107.0pt;border:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003elow\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:62.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003ebase\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:62.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003epeak\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:53.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003ebase\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:53.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D9D9D9;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003epeak\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eFish Stranding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:115.1pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eNot Suitable\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:125.0pt;border:none;background:#E2EFDA;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e20314\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:107.0pt;border:none;background:#FFF2CC;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e34172\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:115.1pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSuitable\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:125.0pt;border:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#E2EFDA;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:#2F75B5;'\u003e31157\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:107.0pt;border:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#FFF2CC;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e14925\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSpawning Habitat\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:115.1pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eDepth and Velocity\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.5pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:red;'\u003e16976\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.5pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e6723\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.5pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e12744\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.5pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:#70AD47;'\u003e7006\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:115.1pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eDepth only\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.5pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e29169\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.5pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e37252\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.5pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e30923\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.5pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e27949\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:115.1pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eVelocity only\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.5pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2260\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.5pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3657\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.5pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2957\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.5pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e12666\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:115.1pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eNot Suitable\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.5pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e7778\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.5pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8571\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.5pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e7979\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.5pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e6982\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom Fig. 16 and Table 8, it can be understood that the low flow in Gaula is better for the peak scenario in the Spawning habitat index. While the normal (existing) flow in Gaula is better for the base scenario in Spawning habitat index. In terms of fish stranding, which is minimized with less difference between peak and base flows, the normal scenario performs better. We also need to consider with caution the fact that as the potential spawning area increase in the \u0026ldquo;normal\u0026rdquo; base, the risk of stranding also increases. While in the case of the \u0026ldquo;low\u0026rdquo; scenario in Gaula, the potential spawning area increases under peak flow and decreases under base flow, and the possibility of stranding is increased greatly. Thus, it can be said that a low flow in Gaula warrants lesser peak flow in Lundesokna to weather the implications of hydropeaking from an ecological perspective.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eEcological impact of stranding on overall salmonid populations\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe salmon is an anadromous fish that spends its early life stages in the fresh waters and migrate as \u0026ldquo;smolt\u0026rdquo; towards the sea at later stages. They return back to the fresh waters to spawn and so on and so forth. The stranding happens in the riverine systems when the fish gets trapped in the ramping zone that undergoes a wet and dry transition. This ramping is by and large caused by hydropeaking in Lundesokna and in the confluence with river Gaula. A prolonged cut-off from the main body of water will result in the mortality of the stranded fish. Thus, the mortality of alevin (with egg sac), fry, and parr will affect the count of the overall salmon population that migrates as \u0026ldquo;smolt\u0026rdquo; towards the sea (Nagrodski et al., 2012; Sauterleute et al., 2016). This, in turn, will affect the population of adult salmon that return to the rivers for spawning. In other words, mortality of the juvenile due to stranding if continued may act as negative feedback and threaten the overall salmon population and endanger the species as a whole. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Mitigation Measures","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u0026bull; Application of environmental flows, as a viable mitigation option, to the Lundesokna river\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e The concept of environmental flows is relevant in regulated rivers to help meet the requirements of the ecosystem without compromising much on the human benefits. The figures show how the presence of stressors without consideration of the environmental needs may degrade the riverine environment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure 17. Conceptual diagrams show relationships between (a) the presence of stressors and ecological degradation (USEPA, 2015) and (b) environmental flows and the status of the ecosystem (Bakken et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis is conventionally done by allowing a sustained minimum flow in the river considering the survival of its habitants. Such a concept was already followed in Norwegian rivers much earlier. However, in the 1990s the concept of minimum flow was replaced by a stepwise decrease in inflow from summer to winter along with the occasional release of artificial floods to facilitate the migration of the anadromous fish population (Bakken et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Lundesokna is a river in Norway that has a few hydropower plants withdrawing and releasing water from it and also has the Atlantic salmon inhabiting it. It has to be noted that adult salmon fish migrate to shallow upper reaches of the rivers to spawn typically by autumn. The eggs that are placed in the top layer of the gravel in the ramping zone of the river, when exposed to prolonged dryness and sub-zero air temperature desiccate (Casas-Mulet et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). While the alevins, fry, and juvenile face a high mortality risk when they get stranded in the ramping zone for a longer duration (Nagrodski et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Sauterleute et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Stranding may act as negative feedback and may threaten the overall population. The ramping operations when carried out without any guidelines will impact the river morphology, invertebrate composition, and bio-diversity. The juvenile and fry that took refuge along shorelines prior to peak flows may be forced to go deeper where there may not be sufficient forage, increased risk of predation, and high energy expenditure. This in turn may affect the overall health and growth and affect the density and timing of smolt migration, etc. In a natural unregulated system, the flows occurring in the winter, summer, and spring may be synchronized and normally facilitate such functions and the risk of stranding due to hydropeaking won\u0026rsquo;t be present. The naturally occurring floods may be synchronized with the timing of migration. The floods also help in flushing the fine sediments and retaining the original substrate, although in-depth research is required in that regard. As the production of hydropower cannot be compromised, the life-stage specific needs of the salmon at various times of the year that in general occurs naturally, have to be considered to set the hydropower plant operating guidelines. Shortly, the ecological potential reflecting the ecosystem needs and the economic benefits reflecting the human requirements have to be balanced without much compromise. Consequently, the concept of environmental flows is applicable to the Lundesokna river. This can be achieved by having the natural flow conditions as the boundaries for the operation of hydropower plants. In that light, the Building Block Method (BBM) was proposed (Bakken et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) which suggests environmental flows by considering different needs based on the ecological functions or the life stage of the native species, the flow variations occurring in different times of the year (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig18\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). However, setting of such flows needs consensus among all the stakeholders of the system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKeeping these environmental flow limits and feasibility in mind, various hydro-peaking scenarios with frequencies and dewatering rates can be considered. Vanzo (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) considered various scenarios of dewatering (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig19\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003ea) based on the minimum production cut-off value of 8 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s to prevent cavitation and the optimal intake capacity of 20 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s for the Sokna plant. In the analysis, he has found that scenario 6 is the one with lesser dewatering rates, ramping area, and duration of dry exposure of the bed. Scenario 6 starts production at 5 min and reduces production at 11.5 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s as \u0026lsquo;partial production\u0026rsquo; and then stops. In another study, with a view to supporting the Paris agreement on increasing power production through renewable resources, the ecological impact of increased frequency of hydropeaking events and variations in the dewatering rate were studied (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig19\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003eb \u0026amp; c) for a river in Sweden (Burman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This was done with a view to understanding flexible operation range and the associated susceptibility of the salmonid population. It was seen that a lesser number of cycles meant a stable flow condition and increased potential spawning area. It was also observed that the stranding risk of fry that is more vulnerable than juvenile salmonids is minimal for a dewatering duration of 30 mins. Similar feasible operating hydrographs can be tested hydraulically for habitat suitability. In that regard, we also propose to test the operating hydrographs with various steps of operation (considering cavitation and optimal efficiency ranges of turbines) so as to avoid high dewatering rates and hence the associated stranding risk (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig19\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003ed). This might help in increasing the potential spawning habitat areas too.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe potential spawning areas and stranding status are found using hydraulic parameters such as flow, depth, wetted area, ramping area, velocity, etc as done in Section 3. Habitat suitability curves (Jonsson and Jonsson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) for the early and late stages of the salmon can also be used in that regard. The problem of high velocities can be solved by artificially generating armor layers or moderately creating the zone of low velocity by optimal contouring the gravel bed according to the slope for salmon to rest. A flowchart for arriving at mitigation measures or operating guidelines is presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig20\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e. Thus, with the environmental flows as boundaries, design operation hydrographs can be tested using hydraulic models, and habitat simulation models for various timings of the year and the associated life stage of the salmon. Finally, based on the analysis operation guidelines and local mitigation measures such as augmenting the substrate in potential areas, contouring the bed, provision of cover, etc. can be undertaken. The conclusions are site-specific as it was seen from Section 3 that the confluence of Lundesokna and Gaula behaved differently than the other three sites in the tributary.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u0026bull; Relation of ramping area to the base flow magnitude\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA logarithmic decrease is observed in sites 1, 2, and 3 with the increase in base flow (0.3 to 18.3 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e /s) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig21\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). While a linear trend is observed for site 4. As discussed in earlier sections, the lesser the difference between base and peak flows (higher the base flow), the lesser will be the ramping areas. Importantly, a greater rate of decrease in ramping areas is observed within ~\u0026thinsp;0.3\u0026ndash;2 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e /s and thus can be realized as the best trade-off range.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Critical Discussion Of Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eSeasonality: identification of the most sensitive periods in terms of ecological impacts of hydropeaking and envision a strategy to reduce dynamical impacts during critical period\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn terms of ecological impacts, winter is the most sensitive period due to the low flow in Gaula \u0026amp; Lundesokna, and it is also a spawning season (including late autumn) for the Atlantic salmon. The eggs that are laid in the top layer of the ramping zone are at a higher risk of desiccation when exposed to a long period of dryness and sub-zero air temperature in the winter. According to Hedger et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), the largest negative effect on the Atlantic salmon population abundance was caused by hydropeaking during winter daylight. Further, based on the results of section 3, we also noted a significant decrease in the spawning index due to the large variation in flow caused by hydropeaking. Dynamic release of the flows from the Sokna power plant based on various ecological needs such as egg survival, prevention of stranding of the alevins, fry, and juvenile, and smolt migration is a viable strategy to conserve the salmonid population. The presence of a water bank to store water and release it during periods with flows lower than the ecological need can also be resorted to.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u0026bull; Impacts/trends due to global warming and potential future issues/problems/opportunities\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn increase in the global temperature and the hydrologic extreme i.e., both droughts and floods are the envisaged aspects of global warming. Although a small increase in temperature during the winter may be good for egg survival, we are not certain about the projected increase in the river temperature, due to global warming over the Norway region. Further, IPCC SYN (2014) reported the high confidence (very likely) over the earlier occurrence of spring peak flows in the snow and glacier-fed rivers. This may lead to high flows in the late winter seasons. So, future research should focus on the sensitivity of Atlantic Salmon to the projected changes in temperature \u0026amp; flow and whether hydropeaking will complement these effects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eOutlook: main lessons to river managers and stakeholders\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Section \u003cspan refid=\"Sec3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, it was understood that an optimal 15 min resolution data can capture the flashness in the up and down ramping phases of hydropeaking events in Lundesokna.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eSection 2 shows that higher ramping rates are seen in sites 2 and 3 during the up and down ramping phases. While in site 4 consisting of the confluence of Gaula and Lundesokna, the lowest rates were observed due to moderation by the unregulated flow in Gaula.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the analysis made in Section 3, the base-peak flow differences of the hydropeaking events in Lundesokna can be minimized to prevent stranding in all the sites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrrespective of the increase in flows in Lundesokna (up to a flow similar to that in Gaula), site 4\u0026rsquo;s spawning potential will not be much affected. As mentioned earlier, this is due to the moderation of the flow by Gaula. However, other sites might get affected by the increase in flow in Lundesokna. Due to this contrasting behaviour of sites 4 and sites 1, 2, and 3, site-specific mitigation measures are to be formulated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen Gaula is at low flows, the peak flow in Lundesokna during hydropeaking events has to be maintained at a flow similar to that of the Gaula to reduce the stranding risks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental flow informed comprehensive framework for drafting operational guidelines and site-specific mitigation measures can be undertaken to ensure effective conservation of the salmon population. The framework is presented and explained in detail under Section 4.1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u0026bull; Limitations and assumptions of our analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsufficiency in the length of data \u0026ndash; The discharge data for the Lundesokna for the time period from December-June was only available. So we are not certain about the annual average frequency and properties of hydropeaking events. A sufficient number of wet/dry years is needed to gain a holistic outlook.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow-resolution of Gaula data \u0026ndash; We have assumed that daily averaged flow provided for Gaula river as a constant flow throughout the day.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore focused on winter \u0026ndash; Other critical periods such as spawning (late autumn), hatching (spring) \u0026amp; fry, and juvenile survival period (summer) have not been analyzed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u0026bull; Future scope\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrologic/hydraulic simulations for future projections can be run to evaluate the possible changes in the river ecology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydraulic results such as flow depth and flow velocity can be given as input into the habitat simulation model and the habitat cells in the model can track the spawning, habitat selection, feeding, growth, and survival. This will help us to assess how the fish population responds to the hydropeaking event scenarios.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003ePossibility of bypassing high peaks during winters into secondary reservoirs would have been analyzed to ensure egg survival.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eMitigation measures such as various dewatering scenarios of different frequencies and dewatering rates as discussed in section 4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhaustive field visits to understand how the variation in the ramping rates will affect the early stages of salmon \u0026ndash; alevins, fry \u0026amp; juvenile.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe would like to acknowledge the International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR) for providing us with the data, opportunity and technical guidance to carry this research work. We would also like to thank all the organizers of the 2nd IAHR Young Professionals Hydro-Environment Challenge (Ecohydraulics challenge).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp\u003eLi, T., \u0026amp; Pasternack, G. B. (2021). Revealing the diversity of hydropeaking flow regimes. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Hydrology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e598\u003c/em\u003e, 126392.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVanzo, D. (2015). \u003cem\u003eEco-hydraulic quantication of hydropeaking and thermopeaking: development of modeling and assessment tools\u003c/em\u003e (Doctoral dissertation, University of Trento).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBakken, T. H., Zinke, P., Melcher, A., Sundt, H., Vehanen, T., Jorde, K., \u0026amp; Acreman, M. (2012). Setting environmental flows in regulated rivers. \u003cem\u003eSINTEF report TRA\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4276\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBurman, A. J., Hedger, R. D., Hellstr\u0026ouml;m, J. G. I., Andersson, A. G., \u0026amp; Sundt-Hansen, L. E. (2021). Modelling the downstream longitudinal effects of frequent hydropeaking on the spawning potential and stranding susceptibility of salmonids. \u003cem\u003eScience of The Total Environment\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e796\u003c/em\u003e, 148999.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJonsson, B., \u0026amp; Jonsson, N. (2011). Ecology of Atlantic Salmon and Brown Trout Habitat as a template for life histories.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[USEPA] US Environmental Protection Agency. (2005). Use of Biological Information to Better Define Designated Aquatic Life Uses in State and Tribal Water Quality Standards: Tiered Aquatic Life Uses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCasas‐Mulet, Roser., Saltveit, S. J., \u0026amp; Alfredsen, K. N. U. T. (2015). The survival of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) eggs during dewatering in a river subjected to hydropeaking. \u003cem\u003eRiver Research and Applications\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e31\u003c/em\u003e(4), 433-446.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCasas-Mulet, R., Saltveit, S. J., \u0026amp; Alfredsen, K. T. (2016). Hydrological and thermal effects of hydropeaking on early life stages of salmonids: A modelling approach for implementing mitigation strategies. \u003cem\u003eScience of the total environment\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e573\u003c/em\u003e, 1660-1672.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eForseth, T., Harby, A., Ugedal, O., Pulg, U., Fjeldstad, H. P., Robertsen, G., ... \u0026amp; Arnekleiv, J. V. (2014). Handbook for environmental design in regulated salmon rivers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNagrodski, A., Raby, G. D., Hasler, C. T., Taylor, M. K., \u0026amp; Cooke, S. J. (2012). Fish stranding in freshwater systems: sources, consequences, and mitigation. \u003cem\u003eJournal of environmental management\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e103\u003c/em\u003e, 133-141.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSauterleute, J. F., Hedger, R. D., Hauer, C., Pulg, U., Skoglund, H., Sundt-Hansen, L. E., ... \u0026amp; Ugedal, O. (2016). Modelling the effects of stranding on the Atlantic salmon population in the Dale River, Norway. \u003cem\u003eScience of the Total Environment\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e573\u003c/em\u003e, 574-584.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report. IPCC Synthetic Report.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHedger, R. D., Sauterleute, J., Sundt-Hansen, L. E., Forseth, T., Ugedal, O., Diserud, O. H., \u0026amp; Bakken, T. H. (2018). Modelling the effect of hydropeaking-induced stranding mortality on Atlantic salmon population abundance. Ecohydrology, 11(5), e1960. https://doi.org/10.1002/ECO.1960\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"ecohydraulics, hydropeaking, atlantic salmon, fish stranding","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2262656/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2262656/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eLundesokna river which is a tributary of the unregulated Gaula River, is exposed to the problem of hydropeaking caused by the hydropower plant. River Gaula is also one of the best Atlantic Salmon fishing rivers in Norway. The main objective of the paper is to quantify the impact of hydropeaking in Lundesokna-Gaula confluence and along the lengths of River Lundesokna on salmon population. As a first step, the characteristics of hydropeaking such as peaking discharge, base flow, standard amplitude, peak retention, flashness and rate of change are estimated. Then the seasonality of hydropeaking behaviour is quantified by detecting hydropeaking events using Hydropeaking Event Detection Algorithm (HEDA) (Li \u0026amp; Pasternack, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) algorithm. For the individual peaking event and seasonal average peak-base flows the hydraulic model was set-up. The hydraulic characteristics of hydropeaking events at various zones of the Lundesokna River, such as various ramping areas, ramping rate were estimated. Additionally, the eco-hydraulic indicators such as potential spawning area, spawning habitat and fish stranding indices were estimated at various zones of the Lundesokna River. The key highlights of the analysis that has been conducted for Lundesokna are as follows: (i) 15 min temporal resolution was found out to be optimal in capturing the hydropeaking events, (ii) base-peak flow differences were prominent in Winter season, (iii) confluence reported lower ramping rates due to moderation by the unregulated flows in Gaula, (iv) irrespective of the increase in flows in Lundesokna (up to a flow similar to that in Gaula), confluence\u0026rsquo;s spawning potential will not be much affected; however other sites in Lundesokna might get affected, therefore site-specific mitigation strategies need to be practiced, (v) when Gaula is at low flows, hydropeaking flows at Lundesokna should be maintained accordingly to reduce the stranding risk. We also propose an environmental flow informed comprehensive framework for drafting operational guidelines and site-specific mitigation measures can be undertaken to ensure effective conservation of the salmon population.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Scope, Effects and Mitigation of Hydropeaking: A Case Study of Lundesokna, Gaula River","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-11-16 17:39:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2262656/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0229c63c-d373-4f47-8ad8-914a47a7a683","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 16th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":16894757,"name":"Ecological Modeling"},{"id":16894758,"name":"Hydrology"},{"id":16894759,"name":"Marine and Freshwater Ecology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-11-16T17:39:29+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-11-16 17:39:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2262656","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2262656","identity":"rs-2262656","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}