Morphological Assessment of the Retina and Optic Nerve Head in Healthy Individuals in Erzurum via Optical Coherence Tomography

Morphological Assessment of the Retina and Optic Nerve Head in Healthy Individuals in Erzurum via Optical Coherence Tomography | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Morphological Assessment of the Retina and Optic Nerve Head in Healthy Individuals in Erzurum via Optical Coherence Tomography Rıdvan YAĞAN, Bahadır UTLU, Samet KAPAKİN This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7038058/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose: To assess the effects of age and sex on ocular optical biometric parameters, including the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH), retinal thickness, and ganglion cell complex (GCC), in healthy individuals via spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) with a Spectralis device (Optovue, Inc., Fremont, CA). Methods: Structural measurements of the retina and posterior segment were obtained from healthy participants at the Ophthalmology Department of Erzurum City Hospital. This anatomical study incorporated measurements from both eyes of each individual for analysis. OCT was employed to assess macular thickness and retinal layer parameters via both macular map and line scan protocols. The conformity of the numerical data to a normal distribution was assessed via the Mann–Whitney U test, with the significance level set at 0.05 for all the statistical analyses. Results: The study population consisted of 165 healthy individuals ranging in age from 18--80 years. Among the 165 participants, 54 (33%) were male. In terms of age distribution, 67 individuals (41%) were aged 18–30 years, 57 (34%) were between 31–40 years, 23 (14%) were in the 41–50 years, 10 (6%) were aged 51–60 years, and 8 (5%) were between 61–80 years. Age-related thinning in the RNFL was observed in both eyes, but the changes were not statistically significant ( p >0.05). ONH parameters showed significant age-related changes. The cup-to-disc area and volume ratios increased, whereas the rim area decreased significantly ( p <0.05). The disc area remained stable. The periosteal thickness and volume significantly decreased with age in both eyes ( p <0.05), whereas the central macular thickness did not significantly change. Parafoveal thinning was significant only in the left eye ( p =0.033). Inferior GCC thickness decreased significantly in individuals over 50 years of age ( p <0.05). FLV and GLV increased with age, suggesting early structural alterations. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that the process of aging is associated with structural changes in the optic nerve head and retinal layers. Notable age-related increases in the cup-to-disc ratios and decreases in the rim area are indicative of alterations to the optic nerve. Significant thinning in the perifoveal and inferior GCC regions, particularly in individuals over 50 years of age, suggests early neurodegenerative changes. Increased focal loss volume (FLV) and global loss volume (GLV) values may be indicative of subclinical retinal damage, highlighting the necessity of accounting for age when interpreting OCT parameters. Optical coherence tomography ganglion cell complex retina optic nerve hypoplasia ganglion cell complex Figures Figure 1 Introduction The human retina and optic nerve head (ONH) are anatomically and functionally complex structures that play a vital role in visual perception [ 1 – 3 ]. Accurate assessment of these components is essential for the early diagnosis and monitoring of various ophthalmic and neurodegenerative conditions, including glaucoma, optic neuropathies, and age-related retinal disorders [ 4 , 5 ]. In this context, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) has become an indispensable tool in clinical practice and research because of its ability to generate high-resolution, cross-sectional images of retinal layers and the optic nerve head in a noninvasive manner [ 6 , 7 ]. As indicated by the extant literature, the following parameters are considered to be of particular significance when assessing OCT scans: retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, optic nerve head morphology (e.g., cup-to-disc ratio, rim area), macular thickness, and GCC measurements [ 8 , 9 ]. These structural markers reflect the integrity of retinal neurons and axons, and subtle changes in these parameters may precede clinically detectable visual dysfunction [ 10 , 11 ]. Consequently, the establishment of normative data for these measurements is of significant clinical importance, especially when evaluating early or presymptomatic changes in diseases such as glaucoma or optic neuropathies. Physiological aging is known to cause changes in various ocular structures, including the following: first, thinning of the RNFL and GCC; second, changes in macular morphology; and third, changes in ONH structure [ 12 – 14 ]. In addition to age-related variables, the literature indicates that anatomical distinctions associated with sex can also influence interindividual variability in OCT measurements [ 15 , 16 ]. A number of studies have indicated the potential for disparities in parameters such as RNFL thickness, macular volume, and ONH dimensions between male and female subjects [ 17 – 19 ]. However, the patterns and clinical relevance of these age-related changes have not yet been fully elucidated, particularly across different age groups and in populations with diverse demographic profiles. Furthermore, factors such as sex may also contribute to anatomical variability in OCT parameters, further highlighting the need for population-specific normative databases. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effects of age and sex on retinal and optic nerve morphology in a healthy population via the Spectralis SD-OCT device, which is currently the only commercially available system equipped with an eye-tracking feature. Additionally, by analyzing structural parameters across a broad age range, our study aims to clarify the natural variations in RNFL, ONH, macular, and GCC measurements, thereby providing reference values that may enhance the diagnostic accuracy of OCT in clinical ophthalmology. Our findings will be compared with those of previous OCT studies conducted on eyes without ocular pathology to contextualize the results within the literature. Methods Data collection This study was conducted over an 18-month period, commencing on May 1, 2022. During this time, OCT measurements were performed and recorded for an average of three healthy individuals on a weekly basis between 9:00 a.m. and 12:00 p.m. at the Ophthalmology Outpatient Clinic of Erzurum City Hospital, which is part of the Ministry of Health. The inclusion criterion included healthy volunteer individuals aged 18–80 years with no history of ocular surgery. The exclusion criteria included individuals outside the specified age range, those with a history of any ocular surgery, those with refractive errors, those with any ophthalmic disease, or those with any chronic systemic condition. Participants with inaccurate measurements or those whose data were compromised due to device malfunction were also excluded from the study. During the study period, following the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 330 eyes from 165 healthy volunteers were included in the final analysis. The measurements were performed via “Macula Line” scanning protocols. The study was approved by the ethics committee of Atatürk University. This research was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki for studies involving human participants. Procedures A comprehensive medical history was obtained from all volunteers, and ophthalmic examinations were performed by experienced healthcare professionals. Following the assessment of best-corrected visual acuity, posterior segment examinations were performed via biomicroscopy, and intraocular pressure was measured. (Optovue, Inc., Fremont, CA, USA). A comprehensive demographic dataset was collated, encompassing specific details such as age and sex for each participant. SD-OCT Imaging In all participants, peripapillary SD-OCT measurements—including those of the RNFL, ONH, retina map, and GCC—were obtained via the RTVue version 4.0 device (Optovue Corp., Fremont, CA, USA). Only scans with a signal strength of ≥ 50, indicating high-quality imaging, were included in the analysis. The Spectralis OCT device provides an axial resolution of 5 µm and operates at a scanning speed of 26,000 A-scans per second. The device employs a retinal cross-line scanning protocol consisting of two orthogonal 6-mm lines, each comprising 1024 A-scans. This protocol targets the area surrounding the optic nerve head and completes circular scans with a diameter of 3.45 mm within 0.15 seconds. Spectralis OCT software (version 4.0) facilitates automated segmentation of the upper and lower boundaries of the RNFL to calculate the macular thickness map. Using OCT, a macular thickness map divided into nine subfields centered on the fovea centralis was generated on the basis of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grid. According to the generated ETDRS map, the central 1 mm zone corresponds to the fovea, the surrounding 3 mm ring represents the inner retinal layers, and the outermost ring of approximately 5 mm reflects the outer retinal layers. Representative RNFL-ONH data generated by the software are presented in Fig. 1 . Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed via SPSS software, version 11 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). The normality of the numerical data was assessed via the Kolmogorov‒Smirnov test. Data that followed a normal distribution were summarized using means and standard deviations, and comparisons between independent groups were performed via t tests. For data that did not follow a normal distribution, median, minimum, and maximum values were used for summary, and group comparisons were conducted via the Mann‒Whitney U test. A significance level of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all analyses. Results Effects of age on RNFL, ONH, Retina Map and GCL Value Thickness Measurements When the RNFL values across all age groups were examined, it was generally observed that they remained at similar levels (Table 1 ). However, in the group aged 61 years and older, a significant reduction in RNFL values was observed in both the right (91,86 µm) and left (94,86 µm) eyes. On the other hand, when comparing the right and left sides, although the left measurements were larger, no statistically significant difference in thickness was found. Superior RNFL measurements decreased with age, particularly in the group aged 61 years and older (right: 92,14 µm, left: 97,14 µm). A similar decrease was observed in the inferior RNFL values for both the right and left eyes in the 61-year-old and older groups (right: 91.57 µm, left: 92.43 µm). Table 1 RNFL thickness measurements across different age groups (Mean ± SD). 18–30 (µm) 31–40 (µm) 41–50 (µm) 51–60 (µm) 61 over (µm) p RNFL Right 99,47 ± 8,97 101,84 ± 10,35 101,26 ± 8,56 100,40 ± 10,94 91,86 ± 11,50 0,224 RNFL Left 99,57 ± 8,93 102,20 ± 10,64 101,04 ± 8,57 98,80 ± 10,05 94,86 ± 8,45 0,095 Superior RNFL Right 101,41 ± 9,03 103,70 ± 9,70 103,17 ± 10,24 102,30 ± 10,95 92,14 ± 10,76 0,094 Superior RNFL Left 102,24 ± 9,18 105,98 ± 10,44 103,43 ± 8,99 101,20 ± 10,29 97,14 ± 8,93 0,071 İnferior RNFL Right 97,62 ± 9,33 98,21 ± 16,59 99,35 ± 7,71 98,40 ± 12,19 91,57 ± 12,08 0,546 İnferior RNFL Left 96,76 ± 9,75 99,54 ± 9,73 98,57 ± 8,86 96,00 ± 11,26 92,43 ± 8,62 0,167 Statistically significant P < 0.05, RNFL: retinal nerve fiber layer. A subsequent examination of the ONH parameters revealed a generally similar profile across the 18–50 age range (Table 2 ). In participants over the age of 60, right and left eye measurements revealed elevated disk (right: 2,17 mm 2 , left: 2,30 mm 2 ) and cup (right: 0,24 mm 2 , left: 0,26 mm 2 ) metrics, whereas rim area values (right: 1,25 mm 2 , left: 1,30 mm 2 ) were found to be the lowest. The area of the right eyeball was found to exceed that of the left eyeball. However, the values for all other parameters were greater in the left eye. Statistically significant alterations were identified in the cup-to-disk area ratio, cup volume, and rim area. Although there was a slight increase in disk area with age, this difference was not statistically significant. While alterations in cup volume were found to be significant in the right eye, these alterations were not statistically significant in the left eye. Table 2 ONH thickness measurements across different age groups (Mean ± SD). 18–30 31–40 41–50 51–60 61 over p Right Cup/ Disk Area Ratio 0,23 ± 0,16 0,22 ± 0,15 0,21 ± 0,17 0,38 ± 0,11 0,42 ± 0,16 0,003 Left Cup/ Disk Area Ratio 0,25 ± 0,15 0,22 ± 0,15 0,25 ± 0,17 0,36 ± 0,11 0,42 ± 0,11 0,005 Right Cup/ Disk Volume Ratio 0,39 ± 0,21 0,37 ± 0,21 0,36 ± 0,24 0,60 ± 0,12 0,63 ± 0,12 0,001 Left Cup/ Disk Volume Ratio 0,43 ± 0,18 0,38 ± 0,21 0,42 ± 0,19 0,58 ± 0,09 0,63 ± 0,09 0,001 Right Cup/ Disk Height Ratio 0,49 ± 0,23 0,46 ± 0,24 0,43 ± 0,27 0,65 ± 0,10 0,67 ± 0,22 0,012 Left Cup/ Disk Height Ratio 0,52 ± 0,21 0,46 ± 0,26 0,52 ± 0,23 0,63 ± 0,14 0,68 ± 0,11 0,049 Right Rim Area (mm 2 ) 1,54 ± 0,43 1,66 ± 0,51 1,65 ± 0,40 1,34 ± 0,26 1,25 ± 0,27 0,010 Left Rim Area (mm 2 ) 1,53 ± 0,38 1,65 ± 0,51 1,59 ± 0,40 1,43 ± 0,30 1,30 ± 0,13 0,028 Right Disk Area (mm 2 ) 2,00 ± 0,35 2,13 ± 0,44 2,13 ± 0,32 2,19 ± 0,49 2,17 ± 0,31 0,060 Left Disk Area (mm 2 ) 2,07 ± 0,37 2,13 ± 0,49 2,16 ± 0,38 2,26 ± 0,49 2,30 ± 0,35 0,316 Right Cup Volume (mm 2 ) 0,11 ± 0,14 0,10 ± 0,13 0,11 ± 0,16 0,21 ± 0,18 0,24 ± 0,28 0,048 Left Cup Volume (mm 2 ) 0,13 ± 0,16 0,09 ± 0,11 0,14 ± 0,20 0,20 ± 0,19 0,26 ± 0,29 0,080 Statistically significant P < 0.05, ONH: Optic Nerve Hypoplasia. Table 3. Retina Map measurements across different age groups (Mean ± SD). 18–30 (µm) 31–40 (µm) 41–50 (µm) 51–60 (µm) 61 over (µm) p Right Fovea 242,97 ± 18,15 251,18 ± 20,42 252,17 ± 24,29 250,80 ± 18,08 239,86 ± 24,48 0,089 Left Fovea 244,26 ± 18,05 251,70 ± 19,29 251,48 ± 22,62 250,50 ± 18,71 237,57 ± 23,07 0,088 Right Parafovea 311,09 ± 14,48 316,77 ± 18,43 314,78 ± 19,99 307,40 ± 13,17 300,14 ± 21,86 0,102 Left Parafovea 311,91 ± 13,59 317,71 ± 16,82 315,22 ± 19,20 309,40 ± 10,99 301,57 ± 19,40 0,033 Right Perifovea 284,43 ± 12,66 289,02 ± 14,20 287,87 ± 12,71 277,00 ± 14,91 274,00 ± 16,95 0,014 Left Perifovea 284,91 ± 12,94 289,80 ± 14,01 288,13 ± 13,81 278,60 ± 13,23 276,29 ± 14,95 0,017 Right Fovea Vol 0,19 ± 0,01 0,20 ± 0,02 0,20 ± 0,02 0,20 ± 0,01 0,19 ± 0,02 0,091 Left Fovea vol 0,19 ± 0,01 0,20 ± 0,02 0,20 ± 0,02 0,20 ± 0,01 0,19 ± 0,02 0,090 Right Parafovea Vol 1,95 ± 0,09 1,99 ± 0,12 1,98 ± 0,13 1,93 ± 0,08 1,89 ± 0,14 0,104 Left Parafoveal Vol 1,96 ± 0,09 2,00 ± 0,11 1,98 ± 0,12 1,94 ± 0,07 1,89 ± 0,12 0,034 Right Perifovea Vol 3,57 ± 0,16 3,63 ± 0,18 3,62 ± 0,16 3,48 ± 0,19 3,44 ± 0,21 0,022 Left Perifoveal Vol 3,58 ± 0,16 3,64 ± 0,18 3,62 ± 0,17 3,50 ± 0,17 3,47 ± 0,19 0,017 Statistically significant P < 0.05 Table 4 GCC thickness measurements across different age groups (Mean ± SD). 18–30 (µm) 31–40 (µm) 41–50 (µm) 51–60 (µm) 61 over (µm) p Right Average GCC 96,74 ± 9,13 100,16 ± 9,16 101,91 ± 10,69 96,40 ± 8,80 91,71 ± 6,42 0,018 Left Average GCC 96,85 ± 7,31 99,75 ± 7,87 99,13 ± 8,07 95,40 ± 9,67 92,00 ± 6,66 0,040 Right Superior GCC 96,26 ± 8,89 99,77 ± 10,18 101,70 ± 11,08 96,30 ± 8,60 90,71 ± 6,73 0,019 Left Superior GCC 96,46 ± 7,19 99,21 ± 7,15 98,00 ± 8,01 95,40 ± 10,17 92,00 ± 7,14 0,077 Right Inferior GCC 97,38 ± 9,58 100,48 ± 8,60 102,04 ± 10,81 96,30 ± 9,01 92,86 ± 6,39 0,046 Left Inferior GCC 97,16 ± 7,91 100,21 ± 8,90 100,35 ± 8,54 95,70 ± 9,39 92,29 ± 6,50 0,031 Right FLV % 0,94 ± 2,41 0,93 ± 2,09 0,93 ± 1,71 0,62 ± 0,76 1,36 ± 1,84 0,915 Left FLV % 0,66 ± 1,15 0,88 ± 1,45 0,80 ± 1,60 0,66 ± 0,67 1,41 ± 1,17 0,179 Right GLV % 3,43 ± 6,89 2,08 ± 3,50 1,81 ± 2,30 3,79 ± 4,07 4,64 ± 5,12 0,061 Left GLV % 3,01 ± 3,91 2,05 ± 3,13 2,27 ± 3,83 4,29 ± 5,44 5,15 ± 4,79 0,055 Statistically significant P < 0.05, GCC: Ganglion Cell Complex. The retinal map measurements presented in Table 3 demonstrated that participants aged between 31 and 40 years presented greater foveal, parafoveal, and perifoveal values than did participants in other age groups. A general trend toward higher values was observed in the left eye than in the right eye. As the age of the subjects increased, the foveal and parafoveal regions demonstrated stability, whereas the perifoveal regions exhibited a substantial decline (61 over right: 274,00 µm, left: 276,29 µm). Volumetric alterations were more marked in the peripheal regions, with foveal and parafoveal volumes exhibiting a lesser degree of modification. Statistically significant age-related reductions were primarily observed in the perifoveal regions. The results of the GCC study (see Table 4.4) demonstrated a decline in ocular function with age, with a particular emphasis on the superior and inferior regions of both eyes. During the period under investigation, the FLV stabilized, whereas the GLV slightly increased with age. The majority of alterations were found to be statistically significant in the right eye; however, minimal variation was observed in the left eye, particularly in the superior GCC and FLV. Effect of sex on RNFL, ONH, Retina Map and GCL Value Thickness Measurements The RNFL values are presented in Table 5 . The thickness measurements in the superior and inferior regions of both the right and left eyes were similar between the male and female participants. A comparison of the right and left eyes of the subjects in the present study revealed that males presented the lowest RNFL values in the right eye (98,86 µm), whereas females presented the lowest values in the left eye (99,56 µm). Moreover, an analysis of the superior (right: 102,80 µm, left: 103,66 µm) and inferior RNFL values in the right eye (see Table 5 ) revealed that females demonstrated greater measurements, whereas males presented greater inferior RNFL values in the left eye (97,88 µm). Despite these variations, no statistically significant differences in RNFL values were detected between the sexes. Table 5 RNFL thickness measurements across different sex groups (Mean ± SD). Gender Male Female z p RNFL Right (µm) 98,86 ± 9,48 99,57 ± 8,93 − 0,840 0,401 RNFL Left (µm) 100,28 ± 8,93 99,57 ± 8,93 − 0,383 0,702 Z -1,317 -0,043 p 0,188 0,966 Superior RNFL Right (µm) 100,50 ± 10,06 102,80 ± 9,63 − 0,872 0,383 Superior RNFL Left (µm) 102,82 ± 9,15 103,66 ± 10,09 − 0,459 0,646 Z -1,67 -1,775 p 0,095 0,076 İnferior RNFL Right (µm) 95,26 ± 15,44 98,99 ± 10,58 − 1,305 0,192 İnferior RNFL Left (µm) 97,88 ± 9,96 97,67 ± 9,65 − 0,059 0,953 Z -0,875 -1,701 p 0,382 0,089 Statistically significant P < 0.05, z: Comparison of Mann‒Whitney U test (median) values, Z: Comparison of intrinsic measurements of the Macula Line protocol, RNFL: retinal nerve fiber layer. As shown in Table 6 , the ONH parameters were evaluated on the basis of sex. Detailed analysis revealed that female participants had the highest values in both eyes for the disk area ratio, disk volume ratio, disk height ratio, disk area, and cup volume. In contrast, the lowest values were recorded for the rim area and right disk parameters in the same group. Statistically significant differences between the sexes were identified in the left eye cup-to-disk volume ratio and the cup-to-disk height ratio. However, no significant sex-based differences were observed in the rim area or disk area measurements. Table 6 ONH thickness measurements across different sex groups (Mean ± SD). Gender Male Female z p Right Cup/Disk Area Ratio 0,27 ± 0,14 0,23 ± 0,17 − 1,863 0,063 Left Cup/Disk Area Ratio 0,27 ± 0,15 0,25 ± 0,16 − 0,837 0,404 Z -1,164 -2,554 p 0,87 0,011 Right Cup/Disk Volume Ratio 0,45 ± 0,18 0,38 ± 0,23 − 1,918 0,055 Left Cup/Disk Volume Ratio 0,46 ± 0,18 0,42 ± 0,20 − 1,011 0,312 Z -0,426 -2,823 p 0,67 0,005 Right Cup/Disk Height Ratio 0,54 ± 0,21 0,47 ± 0,25 − 1,814 0,070 Left Cup/Disk Height Ratio 0,54 ± 0,21 0,50 ± 0,24 − 1,020 0,308 Z -0,529 -2,17 p 0,597 0,03 Right Rim Area (mm 2 ) 1,49 ± 0,31 1,60 ± 0,50 − 1,720 0,088 Left Rim Area (mm 2 ) 1,53 ± 0,31 1,58 ± 0,47 − 0,318 0,751 Z -0,318 -0,318 p 0,751 0,751 Right Disk Area (mm 2 ) 2,06 ± 0,27 2,09 ± 0,43 − 0,569 0,570 Left Disk Area (mm 2 ) 2,13 ± 0,31 2,12 ± 0,46 − 0,368 0,713 Z -0,569 -0,368 p 0,57 0,713 Right Cup Volume (mm 2 ) 0,12 ± 0,12 0,11 ± 0,16 − 1,518 0,129 Left Cup Volume (mm 2 ) 0,14 ± 0,18 0,12 ± 0,16 − 1,129 0,259 Z -1,518 -1,129 p 0,129 0,259 Statistically significant P < 0.05, z: Comparison of Mann‒Whitney U test (median) values, Z: Comparison of intrinsic measurements of the Macula Line protocol, ONH: Optic Nerve Hypoplasia. The measurements of the retinal maps, categorized by sex, can be found in Table 7 . As demonstrated in the accompanying table, male subjects presented retinal thickness and volume values that exceeded those of the female group. In both eyes, foveal and parafoveal thicknesses were significantly greater in males. Despite the absence of statistically significant disparities in peripheal values between the sexes, a notable difference was identified in the volume of the right eye. Table 7 Retina Map measurements across different sex groups (Mean ± SD). Gender Male Female z p Right Fovea (µm) 258,74 ± 19,57 242,44 ± 18,74 5,059 < 0.001 Left Fovea (µm) 258,10 ± 17,75 243,44 ± 18,77 4,682 < 0.001 Right Parafovea (µm) 320,64 ± 18,39 309,44 ± 15,63 3,999 < 0.001 Left Parafovea (µm) 320,96 ± 17,27 310,61 ± 14,40 4,984 < 0.001 Right Perifovea (µm) 288,80 ± 15,21 284,17 ± 13,16 -1,712 0,087 Left Perifovea (µm) 289,34 ± 15,94 284,94 ± 12,69 1,887 0,061 Z − .838 b -1.817 b p 0,402 0,069 Right Fovea Vol 0,20 ± 0,02 0,19 ± 0,01 5,086 < 0.001 Left Fovea vol 0,20 ± 0,01 0,19 ± 0,01 4,730 < 0.001 t 0,384 -1,398 p 0,703 0,165 Right Parafovea Vol 2,01 ± 0,12 1,94 ± 0,10 4,022 < 0.001 Left Parafoveal Vol 2,02 ± 0,11 1,95 ± 0,09 3,972 < 0.001 t -0,271 -1,748 p 0,788 0,083 Right Perifovea Vol 3,63 ± 0,19 3,57 ± 0,17 2,024 0,045 Left Perifoveal Vol 3,64 ± 0,20 0,58 ± 0,16 1,884 0,061 t -0,789 -2,19 p 0,434 0,031 Statistically significant P < 0.05, z: Comparison of Mann‒Whitney U test (median) values, Z: Comparison of intrinsic measurements of the Macula Line protocol. The GCC measurement results are given in Table 8 . According to the findings of the present study, the left FLV and left GCC measurements were elevated in female subjects, whereas the remaining measurements were elevated in male subjects. In the male subjects, elevated measurements were documented in the left inferior GCC eye, and a substantial discrepancy was identified. However, the analysis revealed no statistically significant findings in the remaining results. In female subjects, all outcomes were statistically significant, indicating the reliability of the findings. Table 8 GCC thickness measurements across different age groups (Mean ± SD). Gender Male Female z p Right Average GCC (µm) 98,78 ± 10,63 98,23 ± 8,98 -1,640 0,101 Left Average GCC (µm) 99,24 ± 8,42 97,26 ± 7,60 -1,953 0,051 Z -0,579 -2,171 p 0,563 0,03 Right Superior GCC (µm) 98,24 ± 10,53 97,88 ± 9,54 -1,570 0,116 Left Superior GCC (µm) 98,48 ± 8,01 96,87 ± 7,40 1,252 0,212 Z -0,589 -1,568 p 0,556 0,117 Right Inferior GCC (µm) 99,14 ± 11,12 98,70 ± 8,70 -1,418 0,156 Left Inferior GCC (µm) 99,84 ± 9,19 97,70 ± 8,21 -2,059 0,040 Z -0,329 -2,114 p 0,742 0,035 Right FLV % 1,00 ± 2,69 0,91 ± 1,80 -2,101 0,036 Left FLV % 0,51 ± 1,32 0,90 ± 1,28 -4,087 < 0.001 Z -1,757 -3,553 p 0,079 < 0.001 Right GLV % 3,20 ± 7,82 2,65 ± 3,50 -1,831 0,067 Left GLV % 2,39 ± 4,18 2,91 ± 3,67 -2,552 0,011 Z -0,446 -2,558 p 0,655 0,011 Statistically significant P < 0.05, z: Comparison of Mann‒Whitney U test (median) values, Z: Comparison of intrinsic measurements of the Macula Line protocol, GCC: Ganglion Cell Complex. DISCUSSION The results of our study indicate that anatomical aging may be linked to structural changes in the RNFL. Although the majority of the RNFL values failed to reach statistical significance, a trend toward thinning was observed, a phenomenon that was especially pronounced among participants aged 61 years and over. Thinning was particularly pronounced in the superior and inferior quadrants. The observed changes are consistent with those reported in previous studies employing SD-OCT and time-domain OCT technologies, suggesting that specific regions of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) become more sensitive to advancing age [ 20 – 22 ]. This thinning may reflect age-related neuroaxonal degeneration caused by factors such as accumulated oxidative stress, impaired axonal transport, and microvascular disruption. Additionally, age-related changes in optic nerve head parameters were evident. Participants over 60 years of age presented significantly larger cup volumes and higher cup-to-disc (C/D) ratios, alongside a reduction in the neuroretinal rim area. These ONH modifications mirror early glaucomatous patterns but are likely benign in this context, given the absence of visual field loss and the inclusion of only healthy individuals in our cohort. Notably, the disc area did not vary significantly with age, reinforcing the notion that the anatomical size of the optic disc is relatively stable throughout life, as previously reported in population-based imaging studies [ 23 – 25 ]. Macular analysis further revealed significant age-related reductions in retinal thickness and volume, particularly in the perifoveal region. This observation is clinically relevant, considering that the perifovea harbors a dense population of ganglion cells and their axons. Interestingly, the foveal and parafoveal zones demonstrated relative stability, suggesting spatially selective vulnerability of the perifoveal retina during aging. This perifoveal thinning may serve as an early biomarker of age-related retinal degeneration, offering potential utility in differentiating physiological aging from the prodromal stages of retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or glaucomatous optic neuropathy. With respect to the ganglion cell complex, we observed a notable decline in inferior GCC thickness among individuals over 50 years of age, accompanied by increased values of FLV and GLV. These findings indicate that neurodegenerative processes that target retinal ganglion cells may become increasingly evident with age, even in the absence of clinical pathology. Importantly, FLV and GLV have been proposed as sensitive markers for early glaucomatous changes and may precede measurable RNFL thinning. Their elevation in otherwise healthy older individuals may represent subclinical neurodegeneration or physiological remodeling that warrants longitudinal follow-up. In assessing the impact of sex on retinal and optic nerve anatomy, we found that male participants consistently demonstrated greater macular thickness and volume, especially within the foveal and parafoveal regions. These differences were statistically significant and align with earlier OCT studies, which attributed such disparities to anatomical differences, including larger ocular dimensions and increased axial length in males [ 26 – 28 ]. Interestingly, no significant sex-based differences were detected in the perifoveal zone, suggesting a more localized effect of sex on central macular structure. In contrast to the findings of some reports, RNFL thickness did not differ significantly between male and female participants in our sample. While minor sex-related differences in the RNFL have been documented in certain populations [ 29 , 30 ], our findings suggest that RNFL morphology is largely conserved between sexes in the absence of disease. This finding reinforces the notion that RNFL thickness may be a robust and relatively sex-independent parameter for clinical assessment. Optic nerve head parameters, however, exhibited more pronounced sex-specific differences. Compared with males, females presented greater cup volumes and cup-to-disc ratios, particularly in the left eye, alongside lower rim areas. These variations may reflect underlying anatomical differences in optic nerve structure between sexes, possibly influenced by hormonal, genetic, or biomechanical factors. Although most differences did not achieve statistical significance, they may be clinically relevant in cases where borderline glaucomatous features are present, underscoring the importance of individualized normative references. With respect to the GCC metrics, the values were largely similar between sexes, with the exception of the left inferior GCC, which was significantly greater in males. Additionally, females presented a wider range of FLV and GLV values, potentially indicating greater variability in ganglion cell integrity. The clinical interpretation of this variability remains uncertain and highlights the need for further studies with larger, stratified samples. The observed age- and sex-related structural differences emphasize the necessity of using normative databases that are both demographically stratified and population specific. Interpreting OCT scans without accounting for physiological variations can lead to diagnostic errors, particularly in early or borderline cases of ocular disease. Our findings support the implementation of tailored reference ranges in OCT software algorithms to increase diagnostic precision and minimize misclassification. Furthermore, our results highlight the diagnostic potential of GCC-derived metrics such as the FLV and GLV, which may serve as early indicators of neuroretinal compromise. These parameters could complement RNFL thickness in clinical practice, particularly for the elderly population, where traditional markers may be confounded by physiological aging. Despite its contributions, this study has several limitations. First, its cross-sectional design limits the ability to assess temporal progression or infer causality. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether the observed structural changes evolve into pathological states. Second, while the sample size was adequate for statistical analysis, it may not fully capture the variability across broader demographics. Expanding the cohort to include participants from diverse ethnic backgrounds and systemic health profiles would improve generalizability. Third, we did not control for ocular parameters such as axial length or refractive error, which are known to affect OCT measurements. Future studies should incorporate these variables to better isolate the influence of age and sex on retinal and ONH parameters. Additionally, the use of advanced imaging modalities such as swept-source OCT and OCT angiography may provide further insights into the vascular and microstructural correlates of the aging retina. In conclusion, our findings underscore the subtle but meaningful effects of age and sex on retinal and optic nerve morphology. Incorporating these physiological variations into clinical interpretation frameworks will be essential for optimizing the diagnostic utility of OCT in both routine eye care and the early detection of neuro-ophthalmic diseases. Declarations Acknowledgements The authors would like to express their gratitude to the doctors, nurses and technicians in our hospital for their help and support. Authors’ contributions RY wrote the main draft text. RY and SK completed patient follow-up and data collection. Participated in RY project design, data analysis and interpretation. RY, SK, and BU participated in the revision of the main results and conclusions in the manuscript. All authors reviewed the article. Funding This study was not supported by any sponsor or funder. Availability of data and materials No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. The study was approved by the Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine Clinical Research Ethics Committee with the approval number B.30.2.ATA.0.01.00/259 dated 31.03.2022 and confirmed by the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were given written informed consent, and those who accepted were included in the study. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. References Lin SC, et al. Optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer analysis: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2007;114(10):1937–49. Mackenzie PJ, Cioffi GA. Vascular anatomy of the optic nerve head. Can J Ophthalmol. 2008;43(3):308–12. Sigal IA, et al. Reconstruction of human optic nerve heads for finite element modeling. Technol Health Care. 2005;13(4):313–29. Cavallotti C, et al. Age-related changes in the human optic nerve. Can J Ophthalmol. 2002;37(7):389–94. Downs JC. Optic nerve head biomechanics in aging and disease. Exp Eye Res. 2015;133:19–29. Kiernan DF, Mieler WF, Hariprasad SM. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: a comparison of modern high-resolution retinal imaging systems. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;149(1):18–31. e2. Sayanagi K, et al. Comparison of spectral-domain versus time-domain optical coherence tomography in management of age-related macular degeneration with ranibizumab. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(5):947–55. Michelessi M et al. Optic nerve head and fibre layer imaging for diagnosing glaucoma. Cochrane Database Syst Reviews, 2015(11). Takagi ST, et al. Macular retinal ganglion cell complex thickness and its relationship to the optic nerve head topography in glaucomatous eyes with hemifield defects. J Ophthalmol. 2011;2011(1):914250. Rebolleda G, et al. OCT: new perspectives in neuro-ophthalmology. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2015;29(1):9–25. Marchesi N, et al. Ocular neurodegenerative diseases: interconnection between retina and cortical areas. Cells. 2021;10(9):2394. Khan SS, Singer BD, Vaughan DE. Molecular and physiological manifestations and measurement of aging in humans. Aging Cell. 2017;16(4):624–33. Richardson B, et al. How do neurons age? A focused review on the aging of the microtubular cytoskeleton. Neural Regeneration Res. 2024;19(9):1899–907. Li R, et al. Ocular biomarkers of cognitive decline based on deep-learning retinal vessel segmentation. BMC Geriatr. 2024;24(1):28. Trinh M, et al. OCT prognostic biomarkers for progression to late age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmol Retina. 2024;8(6):553–65. Metrangolo C, et al. OCT Biomarkers in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Narrative Review. J Ophthalmol. 2021;2021(1):9994098. O’Rese JK, et al. Effect of race, age, and axial length on optic nerve head parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured by Cirrus HD-OCT. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130(3):312–8. Ooto S, et al. Effects of age, sex, and axial length on the three-dimensional profile of normal macular layer structures. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(12):8769–79. Al-Hawasi A, Lagali N. Retinal ganglion cell layer thickness and volume measured by OCT changes with age, sex, and axial length in a healthy population. BMC Ophthalmol. 2022;22(1):278. Girkin CA, et al. Variation in the three-dimensional histomorphometry of the normal human optic nerve head with age and race: lamina cribrosa and peripapillary scleral thickness and position. Volume 58. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science; 2017. pp. 3759–69. 9. Leung CK, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer imaging with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: a prospective analysis of age-related loss. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(4):731–7. Celebi ARC, Mirza GE. Age-related change in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured with spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(13):8095–103. Ach T, et al. Quantitative autofluorescence and cell density maps of the human retinal pigment epithelium. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(8):4832–41. Holzapfel GA et al. Single lamellar mechanics of the human lumbar anulus fibrosus. Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology, 2005. 3: pp. 125–140. Ganau M et al. Neuro-ophthalmological manifestations of septo-optic dysplasia: current perspectives. Eye and Brain, 2019: pp. 37–47. Asrani S, et al. Noninvasive mapping of the normal retinal thickness at the posterior pole. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(2):269–73. Ghassemi F, et al. Exploring the impact of age and gender on retinal and choroidal thickness and vascular densities: a comprehensive analysis. Int J Retina Vitreous. 2025;11(1):38. Saidha S, et al. Visual dysfunction in multiple sclerosis correlates better with optical coherence tomography derived estimates of macular ganglion cell layer thickness than peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. Multiple Scler J. 2011;17(12):1449–63. Li D, et al. Sex-specific differences in circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(3):357–68. Graves JS, et al. Sex differences and subclinical retinal injury in pediatric-onset MS. Multiple Scler J. 2017;23(3):447–55. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7038058","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":492940555,"identity":"873584bc-3515-4ae5-9519-ca00f45e487a","order_by":0,"name":"Rıdvan YAĞAN","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA50lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZgYDGJPxQQKDBZBOIF4Ls0ECgwQRWhgQWtiA6onQYt7OvE3i547D8vLuZ49VPKiRkDM4nsD44WMObi0yh9nKJHvPHDbceCYv7UbCMQljgzMPmCVnbsOtRYKZx9iAt+0w48aGHLMbiQ0SiRtuJLAx8xLQYvi37bD9xv43ZgXEajF8DLQlcb5EjhkDkVrYCh/LtqUnb5B4YywB8ovkmYfN+P3Cf3jDwbdt1rbz+3MMP/6osZHjO5588MNHPFqgoJnB4ACcw9hAUD0Q1DHIE6VuFIyCUTAKRiQAAAa2UNQtfmy5AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Ataturk University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rıdvan","middleName":"","lastName":"YAĞAN","suffix":""},{"id":492940556,"identity":"d8aa18d8-1719-4080-99ac-4508468f7777","order_by":1,"name":"Bahadır UTLU","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bahadır","middleName":"","lastName":"UTLU","suffix":""},{"id":492940557,"identity":"bfb11f28-1f45-4599-a67e-79702dde0378","order_by":2,"name":"Samet KAPAKİN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ataturk University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Samet","middleName":"","lastName":"KAPAKİN","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-03 12:08:17","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7038058/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7038058/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":88098387,"identity":"e00635a1-f578-4a41-94c6-0777905dc731","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-01 11:09:00","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":966470,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSpectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) image illustrating the optic nerve head (ONH) map of the right eye in a healthy 29-year-old volunteer.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7038058/v1/7fad9254ce8e552fd0713e2a.jpeg"},{"id":94474624,"identity":"6d52b389-f253-44b4-8923-3282620b1573","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 15:49:39","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2023224,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7038058/v1/24207989-20d9-47ec-8e58-ab945cbcc2b0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Morphological Assessment of the Retina and Optic Nerve Head in Healthy Individuals in Erzurum via Optical Coherence Tomography","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe human retina and optic nerve head (ONH) are anatomically and functionally complex structures that play a vital role in visual perception [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Accurate assessment of these components is essential for the early diagnosis and monitoring of various ophthalmic and neurodegenerative conditions, including glaucoma, optic neuropathies, and age-related retinal disorders [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. In this context, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) has become an indispensable tool in clinical practice and research because of its ability to generate high-resolution, cross-sectional images of retinal layers and the optic nerve head in a noninvasive manner [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. As indicated by the extant literature, the following parameters are considered to be of particular significance when assessing OCT scans: retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, optic nerve head morphology (e.g., cup-to-disc ratio, rim area), macular thickness, and GCC measurements [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. These structural markers reflect the integrity of retinal neurons and axons, and subtle changes in these parameters may precede clinically detectable visual dysfunction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Consequently, the establishment of normative data for these measurements is of significant clinical importance, especially when evaluating early or presymptomatic changes in diseases such as glaucoma or optic neuropathies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological aging is known to cause changes in various ocular structures, including the following: first, thinning of the RNFL and GCC; second, changes in macular morphology; and third, changes in ONH structure [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition to age-related variables, the literature indicates that anatomical distinctions associated with sex can also influence interindividual variability in OCT measurements [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. A number of studies have indicated the potential for disparities in parameters such as RNFL thickness, macular volume, and ONH dimensions between male and female subjects [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the patterns and clinical relevance of these age-related changes have not yet been fully elucidated, particularly across different age groups and in populations with diverse demographic profiles. Furthermore, factors such as sex may also contribute to anatomical variability in OCT parameters, further highlighting the need for population-specific normative databases.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effects of age and sex on retinal and optic nerve morphology in a healthy population via the Spectralis SD-OCT device, which is currently the only commercially available system equipped with an eye-tracking feature. Additionally, by analyzing structural parameters across a broad age range, our study aims to clarify the natural variations in RNFL, ONH, macular, and GCC measurements, thereby providing reference values that may enhance the diagnostic accuracy of OCT in clinical ophthalmology. Our findings will be compared with those of previous OCT studies conducted on eyes without ocular pathology to contextualize the results within the literature.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eData collection\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted over an 18-month period, commencing on May 1, 2022. During this time, OCT measurements were performed and recorded for an average of three healthy individuals on a weekly basis between 9:00 a.m. and 12:00 p.m. at the Ophthalmology Outpatient Clinic of Erzurum City Hospital, which is part of the Ministry of Health. The inclusion criterion included healthy volunteer individuals aged 18\u0026ndash;80 years with no history of ocular surgery. The exclusion criteria included individuals outside the specified age range, those with a history of any ocular surgery, those with refractive errors, those with any ophthalmic disease, or those with any chronic systemic condition. Participants with inaccurate measurements or those whose data were compromised due to device malfunction were also excluded from the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring the study period, following the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 330 eyes from 165 healthy volunteers were included in the final analysis. The measurements were performed via \u0026ldquo;Macula Line\u0026rdquo; scanning protocols. The study was approved by the ethics committee of Atat\u0026uuml;rk University. This research was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki for studies involving human participants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProcedures\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA comprehensive medical history was obtained from all volunteers, and ophthalmic examinations were performed by experienced healthcare professionals. Following the assessment of best-corrected visual acuity, posterior segment examinations were performed via biomicroscopy, and intraocular pressure was measured. (Optovue, Inc., Fremont, CA, USA). A comprehensive demographic dataset was collated, encompassing specific details such as age and sex for each participant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSD-OCT Imaging\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e In all participants, peripapillary SD-OCT measurements\u0026mdash;including those of the RNFL, ONH, retina map, and GCC\u0026mdash;were obtained via the RTVue version 4.0 device (Optovue Corp., Fremont, CA, USA). Only scans with a signal strength of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;50, indicating high-quality imaging, were included in the analysis. The Spectralis OCT device provides an axial resolution of 5 \u0026micro;m and operates at a scanning speed of 26,000 A-scans per second. The device employs a retinal cross-line scanning protocol consisting of two orthogonal 6-mm lines, each comprising 1024 A-scans. This protocol targets the area surrounding the optic nerve head and completes circular scans with a diameter of 3.45 mm within 0.15 seconds. Spectralis OCT software (version 4.0) facilitates automated segmentation of the upper and lower boundaries of the RNFL to calculate the macular thickness map. Using OCT, a macular thickness map divided into nine subfields centered on the fovea centralis was generated on the basis of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grid. According to the generated ETDRS map, the central 1 mm zone corresponds to the fovea, the surrounding 3 mm ring represents the inner retinal layers, and the outermost ring of approximately 5 mm reflects the outer retinal layers. Representative RNFL-ONH data generated by the software are presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistical analyses were performed via SPSS software, version 11 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe normality of the numerical data was assessed via the Kolmogorov‒Smirnov test. Data that followed a normal distribution were summarized using means and standard deviations, and comparisons between independent groups were performed via t tests. For data that did not follow a normal distribution, median, minimum, and maximum values were used for summary, and group comparisons were conducted via the Mann‒Whitney U test. A significance level of P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered statistically significant for all analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEffects of age on RNFL, ONH, Retina Map and GCL Value Thickness Measurements\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen the RNFL values across all age groups were examined, it was generally observed that they remained at similar levels (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). However, in the group aged 61 years and older, a significant reduction in RNFL values was observed in both the right (91,86 \u0026micro;m) and left (94,86 \u0026micro;m) eyes. On the other hand, when comparing the right and left sides, although the left measurements were larger, no statistically significant difference in thickness was found. Superior RNFL measurements decreased with age, particularly in the group aged 61 years and older (right: 92,14 \u0026micro;m, left: 97,14 \u0026micro;m). A similar decrease was observed in the inferior RNFL values for both the right and left eyes in the 61-year-old and older groups (right: 91.57 \u0026micro;m, left: 92.43 \u0026micro;m).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRNFL thickness measurements across different age groups (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;30 (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40 (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;50 (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51\u0026ndash;60 (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61 over (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRNFL Right\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99,47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101,84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101,26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91,86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11,50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,224\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRNFL Left\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99,57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101,04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94,86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,095\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuperior RNFL\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101,41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103,17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92,14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,094\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuperior RNFL\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102,24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105,98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103,43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97,14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,071\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eİnferior RNFL\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97,62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98,21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16,59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12,19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91,57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12,08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,546\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eİnferior RNFL\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96,76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99,54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98,57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11,26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92,43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,167\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistically significant P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, RNFL: retinal nerve fiber layer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA subsequent examination of the ONH parameters revealed a generally similar profile across the 18\u0026ndash;50 age range (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). In participants over the age of 60, right and left eye measurements revealed elevated disk (right: 2,17 mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, left: 2,30 mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) and cup (right: 0,24 mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, left: 0,26 mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) metrics, whereas rim area values (right: 1,25 mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, left: 1,30 mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) were found to be the lowest. The area of the right eyeball was found to exceed that of the left eyeball. However, the values for all other parameters were greater in the left eye. Statistically significant alterations were identified in the cup-to-disk area ratio, cup volume, and rim area. Although there was a slight increase in disk area with age, this difference was not statistically significant. While alterations in cup volume were found to be significant in the right eye, these alterations were not statistically significant in the left eye.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eONH thickness measurements across different age groups (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61 over\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Cup/\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisk Area Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Cup/\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisk Area Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Cup/\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisk Volume Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Cup/\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisk Volume Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Cup/\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisk Height Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Cup/\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisk Height Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,049\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Rim Area (mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Rim Area (mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Disk Area (mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,060\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Disk Area (mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,316\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Cup Volume (mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,048\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Cup Volume (mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,080\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistically significant P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, ONH: Optic Nerve Hypoplasia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;3.\u003c/b\u003e Retina Map measurements across different age groups (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18\u0026ndash;30 (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e31\u0026ndash;40 (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e41\u0026ndash;50 (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e51\u0026ndash;60 (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e61 over (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Fovea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e242,97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18,15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e251,18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20,42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e252,17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24,29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e250,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18,08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e239,86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24,48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,089\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Fovea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e244,26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18,05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e251,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19,29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e251,48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22,62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e250,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18,71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e237,57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23,07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,088\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Parafovea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e311,09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14,48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e316,77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18,43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e314,78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19,99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e307,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13,17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e300,14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21,86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,102\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Parafovea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e311,91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13,59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e317,71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16,82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e315,22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19,20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e309,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e301,57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19,40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,033\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Perifovea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e284,43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12,66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e289,02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14,20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e287,87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12,71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e277,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14,91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e274,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16,95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Perifovea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e284,91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12,94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e289,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14,01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e288,13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13,81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e278,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13,23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e276,29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14,95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Fovea Vol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,091\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Fovea vol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,090\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Parafovea Vol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Parafoveal Vol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,034\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Perifovea Vol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Perifoveal Vol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistically significant P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGCC thickness measurements across different age groups (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;30 (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40 (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;50 (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51\u0026ndash;60 (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61 over (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Average GCC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96,74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100,16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101,91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91,71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Average GCC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96,85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99,75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99,13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,040\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Superior GCC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96,26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99,77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11,08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90,71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Superior GCC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96,46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99,21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,077\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Inferior GCC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97,38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100,48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102,04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92,86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,046\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Inferior GCC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97,16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100,21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92,29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight FLV %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,915\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft FLV %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,179\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight GLV %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,061\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft GLV %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,055\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistically significant P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, GCC: Ganglion Cell Complex.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe retinal map measurements presented in Table\u0026nbsp;3 demonstrated that participants aged between 31 and 40 years presented greater foveal, parafoveal, and perifoveal values than did participants in other age groups. A general trend toward higher values was observed in the left eye than in the right eye. As the age of the subjects increased, the foveal and parafoveal regions demonstrated stability, whereas the perifoveal regions exhibited a substantial decline (61 over right: 274,00 \u0026micro;m, left: 276,29 \u0026micro;m). Volumetric alterations were more marked in the peripheal regions, with foveal and parafoveal volumes exhibiting a lesser degree of modification. Statistically significant age-related reductions were primarily observed in the perifoveal regions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of the GCC study (see Table\u0026nbsp;4.4) demonstrated a decline in ocular function with age, with a particular emphasis on the superior and inferior regions of both eyes. During the period under investigation, the FLV stabilized, whereas the GLV slightly increased with age. The majority of alterations were found to be statistically significant in the right eye; however, minimal variation was observed in the left eye, particularly in the superior GCC and FLV.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEffect of sex on RNFL, ONH, Retina Map and GCL Value Thickness Measurements\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe\u003c/b\u003e RNFL values are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The thickness measurements in the superior and inferior regions of both the right and left eyes were similar between the male and female participants. A comparison of the right and left eyes of the subjects in the present study revealed that males presented the lowest RNFL values in the right eye (98,86 \u0026micro;m), whereas females presented the lowest values in the left eye (99,56 \u0026micro;m). Moreover, an analysis of the superior (right: 102,80 \u0026micro;m, left: 103,66 \u0026micro;m) and inferior RNFL values in the right eye (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) revealed that females demonstrated greater measurements, whereas males presented greater inferior RNFL values in the left eye (97,88 \u0026micro;m). Despite these variations, no statistically significant differences in RNFL values were detected between the sexes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRNFL thickness measurements across different sex groups (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ez\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRNFL Right (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98,86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99,57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0,840\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,401\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRNFL Left (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100,28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99,57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0,383\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,702\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1,317\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0,043\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,188\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,966\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuperior RNFL Right (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0,872\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,383\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuperior RNFL Left (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102,82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103,66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0,459\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,646\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1,67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1,775\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,095\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,076\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eİnferior RNFL Right (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95,26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15,44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98,99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1,305\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,192\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eİnferior RNFL Left (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97,88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97,67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0,059\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,953\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0,875\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1,701\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,382\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,089\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistically significant P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, z: Comparison of Mann‒Whitney U test (median) values, Z: Comparison of intrinsic measurements of the Macula Line protocol, RNFL: retinal nerve fiber layer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, the ONH parameters were evaluated on the basis of sex. Detailed analysis revealed that female participants had the highest values in both eyes for the disk area ratio, disk volume ratio, disk height ratio, disk area, and cup volume. In contrast, the lowest values were recorded for the rim area and right disk parameters in the same group. Statistically significant differences between the sexes were identified in the left eye cup-to-disk volume ratio and the cup-to-disk height ratio. However, no significant sex-based differences were observed in the rim area or disk area measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eONH thickness measurements across different sex groups (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ez\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Cup/Disk Area Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1,863\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,063\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Cup/Disk Area Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0,837\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,404\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1,164\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2,554\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Cup/Disk Volume Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1,918\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,055\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Cup/Disk Volume Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1,011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,312\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0,426\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2,823\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Cup/Disk Height Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1,814\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,070\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Cup/Disk Height Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1,020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,308\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0,529\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2,17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,597\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Rim Area (mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1,720\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,088\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Rim Area (mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0,318\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,751\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0,318\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0,318\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,751\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,751\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Disk Area (mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0,569\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,570\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Disk Area (mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0,368\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,713\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0,569\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0,368\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,713\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Cup Volume (mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1,518\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,129\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Cup Volume (mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1,129\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,259\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1,518\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1,129\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,129\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,259\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistically significant P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, z: Comparison of Mann‒Whitney U test (median) values, Z: Comparison of intrinsic measurements of the Macula Line protocol, ONH: Optic Nerve Hypoplasia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe measurements of the retinal maps, categorized by sex, can be found in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. As demonstrated in the accompanying table, male subjects presented retinal thickness and volume values that exceeded those of the female group. In both eyes, foveal and parafoveal thicknesses were significantly greater in males. Despite the absence of statistically significant disparities in peripheal values between the sexes, a notable difference was identified in the volume of the right eye.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRetina Map measurements across different sex groups (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ez\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Fovea (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e258,74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19,57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e242,44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18,74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,059\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Fovea (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e258,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17,75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e243,44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18,77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,682\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Parafovea (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e320,64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18,39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e309,44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15,63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,999\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Parafovea (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e320,96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17,27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e310,61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14,40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,984\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Perifovea (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e288,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15,21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e284,17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13,16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1,712\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,087\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Perifovea (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e289,34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15,94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e284,94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12,69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,887\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,061\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.838\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.817\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,402\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,069\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Fovea Vol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,086\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Fovea vol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,730\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,384\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1,398\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,703\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,165\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Parafovea Vol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Parafoveal Vol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,972\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0,271\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1,748\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,788\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,083\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Perifovea Vol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,045\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Perifoveal Vol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,884\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,061\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0,789\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2,19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,434\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistically significant P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, z: Comparison of Mann‒Whitney U test (median) values, Z: Comparison of intrinsic measurements of the Macula Line protocol.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe GCC measurement results are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. According to the findings of the present study, the left FLV and left GCC measurements were elevated in female subjects, whereas the remaining measurements were elevated in male subjects. In the male subjects, elevated measurements were documented in the left inferior GCC eye, and a substantial discrepancy was identified. However, the analysis revealed no statistically significant findings in the remaining results. In female subjects, all outcomes were statistically significant, indicating the reliability of the findings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGCC thickness measurements across different age groups (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ez\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Average GCC (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98,78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98,23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1,640\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Average GCC (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99,24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97,26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1,953\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,051\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0,579\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2,171\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,563\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Superior GCC (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98,24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97,88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1,570\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,116\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Superior GCC (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98,48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96,87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,252\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,212\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0,589\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1,568\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,556\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,117\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Inferior GCC (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99,14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11,12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1,418\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,156\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Inferior GCC (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99,84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2,059\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,040\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0,329\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2,114\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,742\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,035\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight FLV %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2,101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,036\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft FLV %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4,087\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1,757\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3,553\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,079\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight GLV %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1,831\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,067\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft GLV %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2,552\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0,446\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2,558\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,655\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistically significant P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, z: Comparison of Mann‒Whitney U test (median) values, Z: Comparison of intrinsic measurements of the Macula Line protocol, GCC: Ganglion Cell Complex.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of our study indicate that anatomical aging may be linked to structural changes in the RNFL. Although the majority of the RNFL values failed to reach statistical significance, a trend toward thinning was observed, a phenomenon that was especially pronounced among participants aged 61 years and over. Thinning was particularly pronounced in the superior and inferior quadrants. The observed changes are consistent with those reported in previous studies employing SD-OCT and time-domain OCT technologies, suggesting that specific regions of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) become more sensitive to advancing age [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR21\" citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. This thinning may reflect age-related neuroaxonal degeneration caused by factors such as accumulated oxidative stress, impaired axonal transport, and microvascular disruption.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, age-related changes in optic nerve head parameters were evident. Participants over 60 years of age presented significantly larger cup volumes and higher cup-to-disc (C/D) ratios, alongside a reduction in the neuroretinal rim area. These ONH modifications mirror early glaucomatous patterns but are likely benign in this context, given the absence of visual field loss and the inclusion of only healthy individuals in our cohort. Notably, the disc area did not vary significantly with age, reinforcing the notion that the anatomical size of the optic disc is relatively stable throughout life, as previously reported in population-based imaging studies [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR24\" citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMacular analysis further revealed significant age-related reductions in retinal thickness and volume, particularly in the perifoveal region. This observation is clinically relevant, considering that the perifovea harbors a dense population of ganglion cells and their axons. Interestingly, the foveal and parafoveal zones demonstrated relative stability, suggesting spatially selective vulnerability of the perifoveal retina during aging. This perifoveal thinning may serve as an early biomarker of age-related retinal degeneration, offering potential utility in differentiating physiological aging from the prodromal stages of retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or glaucomatous optic neuropathy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith respect to the ganglion cell complex, we observed a notable decline in inferior GCC thickness among individuals over 50 years of age, accompanied by increased values of FLV and GLV. These findings indicate that neurodegenerative processes that target retinal ganglion cells may become increasingly evident with age, even in the absence of clinical pathology. Importantly, FLV and GLV have been proposed as sensitive markers for early glaucomatous changes and may precede measurable RNFL thinning. Their elevation in otherwise healthy older individuals may represent subclinical neurodegeneration or physiological remodeling that warrants longitudinal follow-up.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn assessing the impact of sex on retinal and optic nerve anatomy, we found that male participants consistently demonstrated greater macular thickness and volume, especially within the foveal and parafoveal regions. These differences were statistically significant and align with earlier OCT studies, which attributed such disparities to anatomical differences, including larger ocular dimensions and increased axial length in males [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR27\" citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Interestingly, no significant sex-based differences were detected in the perifoveal zone, suggesting a more localized effect of sex on central macular structure.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast to the findings of some reports, RNFL thickness did not differ significantly between male and female participants in our sample. While minor sex-related differences in the RNFL have been documented in certain populations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e], our findings suggest that RNFL morphology is largely conserved between sexes in the absence of disease. This finding reinforces the notion that RNFL thickness may be a robust and relatively sex-independent parameter for clinical assessment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOptic nerve head parameters, however, exhibited more pronounced sex-specific differences. Compared with males, females presented greater cup volumes and cup-to-disc ratios, particularly in the left eye, alongside lower rim areas. These variations may reflect underlying anatomical differences in optic nerve structure between sexes, possibly influenced by hormonal, genetic, or biomechanical factors. Although most differences did not achieve statistical significance, they may be clinically relevant in cases where borderline glaucomatous features are present, underscoring the importance of individualized normative references.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith respect to the GCC metrics, the values were largely similar between sexes, with the exception of the left inferior GCC, which was significantly greater in males. Additionally, females presented a wider range of FLV and GLV values, potentially indicating greater variability in ganglion cell integrity. The clinical interpretation of this variability remains uncertain and highlights the need for further studies with larger, stratified samples.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe observed age- and sex-related structural differences emphasize the necessity of using normative databases that are both demographically stratified and population specific. Interpreting OCT scans without accounting for physiological variations can lead to diagnostic errors, particularly in early or borderline cases of ocular disease. Our findings support the implementation of tailored reference ranges in OCT software algorithms to increase diagnostic precision and minimize misclassification. Furthermore, our results highlight the diagnostic potential of GCC-derived metrics such as the FLV and GLV, which may serve as early indicators of neuroretinal compromise. These parameters could complement RNFL thickness in clinical practice, particularly for the elderly population, where traditional markers may be confounded by physiological aging.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite its contributions, this study has several limitations. First, its cross-sectional design limits the ability to assess temporal progression or infer causality. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether the observed structural changes evolve into pathological states. Second, while the sample size was adequate for statistical analysis, it may not fully capture the variability across broader demographics. Expanding the cohort to include participants from diverse ethnic backgrounds and systemic health profiles would improve generalizability. Third, we did not control for ocular parameters such as axial length or refractive error, which are known to affect OCT measurements. Future studies should incorporate these variables to better isolate the influence of age and sex on retinal and ONH parameters. Additionally, the use of advanced imaging modalities such as swept-source OCT and OCT angiography may provide further insights into the vascular and microstructural correlates of the aging retina.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, our findings underscore the subtle but meaningful effects of age and sex on retinal and optic nerve morphology. Incorporating these physiological variations into clinical interpretation frameworks will be essential for optimizing the diagnostic utility of OCT in both routine eye care and the early detection of neuro-ophthalmic diseases.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to express their gratitude to the doctors, nurses and technicians in our hospital for their help and support.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRY wrote the main draft text. RY and SK completed patient follow-up and data collection. Participated in RY project design, data analysis and interpretation. RY, SK, and BU participated in the revision of the main results and conclusions in the manuscript. All authors reviewed the article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was not supported by any sponsor or funder.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the Atat\u0026uuml;rk University Faculty of Medicine Clinical Research Ethics Committee with the approval number B.30.2.ATA.0.01.00/259 dated 31.03.2022 and confirmed by the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were given written informed consent, and those who accepted were included in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLin SC, et al. Optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer analysis: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2007;114(10):1937\u0026ndash;49.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMackenzie PJ, Cioffi GA. Vascular anatomy of the optic nerve head. Can J Ophthalmol. 2008;43(3):308\u0026ndash;12.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSigal IA, et al. Reconstruction of human optic nerve heads for finite element modeling. Technol Health Care. 2005;13(4):313\u0026ndash;29.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCavallotti C, et al. Age-related changes in the human optic nerve. Can J Ophthalmol. 2002;37(7):389\u0026ndash;94.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDowns JC. Optic nerve head biomechanics in aging and disease. Exp Eye Res. 2015;133:19\u0026ndash;29.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKiernan DF, Mieler WF, Hariprasad SM. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: a comparison of modern high-resolution retinal imaging systems. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;149(1):18\u0026ndash;31. e2.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSayanagi K, et al. Comparison of spectral-domain versus time-domain optical coherence tomography in management of age-related macular degeneration with ranibizumab. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(5):947\u0026ndash;55.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMichelessi M et al. Optic nerve head and fibre layer imaging for diagnosing glaucoma. Cochrane Database Syst Reviews, 2015(11).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTakagi ST, et al. Macular retinal ganglion cell complex thickness and its relationship to the optic nerve head topography in glaucomatous eyes with hemifield defects. J Ophthalmol. 2011;2011(1):914250.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRebolleda G, et al. OCT: new perspectives in neuro-ophthalmology. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2015;29(1):9\u0026ndash;25.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMarchesi N, et al. Ocular neurodegenerative diseases: interconnection between retina and cortical areas. Cells. 2021;10(9):2394.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhan SS, Singer BD, Vaughan DE. Molecular and physiological manifestations and measurement of aging in humans. Aging Cell. 2017;16(4):624\u0026ndash;33.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRichardson B, et al. How do neurons age? A focused review on the aging of the microtubular cytoskeleton. Neural Regeneration Res. 2024;19(9):1899\u0026ndash;907.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi R, et al. Ocular biomarkers of cognitive decline based on deep-learning retinal vessel segmentation. BMC Geriatr. 2024;24(1):28.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTrinh M, et al. OCT prognostic biomarkers for progression to late age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmol Retina. 2024;8(6):553\u0026ndash;65.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMetrangolo C, et al. OCT Biomarkers in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Narrative Review. J Ophthalmol. 2021;2021(1):9994098.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eO\u0026rsquo;Rese JK, et al. Effect of race, age, and axial length on optic nerve head parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured by Cirrus HD-OCT. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130(3):312\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOoto S, et al. Effects of age, sex, and axial length on the three-dimensional profile of normal macular layer structures. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(12):8769\u0026ndash;79.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAl-Hawasi A, Lagali N. Retinal ganglion cell layer thickness and volume measured by OCT changes with age, sex, and axial length in a healthy population. BMC Ophthalmol. 2022;22(1):278.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGirkin CA, et al. Variation in the three-dimensional histomorphometry of the normal human optic nerve head with age and race: lamina cribrosa and peripapillary scleral thickness and position. Volume 58. Investigative ophthalmology \u0026amp; visual science; 2017. pp. 3759\u0026ndash;69. 9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLeung CK, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer imaging with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: a prospective analysis of age-related loss. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(4):731\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCelebi ARC, Mirza GE. Age-related change in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured with spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(13):8095\u0026ndash;103.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAch T, et al. Quantitative autofluorescence and cell density maps of the human retinal pigment epithelium. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(8):4832\u0026ndash;41.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHolzapfel GA et al. \u003cem\u003eSingle lamellar mechanics of the human lumbar anulus fibrosus.\u003c/em\u003e Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology, 2005. 3: pp. 125\u0026ndash;140.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGanau M et al. \u003cem\u003eNeuro-ophthalmological manifestations of septo-optic dysplasia: current perspectives.\u003c/em\u003e Eye and Brain, 2019: pp. 37\u0026ndash;47.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAsrani S, et al. Noninvasive mapping of the normal retinal thickness at the posterior pole. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(2):269\u0026ndash;73.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGhassemi F, et al. Exploring the impact of age and gender on retinal and choroidal thickness and vascular densities: a comprehensive analysis. Int J Retina Vitreous. 2025;11(1):38.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSaidha S, et al. Visual dysfunction in multiple sclerosis correlates better with optical coherence tomography derived estimates of macular ganglion cell layer thickness than peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. Multiple Scler J. 2011;17(12):1449\u0026ndash;63.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi D, et al. Sex-specific differences in circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(3):357\u0026ndash;68.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGraves JS, et al. Sex differences and subclinical retinal injury in pediatric-onset MS. Multiple Scler J. 2017;23(3):447\u0026ndash;55.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Optical coherence tomography, ganglion cell complex, retina, optic nerve hypoplasia, ganglion cell complex","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7038058/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7038058/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurpose:\u003c/strong\u003e To assess the effects of age and sex on ocular optical biometric parameters, including the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH), retinal thickness, and ganglion cell complex (GCC), in healthy individuals via spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) with a Spectralis device (Optovue, Inc., Fremont, CA).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003eStructural measurements of the retina and posterior segment were obtained from healthy participants at the Ophthalmology Department of Erzurum City Hospital. This anatomical study incorporated measurements from both eyes of each individual for analysis. OCT was employed to assess macular thickness and retinal layer parameters via both macular map and line scan protocols. The conformity of the numerical data to a normal distribution was assessed via the Mann–Whitney U test, with the significance level set at 0.05 for all the statistical analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e The study population consisted of 165 healthy individuals ranging in age from 18--80 years. Among the 165 participants, 54 (33%) were male. In terms of age distribution, 67 individuals (41%) were aged 18–30 years, 57 (34%) were between 31–40 years, 23 (14%) were in the 41–50 years, 10 (6%) were aged 51–60 years, and 8 (5%) were between 61–80 years. Age-related thinning in the RNFL was observed in both eyes, but the changes were not statistically significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026gt;0.05). ONH parameters showed significant age-related changes. The cup-to-disc area and volume ratios increased, whereas the rim area decreased significantly (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). The disc area remained stable. The periosteal thickness and volume significantly decreased with age in both eyes (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05), whereas the central macular thickness did not significantly change. Parafoveal thinning was significant only in the left eye (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.033). Inferior GCC thickness decreased significantly in individuals over 50 years of age (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). FLV and GLV increased with age, suggesting early structural alterations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions:\u003c/strong\u003eThis study provides evidence that the process of aging is associated with structural changes in the optic nerve head and retinal layers. Notable age-related increases in the cup-to-disc ratios and decreases in the rim area are indicative of alterations to the optic nerve. Significant thinning in the perifoveal and inferior GCC regions, particularly in individuals over 50 years of age, suggests early neurodegenerative changes. Increased focal loss volume (FLV) and global loss volume (GLV) values may be indicative of subclinical retinal damage, highlighting the necessity of accounting for age when interpreting OCT parameters.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Morphological Assessment of the Retina and Optic Nerve Head in Healthy Individuals in Erzurum via Optical Coherence Tomography","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-01 11:08:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7038058/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"84a1e93e-66af-41c6-8520-cfc9a14d262e","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-27T14:38:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-01 11:08:49","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7038058","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7038058","identity":"rs-7038058","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}