Sustainable Wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) Production Using Newly Organic Fertilizers and Bio-Biostimulants in sandy soil

Sustainable Wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) Production Using Newly Organic Fertilizers and Bio-Biostimulants in sandy soil | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Sustainable Wheat ( Triticum aestivum, L. ) Production Using Newly Organic Fertilizers and Bio-Biostimulants in sandy soil Amal K. Abou El Goud, Galal I. Eliwa This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6865025/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This work aims to unveil newly organic fertilizers: a mix of 45% from both plant compost and chicken manure together and 10% Azolla (OFAZ) at 7 t/fed., with foliar spraying on plant or soil fertigation by bio-supplements: YS (yeast extract), CBE (the mixture of coffee powder, banana peels, and eggshells), and lactic acid bacteria (LAC), respectively, at 4 and 6 times per season for enhancing wheat 'Giza168' production. They offered them as bio-friendly fertilizers to increase the vegetative and wheat production for sustainable agriculture and food security. Two field experiments were conducted in a farm experiment at the Nubaria Agricultural Research Station during two winter growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024. Eight treatments were applied to 4 replicates and arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Results revealed that vegetative growth, productivity, and quality parameters were increased in all organic treatments with bio-supplements. The highest significant values were plant length (121.2cm), number of spikes (559.3/m²), spike length (13cm), 1000-grain weight (57.8g), total yield of grains (3.4 tons fed), straw (5.2 tons fed), and biological yield (8.5 tons fed) at T6 (OFAZ+YS at 6 times/season as a foliar spraying on plants) more than inorganic treatment (T1) control. As well as the highest significant values of P, K, N, proteins, starch, and carbohydrate %, the grains and straw were exhibited at T6. Our study can be recommended using OFAZ + YS as a spray 6 times/season as a foliar spray on plants growing in sandy soil to increase wheat production of grains and straw, their quality, and minimize environmental hazard impact. Agriculture sustainable bio-stimulants organic fertilizers wheat production Introduction Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) is an important strategic crop in the world. At the same time, it is the major part in the international commerce of grains. It is an important crop in Egypt; increasing its production and quality is a fundamental aim for closing the gap between its production and consumption. So the creation of adequate soil characteristics to increase the wheat expansion cultivation area for achieving high production and quality in Egypt. In the world, the total grain yield and harvesting area were 734.04 million tons and 214.3 million ha, respectively. They were 8.80 million tons and 1.36 million ha, respectively ( FAOSTAT, 2024 ), in Egypt. Different organic sources played pivotal roles in increasing total wheat yield and quality by N, P, and K application, resulting in significant increases in plant length (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of grains/spike, weight of 1000 grains, and total grain and straw yield tons/ha more than inorganic N, P, and K fertilizers. Wheat is the main part of the diet for all people. In addition, wheat is a strategic crop with economic return for Egyptian farmers. The cultivated area was about 3.4 million fed., representing about 51% of total crops in the Nubariya region ( Al-Hasany et al ., 2019 ). In Egypt, wheat production is a very important improvement to reduce its import and increase export by obligating farmers to overcome challenges for increasing the production and then needing to use vertical horizontal agriculture for wheat production to achieve the security of food and sustainable agriculture. Wheat productivity is the main task because of its short supply, so about 52% of needed wheat grains come from outside Egypt (Nehra et al ., 2001; Tahir et al ., 2011; Shah et al., 2012; EL-Guibali, 2016; Al-Shamary and Huthily, 2019; Seema et al . , 2021; Sahra et al., 2022; Hussein et al ., 2023 ). Azolla is a plant that contains almost all vitamins, minerals, hormones, essential amino acids and proteins, growth regulators, antibiotics, and minerals (phosphorus, zinc, calcium, copper, ferrous, potassium, and magnesium). It contains 25–35% protein, 7–13% amino acids, 10–15% minerals, biopolymers, bioactive substances, and 15% total ash. Azolla has more benefits in the nutritional needs for livestock and fish production by low cost in biocontrol, environmental bioremediation, and as a biofertilizer to increase crop production. Azolla application has long been recognized for its benefits in sustainable lifestyles and the enhancement of a bio-based economy. Azolla is an environmentally friendly solution for health and bio-natural resources and is also used as a result of the expanding human population and the increasing consumption for increasing the biotechnological strategies and enhancing the environmental sustainability. Azolla is a well-known biotechnology product with concern for environmental sustainability. Azolla is a genus of 7-9 species of small floating aquatic ferns that are found in the world in two zones of tropical or temperate. Azolla species belong to two subgenera: Rhizosperma or Euazolla. However, also, azolla production may be 3 to 11 times more than lucerne plant. It helps the farmers with the reduction of the supplementing expense to enhance the crop production. So that azolla is able to fix the atmospheric nitrogen to supply ammonia in the soil. So that it is rice as an ecofriendly biofertilizer and low cost. Azolla is a beneficial feeding supplement with potential as a biofertilizer for vital components of integrated agriculture. Azolla grows easily in a short period and is produced in a small area. It has a high nutritional composition and plays major roles in the production of bioenergy in agriculture with low-cost and environmentally friendly methods. The goal of this was to attempt to utilize the benefits of Azolla in agriculture, its nutritional composition to enhance the multiple purposes and green approach of Azolla for different applications, and environmental factors to improve the efficiency of Azolla to improve crop production. Azolla contains the essential minerals (calcium, magnesium, iron, and potassium), high quantities of the vitamins (V.A and V.B12), probiotics, biopolymers, and essential amino acids. Soil contains nitrogen, and water retention capacity was low, so azolla is a source of nutrients, leading to enhanced organic fertilizer application to get this around (Chekola et al., 2024; Nayel et al., 2024; and Al-Jabari et al., 2024 ). Yeast extract as a foliar application has rates on yield and quality of wheat. Yeast extract is useful for plant nutrition and antimicrobial requirements for good plant growth because the essential amino acids and sugar were produced via fungi, bacteria, organic matter, and root hairs of plants. Yeast extract as a bio-fertilizer in agriculture has received considerable attention because of its bio-activity and safety for humans and the environment ( Gomaa et al., 2021, and Abd El Samie et al., 2022 ). Yeast extract is a new promoter for increasing the growth of different crops. It is a natural, organic source of vegetative growth substrates like riboflavin, thiamine, pyridoxine, niacin, and the vitamins B6, B2, B1, B3, and B12 required for enhancing plant growth and total yield with the lowest cost. As well as yeast with many nutrients from organic fertilizers like carbohydrates, sugars, protein, nucleic acid, amino acids, and lipids had more beneficial effects on green growth, flowering, fruiting, total yield, and chemical components of crops ( Abd-El Samie et al ., 2022 ). It is hormonal groups that have been strongly implicated in affecting yield, particularly the grain size, numbers, and total grain yield in tons/fed. Yeast extract is able to regulate the division of cells. differentiation in certain tissues, and participation in many developmental processes like photosynthesis, flowering, partitioning, and senescence of plants ( Hammad and Ali, 2014; Miraje and Huthily, 2019; Gomaa et al ., 2021; Abd El Samie et al ., 2022; Ali et al ., 2024 ). Lactic acid bacteria (LAC) is contained in milk that is fermented at room temperature (27-30°C) for 10 days, which has more minerals like Fe, Mg, Ca, Zn, and Mn; proteins; amino acids; kazyine; propanine; and vitamins like VD, E, and A. As well as fermented rice with milk, the rice is richer in more minerals, vitamins, and hormones for initial plant growth increasing. So that, LAC is considered Lactic acid bacteria was inoculated into soil with organic materials to enhance the decomposition and release of nutrients and increase the organic matter and humus of the soil. Populations of fungi, actinomycetes, protozoa, and lactobacillus (lactic acid bacteria) were increased in soil rhizosphere and were harmful to plant growth, increasing the total yield and quality of the plant ( Higa and Kingo, 1988 ). Inoculated with lactic acid bacteria, soil leads to providing the recycling plant nutrients, and soil humus formation increased ( Okada, 1988 ) to improve health, welfare, and decrease environmental harm impacts. It has antioxidant properties and is similar to that of brown seaweed extract and produces probiotic species of Lactobacillus to provide direct antioxidant support in plant growth and soil health ( Aisha et al., 2018 ; Al Shamary et al ., 2019; Abd El Samie et al ., 2022; Ali et al ., 2024 ). CBEis a mixture of coffee grounds, banana peels, and eggshells (1:1:1) and has more benefits for plant growth enhancement, total yield, and quality increase. A mixture of coffee grounds, banana peels, and eggshells offered a promising solution to improve total yield and quality and food security. This study brings the innovation to reimagine kitchen waste for sustainable agriculture, introducing multi-component fertilizer. This study evaluated the influence of coffee grounds, eggshells, and banana peels as an organic fertilizer on the vegetative and total yield of crops ( Aboelkheir et al., 2024, and Yang et al ., 2024 ). Combining coffee powder, banana peels, and eggshells as biostimulants not only enhances the total yield and quality of plants but also has benefits to improve soil fertility and health. CBE is rich in essential nutrients, vitamins, and hormones as supplements for increasing the plant growth and total yield. Components of eggshells are high in Ca, which is able to neutralize soil pH and improve nutrient availability. Banana peel contains high amounts of K, Mg, and organic matter for plant health. A combination of eggshell and banana peel can improve plant growth in height, total yield, and quality compared to untreated plants. They are able to improve soil structure and nutrient retention for better plant performance. Coffee grounds benefit soil by enhancing a robust and diverse population of beneficial soil microorganisms for enhancing soil and plant health. Calcium from eggshells enters plants only via the actively growing root hyphal tips. Calcium moves through plants and into fruits along with water by transpiration, and Mg and NH₄⁺ can interfere with Ca uptake (Nossier, 2021; Teixeira and Santos, 2022; Nurseha et al ., 2023). The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the mixture of plant compost (45%) and chicken manure (45%) with Azolla (10%) and bio-supplements by yeast extract (YS), CBE, or LAC at two rates, 4 and 6 times per season, as a foliar spraying on plants or soil fertigation, respectively, on the growth, total grain yield, and straw and also their qualities. Materials and Methods Two experimental fields were conducted out on the farm at Nubaria Agricultural Research Station during two winter growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, respectively. The objective was to evaluate the influence of the mixture of organic fertilizers (OFAZ), which contains 45% of plant compost + 45% of chicken manure + 10% Azolla, with the best times of foliar spraying on the whole plant by yeast extract (YS) or CBE and soil fertigation times by lactic acid bacteria (LAC) or CBE on wheat production. CBE contains a mixture of coffee powder, banana peels, and eggshells at (1:1:1, w:w), and the concentration at (5 g/1 L water) was applied as a foliar spraying on the whole plant, as a soil fertigation only, or together. LAC products are made from milk fermented at room temperature (27-30°C) for 10 days, which was applied only as soil fertigation. This study aims to find if newly organic fertilizer by Azolla (10%) was added to plant compost and chicken manure at (45%) from every one and bio-supplements of YS, CBE, or LAC and their effects on the growth, production, and quality of wheat grains and straw sown in sandy clay loam soil. Samples of the soil surface layer (0-25 cm) and OFAZ were collected before cultivation to determine the physico-chemical properties, following the methodology of ( Page et al.,1982; Klute 1986; Tandon et al.,2005), and Jones (2018), were shown in Table (1) . The soil was sandy (57.3%), clay (23.1%), and silt (19.6%); it was low in available nitrogen (45.4), phosphorus (3.6), and potassium (140.4) mg/kg as an average from both of two winter growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, respectively. Physico-chemical properties of the OFAZ sample (total organic matter %= 23.7, organic carbon %= 17.3 , ratio of carbon to nitrogen = 4, pH = 7.3 (1:10), E.C. = 5.8 dS m⁻¹ 1:10 water extract), percentage of total amounts of phosphorus = 4.9, and potassium = 6.1%) accorded with ( Jackson, 1973; Chapman, and Pratt, 1978; Evenhuis, 1978; Lowther, 1980; Page, et al ., 1982 and Klute, 1986 ). A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replicates was done, with eight treatments as follows: T1 = inorganic N, P, and K fertilizers at R 100% (control); T2 = OFAZ (the mixture of plant compost and chicken manure at 45% from everyone mixed with 10% of Azolla) was applied at the recommended dose (7 t/fed.); T3 = T2 + LAC (4 times/season) as a soil fertigation only; T4 = T2 + LAC (6 times/season) as a soil fertigation only; T5 = T2 + YS (4 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plants only; T6 = T2 + YS (6 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plants only; T7 = T2 + CBE (4 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plants and a soil fertigation together; T8 = T2 + CBE (6 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plants and a soil fertigation together. Organic fertilizer (OFAZ) in treatments from T 2 to T 8 was added to the soil surface (0-30 cm) for about 21 days before sowing during both of two winter growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, respectively. The recommended dose of organic fertilizers (OFAZ) was 7 tons/fed. They were applied prior to sowing and thoroughly mixed into the surface soil during the plowing for 21 days before sowing. The total number of experimental plots was 32 plots per season; the plot area was width (3.0 m) & length (3.5 m) 10.5 m². Wheat variety 'Giza168' was sown on December 9 th , 2022 and December 11 th , 2023, and they were harvested on May 3rd, 2023 and May 7 th , 2024, respectively. Recommended doses of inorganic N, P, and K fertilizers are as follows: Ammonium nitrate (33.5%) = 200 kg fed. -1 , Super Calcium Phosphate (15.5%) = 200 kg fed. -1 and Potassium Sulphate (48%) = 50 kg fed. -1 was applied in the control treatment (T1). A full dose of super calcium phosphate and half doses of both ammonium nitrate and potassium sulfate were applied to the soil surface before sowing. The remaining doses were added with the next irrigation after sowing, 21 days later. Grain and straw yield data was obtained from the central area, 2.0 m wide & 2.5 m long (5.0 m²), of each experimental unit (plot) to avoid any border effects. Plant samples were taken from the central area per plot to determine the growth, yield, and quality parameters of wheat grains and straw. Growth parameters like plant length (cm), number of spikes/m 2 , spike length (cm), and 1000-grain weight (g). Total grains and straw yield (tons fed⁻¹), biological yield (tons fed⁻¹), and harvest index (HI %) were calculated as yield parameters. Percentages of chemical components in wheat grains like N, P, K, proteins, carbohydrates, and starch and straw (N, P, K, and proteins) were determined at the end from both of two winter growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, respectively. Samples of grain and straw were washed with distilled water and dried in the oven at 65°C for 72 hours, then finely ground. They were wet digested by using the H₂O₂ and H₂SO₄ method, described by Chapman and Pratt (1978), Lowther (1980), and A.O.A.C. (2000 ), to determine the above contents. All results were analyzed using the statistical SAS program (SAS, 2001), and the means of all treatments were compared by using the Duncan's Multiple Range Test at the 5% level of probability. Table 1 : Physico-chemical properties of two field experiments from both of two winters growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, respectively, before cultivation Properties 2022/2023 2023/2024 Mechanical analysis and texture Sand 59.7 % 54.9 % Clay 21.9 % 24.3 % Silt 18.4 % 20.8 % Texture Sandy-clay-loam Sandy-clay-loam Mechanical analysis pH (1:2.5) 8.1 8.2 E.C. dS/m 1.47 dS/m 1.38 dS/m O.C.% 2.3 % 2.4 % O.M.% 0.9 % 1.1 % C / N ratio 1:5.2 1:5.3 CaCO3% 23.0 % 21.6 % Available Macro-nutrients Nitrogen (mg/kg) 44.5 46.2 Phosphorus (mg/kg) 3.5 3.7 Potassium (mg/kg) 138.2 142.6 Results and Discussion 1. Growth parameters The effect of natural bio-supplements like YS, CBE, and LAC at two rates (4 and 6 times/season) as a foliar spray on plants and as a soil fertigation, respectively, with the mixture of chicken manure and plant compost at 45% from everyone mixed with 10% of Azolla (OFAZ) at the rate of 7 tons fed -1 as the recommended dose on the growth parameters was recorded in Table 2. Results show that growth parameters represented as length of plant (cm), numbers of spikes/m², length of spike (cm), and weight of 1000 grains (g) were positively affected in organic treatments (from T 2 to T 8 ) as compared with control (T 1 ) in both of two winter growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, respectively. Results show that significant differences are observed between all treatments in growth parameters. The highest significant values were 121.2 cm, 559.3 spikes/m², 13.0 cm, and 57.8 g, respectively, as an average from both of two winter growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, at T 6 (OFAZ + YS 6 times/season as a foliar spraying on plants). The lowest significant values were 57.5 cm, 264.9 spikes/m², 6.2 cm, and 27.1g, respectively, as an average from both of two winter growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, at T 1 (control) inorganic N, P, and K fertilizers. These results were in agreement with Aria (1981) , Abd El-Hadi et al. (2018), Al Shamary and Huthily (2019), Gomaa et al. (2021), Tombarkiewicz et al. (2022), Mohammed and Hasan (2023), Aboelkheir et al. (2024), Yang et al. (2024), Chekola et al. (2024), and Nayel et al. ( 2024 ). The results in Table (2) show that the foliar spraying and soil fertigation of bio-supplements like YS, CBE, and LAC, respectively, in T 2 , T 3 , T 4 , T5, T6, T 7, and T 8 caused significantly greater increases in all growth parameters of wheat than in the untreated plant (T1). Yeast extract (YS) was suggested for its beneficial role during plant growth due to its high content of auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, minerals, carbohydrates, and vitamins ( Al-Shamary and Huthily, 2019; Gomaa et al ., 2021; Abd El Samie et al ., 2022; and Al-Jabari et al ., 2024 ). Table 2: Effect of Organic-Fertilizer (OFAZ) with bio-supplements (YS, CBE and LAC) on growth parameters of wheat 'Giza168' in both of two winters growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024; respectively T. Plant length (cm) Number of Spikes/m 2 Length of Spike (cm) The weight of 1000 grains (g) 2022/2023 2023/2024 2022/2023 2023/2024 2022/2023 2023/2024 2022/2023 2023/2024 T.1 55.0 c 59.9 c 251.0 h 278.7 h 5.9 h 6.7 h 25.9 h 28.2 h T.2 60.6 c 66.1 c 281.9 g 312.9 g 6.6 g 7.5 g 29.3 g 31.9 g T.3 82.7 abc 94.3 abc 386.9 d 429.4 d 9.5 d 10.7 d 40.2 d 43.8 d T.4 62.1 c 70.8 c 429.2 c 476.4 c 10.5 c 11.9 c 44.3 c 48.3 c T.5 102.0 ab 116.3 ab 477.4 b 529.9 b 11.7 b 13.2 b 49.6 b 54.1 b T.6 113.3 a 129.1 a 530.1 a 588.4 a 12.2 a 13.8 a 55.3 a 60.2 a T.7 67.1 c 74.4 c 312.5 f 346.9 f 7.3 f 8.3 f 32.3 f 35.2 f T.8 74.8 bc 83.1 c 347.6 e 385.9 e 8.5 e 9.6 e 36.3 e 39.5 e L.S.D. 0.05 31.9 36.4 0.81 0.89 0.36 0.40 0.31 0.33 T1= Inorganic N, P and K fertilizers at 100% (Control), T2 = OFAZ (45% of plant compost + 45% of chicken manure 10% of Azolla) at 100% (7 t/fed.); T3 = T2 + LAC (4 times/season) as a soil fertigation; T4 = T2 + LAC (6 times/season) as a soil fertigation; T5 = T2 + YS (4 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plants; T6 = T2 + YS (6 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plant; T7 = T2 + CBE (4 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plants and a soil fertigation together; T8 = T2 + CBE (6 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plant and a soil fertigation together 2. Yield parameters Results in Table (3) revealed that the mixture of chicken manure (45%) and plant compost (45%) mixed with 10% of Azolla (OFAZ) at R 100% (7 t/fed.) gave substantial superiorities in total grain, straw yield, biological yield (tons/fed.), and harvest index (HI %) from T 2 to T 8 treatments more than the untreated plant (T 1 ) control. The highest significant values at T 6 (OFAZ + YE 6 times/season as a foliar spraying on plants) were 3.4, 5.2, and 8.5 tons/fed., respectively, as an average from both of two winter seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, respectively. There are nonsignificant differences shown between T 3 , T 4 , T 6 , T7, and T 8 in the harvest index (HI %) from both of two winter seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/24. Considerable superiorities were evident for T 6 in tables (2 and 3 ) for the greatest growth and yield parameters. It is obvious from table (3) that also the lowest significant values were 1.2, 2.1, and 3.3 tons/fed. and 39.9%, respectively, as an average from both of two winter seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/24, in the untreated plant (T 1 ). All-natural bio-supplements like YS, CBE, and LAC at two rates (4 and 6 times/season) as a foliar spray on plants or as a soil fertigation, respectively, lead to enhanced growth, and increased total grain and straw yield were recorded in Tables (2 and 3 ) more than untreated control T 1 . These results are in agreement with those obtained by Aria (1981), Higa and Kinjo (1988), El-Tohamy et al. (2015), Aisha et al. (2018), Khairnar and Nair (2019), Abd el Samie et al. (2022), Tombarkiewicz et al. (2022), Teixeira and Santos (2022), Al-Jabari et al. (2024), and Sowell (2024 ). Table 3: Effect of organic fertilizer (OFAZ) with bio-supplements (YS, CBE and LAC) on yield parameters of wheat 'Giza 168 from both of two winters growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024; respectively T Grains yield tons fed. Straw yields tons fed. The Biological yield tons fed. Harvest Index (HI) % 2022/2023 2023/2024 2022/2023 2023/2024 2022/2023 2023/2024 2022/2023 2023/2024 T1 1.1h 1.3 h 1.9 h 2.2 h 3.1 h 3.5 h 36.9 d 42.9 d T2 1.4 g 1.7 g 2.3 g 2.6 g 3.7 g 4.3 g 38.7 cd 44.9 cd T3 2.2 d 2.6 d 3.2 d 3.6 d 5.4 d 6.2 d 41.3 a 47.9 a T4 2.5 c 2.8 c 3.6 c 4.2 c 6.1 c 7.0 c 40.4 abc 46.8 abc T5 2.7 b 3.1 b 4.2 b 4.8 b 6.8 b 7.9 b 39.0 bc 45.2 bc T6 3.1 a 3.6 a 4.8 a 5.5 a 7.9 a 9.1 a 39.6 abc 45.9 abc T7 1.7 f 1.9 f 2.5 f 2.9 f 4.2 f 4.8 f 39.7 abc 46.0 abc T8 1.9 e 2.2 e 2.8 e 3.3 e 4.8 e 5.5 e 40.6 ab 47.1 a L.S.D. 0.05 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.10 0.12 1.81 2.1 T1= Inorganic N, P and K fertilizers at 100% (Control), T2 = OFAZ (45% of plant compost + 45% of chicken manure 10% of Azolla) 100% (7 t/fed.); T3 = T2 + LAC (4 times/season) as a soil fertigation; T4 = T2 + LAC (6 times/season) as a soil fertigation; T5 = T2 + YS (4 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plants; T6 = T2 + YS (6 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plants; T7 = T2 + CBE (4 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plant and a soil fertigation together; T8 = T2 + CBE (6 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plant and a soil fertigation together 3. Quality parameters in grains and straw of wheat plant There were significant variations in grain composition, the percentage of N, P, K, proteins, carbohydrates, and starch between all treatments. The highest significantly valued values were 3.0, 0.61, 2.8, 17.0, 78.6, and 74.2% (respectively) at T 6 (OFAZ + YS 6 times/season as a foliar spraying on plants) as the average from both 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 together. But the lowest significant values were 1.4, 0.28, 1.1, 6.4, 35.8, and 34.1%, respectively, as an average of both of two winter seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, in untreated plant (T 1 ) control. It may be because of crop benefits from yeast extract (YS) in the growth stage, which was reflected in all characteristics of plant growth, yield, and quality of wheat grains in tables (2, 3, and 4). This was agreed with the findings of Hammad and Ali (2014); Ismail and Amin (2014), Al-Shamary and Huthily (2019), Nossier (2021), Nurseha et al. (2023), Yang et al. (2024), and Ali et al. ( 2024 ). As well as, results of wheat straw in the percentage of N, proteins, P, and K in Table 5 cleared that the highest significant values at T 6 (OFAZ + YS 6 times/season as a foliar spraying on the whole plant) were 1.8, 0.44, 2.1, and 10.8%, respectively, as an average from both of two winter seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, respectively, more than the untreated once (T 1 ) control. The lowest significantly valued were 0.3, 0.2, 0.7, and 2.0% (respectively) as an average from both of two winter seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, in T1. The beneficial impact of the yeast extract was correlated to gibberellins, cytokinins, and auxins; they lead to encouraging the division of plant cells and development with the yeast extraction as a bio-supplement. It is able to produce essential amino acids, nitrogen, mineral components, and vitamins for inducing the powerful growth of crops. El-Tohamy et al. (2015), Aisha et al. (2018), Nossier (2021), Nurseha et al. (2023), Yang et al. (2024), and Ali et al. (2024) all support these findings. Table 4: Effect of Organic-Fertilizer (OFAZ) with bio-supplements (LAC, YS and CBE) on chemical components of wheat grains from both of two winters growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, respectively T Grain Wheat Nitrogen% Proteins% Phosphorus% Potassium% Carbohydrates % Starch % 2022/2023 2023/2024 2022/2023 2023/2024 2022/2023 2023/2024 2022/2023 2023/2024 2022/2023 2023/2024 2022/2023 2023/2024 T.1 1.03 h 1.8 h 5.97 h 6.8 h 0.26 h 0.29 h 1.0 g 1.1 h 33.9 h 37.6 h 32.2 h 36.0 h T.2 1.27 g 1.4 g 7.30 g 8.3 g 0.31 g 0.35 g 1.4 f 1.5 g 38.5 g 42.7 g 37.4 g 41.9 g T.3 1.83 d 2.1 d 10.57 d 12.1 d 0.43 d 0.48 d 1.8 d 1.9 d 53.6 d 59.5 d 51.5 d 57.7 d T.4 2.07 c 2.4 c 11.90 c 13.6 c 0.48 c 0.54 c 2.0 c 2.2 c 59.2 c 65.7 c 57.0 c 63.9 c T.5 2.33 b 2.7 b 13.40 b 15.3 b 0.53 b 0.59 b 2.3 b 2.5 b 65.5 b 72.7 b 63.5 b 71.2 b T.6 2.77 a 3.2 a 15.90 a 18.1 a 0.59 a 0.66 a 2.6 a 2.9 a 72.8 a 84.4 a 69.9 a 78.4 a T.7 1.43 f 1.6 f 8.27 f 9.4 f 0.35 g 0.39 f 1.5 f 1.6 f 43.6 f 48.4 f 41.9 f 46.9 f T.8 1.63 e 1.9 e 9.40 e 10.7 e 0.38 e 0.43 e 1.7 e 1.8 e 47.6 e 52.9 e 46.1 e 53.0 e LSD 0.05 0.09 0.10 0.49 0.57 0.01 0.01 0.10 0.11 0.63 0.71 0.66 0.74 T1= Inorganic N, P and K fertilizers at 100% (Control), T2 = OFAZ (45% of plant compost + 45% of chicken manure 10% of Azolla) at 100% (7 t/fed.); T3 = T2 + LAC (4 times/season) as a soil fertigation; T4 = T2 + LAC (6 times/season) as a soil fertigation; T5 = T2 + YS (4 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plants; T6 = T2 + YS (6 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plants; T7 = T2 + CBE (4 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plant and a soil fertigation together; T8 = T2 + CBE (6 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plant and a soil fertigation together Table 5: Effect of Organic Fertilizer (OFAZ) with bio-supplements (LAC, YS and CBE) on chemical components of wheat straw in both of two winters growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024; respectively T. Straw Wheat Nitrogen% Proteins% Phosphorus% Potassium% 2022/2023 2023/2024 2022/2023 2023/2024 2022/2023 2023/2024 2022/2023 2023/2024 T.1 0.3 g 0.4 g 1.9 g 2.1 g 0.18 h 0.21 h 0.7 g 0.8 g T.2 0.6 f 0.8 f 3.7 f 4.1 f 0.21 g 0.24 g 0.9 f 1.1 f T.3 1.1 d 1.2 d 6.1` d 7.0 d 0.29 d 0.32 d 1.3 d 1.5 d T.4 1.2 c 1.4 c 7.1 c 7.9 c 0.32 c 0.37 c 1.5 c 1.7 c T.5 1.4 b 1.6 b 8.3 b 9.3 b 0.36 b 0.40 b 1.7 b 1.9 b T.6 1.8 a 1.9 a 10.2 a 11.4 a 0.41 a 0.46 a 1.9 a 2.2 a T.7 0.73 f 0.8 f 4.2 f 4.7 f 0.23 f 0.26 f 1.07 e 1.2 e T.8 0.93 e 1.1 e 5.4 e 6.1 e 0.26 e 0.29 e 1.17 e 1.3 e L.S.D. 0.05 0.11 0.12 0.59 0.66 0.01 0.02 0.10 0.12 T1= Inorganic N, P and K fertilizers at 100% (Control), T2 = OFAZ (45% of plant compost + 45% of chicken manure + 10% of Azolla) at 100% (7 t/fed.); T3 = T2 + LAC (4 times/season) as a soil fertigation; T4 = T2 + LAC (6 times/season) as a soil fertigation; T5 = T2 + YS (4 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plants; T6 = T2 + YS (6 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plants; T7 = T2 + CBE (4 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plant and a soil fertigation together; T8 = T2 + CBE (6 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plant and a soil fertigation together Conclusion Results from both of two winter growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, in this study confirm the importance of the mixture of organic fertilizers (OFAZ), chicken manure (45%), and plant compost (45%) with azolla (10%) to enrich essential amino acids, vitamins, plant regulators, hormones, and all required minerals for a good nutritional plant, enhance the vegetation, and increase total yields of wheat grains and straw and qualities. Results showed a significant superiority of plant length, spike length (cm), number of spikes/m², 1000-grain weight (g), total grains and straw yield t/fed., biological yield, and harvest index (HI %). Meanwhile, yeast extract (YS) spraying 6 times per season was superior in all characteristics of growth, total yield of grains and straw, and their qualities. The ultimate goal of this research is to find the best treatment: adding yeast extract 6 times per season as a spray on the whole plant and fertilizing with OFAZ at 7 tons fed -1 ) to increase all traits of strategic wheat production. They are inexpensive and increase the total yield of grains and straw and quality with the lowest cost. This works to solve the huge amount of addition of inorganic fertilizers in agricultural problems for sustainable agriculture, food security, and decreased environmental hazard impact. Declarations Funding The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB) and the Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) collaborate to offer open access funding. Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Data availability declaration The authors affirm that the article contains all pertinent information. Data from this study can be requested by contacting Galal Eliwa at [email protected] Code availability: 'Not applicable' for that section. Ethics approval : Experimental research on plants, including collection of plant material, was performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Author contributions AKA and GIE conceptualized and carried out; AKA methodology and collected the data; AKA and GIE analyzed the data; and AKA and GIE prepared the manuscript. 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Uberaba, V. 7, N. 1, PP. 1-17, ISSN: 2359-4748. https://doi.org/10.18554/rbcti.v7i1.6120 Tombarkiewicz, B.; Antonkiewicz, J.; Lis1, M.; Pawlak, K.;Trela1, M.; Witkowicz, R. and Gorczyca, O. (2022). Chemical properties of the coffee grounds and poultry eggshells mixture in terms of soil improver. Scientifc Reports. 12:2592 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06569-x www.nature.com/scientificreports Yang, X.; Hong, J.; Wang, L.; Cai, C.; Mo, H.; Wang, J.; Fang, X. and Liao, Z. (2024). Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria Fermentation on Plant-Based Products. Fermentation, V. 10, NO. 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10010048 www.mdpi.com/journal/fermentation Yang, X.; Hong, J.; Wang, L.; Cai, C.; Mo, H.; Wang, J.; Fang, X. and Liao, Z. (2024). Effect of lactic acid bacteria fermentation on plant-based products. fermentation, V. 10, NO. 48. https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fermentatio Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6865025","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":477250302,"identity":"e789a963-728f-4cbe-a188-eb935245afc4","order_by":0,"name":"Amal K. Abou El Goud","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Damietta University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amal","middleName":"K. Abou El","lastName":"Goud","suffix":""},{"id":477250303,"identity":"c4531bc9-4d89-4b80-9454-278818cef145","order_by":1,"name":"Galal I. Eliwa","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+0lEQVRIie3QMUtDMRDA8XsEzuWg6ytS31eIBIpicfVr9CG86bk7OKQU6mTnJwh+hYDgnHJQF90FF0tBHBzs0k3rdRTk7CiYPySQwI8LAUil/mTGR4Ae4dYw5nLM/O8kW5Nqp0XT/uZENnbtprabkeJoMGA6M2WI9eKJoNcJ0fCrRnbvJ55pikIebg4IKhciVnsqaUrPNVIZJhe32wQslrpWJdczIZ95GZhehKyEtJYqKfLM88nIuvaIUEhcTzHPGrEkD/sY9+WT0e1f2WN3ydjVBBTnzItmuSIs5rPHt9PDzvhuOH9Xp8TvR1kGMFen+B8ujTollUql/l1f7hxSs5uBdD0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Damietta University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Galal","middleName":"I.","lastName":"Eliwa","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-10 16:23:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6865025/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6865025/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":85661198,"identity":"f3fe7b2f-155d-4f56-b94d-50b34a324eec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-30 11:47:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3818006,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6865025/v1/f890b475-e613-4bf5-8475-eb9c23618e6d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eSustainable Wheat (\u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum, L.\u003c/em\u003e) Production Using Newly Organic Fertilizers and Bio-Biostimulants in sandy soil\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWheat\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTriticum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eaestivum L.\u003c/em\u003e) is an important strategic crop in the world. At the same time, it is the major part in the international commerce of grains. It is an important crop in Egypt; increasing its production and quality is a fundamental aim for closing the gap between its production and consumption. So the creation of adequate soil characteristics to increase the wheat expansion cultivation area for achieving high production and quality in Egypt. In the world, the total grain yield and harvesting area were 734.04 million tons and 214.3 million ha, respectively. They were 8.80 million tons and 1.36 million ha, respectively (\u003cstrong\u003eFAOSTAT,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2024\u003c/strong\u003e), in Egypt. Different organic sources played pivotal roles in increasing total wheat yield and quality by N, P, and K application, resulting in significant increases in plant length (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of grains/spike, weight of 1000 grains, and total grain and straw yield tons/ha more than inorganic N, P, and K fertilizers. Wheat is the main part of the diet for all people. In addition, wheat is a strategic crop with economic return for Egyptian farmers. The cultivated area was about 3.4 million fed., representing about 51% of total crops in the Nubariya region (\u003cstrong\u003eAl-Hasany \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2019\u003c/strong\u003e). In Egypt, wheat production is a very important improvement to reduce its import and increase export by obligating farmers to overcome challenges for increasing the production and then needing to use vertical horizontal agriculture for wheat production to achieve the security of food and sustainable agriculture. Wheat productivity is the main task because of its short supply, so about 52% of needed wheat grains come from outside Egypt \u003cstrong\u003e(Nehra \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2001; Tahir \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2011; Shah \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2012; EL-Guibali, 2016; Al-Shamary and Huthily, 2019; Seema \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e.\u003cem\u003e,\u003c/em\u003e 2021; Sahra \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2022; Hussein \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2023\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAzolla is\u0026nbsp;a plant that contains almost all vitamins, minerals, hormones, essential amino acids and proteins, growth regulators, antibiotics, and minerals (phosphorus, zinc, calcium, copper, ferrous, potassium, and magnesium). It contains 25–35% protein, 7–13% amino acids, 10–15% minerals, biopolymers, bioactive substances, and 15% total ash. Azolla has more benefits in the nutritional needs for livestock and fish production by low cost in biocontrol, environmental bioremediation, and as a biofertilizer to increase crop production. Azolla application has long been recognized for its benefits in sustainable lifestyles and the enhancement of a bio-based economy. Azolla is an environmentally friendly solution for health and bio-natural resources and is also used as a result of the expanding human population and the increasing consumption for increasing the biotechnological strategies and enhancing the environmental sustainability. Azolla is a well-known biotechnology product with concern for environmental sustainability. Azolla is a genus of 7-9 species of small floating aquatic ferns that are found in the world in two zones of tropical or temperate. Azolla species belong to two subgenera: Rhizosperma or Euazolla. However, also, azolla production may be 3 to 11 times more than lucerne plant. It helps the farmers with the reduction of the supplementing expense to enhance the crop production. So that azolla is able to fix the atmospheric nitrogen to supply ammonia in the soil. So that it is rice as an ecofriendly biofertilizer and low cost. Azolla is a beneficial feeding supplement with potential as a biofertilizer for vital components of integrated agriculture. Azolla grows easily in a short period and is produced in a small area. It has a high nutritional composition and plays major roles in the production of bioenergy in agriculture with low-cost and environmentally friendly methods. The goal of this was to attempt to utilize the benefits of Azolla in agriculture, its nutritional composition to enhance the multiple purposes and green approach of Azolla for different applications, and environmental factors to improve the efficiency of Azolla to improve crop production. Azolla contains the essential minerals (calcium, magnesium, iron, and potassium), high quantities of the vitamins (V.A and V.B12), probiotics, biopolymers, and essential amino acids. Soil contains nitrogen, and water retention capacity was low, so azolla is a source of nutrients, leading to enhanced organic fertilizer application to get this around \u003cstrong\u003e(Chekola et al., 2024; Nayel et al.,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2024; and Al-Jabari et al., 2024\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYeast extract as a foliar application\u0026nbsp;has\u0026nbsp;rates on yield and quality of wheat. Yeast extract is useful for plant nutrition and antimicrobial\u0026nbsp;requirements\u0026nbsp;for\u0026nbsp;good\u0026nbsp;plant growth\u0026nbsp;because\u0026nbsp;the essential amino acids and sugar were produced via fungi, bacteria, organic\u0026nbsp;matter,\u0026nbsp;and root hairs of plants. Yeast extract as a bio-fertilizer in agriculture has received considerable attention because of\u0026nbsp;its bio-activity and safety for\u0026nbsp;humans\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;the environment (\u003cstrong\u003eGomaa et al.,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2021, and Abd El Samie et al., 2022\u003c/strong\u003e). Yeast extract is a new promoter\u0026nbsp;for increasing\u0026nbsp;the growth\u0026nbsp;of different crops. It is a\u0026nbsp;natural,\u0026nbsp;organic\u0026nbsp;source\u0026nbsp;of vegetative growth substrates like riboflavin,\u0026nbsp;thiamine, pyridoxine,\u0026nbsp;niacin,\u0026nbsp;and the vitamins B6, B2, B1,\u0026nbsp;B3,\u0026nbsp;and B12 required for enhancing plant growth and total yield with the lowest cost. As well\u0026nbsp;as yeast with\u0026nbsp;many\u0026nbsp;nutrients from organic fertilizers like carbohydrates, sugars, protein, nucleic acid, amino\u0026nbsp;acids,\u0026nbsp;and lipids had more beneficial effects on green growth, flowering, fruiting, total\u0026nbsp;yield, and chemical components of crops (\u003cstrong\u003eAbd-El Samie \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022\u003c/strong\u003e). It is hormonal groups that have\u0026nbsp;been strongly implicated in affecting yield, particularly the grain size,\u0026nbsp;numbers,\u0026nbsp;and total grain\u0026nbsp;yield in\u0026nbsp;tons/fed. Yeast extract is able to regulate the division of\u0026nbsp;cells.\u0026nbsp;differentiation in certain\u0026nbsp;tissues,\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;participation\u0026nbsp;in many developmental processes like photosynthesis, flowering,\u0026nbsp;partitioning, and senescence of plants (\u003cstrong\u003eHammad and Ali, 2014; Miraje and Huthily, 2019;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Gomaa \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2021; Abd El Samie \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022; Ali \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2024\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLactic acid bacteria (LAC) is contained in milk that is fermented at room temperature (27-30°C) for 10 days, which has more minerals like Fe, Mg, Ca, Zn, and Mn; proteins; amino acids; kazyine; propanine; and vitamins like VD, E, and A. As well as fermented rice with milk, the rice is richer in more minerals, vitamins, and hormones for initial plant growth increasing. So that, LAC is considered Lactic acid bacteria was inoculated into soil with organic materials to enhance the decomposition and release of nutrients and increase the organic matter and humus of the soil. Populations of fungi, actinomycetes, protozoa, and lactobacillus (lactic acid bacteria) were increased in soil rhizosphere and were harmful to plant growth, increasing the total yield and quality of the plant (\u003cstrong\u003eHiga and Kingo, 1988\u003c/strong\u003e). Inoculated with lactic acid bacteria, soil leads to providing the recycling plant nutrients, and soil humus formation increased (\u003cstrong\u003eOkada, 1988\u003c/strong\u003e) to improve health, welfare, and decrease environmental harm impacts. It has antioxidant properties and is similar to that of brown seaweed extract and produces probiotic species of Lactobacillus to provide direct antioxidant support in plant growth and soil health (\u003cstrong\u003eAisha \u003cem\u003eet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eal., 2018\u003c/em\u003e; Al Shamary \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2019; Abd El Samie \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022; Ali \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2024\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCBEis\u0026nbsp;a mixture of coffee grounds, banana peels, and eggshells (1:1:1) and has more benefits for plant growth enhancement, total yield, and quality increase. A mixture of coffee grounds, banana peels, and eggshells offered a promising solution to improve total yield and quality and food security. This study brings the innovation to reimagine kitchen waste for sustainable agriculture, introducing multi-component fertilizer. This study evaluated the influence of coffee grounds, eggshells, and banana peels as an organic fertilizer on the vegetative and total yield of crops (\u003cstrong\u003eAboelkheir et al., 2024, and Yang \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2024\u003c/strong\u003e). Combining coffee powder, banana peels, and eggshells as biostimulants not only enhances the total yield and quality of plants but also has benefits to improve soil fertility and health. CBE is rich in essential nutrients, vitamins, and hormones as supplements for increasing the plant growth and total yield. Components of eggshells are high in Ca, which is able to neutralize soil pH and improve nutrient availability. Banana peel contains high amounts of K, Mg, and organic matter for plant health. A combination of eggshell and banana peel can improve plant growth in height, total yield, and quality compared to untreated plants. They are able to improve soil structure and nutrient retention for better plant performance. Coffee grounds benefit soil by enhancing a robust and diverse population of beneficial soil microorganisms for enhancing soil and plant health. Calcium from eggshells enters plants only via the actively growing root hyphal tips. Calcium moves through plants and into fruits along with water by transpiration, and Mg and NH₄⁺\u0026nbsp;can interfere with Ca uptake (Nossier, 2021; Teixeira and Santos, 2022; Nurseha \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2023). The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the mixture of plant compost (45%) and chicken manure (45%) with Azolla (10%) and bio-supplements by yeast extract (YS), CBE, or LAC at two rates, 4 and 6 times per season, as a foliar spraying on plants or soil fertigation, respectively, on the growth, total grain yield, and straw and also their qualities.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eTwo experimental\u0026nbsp;fields were conducted out on the farm at Nubaria Agricultural Research Station during two winter growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, respectively. The objective was to evaluate the influence of the mixture of organic fertilizers (OFAZ), which contains 45% of plant compost + 45% of chicken manure + 10% Azolla, with the best times of foliar spraying on the whole plant by yeast extract (YS) or CBE and soil fertigation times by lactic acid bacteria (LAC) or CBE on wheat production. CBE contains a mixture of coffee powder, banana peels, and eggshells at (1:1:1, w:w), and the concentration at (5 g/1 L water) was applied as a foliar spraying on the whole plant, as a soil fertigation only, or together. LAC products are made from milk fermented at room temperature (27-30\u0026deg;C) for 10 days, which was applied only as soil fertigation. This study aims to find if newly organic fertilizer by Azolla (10%) was added to plant compost and chicken manure at (45%) from every one and bio-supplements of YS, CBE, or LAC and their effects on the growth, production, and quality of wheat grains and straw sown in sandy clay loam soil. Samples of the soil surface layer (0-25 cm) and OFAZ were collected before cultivation to determine the physico-chemical properties, following the methodology of (\u003cstrong\u003ePage \u003cem\u003eet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eal.,1982; Klute 1986;\u003c/em\u003e Tandon \u003cem\u003eet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eal.,2005),\u003c/em\u003e and Jones (2018),\u003c/strong\u003e were shown in \u003cstrong\u003eTable (1)\u003c/strong\u003e. The soil was sandy (57.3%), clay (23.1%), and silt (19.6%); it was low in available nitrogen (45.4), phosphorus (3.6), and potassium (140.4) mg/kg as an average from both of two winter growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, respectively. Physico-chemical properties of the OFAZ sample (total organic matter %= 23.7, organic carbon %= 17.3 , ratio of carbon to nitrogen = 4, pH = 7.3 (1:10), E.C. = 5.8 dS m⁻\u0026sup1;\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e1:10 water extract), percentage of total amounts of phosphorus =\u0026nbsp;4.9, and potassium = 6.1%) accorded with (\u003cstrong\u003eJackson, 1973; Chapman, and Pratt, 1978; Evenhuis, 1978; Lowther, 1980; Page, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 1982 and Klute, 1986\u003c/strong\u003e). A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replicates was done, with eight treatments as follows: T1 = inorganic N, P, and K fertilizers at R\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e100%\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e (control); T2 = OFAZ (the mixture of plant compost and chicken manure at 45% from everyone mixed with 10% of Azolla) was applied at the recommended dose (7 t/fed.); T3 = T2 + LAC (4 times/season) as a soil fertigation only; T4 = T2 + LAC (6 times/season) as a soil fertigation only; T5 = T2 + YS (4 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plants only; T6 = T2 + YS (6 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plants only; T7 = T2 + CBE (4 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plants and a soil fertigation together; T8 = T2 + CBE (6 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plants and a soil fertigation together. Organic fertilizer (OFAZ) in treatments from T\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e to T\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e was added to the soil surface (0-30 cm) for about 21 days before sowing during both of two winter growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, respectively. The recommended dose of organic fertilizers (OFAZ) was 7 tons/fed. They were applied prior to sowing and thoroughly mixed into the surface soil during the plowing for 21 days before sowing. The total number of experimental plots was 32 plots per season; the plot area was width (3.0 m) \u0026amp; length (3.5 m) 10.5 m\u0026sup2;. Wheat variety \u0026apos;Giza168\u0026apos; was sown on December 9\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, 2022 and December 11\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, 2023, and they were harvested on May 3rd, 2023 and May 7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, 2024, respectively. Recommended doses of inorganic N, P, and K fertilizers are as follows: Ammonium nitrate (33.5%) = 200 kg fed. \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e, Super Calcium Phosphate (15.5%) = 200 kg fed. \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e and Potassium Sulphate (48%) = 50 kg fed. \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e was applied in the control treatment (T1). A full dose of super calcium phosphate and half doses of both ammonium nitrate and potassium sulfate were applied to the soil surface before sowing. The remaining doses were added with the next irrigation after sowing, 21 days later. Grain and straw yield data was obtained from the central area, 2.0 m wide \u0026amp; 2.5 m long (5.0 m\u0026sup2;), of each experimental unit (plot) to avoid any border effects. Plant samples were taken from the central area per plot to determine the growth, yield, and quality parameters of wheat grains and straw. Growth parameters like plant length (cm), number of spikes/m\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e, spike length (cm), and 1000-grain weight (g). Total grains and straw yield (tons fed⁻\u0026sup1;), biological yield (tons\u0026nbsp;fed⁻\u0026sup1;), and harvest index (HI %) were calculated as yield parameters. Percentages of chemical components in wheat grains like N, P, K, proteins, carbohydrates, and starch and straw (N, P, K, and proteins) were determined at the end from both of two winter growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, respectively. Samples of grain and straw were washed with distilled water and dried in the oven at 65\u0026deg;C for 72 hours, then finely ground. They were wet digested by using the H₂O₂\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eand H₂SO₄ method, described by \u003cstrong\u003eChapman and\u0026nbsp;Pratt (1978),\u0026nbsp;Lowther (1980), and\u0026nbsp;A.O.A.C. (2000\u003c/strong\u003e), to determine the above contents. All results were analyzed using the\u0026nbsp;statistical SAS program (SAS, 2001), and the means of all treatments were compared by using the Duncan\u0026apos;s Multiple Range Test at the 5% level of probability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003cstrong\u003ePhysico-chemical properties of two field experiments from both of two winters growing seasons, 2022/2023 and\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023/2024, respectively, before cultivation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"650\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 327px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProperties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022/2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023/2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMechanical analysis and texture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.7 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.9 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClay\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.9 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.3 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSilt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.4 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.8 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTexture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSandy-clay-loam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSandy-clay-loam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMechanical analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH \u0026nbsp; (1:2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE.C. \u0026nbsp; dS/m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.47 dS/m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38 \u0026nbsp;dS/m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO.C.%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO.M.%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC / N ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaCO3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.0 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.6 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvailable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMacro-nutrients\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitrogen \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhosphorus \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePotassium \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Growth parameters\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe effect\u0026nbsp;of natural bio-supplements like\u0026nbsp;YS,\u0026nbsp;CBE,\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;LAC at two rates (4 and 6\u0026nbsp;times/season)\u0026nbsp;as a foliar\u0026nbsp;spray\u0026nbsp;on\u0026nbsp;plants\u0026nbsp;and as a soil\u0026nbsp;fertigation,\u0026nbsp;respectively,\u0026nbsp;with the mixture of chicken manure and plant compost at 45% from everyone mixed with 10% of Azolla (OFAZ) at the\u0026nbsp;rate of\u0026nbsp;7 tons fed\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e as the recommended dose on the growth parameters\u0026nbsp;was recorded in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u003c/strong\u003e Results show that growth parameters represented as length of\u0026nbsp;plant (cm), numbers of spikes/m\u0026sup2;, length of spike\u0026nbsp;(cm),\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;weight\u0026nbsp;of 1000 grains (g) were\u0026nbsp;positively\u0026nbsp;affected in organic treatments (from T\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e to T\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e) as compared with control (T\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e) in both of two\u0026nbsp;winter\u0026nbsp;growing seasons, 2022/2023 and\u0026nbsp;2023/2024,\u0026nbsp;respectively.\u0026nbsp;Results show that significant\u0026nbsp;differences are\u0026nbsp;observed\u0026nbsp;between all treatments in growth parameters. The highest significant values were\u0026nbsp;121.2\u0026nbsp;cm, 559.3 spikes/m\u0026sup2;, 13.0\u0026nbsp;cm,\u0026nbsp;and 57.8 g,\u0026nbsp;respectively,\u0026nbsp;as an average from both of two\u0026nbsp;winter\u0026nbsp;growing seasons, 2022/2023 and\u0026nbsp;2023/2024,\u0026nbsp;at T\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e (OFAZ + YS 6 times/season as a foliar spraying on\u0026nbsp;plants). The lowest significant values were\u0026nbsp;57.5\u0026nbsp;cm, 264.9\u0026nbsp;spikes/m\u0026sup2;, 6.2 cm,\u0026nbsp;and 27.1g,\u0026nbsp;respectively,\u0026nbsp;as an average from both of two\u0026nbsp;winter\u0026nbsp;growing seasons, 2022/2023 and\u0026nbsp;2023/2024,\u0026nbsp;at T\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e (control) inorganic\u0026nbsp;N, P,\u0026nbsp;and K fertilizers. These results\u0026nbsp;were in\u0026nbsp;agreement with \u003cstrong\u003eAria (1981)\u003c/strong\u003e,\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Abd El-Hadi \u003cem\u003eet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eal. (2018),\u003c/em\u003e Al Shamary and Huthily (2019), Gomaa \u003cem\u003eet al. (2021),\u003c/em\u003e Tombarkiewicz \u003cem\u003eet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eal. (2022),\u003c/em\u003e Mohammed and Hasan (2023), Aboelkheir \u003cem\u003eet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eal. (2024),\u003c/em\u003e Yang \u003cem\u003eet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eal. (2024),\u003c/em\u003e Chekola \u003cem\u003eet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eal. (2024),\u003c/em\u003e and Nayel \u003cem\u003eet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eal. (\u003c/em\u003e2024\u003c/strong\u003e). The results in \u003cstrong\u003eTable (2)\u003c/strong\u003e show that the foliar spraying and soil fertigation of bio-supplements like YS,\u0026nbsp;CBE,\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;LAC,\u0026nbsp;respectively,\u0026nbsp;in T\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e, T\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e, T\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e,\u0026nbsp;T5, T6, T\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e7,\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e and T\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e caused significantly greater\u0026nbsp;increases in all growth parameters of wheat\u0026nbsp;than in the\u0026nbsp;untreated plant\u0026nbsp;(T1). Yeast extract (YS) was suggested for\u0026nbsp;its\u0026nbsp;beneficial role during plant growth due to its high content of auxin,\u0026nbsp;cytokinin, gibberellin, minerals,\u0026nbsp;carbohydrates, and vitamins (\u003cstrong\u003eAl-Shamary and Huthily, 2019; Gomaa \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2021;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Abd El Samie \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022; and Al-Jabari \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2024\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: Effect of Organic-Fertilizer (OFAZ) with bio-supplements (YS, CBE and LAC) on growth parameters of wheat \u0026apos;Giza168\u0026apos;\u0026nbsp;in both of two winters growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024; respectively\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"625\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant length (cm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of Spikes/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLength of Spike (cm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe weight of 1000 grains (g)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2022/2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023/2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2022/2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023/2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2022/2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023/2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2022/2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023/2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e55.0 c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e59.9 c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e251.0 h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e278.7 h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.9 h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.7 h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e25.9 h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e28.2 h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e60.6 c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e66.1 c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e281.9 g\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e312.9 g\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.6 g\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.5 g\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e29.3 g\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e31.9 g\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT.3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e82.7 abc\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e94.3 abc\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e386.9 d\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e429.4 d\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.5 d\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10.7 d\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e40.2 d\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e43.8 d\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e62.1 c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e70.8 c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e429.2 c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e476.4 c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10.5 c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11.9 c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e44.3 c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e48.3 c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e102.0 ab\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e116.3 ab\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e477.4 b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e529.9 b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11.7 b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13.2 b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e49.6 b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e54.1 b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT.6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e113.3 a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e129.1 a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e530.1 a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e588.4 a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12.2 a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13.8 a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e55.3 a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e60.2 a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT.7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e67.1 c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e74.4 c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e312.5 f\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e346.9 f\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.3 f\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.3 f\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e32.3 f\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e35.2 f\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT.8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e74.8 bc\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.1 c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e347.6 e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e385.9 e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.5 e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.6 e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e36.3 e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e39.5 e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL.S.D. 0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e31.9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e36.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.81\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.89\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.36\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.40\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.31\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.33\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1=\u0026nbsp;Inorganic N, P and K fertilizers\u0026nbsp;at 100% (Control), T2 = OFAZ (45% of plant compost + 45% of chicken manure 10%\u0026nbsp;of Azolla) at\u0026nbsp;100% (7 t/fed.);\u0026nbsp;T3 = T2 + LAC (4 times/season) as a soil\u0026nbsp;fertigation;\u0026nbsp;T4 = T2 + LAC (6 times/season) as a soil fertigation;\u0026nbsp;T5 = T2 + YS (4 times/season) as a foliar spraying on\u0026nbsp;plants;\u0026nbsp;T6 = T2 + YS (6 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plant;\u0026nbsp;T7 = T2 + CBE (4 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plants and a soil fertigation together;\u0026nbsp;T8 = T2 + CBE (6 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plant and a soil fertigation together\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Yield parameters\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults in \u003cstrong\u003eTable (3)\u003c/strong\u003e revealed\u0026nbsp;that the mixture of chicken manure (45%) and plant compost (45%) mixed with 10% of Azolla (OFAZ) at R\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e100%\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e (7 t/fed.) gave substantial superiorities in total grain, straw yield, biological yield (tons/fed.), and harvest index (HI %) from T\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e to T\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e treatments more than the untreated plant (T\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e) control. The highest significant values at T\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e (OFAZ + YE 6 times/season as a foliar spraying on plants) were 3.4, 5.2, and 8.5 tons/fed., respectively, as an average from both of two winter seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, respectively. There are nonsignificant differences shown between T\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e, T\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e, T\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e, T7, and T\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e in the harvest index (HI %) from both of two winter seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/24. Considerable superiorities were evident for T\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e in \u003cstrong\u003etables (2 and 3\u003c/strong\u003e) for the greatest growth and yield parameters. It is obvious from \u003cstrong\u003etable (3)\u003c/strong\u003e that also the lowest significant values were 1.2, 2.1, and 3.3 tons/fed. and 39.9%, respectively, as an average from both of two winter seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/24, in the untreated plant (T\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e). All-natural bio-supplements like YS, CBE, and LAC at two rates (4 and 6 times/season) as a foliar spray on plants or as a soil fertigation, respectively, lead to enhanced growth, and increased total grain and straw yield were recorded in \u003cstrong\u003eTables (2\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eand 3\u003c/strong\u003e) more than untreated control T\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e. These results are in agreement with those obtained by \u003cstrong\u003eAria (1981), Higa and Kinjo (1988), El-Tohamy \u003cem\u003eet al. (2015),\u003c/em\u003e Aisha \u003cem\u003eet al. (2018),\u003c/em\u003e Khairnar and Nair (2019), Abd el Samie \u003cem\u003eet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eal. (2022),\u003c/em\u003e Tombarkiewicz \u003cem\u003eet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eal. (2022),\u003c/em\u003e Teixeira and Santos (2022), Al-Jabari \u003cem\u003eet\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eal. (2024),\u003c/em\u003e and Sowell (2024\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3: Effect of organic fertilizer (OFAZ) with bio-supplements (YS, CBE and LAC) on yield parameters of wheat \u0026apos;Giza 168 from both of two winters growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024; respectively\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"659\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGrains yield tons fed.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStraw yields tons fed.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Biological yield tons fed.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHarvest Index (HI) %\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2022/2023\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023/2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2022/2023\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023/2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2022/2023\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023/2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2022/2023\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023/2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.1h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.3 h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.9 h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1 h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.5 h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e36.9 d\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e42.9 d\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.4 g\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.7 g\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3 g\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n 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valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.7 b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1 b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.2 b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.8 b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.8 b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.9 b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e39.0 bc\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n 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valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e39.6 abc\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e45.9 abc\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.7 f\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.9 f\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5 f\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.9 f\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.2 f\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n 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e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.8 e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.5 e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e40.6 ab\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e47.1 a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL.S.D. 0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.81\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1= Inorganic N, P and K fertilizers\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eat 100% (Control), T2 = OFAZ (45% of plant compost + 45% of chicken manure 10%\u0026nbsp;of Azolla)\u0026nbsp;100% (7 t/fed.); \u0026nbsp;T3 = T2 + LAC (4 times/season) as a\u0026nbsp;soil fertigation; \u0026nbsp;T4 = T2 + LAC (6 times/season) as a soil fertigation; \u0026nbsp;T5 = T2 + YS (4 times/season) as a foliar spraying on\u0026nbsp;plants;\u0026nbsp;T6 = T2 + YS (6 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plants;\u0026nbsp;T7 = T2 + CBE (4 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plant and a soil fertigation together;\u0026nbsp;T8 = T2 + CBE (6 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plant and a soil fertigation together\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Quality parameters in grains and straw of wheat plant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere were significant variations in grain composition, the percentage of N, P, K, proteins, carbohydrates, and starch between all treatments. The highest significantly valued values were 3.0, 0.61, 2.8, 17.0, 78.6, and 74.2% (respectively) at T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e (OFAZ + YS 6 times/season as a foliar spraying on plants) as the average from both 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 together. But the lowest significant values were 1.4, 0.28, 1.1, 6.4, 35.8, and 34.1%, respectively, as an average of both of two winter seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, in untreated plant (T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e) control. \u0026nbsp;It may be because of crop benefits from yeast extract (YS) in the growth stage, which was reflected in all characteristics of plant growth, yield, and quality of wheat grains in tables (2, 3, and 4). This was agreed with the findings of \u003cstrong\u003eHammad and Ali (2014); Ismail and Amin (2014), Al-Shamary and Huthily (2019), Nossier (2021), Nurseha \u003cem\u003eet al. (2023),\u003c/em\u003e Yang \u003cem\u003eet al. (2024),\u003c/em\u003e and Ali \u003cem\u003eet al. (\u003c/em\u003e2024\u003c/strong\u003e). As well as, results of wheat straw in the percentage of N, proteins, P, and K in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e cleared that the highest significant values at T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e (OFAZ + YS 6 times/season as a foliar spraying on the whole plant) were 1.8, 0.44, 2.1, and 10.8%, respectively, as an average from both of two winter seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, respectively, more than the untreated once (T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e) control. The lowest significantly valued were 0.3, 0.2, 0.7, and 2.0% (respectively) as an average from both of two winter seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, in T1. The beneficial impact of the yeast extract was correlated to gibberellins, cytokinins, and auxins; they lead to encouraging the division of plant cells and development with the yeast extraction as a bio-supplement. It is able to produce essential amino acids, nitrogen, mineral components, and vitamins for inducing the powerful growth of crops. \u003cstrong\u003eEl-Tohamy et al. (2015), Aisha et al. (2018), Nossier (2021), Nurseha et al. (2023), Yang et al. (2024), and Ali et al. (2024)\u003c/strong\u003e all support these findings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4: Effect of Organic-Fertilizer (OFAZ) with bio-supplements (LAC, YS and CBE) on chemical components of wheat grains from both of two winters growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, respectively\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"707\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"12\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrain Wheat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitrogen%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProteins%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhosphorus%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePotassium%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarbohydrates %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStarch %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022/2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023/2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022/2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023/2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022/2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023/2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022/2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023/2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022/2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023/2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022/2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023/2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.97 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.9 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.6 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.2 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.0 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.27 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.30 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.3 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.5 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.7 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.4 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.9 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.57 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.1 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.6 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.5 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.5 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.7 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.07 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.90 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.6 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.2 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.7 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.0 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.9 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.40 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.5 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.7 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.5 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.2 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.77 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.90 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.1 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.8 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.4 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.9 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.4 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT.7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.27 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.4 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.6 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.4 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.9 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.9 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT.8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.63 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.40 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.6 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.9 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.1 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.0 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1= Inorganic N, P and K fertilizers at 100% (Control), T2 = OFAZ (45% of plant compost + 45% of chicken manure 10% of Azolla) at 100% (7 t/fed.); T3 = T2 + LAC (4 times/season) as a soil fertigation; T4 = T2 + LAC (6 times/season) as a soil fertigation; T5 = T2 + YS (4 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plants; T6 = T2 + YS (6 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plants; T7 = T2 + CBE (4 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plant and a soil fertigation together; T8 = T2 + CBE (6 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plant and a soil fertigation together \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5: Effect of Organic Fertilizer (OFAZ) with bio-supplements (LAC, YS and CBE) on chemical components of wheat straw in both of two winters growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024; respectively\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"648\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStraw Wheat\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNitrogen%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProteins%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhosphorus%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePotassium%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2022/2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023/2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2022/2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023/2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2022/2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023/2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2022/2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023/2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT.3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.1` d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.9 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.3 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.3 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT.6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.2 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.4 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT.7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.07 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT.8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.1 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL.S.D. 0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1= Inorganic N, P and K fertilizers at 100% (Control), T2 = OFAZ (45% of plant compost + 45% of chicken manure + 10% of Azolla) at 100% (7 t/fed.); T3 = T2 + LAC (4 times/season) as a soil fertigation; T4 = T2 + LAC (6 times/season) as a soil fertigation; T5 = T2 + YS (4 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plants; T6 = T2 + YS (6 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plants; T7 = T2 + CBE (4 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plant and a soil fertigation together; T8 = T2 + CBE (6 times/season) as a foliar spraying on plant and a soil fertigation together \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eResults from both of two winter growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, in this study confirm the importance of the mixture of organic fertilizers (OFAZ), chicken manure (45%), and plant compost (45%) with azolla (10%) to enrich essential amino acids, vitamins, plant regulators, hormones, and all required minerals for a good nutritional plant, enhance the vegetation, and increase total yields of wheat grains and straw and qualities. Results showed a significant superiority of plant length, spike length (cm), number of spikes/m², 1000-grain weight (g), total grains and straw yield t/fed., biological yield, and harvest index (HI %). Meanwhile, yeast extract (YS) spraying 6 times per season was superior in all characteristics of growth, total yield of grains and straw, and their qualities. The ultimate goal of this research is to find the best treatment: adding yeast extract 6 times per season as a spray on the whole plant and fertilizing with OFAZ at 7 tons fed\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e) to increase all traits of strategic wheat production. They are inexpensive and increase the total yield of grains and straw and quality with the lowest cost. This works to solve the huge amount of addition of inorganic fertilizers in agricultural problems for sustainable agriculture, food security, and decreased environmental hazard impact.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB) and the Science, Technology \u0026amp; Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) collaborate to offer open access funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of Competing Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors affirm that the article contains all pertinent information. Data from this study can be requested by contacting Galal Eliwa at [email protected]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode availability:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026apos;Not applicable\u0026apos; for that section.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExperimental research on plants, including collection of plant material, was performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAKA and GIE conceptualized and carried out; AKA methodology and collected the data; AKA and GIE analyzed the data; and AKA and GIE prepared the manuscript. \u0026nbsp;AKA, and GIE wrote, reviewed, and edited it, and all authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbd- El Samie, F.S.; Mohamed, M.A. Abdel-megeed, S.A. Yosra, M.E. El-Hassan and Hussein, H.H.M. (2022).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eEffect of cytokinin and yeast extract foliar application on wheat yield and its components (\u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e L.) under different levels of zinc. FJARD V. 36, NO. 1. PP. 59-70.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbd El-Hadi, S. M. H.; Ali, A.A.G.; Omar,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE. A.;\u0026nbsp;and El-Sobky,\u0026nbsp;E. E.\u0026nbsp;A. (2018).\u003c/strong\u003e Influence of sowing date, varietal\u0026nbsp;differences, and planting density on productivity of wheat crop (\u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e L.). Plant Production Science. Zagazig J. Agric. 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(2024).\u003c/strong\u003e Effect of lactic acid bacteria fermentation on plant-based products. fermentation, V. 10, NO. 48.\u0026nbsp;https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fermentatio\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Agriculture sustainable, bio-stimulants, organic fertilizers, wheat production","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6865025/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6865025/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis work aims to unveil newly organic fertilizers: a mix of 45% from both plant compost and chicken manure together and 10% Azolla (OFAZ) at 7 t/fed., with foliar spraying on plant or soil fertigation by bio-supplements: YS (yeast extract), CBE (the mixture of coffee powder, banana peels, and eggshells), and lactic acid bacteria (LAC), respectively, at 4 and 6 times per season for enhancing wheat 'Giza168' production. They offered them as bio-friendly fertilizers to increase the vegetative and wheat production for sustainable agriculture and food security. Two field experiments were conducted in a farm experiment at the Nubaria Agricultural Research Station during two winter growing seasons, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024. Eight treatments were applied to 4 replicates and arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Results revealed that vegetative growth, productivity, and quality parameters were increased in all organic treatments with bio-supplements. The highest significant values were plant length (121.2cm), number of spikes (559.3/m²), spike length (13cm), 1000-grain weight (57.8g), total yield of grains (3.4 tons fed), straw (5.2 tons fed), and biological yield (8.5 tons fed) at T6 (OFAZ+YS at 6 times/season as a foliar spraying on plants) more than inorganic treatment (T1) control. As well as the highest significant values of P, K, N, proteins, starch, and carbohydrate %, the grains and straw were exhibited at T6. Our study can be recommended using OFAZ + YS as a spray 6 times/season as a foliar spray on plants growing in sandy soil to increase wheat production of grains and straw, their quality, and minimize environmental hazard impact.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Sustainable Wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) Production Using Newly Organic Fertilizers and Bio-Biostimulants in sandy soil","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-30 11:38:44","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6865025/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9b149f5c-0330-4ddf-aab1-e005210ab200","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 30th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-30T11:38:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-30 11:38:44","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6865025","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6865025","identity":"rs-6865025","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}