Effects of matcha tea extract on cell viability and estrogen receptor β expression on MCF7 breast cancer cells

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Methods: MCF-7 cells were stimulated with MTE at concentrations of 5 and 10 µg/ml. Cell viability was assessed using a WST-1 assay after an incubation time of 72 h. ERβ was quantified at gene level by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A western blot (WB) was carried out for the qualitative assessment of the expression behavior of on a protein level. Results: The WST-1 test showed a significant inhibition of viability in MFC-7 cells after 72 h at 10 µg/ml. The WB demonstrated a significant quantitative decrease of ERβ at protein level with MTE concentrations of 10 µg/ml. In contrast the PCR did not result in significant downregulation of ERβ. Conclusion: MTE decreases the cell viability of MCF-7 cells and furthermore leads to a decrease of ERβ at protein level. Matcha tea extract MTE MCF7 ERβ WST-1 PCR western blot Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 What does this study add to the clinical work Within this study, we analyzed the effects of MTE on ERβ expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells to elucidate its potential therapeutic effects in hormone-dependent breast cancer. The results of this study may have the potential to uncover new avenues for therapeutic interventions and advance our understanding of the complex interplay between phytoestrogens, cellular signaling pathways, and breast cancer progression. 1. Introduction Breast cancer remains the most prevalent cancer among women, with approximately 2.1 million women are diagnosed each year and it is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women [ 1 ]. Once metastatic disease is diagnosed, the prognosis is often poor, with a median overall survival of only two to three years, and a five-year survival rate of 25% [ 2 ]. Therefore, there is a pressing need to investigate the potential of widely consumed dietary substances for breast cancer prevention and as therapeutic agents, including plant-derived remedies. Tea, particularly matcha tea (Camellia sinensis), has gained global popularity as the second most common beverage after water [ 3 ]. Unlike regular tea, matcha tea is harvested and manufactured through a complex process that involves grinding the leaves into a fine powder, resulting in higher substrate concentrations when mixed with hot water. Matcha tea is distinguished by its high catechin concentration, with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) being the most abundant at 90% [ 4 ]. Laboratory experiments, animal models and epidemiological research have suggested anti-cancer properties of EGCG, particularly in estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) positive breast cancer cells, where it has been shown to inhibit growth by reducing estrogen receptor-beta (ERβ) abundance and increasing p53 and p21 levels in a dose-dependent manner [ 5 ]. Furthermore, EGCG has been reported to affect cell cycle and proliferation through various mechanisms, including inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases, Wnt signaling, methylation, and induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) [ 6 ] [ 7 – 10 ]. ERβ was discovered in 1996 and is relevant in hormone-dependent breast cancer, as its expression of over 10% has been shown to be a significant predictor of better clinical outcomes in women treated with tamoxifen. Additionally, ERβ positive breast cancer is associated with a better prognosis compared to ERβ negative tumors [ 11 ]. Despite previous studies focusing on the alteration of estrogen receptor-alpha by EGCG, specifically investigating the effects of matcha tea extract (MTE) on ERβ in MCF-7 breast cancer cells is lacking. Therefore, in this paper, we aimed to analyze the effects of MTE on ERβ expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells to elucidate its potential therapeutic effects in hormone-dependent breast cancer. 2. Material and Methods 2.1. Cell cultivation and cell stimulation The cell line MCF7 was used for the test series. MCF7 cells were cultured on an 80% monolayer in a cell culture bottle. Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM; 3.7 g/L NaHCO3, 4.5 g/L D-glucose, 1.028 g/L stable glutamine, and sodium pyruvate; Biochrom, Berlin, Germany) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS; Biochrom, Berlin, Germany) was used for cultivation. The cells were incubated with atmospheric concentrations of CO2 of 5% at 37°C and were then trypsinized and counted for further use. 2.2. Preparation of the matcha tea extract (MTE) The matcha tea extract was commercially purchased (Houjo Matcha Tea, harvested in Hoshino, Yame prefecture, Japan). MTE was prepared as described in the individual tests below. 2.3. WST-1 assay MCF7 cells were cultured in a 96-well plate at a density of 10,000 cells per well in 50 µl of DMEM with 10% FCS. After four hours, the medium was changed to DMEM without FCS. FCS can contain substances such as growth factors, hormones, vitamins, and transport proteins, which can potentially influence cell proliferation and maintenance. The use of DMEM without FCS helps to reduce this influence on the experimental setup [ 12 , 13 ]. The cells were further incubated for 12 hours. MTE (27.1 mg) was dissolved in 100 µl of pure ethanol and then diluted 1:1000 with DMEM without FCS. The solution for the control group was diluted in the same manner without adding MTE. Next, different quantities of MTE solution and DMEM without FCS were added to achieve different concentrations (5 µg/ml and 10 µg/ml). A total of 100 µl was added per well. For the control groups, the control solution and DMEM without FCS were pipetted into each well instead of the MTE solution. Incubation was carried out for 72 hours. After incubation, the WST-1 reagent (water-soluble tetrazolium, 4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzenedisulfonate; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was added. The WST-1 reagent can be used to detect the activity of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase, which cleaves the tetrazolium salt to formazan. After 30 minutes of incubation, the viability of the cells was measured using a multiwell spectrophotometer (wavelength: 420–480 nm). Three independent measurements with three technical replicates were performed. 2.4. PCR Cell incubation was conducted in a 12-well plate with a density of 500,000 cells per well for 4 hours using 500 µl of DMEM with 10% FCS. Subsequently, the medium was changed to 500 µl of DMEM without FCS, and the MCF7 cells were further incubated for 12 hours. For the preparation of MTE solution, 27.1 mg of MTE was dissolved in 100 µl of pure ethanol, and then diluted at a ratio of 1:1000 with DMEM without FCS. The solution for the control group was prepared in the same manner without adding MTE. To obtain different concentrations (5 µg/ml and 10 µg/ml), various amounts of MTE solution and DMEM without FCS were added, totaling 500 µl per well. In the control group, the control solution and DMEM without FCS were added to each well instead of the MTE solution. This was followed by a 2-hour incubation period. Since changes in mRNA levels can occur within hours after stimulation, and the half-life of mRNA is also in the range of hours, a 2-hour incubation time was chosen. After incubation, excess liquid was removed, and the wells were rinsed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). RA-1 buffer (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany) was added to lyse the cells. RNA isolation was performed using NucleoSpinRNAII (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany), and reverse transcription of the RNA was carried out using the High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with 10 ng of RNA. The temperature protocol included phases of 10 minutes at 25°C, 2 hours at 37°C, 5 seconds at 85°C, followed by cooling to 4°C. For the PCR assay, each well was prepared with 10 µl of TaqMan® Universal PCR Master Mix 2X (Thermo Fisher Scientific), 8 µl of distilled water (treated with 0.1% diethyl pyrocarbonate), 1 µl of TaqMan® Gene Expression Assay 20X (Thermo Fisher Scientific; Target: ACTB, Assay ID Hs999903_m1; Target: ESR2, Assay ID Hs01100357_m1; primer sequences not provided by the manufacturer), and 1 µl of cDNA sample. The PCR assay was performed using the ABI Prism 7500 Fast (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Thermal cycling for the PCR assay was conducted as follows: The reaction started with an initial denaturation step at 95°C for 20 seconds, followed by 40 cycles of amplification at 95°C for 3 seconds, and then 60°C for 30 seconds. The results were analyzed using the comparative 2-ΔΔCT method [ 14 ], with β-Actin serving as the endogenous control for the calculation of ΔCT values. Three measurements were performed in total, each with two technical replications. For RNA isolation, NucleoSpinRNAII kit (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany) was used, and reverse transcription of the RNA was carried out using the High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with 10 ng of RNA. The temperature protocol included phases of 10 minutes at 25°C, 2 hours at 37°C, 5 seconds at 85°C, followed by cooling to 4°C. 2.5. Western blot MCF7 cells were cultured in 1000 µl of DMEM with 10% FCS in a 12-well plate at a density of 500,000 cells per well. After 4 hours, the medium was changed to 1000 µl of DMEM without FCS, and the cells were incubated for an additional 12 hours. To prepare the MTE (20 mg) solution, it was dissolved in 100 µl of pure ethanol and then diluted in a ratio of 1:1000 with DMEM without FCS. The control group was prepared in the same way without adding MTE. Test groups with desired concentrations of 5 µg/ml and 10 µg/ml were achieved by pipetting different amounts of the MTE solution and DMEM without FCS, resulting in a total volume of 1000 µl per well. For the control group, 250 µl of control solution and 750 µl of DMEM without FCS were added to each well instead of the MTE solution. The cells were then cultured for 48 hours and rinsed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). To lyse the cells, 200 µl of a buffer solution containing a 1:100 dilution of protease inhibitor (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in RIPA buffer (radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer; Sigma-Aldrich) was added to each well. The cells were then incubated for 30 minutes at 4°C and centrifuged to obtain the supernatant for Bradford protein assay. The proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE based on their molecular weight and transferred onto a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany). The PVDF membrane was blocked for one hour with a 1x casein solution (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA) to prevent nonspecific binding of antibodies. The primary antibodies used as endogenous controls were anti-β-actin (clone AC-15, mouse IgG; Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, Missouri, USA) and anti-ERß (polyclonal IgG, rabbit, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), which were diluted in a 1x casein solution and incubated on the membrane for 16 hours at 4°C. After rinsing the membranes with tris-buffered saline (TBST), the membranes were incubated with biotinylated anti-rabbit IgG antibody and ABC-AmP reagent (VECTASTAIN ABC-AmP Kit for rabbit IgG, Vector Laboratories) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The specific bands on the membrane were visualized using the BCIP/NBT chromogenic substrate (Vectastain ABC-AmP Kit, Vector Laboratories) and detected with the Bio-Rad Universal Hood II (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA). The intensity of the color in the ERβ bands was quantified by comparing the clustered pixels to the β-actin bands using the Bio-Rad Quantity One software (Bio-Rad Laboratories). An example of a western blot is shown in Fig. 1. The western blots were repeated nine times for statistical analysis. Figure 1. The figure provided exhibits an exemplar of a Western blot membrane subsequent to stimulation with varying concentrations of MTE or the control group, following incubation with β-Actin and ERß antibodies. The respective bands are numbered as follows: (1) control group, (2) 5 µg/ml, and (3) 10 µg/ml. 2.6. Statistical analysis The statistical programming environment R, version 4.0.2 [ 15 ], was utilized for data processing and statistical analysis. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Normality of distribution was assessed using Shapiro-Wilk tests. Due to the distinct experimental designs, different tests were employed to compare the experimental groups and control groups. For the WST-1 and PCR assay, paired t-tests were used. For the Western-blot analyses, a single-factor ANOVA with post-hoc tests was employed. 3. Results 3.1. WST-1 proliferation assay A WST-1 proliferation assay was conducted to assess the impact of incubation on MCF7 cellular viability. Statistical significance was observed only at higher concentrations of MTE, with p-values of 0.074 at 5 µg/ml MTE and 0.017 at 10 µg/ml MTE. The results are presented in Fig. 2. Figure 2. The WST-1 assay was performed on MTE-stimulated MCF7 cells. The green bars represent the optical density of MCF7 cells after incubation with different concentrations of MTE (5 µg/ml and 10 µg/ml), while the grey bars represent the control group. The mean ± standard error (SE) is indicated at the top of each bar. MTE resulted in a significant reduction of cell proliferation at the higher concentration, as denoted by one asterisk (*) indicating statistical significance (p < 0.05), and the significant results are linked. 3.2. PCR for ERß expression on mRNA level The MTE TaqMan® PCR was used to detect changes in ERß mRNA expression in MCF7 cells after incubation with MTE. The comparative 2 − ΔΔCq method was employed for data analysis. However, there were no significant changes observed in the x-fold expression of mRNA in comparison to the control, for both MTE concentrations (5 µg/ml MTE: p = 0.091 and 10 µg/ml MTE: p = 0.838). The results are depicted in Fig. 3. Figure 3. The figure illustrates the relative expression of ERß mRNA in MCF7 cells following incubation with two different concentrations of MTE (5 µg/ml and 10 µg/ml), as well as the control solution, for a duration of 2 hours. The y-axis represents the ratios of stimulated and control expression levels. The mean ± standard error (SE) is indicated at the top of each bar. However, no statistical significance was observed between the groups. 3.3. Western blot for ERß on protein level The Western blot technique was employed to examine alterations in ERß expression at the protein level. Remarkably, a noteworthy decrease in ERß expression was observed solely in the higher concentrations of MTE (5 µg/ml MTE: p = 0.233 and 10 µg/ml MTE: p = 0.036), as illustrated in Fig. 4. Figure 4. The figure presented displays the protein expression of ERß in MCF7 cells following stimulation with varying concentrations of MTE, in comparison to the control solution. The mean ± standard error (SE) is indicated at the top of each bar. Notably, MTE treatment resulted in a significant reduction in ERß expression at the concentration of 10 µg/ml, as denoted by the asterisk (*) indicating statistical significance (p < 0.05), and the connecting lines between groups in the figure. 4. Discussion This study is the first to investigate the effect of MTE on ERβ expression. Our results demonstrate that MTE decreases the viability of MCF-7 cells and leads to a significant decrease in ERβ protein expression. Generally, phytoestrogens have been found to exhibit a higher affinity for ERβ compared to ERα, as supported by previous research [ 16 , 17 ]. The binding affinity to ERβ is particularly important, as ERβ signaling has been associated with anti-proliferative and anti-carcinogenic effects, while ERα signaling is linked to carcinogenesis [ 18 , 19 ]. The loss of ERβ has been correlated with aggressive breast cancers, and ERβ has been recognized as a tumor suppressor gene that regulates ERα-induced proliferation. In a recent study, it was discovered that the phytoestrogen calycosin can upregulate ERβ, leading to diverse effects on downstream cellular signaling pathways. These effects include stimulation of p38 MAPK, suppression of Akt, induction of apoptosis via poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) cleavage, and inactivation of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) in MCF-7 cells[ 18 , 20 ]. In contrast to previous studies on other phytoestrogens, our research demonstrates that Matcha Tea Extract (MTE) exhibits dual effects on cellular viability and estrogen receptor β (ERβ) expression. This suggests that the decrease in cellular viability may involve mechanisms independent of ERβ downregulation. Bonuccelli et al. conducted a study elucidating the effects of green tea phenols (GTP) on cancer stem-like cells derived from MCF7 breast cancer cells. Their findings revealed that GTP preferentially inhibits the proliferative expansion of these cells by suppressing oxidative mitochondrial metabolism (OXPHOS) and glycolytic flux. Consequently, this metabolic modulation leads to a shift in cancer cells toward a more quiescent metabolic state. Additionally, their proteomics analysis identified specific downregulation of mitochondrial proteins and glycolytic enzymes upon GTP treatment. Furthermore, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software analysis indicated a significant impact of MTE on the mTOR signaling pathway [ 21 ]. In another study by Liu SM, it was observed that green tea phenols induce dose-dependent apoptosis of MCF-7 cells through mitochondrial pathways [ 22 ]. Hence, it is plausible to suggest that the mechanisms of action of MTE are not solely dependent on ERβ modulation. Instead, other cellular mechanisms, as exemplified above, may contribute to the observed decrease in cellular viability. To summarize, our findings indicate that MTE exerts effects on both cellular viability and ERβ expression, suggesting the involvement of mechanisms beyond ERβ downregulation in the observed decrease in cellular viability. The study conducted by Bonuccelli et al. provides evidence of the preferential inhibition of cancer stem-like cells by green tea phenols, involving the modulation of mitochondrial metabolism and glycolytic flux. These cellular mechanisms, along with the impact on mTOR signaling, may play vital roles in mediating the effects of MTE. Further investigations are necessary to elucidate these mechanisms and their potential implications for the clinical application of MTE in breast cancer therapy. 5. Conclusions In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the effects of Matcha Tea Extract (MTE) on cell viability and estrogen receptor β (ERβ) expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The findings demonstrate that MTE decreases cellular viability and leads to a significant downregulation of ERβ protein expression. These results suggest that the observed effects are not solely dependent on alterations in ERβ, but likely involve other cellular signaling pathways. Given these intriguing results, it is crucial to unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the effects of MTE on ERβ expression and cellular viability. Mechanistic studies, pathway analyses, and in vivo experiments are warranted to provide a more comprehensive understanding of MTE's precise mechanisms of action. Such investigations may have the potential to uncover new avenues for therapeutic interventions and advance our understanding of the complex interplay between phytoestrogens, cellular signaling pathways, and breast cancer progression. 6. Declarations Author Contributions: S Keckstein: Manuscript writing/editing, Data analysis; C Tilgener: Data collection or management, Protocol/project development; U Jeschke: Protocol/project development, Data analysis, Supervision; S Hofmann: Data collection or management, Protocol/project development; T Vilsmaier: Manuscript writing/editing; L Keilmann: Manuscript writing/editing; H Heidegger: Manuscript writing/editing; T Kaltofen: Manuscript writing/editing; F Batz: Manuscript writing/editing; S Mahner: Project supervision; L Schröder: Protocol/project development, Manuscript writing/editing Consent for publication: All authors have analyzed and interpreted the data and read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by internal departmental resources. Ethics approval: Not applicable. Availability of data and material: The datasets used and analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author on request. Conflicts of Interest: S. Mahner has received research support, advisory board, honoraria and travel expenses from AstraZeneca, Clovis, Eisai, GlaxoSmithKline, Medac, MSD, Novartis, Olympus, PharmaMar, Roche, Sensor Kinesis, Teva and Tesaro. All other authors declare to have no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments: We want to thank everybody involved in realizing the project. Special thanks to Constantin Tilgener and Simone Hofmann for their laboratory work. 7. References WHO. 2021; Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer. Sundquist, M., L. Brudin, and G. Tejler, Improved survival in metastatic breast cancer 1985-2016. Breast, 2017. 31 : p. 46-50. Wolf, A., G.A. Bray, and B.M. 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Schmittgen, Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT Method. Methods, 2001. 25 (4): p. 402-408. R Core Team (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/ . Sirotkin, A.V. and A.H. Harrath, Phytoestrogens and their effects. Eur J Pharmacol, 2014. 741 : p. 230-6. Gehm, B.D., et al., Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound found in grapes and wine, is an agonist for the estrogen receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1997. 94 (25): p. 14138-43. Hsieh, C.J., et al., Molecular Mechanisms of Anticancer Effects of Phytoestrogens in Breast Cancer. Curr Protein Pept Sci, 2018. 19 (3): p. 323-332. Turner, J.V., S. Agatonovic-Kustrin, and B.D. Glass, Molecular aspects of phytoestrogen selective binding at estrogen receptors. J Pharm Sci, 2007. 96 (8): p. 1879-85. Chen, J., et al., Calycosin suppresses breast cancer cell growth via ERβ-dependent regulation of IGF-1R, p38 MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways. PLoS One, 2014. 9 (3): p. e91245. Bonuccelli, G., F. Sotgia, and M.P. Lisanti, Matcha green tea (MGT) inhibits the propagation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), by targeting mitochondrial metabolism, glycolysis and multiple cell signalling pathways. Aging (Albany NY), 2018. 10 (8): p. 1867-1883. Liu, S.M., S.Y. Ou, and H.H. Huang, Green tea polyphenols induce cell death in breast cancer MCF-7 cells through induction of cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B, 2017. 18 (2): p. 89-98. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 22 Sep, 2023 Read the published version in Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Jul, 2023 Reviewers invited by journal 03 Jul, 2023 Editor assigned by journal 03 Jul, 2023 First submitted to journal 28 Jun, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3123368","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":215437724,"identity":"979b733d-6f7e-4a68-8498-1609c5e7458a","order_by":0,"name":"Simon Keckstein","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Simon","middleName":"","lastName":"Keckstein","suffix":""},{"id":215437725,"identity":"88701cf8-27e2-4d5f-82c0-2cf824d261d8","order_by":1,"name":"Constantin 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Keilmann","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lucia","middleName":"","lastName":"Keilmann","suffix":""},{"id":215437730,"identity":"83445b52-8f41-422c-b22c-f725405178d9","order_by":6,"name":"Helene Heidegger","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Helene","middleName":"","lastName":"Heidegger","suffix":""},{"id":215437731,"identity":"65bcc2d5-d9fa-4c34-bc4d-81df5a89d536","order_by":7,"name":"Till Kaltofen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Till","middleName":"","lastName":"Kaltofen","suffix":""},{"id":215437732,"identity":"b811ce97-b373-4784-a75b-ef986329197b","order_by":8,"name":"Falk Batz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Falk","middleName":"","lastName":"Batz","suffix":""},{"id":215437733,"identity":"28be26c0-06d7-4aea-b3b1-5aaace5f8e60","order_by":9,"name":"Sven Mahner","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sven","middleName":"","lastName":"Mahner","suffix":""},{"id":215437734,"identity":"f406061d-042b-400c-9f00-34c4d4e37afb","order_by":10,"name":"Lennard Schröder","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lennard","middleName":"","lastName":"Schröder","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-06-29 07:30:52","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3123368/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3123368/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-023-07209-z","type":"published","date":"2023-09-22T15:01:25+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":39715857,"identity":"18fccfc9-a2d4-4e46-b144-50408923b93a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-07 18:46:13","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":480211,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe figure provided exhibits an exemplar of a Western blot membrane subsequent to stimulation with varying concentrations of MTE or the control group, following incubation with β-Actin and ERß antibodies. The respective bands are numbered as follows: (1) control group, (2) 5 µg/ml, and (3) 10 µg/ml.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3123368/v1/f1b7fdf430ede75c411537ec.jpg"},{"id":39714946,"identity":"be3953a9-7844-4d78-b73a-009b58836cb3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-07 18:38:13","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":250240,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe WST-1 assay was performed on MTE-stimulated MCF7 cells. The green bars represent the optical density of MCF7 cells after incubation with different concentrations of MTE (5 µg/ml and 10 µg/ml), while the grey bars represent the control group. The mean ± standard error (SE) is indicated at the top of each bar. MTE resulted in a significant reduction of cell proliferation at the higher concentration, as denoted by one asterisk (*) indicating statistical significance (p \u0026lt; 0.05), and the significant results are linked.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3123368/v1/ad3c6d35a6b7fa1aca75911e.jpg"},{"id":39714943,"identity":"9e8bacde-aa12-44f9-bcad-1d8872f104c1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-07 18:38:13","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":254769,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe figure illustrates the relative expression of ERß mRNA in MCF7 cells following incubation with two different concentrations of MTE (5 µg/ml and 10 µg/ml), as well as the control solution, for a duration of 2 hours. The y-axis represents the ratios of stimulated and control expression levels. The mean ± standard error (SE) is indicated at the top of each bar. However, no statistical significance was observed between the groups.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3123368/v1/fc7806be5ddb9de616b4d2dc.jpg"},{"id":39715856,"identity":"660495cc-ed16-4d64-9f9e-adcdda38a048","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-07 18:46:13","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":240826,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe figure presented displays the protein expression of ERß in MCF7 cells following stimulation with varying concentrations of MTE, in comparison to the control solution. The mean ± standard error (SE) is indicated at the top of each bar. Notably, MTE treatment resulted in a significant reduction in ERß expression at the concentration of 10 µg/ml, as denoted by the asterisk (*) indicating statistical significance (p \u0026lt; 0.05), and the connecting lines between groups in the figure.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3123368/v1/ba75bd8b23c473a08e4b6041.jpg"},{"id":43640641,"identity":"b44c3c2e-77a7-4fff-b41d-90f5ee6383eb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-25 15:08:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":473562,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3123368/v1/235096e1-7681-427c-bd4f-9bf0791db406.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Effects of matcha tea extract on cell viability and estrogen receptor β expression on MCF7 breast cancer cells","fulltext":[{"header":"What does this study add to the clinical work","content":"\u003cp\u003eWithin this study, we analyzed the effects of MTE on ER\u0026beta; expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells to elucidate its potential therapeutic effects in hormone-dependent breast cancer. The results of this study may have the potential to uncover new avenues for therapeutic interventions and advance our understanding of the complex interplay between phytoestrogens, cellular signaling pathways, and breast cancer progression.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreast cancer remains the most prevalent cancer among women, with approximately 2.1\u0026nbsp;million women are diagnosed each year and it is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Once metastatic disease is diagnosed, the prognosis is often poor, with a median overall survival of only two to three years, and a five-year survival rate of 25% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, there is a pressing need to investigate the potential of widely consumed dietary substances for breast cancer prevention and as therapeutic agents, including plant-derived remedies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTea, particularly matcha tea (Camellia sinensis), has gained global popularity as the second most common beverage after water [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Unlike regular tea, matcha tea is harvested and manufactured through a complex process that involves grinding the leaves into a fine powder, resulting in higher substrate concentrations when mixed with hot water. Matcha tea is distinguished by its high catechin concentration, with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) being the most abundant at 90% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLaboratory experiments, animal models and epidemiological research have suggested anti-cancer properties of EGCG, particularly in estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) positive breast cancer cells, where it has been shown to inhibit growth by reducing estrogen receptor-beta (ERβ) abundance and increasing p53 and p21 levels in a dose-dependent manner [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, EGCG has been reported to affect cell cycle and proliferation through various mechanisms, including inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases, Wnt signaling, methylation, and induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8 CR9\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eERβ was discovered in 1996 and is relevant in hormone-dependent breast cancer, as its expression of over 10% has been shown to be a significant predictor of better clinical outcomes in women treated with tamoxifen. Additionally, ERβ positive breast cancer is associated with a better prognosis compared to ERβ negative tumors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite previous studies focusing on the alteration of estrogen receptor-alpha by EGCG, specifically investigating the effects of matcha tea extract (MTE) on ERβ in MCF-7 breast cancer cells is lacking. Therefore, in this paper, we aimed to analyze the effects of MTE on ERβ expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells to elucidate its potential therapeutic effects in hormone-dependent breast cancer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Material and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Cell cultivation and cell stimulation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cell line MCF7 was used for the test series. MCF7 cells were cultured on an 80% monolayer in a cell culture bottle. Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM; 3.7 g/L NaHCO3, 4.5 g/L D-glucose, 1.028 g/L stable glutamine, and sodium pyruvate; Biochrom, Berlin, Germany) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS; Biochrom, Berlin, Germany) was used for cultivation. The cells were incubated with atmospheric concentrations of CO2 of 5% at 37\u0026deg;C and were then trypsinized and counted for further use.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Preparation of the matcha tea extract (MTE)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe matcha tea extract was commercially purchased (Houjo Matcha Tea, harvested in Hoshino, Yame prefecture, Japan). MTE was prepared as described in the individual tests below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. WST-1 assay\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCF7 cells were cultured in a 96-well plate at a density of 10,000 cells per well in 50 \u0026micro;l of DMEM with 10% FCS. After four hours, the medium was changed to DMEM without FCS. FCS can contain substances such as growth factors, hormones, vitamins, and transport proteins, which can potentially influence cell proliferation and maintenance. The use of DMEM without FCS helps to reduce this influence on the experimental setup [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. The cells were further incubated for 12 hours.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMTE (27.1 mg) was dissolved in 100 \u0026micro;l of pure ethanol and then diluted 1:1000 with DMEM without FCS. The solution for the control group was diluted in the same manner without adding MTE. Next, different quantities of MTE solution and DMEM without FCS were added to achieve different concentrations (5 \u0026micro;g/ml and 10 \u0026micro;g/ml). A total of 100 \u0026micro;l was added per well. For the control groups, the control solution and DMEM without FCS were pipetted into each well instead of the MTE solution. Incubation was carried out for 72 hours.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter incubation, the WST-1 reagent (water-soluble tetrazolium, 4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzenedisulfonate; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was added. The WST-1 reagent can be used to detect the activity of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase, which cleaves the tetrazolium salt to formazan. After 30 minutes of incubation, the viability of the cells was measured using a multiwell spectrophotometer (wavelength: 420\u0026ndash;480 nm). Three independent measurements with three technical replicates were performed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. PCR\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCell incubation was conducted in a 12-well plate with a density of 500,000 cells per well for 4 hours using 500 \u0026micro;l of DMEM with 10% FCS. Subsequently, the medium was changed to 500 \u0026micro;l of DMEM without FCS, and the MCF7 cells were further incubated for 12 hours. For the preparation of MTE solution, 27.1 mg of MTE was dissolved in 100 \u0026micro;l of pure ethanol, and then diluted at a ratio of 1:1000 with DMEM without FCS. The solution for the control group was prepared in the same manner without adding MTE.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo obtain different concentrations (5 \u0026micro;g/ml and 10 \u0026micro;g/ml), various amounts of MTE solution and DMEM without FCS were added, totaling 500 \u0026micro;l per well. In the control group, the control solution and DMEM without FCS were added to each well instead of the MTE solution. This was followed by a 2-hour incubation period. Since changes in mRNA levels can occur within hours after stimulation, and the half-life of mRNA is also in the range of hours, a 2-hour incubation time was chosen. After incubation, excess liquid was removed, and the wells were rinsed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). RA-1 buffer (Macherey-Nagel, D\u0026uuml;ren, Germany) was added to lyse the cells.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRNA isolation was performed using NucleoSpinRNAII (Macherey-Nagel, D\u0026uuml;ren, Germany), and reverse transcription of the RNA was carried out using the High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with 10 ng of RNA. The temperature protocol included phases of 10 minutes at 25\u0026deg;C, 2 hours at 37\u0026deg;C, 5 seconds at 85\u0026deg;C, followed by cooling to 4\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the PCR assay, each well was prepared with 10 \u0026micro;l of TaqMan\u0026reg; Universal PCR Master Mix 2X (Thermo Fisher Scientific), 8 \u0026micro;l of distilled water (treated with 0.1% diethyl pyrocarbonate), 1 \u0026micro;l of TaqMan\u0026reg; Gene Expression Assay 20X (Thermo Fisher Scientific; Target: ACTB, Assay ID Hs999903_m1; Target: ESR2, Assay ID Hs01100357_m1; primer sequences not provided by the manufacturer), and 1 \u0026micro;l of cDNA sample. The PCR assay was performed using the ABI Prism 7500 Fast (Thermo Fisher Scientific).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal cycling for the PCR assay was conducted as follows: The reaction started with an initial denaturation step at 95\u0026deg;C for 20 seconds, followed by 40 cycles of amplification at 95\u0026deg;C for 3 seconds, and then 60\u0026deg;C for 30 seconds. The results were analyzed using the comparative 2-ΔΔCT method [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], with β-Actin serving as the endogenous control for the calculation of ΔCT values. Three measurements were performed in total, each with two technical replications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor RNA isolation, NucleoSpinRNAII kit (Macherey-Nagel, D\u0026uuml;ren, Germany) was used, and reverse transcription of the RNA was carried out using the High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with 10 ng of RNA. The temperature protocol included phases of 10 minutes at 25\u0026deg;C, 2 hours at 37\u0026deg;C, 5 seconds at 85\u0026deg;C, followed by cooling to 4\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5. Western blot\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCF7 cells were cultured in 1000 \u0026micro;l of DMEM with 10% FCS in a 12-well plate at a density of 500,000 cells per well. After 4 hours, the medium was changed to 1000 \u0026micro;l of DMEM without FCS, and the cells were incubated for an additional 12 hours. To prepare the MTE (20 mg) solution, it was dissolved in 100 \u0026micro;l of pure ethanol and then diluted in a ratio of 1:1000 with DMEM without FCS. The control group was prepared in the same way without adding MTE. Test groups with desired concentrations of 5 \u0026micro;g/ml and 10 \u0026micro;g/ml were achieved by pipetting different amounts of the MTE solution and DMEM without FCS, resulting in a total volume of 1000 \u0026micro;l per well. For the control group, 250 \u0026micro;l of control solution and 750 \u0026micro;l of DMEM without FCS were added to each well instead of the MTE solution. The cells were then cultured for 48 hours and rinsed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). To lyse the cells, 200 \u0026micro;l of a buffer solution containing a 1:100 dilution of protease inhibitor (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in RIPA buffer (radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer; Sigma-Aldrich) was added to each well. The cells were then incubated for 30 minutes at 4\u0026deg;C and centrifuged to obtain the supernatant for Bradford protein assay. The proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE based on their molecular weight and transferred onto a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany). The PVDF membrane was blocked for one hour with a 1x casein solution (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA) to prevent nonspecific binding of antibodies. The primary antibodies used as endogenous controls were anti-β-actin (clone AC-15, mouse IgG; Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, Missouri, USA) and anti-ER\u0026szlig; (polyclonal IgG, rabbit, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), which were diluted in a 1x casein solution and incubated on the membrane for 16 hours at 4\u0026deg;C. After rinsing the membranes with tris-buffered saline (TBST), the membranes were incubated with biotinylated anti-rabbit IgG antibody and ABC-AmP reagent (VECTASTAIN ABC-AmP Kit for rabbit IgG, Vector Laboratories) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The specific bands on the membrane were visualized using the BCIP/NBT chromogenic substrate (Vectastain ABC-AmP Kit, Vector Laboratories) and detected with the Bio-Rad Universal Hood II (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA). The intensity of the color in the ERβ bands was quantified by comparing the clustered pixels to the β-actin bands using the Bio-Rad Quantity One software (Bio-Rad Laboratories). An example of a western blot is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1. The western blots were repeated nine times for statistical analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFigure 1.\u003c/b\u003e The figure provided exhibits an exemplar of a Western blot membrane subsequent to stimulation with varying concentrations of MTE or the control group, following incubation with β-Actin and ER\u0026szlig; antibodies. The respective bands are numbered as follows: (1) control group, (2) 5 \u0026micro;g/ml, and (3) 10 \u0026micro;g/ml.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6. Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe statistical programming environment R, version 4.0.2 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], was utilized for data processing and statistical analysis. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Normality of distribution was assessed using Shapiro-Wilk tests. Due to the distinct experimental designs, different tests were employed to compare the experimental groups and control groups. For the WST-1 and PCR assay, paired t-tests were used. For the Western-blot analyses, a single-factor ANOVA with post-hoc tests was employed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. WST-1 proliferation assay\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA WST-1 proliferation assay was conducted to assess the impact of incubation on MCF7 cellular viability. Statistical significance was observed only at higher concentrations of MTE, with p-values of 0.074 at 5 \u0026micro;g/ml MTE and 0.017 at 10 \u0026micro;g/ml MTE. The results are presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFigure 2.\u003c/b\u003e The WST-1 assay was performed on MTE-stimulated MCF7 cells. The green bars represent the optical density of MCF7 cells after incubation with different concentrations of MTE (5 \u0026micro;g/ml and 10 \u0026micro;g/ml), while the grey bars represent the control group. The mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard error (SE) is indicated at the top of each bar. MTE resulted in a significant reduction of cell proliferation at the higher concentration, as denoted by one asterisk (*) indicating statistical significance (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), and the significant results are linked.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. \u003cem\u003ePCR for ER\u0026szlig; expression on mRNA level\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe MTE TaqMan\u0026reg; PCR was used to detect changes in ER\u0026szlig; mRNA expression in MCF7 cells after incubation with MTE. The comparative 2\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;ΔΔCq method was employed for data analysis. However, there were no significant changes observed in the x-fold expression of mRNA in comparison to the control, for both MTE concentrations (5 \u0026micro;g/ml MTE: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.091 and 10 \u0026micro;g/ml MTE: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.838). The results are depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;3.\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFigure 3.\u003c/b\u003e The figure illustrates the relative expression of ER\u0026szlig; mRNA in MCF7 cells following incubation with two different concentrations of MTE (5 \u0026micro;g/ml and 10 \u0026micro;g/ml), as well as the control solution, for a duration of 2 hours. The y-axis represents the ratios of stimulated and control expression levels. The mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard error (SE) is indicated at the top of each bar. However, no statistical significance was observed between the groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Western blot for ER\u0026szlig; on protein level\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Western blot technique was employed to examine alterations in ER\u0026szlig; expression at the protein level. Remarkably, a noteworthy decrease in ER\u0026szlig; expression was observed solely in the higher concentrations of MTE (5 \u0026micro;g/ml MTE: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.233 and 10 \u0026micro;g/ml MTE: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.036), as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFigure 4.\u003c/b\u003e The figure presented displays the protein expression of ER\u0026szlig; in MCF7 cells following stimulation with varying concentrations of MTE, in comparison to the control solution. The mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard error (SE) is indicated at the top of each bar. Notably, MTE treatment resulted in a significant reduction in ER\u0026szlig; expression at the concentration of 10 \u0026micro;g/ml, as denoted by the asterisk (*) indicating statistical significance (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), and the connecting lines between groups in the figure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study is the first to investigate the effect of MTE on ERβ expression. Our results demonstrate that MTE decreases the viability of MCF-7 cells and leads to a significant decrease in ERβ protein expression.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenerally, phytoestrogens have been found to exhibit a higher affinity for ERβ compared to ERα, as supported by previous research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. The binding affinity to ERβ is particularly important, as ERβ signaling has been associated with anti-proliferative and anti-carcinogenic effects, while ERα signaling is linked to carcinogenesis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. The loss of ERβ has been correlated with aggressive breast cancers, and ERβ has been recognized as a tumor suppressor gene that regulates ERα-induced proliferation. In a recent study, it was discovered that the phytoestrogen calycosin can upregulate ERβ, leading to diverse effects on downstream cellular signaling pathways. These effects include stimulation of p38 MAPK, suppression of Akt, induction of apoptosis via poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) cleavage, and inactivation of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) in MCF-7 cells[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast to previous studies on other phytoestrogens, our research demonstrates that Matcha Tea Extract (MTE) exhibits dual effects on cellular viability and estrogen receptor β (ERβ) expression. This suggests that the decrease in cellular viability may involve mechanisms independent of ERβ downregulation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBonuccelli et al. conducted a study elucidating the effects of green tea phenols (GTP) on cancer stem-like cells derived from MCF7 breast cancer cells. Their findings revealed that GTP preferentially inhibits the proliferative expansion of these cells by suppressing oxidative mitochondrial metabolism (OXPHOS) and glycolytic flux. Consequently, this metabolic modulation leads to a shift in cancer cells toward a more quiescent metabolic state. Additionally, their proteomics analysis identified specific downregulation of mitochondrial proteins and glycolytic enzymes upon GTP treatment. Furthermore, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software analysis indicated a significant impact of MTE on the mTOR signaling pathway [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. In another study by Liu SM, it was observed that green tea phenols induce dose-dependent apoptosis of MCF-7 cells through mitochondrial pathways [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHence, it is plausible to suggest that the mechanisms of action of MTE are not solely dependent on ERβ modulation. Instead, other cellular mechanisms, as exemplified above, may contribute to the observed decrease in cellular viability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo summarize, our findings indicate that MTE exerts effects on both cellular viability and ERβ expression, suggesting the involvement of mechanisms beyond ERβ downregulation in the observed decrease in cellular viability. The study conducted by Bonuccelli et al. provides evidence of the preferential inhibition of cancer stem-like cells by green tea phenols, involving the modulation of mitochondrial metabolism and glycolytic flux. These cellular mechanisms, along with the impact on mTOR signaling, may play vital roles in mediating the effects of MTE. Further investigations are necessary to elucidate these mechanisms and their potential implications for the clinical application of MTE in breast cancer therapy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the effects of Matcha Tea Extract (MTE) on cell viability and estrogen receptor β (ERβ) expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The findings demonstrate that MTE decreases cellular viability and leads to a significant downregulation of ERβ protein expression. These results suggest that the observed effects are not solely dependent on alterations in ERβ, but likely involve other cellular signaling pathways.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven these intriguing results, it is crucial to unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the effects of MTE on ERβ expression and cellular viability. Mechanistic studies, pathway analyses, and in vivo experiments are warranted to provide a more comprehensive understanding of MTE's precise mechanisms of action. Such investigations may have the potential to uncover new avenues for therapeutic interventions and advance our understanding of the complex interplay between phytoestrogens, cellular signaling pathways, and breast cancer progression.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAuthor Contributions: S Keckstein: Manuscript writing/editing, Data analysis; C Tilgener: Data collection or management, Protocol/project development; U Jeschke: Protocol/project development, Data analysis, Supervision; S Hofmann: Data collection or management, Protocol/project development; T Vilsmaier: Manuscript writing/editing; L Keilmann: Manuscript writing/editing; H Heidegger: Manuscript writing/editing; T Kaltofen: Manuscript writing/editing; F Batz: Manuscript writing/editing; S Mahner: Project supervision; L Schr\u0026ouml;der: Protocol/project development, Manuscript writing/editing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent for publication: All authors have analyzed and interpreted the data and read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding: This research was funded by internal departmental resources.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics approval: Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvailability of data and material: The datasets used and analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author on request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConflicts of Interest: S. Mahner has received research support, advisory board, honoraria and travel expenses from AstraZeneca, Clovis, Eisai, GlaxoSmithKline, Medac, MSD, Novartis, Olympus, PharmaMar, Roche, Sensor Kinesis, Teva and Tesaro. All other authors declare to have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments: We want to thank everybody involved in realizing the project. Special thanks to Constantin Tilgener and Simone Hofmann for their laboratory work.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"7. References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO. 2021; Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSundquist, M., L. Brudin, and G. Tejler, \u003cem\u003eImproved survival in metastatic breast cancer 1985-2016.\u003c/em\u003e Breast, 2017. \u003cstrong\u003e31\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 46-50.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWolf, A., G.A. Bray, and B.M. Popkin, \u003cem\u003eA short history of beverages and how our body treats them.\u003c/em\u003e Obes Rev, 2008. \u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e(2): p. 151-64.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKol\u0026aacute;čkov\u0026aacute;, T., et al., \u003cem\u003eMatcha Tea: Analysis of Nutritional Composition, Phenolics and Antioxidant Activity.\u003c/em\u003e Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 2020. \u003cstrong\u003e75\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 48-53.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZeng, L., J.M. Holly, and C.M. Perks, \u003cem\u003eEffects of physiological levels of the green tea extract epigallocatechin-3-gallate on breast cancer cells.\u003c/em\u003e Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2014. \u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 61.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYamakawa, S., et al., \u003cem\u003e(\u0026minus;)-Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase, MT1-MMP, and tumor angiogenesis.\u003c/em\u003e Cancer letters, 2004. \u003cstrong\u003e210\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 47-55.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKim, J., et al., \u003cem\u003eSuppression of Wnt signaling by the green tea compound (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) in invasive breast cancer cells. Requirement of the transcriptional repressor HBP1.\u003c/em\u003e (0021-9258 (Print)).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMao, J.T., et al., \u003cem\u003eWhite tea extract induces apoptosis in non\u0026ndash;small cell lung cancer cells: the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u0026gamma; and 15-lipoxygenases.\u003c/em\u003e Cancer Prevention Research, 2010. \u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e(9): p. 1132-1140.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang, S., et al., \u003cem\u003ePPAR\u0026alpha; activation sensitizes cancer cells to epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) treatment via suppressing heme oxygenase-1.\u003c/em\u003e Nutrition and cancer, 2014. \u003cstrong\u003e66\u003c/strong\u003e(2): p. 315-324.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDanesi, F., et al., \u003cem\u003eGreen tea extract selectively activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u0026beta;/\u0026delta; in cultured cardiomyocytes.\u003c/em\u003e British Journal of Nutrition, 2008. \u003cstrong\u003e101\u003c/strong\u003e(12): p. 1736-1739.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYounes, M. and N. Honma, \u003cem\u003eEstrogen receptor \u0026beta;.\u003c/em\u003e Arch Pathol Lab Med, 2011. \u003cstrong\u003e135\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 63-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrunner, D., et al., \u003cem\u003eThe serum-free media interactive online database.\u003c/em\u003e ALTEX-Alternatives to animal experimentation, 2010. \u003cstrong\u003e27\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 53-62.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003evan der Valk, J., et al., \u003cem\u003eFetal bovine serum (FBS): past\u0026ndash;present\u0026ndash;future.\u003c/em\u003e Altex, 2018. \u003cstrong\u003e35\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 1-20.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLivak, K.J. and T.D. Schmittgen, \u003cem\u003eAnalysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2\u0026minus;\u0026Delta;\u0026Delta;CT Method.\u003c/em\u003e Methods, 2001. \u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e(4): p. 402-408.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eR Core Team (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ehttps://www.R-project.org/\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSirotkin, A.V. and A.H. Harrath, \u003cem\u003ePhytoestrogens and their effects.\u003c/em\u003e Eur J Pharmacol, 2014. \u003cstrong\u003e741\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 230-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGehm, B.D., et al., \u003cem\u003eResveratrol, a polyphenolic compound found in grapes and wine, is an agonist for the estrogen receptor.\u003c/em\u003e Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1997. \u003cstrong\u003e94\u003c/strong\u003e(25): p. 14138-43.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHsieh, C.J., et al., \u003cem\u003eMolecular Mechanisms of Anticancer Effects of Phytoestrogens in Breast Cancer.\u003c/em\u003e Curr Protein Pept Sci, 2018. \u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c/strong\u003e(3): p. 323-332.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTurner, J.V., S. Agatonovic-Kustrin, and B.D. Glass, \u003cem\u003eMolecular aspects of phytoestrogen selective binding at estrogen receptors.\u003c/em\u003e J Pharm Sci, 2007. \u003cstrong\u003e96\u003c/strong\u003e(8): p. 1879-85.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen, J., et al., \u003cem\u003eCalycosin suppresses breast cancer cell growth via ER\u0026beta;-dependent regulation of IGF-1R, p38 MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways.\u003c/em\u003e PLoS One, 2014. \u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e(3): p. e91245.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBonuccelli, G., F. Sotgia, and M.P. Lisanti, \u003cem\u003eMatcha green tea (MGT) inhibits the propagation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), by targeting mitochondrial metabolism, glycolysis and multiple cell signalling pathways.\u003c/em\u003e Aging (Albany NY), 2018. \u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e(8): p. 1867-1883.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu, S.M., S.Y. Ou, and H.H. Huang, \u003cem\u003eGreen tea polyphenols induce cell death in breast cancer MCF-7 cells through induction of cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis.\u003c/em\u003e J Zhejiang Univ Sci B, 2017. \u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e(2): p. 89-98.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"archives-of-gynecology-and-obstetrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"arch","sideBox":"Learn more about [Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics](https://www.springer.com/journal/404)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/arch/default.aspx","title":"Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Matcha tea extract, MTE, MCF7, ERβ, WST-1, PCR, western blot","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3123368/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3123368/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurpose:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the following work, we investigated the effect of matcha green tea extract (MTE) on MCF-7 breast cancer cell viability and estrogen receptor beta expression (ERβ).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMCF-7 cells were stimulated with MTE at concentrations of 5 and 10 µg/ml. Cell viability was assessed using a WST-1 assay after an incubation time of 72 h. ERβ was quantified at gene level by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A western blot (WB) was carried out for the qualitative assessment of the expression behavior of on a protein level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe WST-1 test showed a significant inhibition of viability in MFC-7 cells after 72 h at 10 µg/ml. The WB demonstrated a significant quantitative decrease of ERβ at protein level with MTE concentrations of 10 µg/ml. In contrast the PCR did not result in significant downregulation of ERβ.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMTE decreases the cell viability of MCF-7 cells and furthermore leads to a decrease of ERβ at protein level.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effects of matcha tea extract on cell viability and estrogen receptor β expression on MCF7 breast cancer cells","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-07-07 18:38:08","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3123368/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2023-07-26T12:02:12+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2023-07-03T20:29:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2023-07-03T04:49:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics","date":"2023-06-29T03:30:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"archives-of-gynecology-and-obstetrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"arch","sideBox":"Learn more about [Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics](https://www.springer.com/journal/404)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/arch/default.aspx","title":"Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5aefb4e2-a1a7-458e-8acf-216b992a5ec3","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 7th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-09-25T15:06:02+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3123368","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-023-07209-z","journal":{"identity":"archives-of-gynecology-and-obstetrics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},"publishedOn":"2023-09-22 15:01:25","publishedOnDateReadable":"September 22nd, 2023"},"versionCreatedAt":"2023-07-07 18:38:08","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00404-023-07209-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-023-07209-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3123368","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3123368","identity":"rs-3123368","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}