Geoelectric field coast effect anomalous and geomagnetic pulse anti-phase near 35°N at mid-latitude during aurora onset

Geoelectric field coast effect anomalous and geomagnetic pulse anti-phase near 35°N at mid-latitude during aurora onset | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Geoelectric field coast effect anomalous and geomagnetic pulse anti-phase near 35°N at mid-latitude during aurora onset zhang xin, Xuemin Zhang, Tao Chen, Yuxin Bao, Tianren Zhong, Xiaoping Wu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7416122/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract During the geomagnetic storm on 24 April 2023, the rare auroras broke up and expanded in the northern part of the Chinese mainland, allowing the auroras to extend to mid-latitudes. It is an important opportunity to study the ground-based electromagnetic pulses response of geomagnetic storms and substorm onset in mid-latitude regions. This work focused on the coastal effects and pulse response in the mid-latitude based on large-scale ground-based geoelectric field (GEF) and geomagnetic field observations. Then it combines satellite data to interpret the mid-latitude geomagnetic pulse anti-phase anomaly and the distortion of the GEF due to the coast effect. The results indicate that: (1) there is a significant pulse disturbance when the main phase of the storm coincides with the lowest point of the H component. At this point, the pulse phase reverses around 35°N, becoming negative in the northern hemisphere and positive in the southern hemisphere; (2) the maximum amplitude of pulses in the NS component of the GEF also occurs near 35°N. The coastal effect on normal GEF pulses becomes disordered, causing the GEF vectors—which typically point inland near the coastline—to behave more erratically; (3) data from the Swarm satellites confirm an anomaly in ionospheric electron concentration near 35°N, along with the presence of a weak temperature zone in the upper atmosphere. These responses reflect the synchronous effect of prompt penetration electric fields on the mid-latitude midday ionosphere disturbance and the midnight substorm onset, which proves that the source of the mid-latitude electromagnetic pulse response anomaly during the auroral expansion is the correlation of multi-sphere layers and multi-physics fields coupling. The coast effect Mid-latitude region Geomagnetic storm Geoelectric field Full Text Supplementary Files SupplementaryMaterials.docx graphfigure.tif Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 15 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 02 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 29 Aug, 2025 Editorial decision: Major Revision 28 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7416122","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":515338984,"identity":"285ec484-3001-4ee7-bbce-a897d182703f","order_by":0,"name":"zhang 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onset","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"earth-planets-and-space","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"epsp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Earth, Planets and Space](http://earth-planets-space.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/epsp/default.aspx","title":"Earth, Planets and Space","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"The coast effect, Mid-latitude region, Geomagnetic storm, Geoelectric field","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7416122/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7416122/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the geomagnetic storm on 24 April 2023, the rare auroras broke up and expanded in the northern part of the Chinese mainland, allowing the auroras to extend to mid-latitudes. It is an important opportunity to study the ground-based electromagnetic pulses response of geomagnetic storms and substorm onset in mid-latitude regions. This work focused on the coastal effects and pulse response in the mid-latitude based on large-scale ground-based geoelectric field (GEF) and geomagnetic field observations. Then it combines satellite data to interpret the mid-latitude geomagnetic pulse anti-phase anomaly and the distortion of the GEF due to the coast effect. The results indicate that: (1) there is a significant pulse disturbance when the main phase of the storm coincides with the lowest point of the H component. At this point, the pulse phase reverses around 35\u0026deg;N, becoming negative in the northern hemisphere and positive in the southern hemisphere; (2) the maximum amplitude of pulses in the NS component of the GEF also occurs near 35\u0026deg;N. The coastal effect on normal GEF pulses becomes disordered, causing the GEF vectors\u0026mdash;which typically point inland near the coastline\u0026mdash;to behave more erratically; (3) data from the Swarm satellites confirm an anomaly in ionospheric electron concentration near 35\u0026deg;N, along with the presence of a weak temperature zone in the upper atmosphere. These responses reflect the synchronous effect of prompt penetration electric fields on the mid-latitude midday ionosphere disturbance and the midnight substorm onset, which proves that the source of the mid-latitude electromagnetic pulse response anomaly during the auroral expansion is the correlation of multi-sphere layers and multi-physics fields coupling.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Geoelectric field coast effect anomalous and geomagnetic pulse anti-phase near 35°N at mid-latitude during aurora onset","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-23 15:25:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7416122/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-09-16T01:33:45+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-15T13:10:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-02T14:52:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Earth, Planets and Space","date":"2025-08-29T22:44:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"decision","content":"Major Revision","date":"2025-08-28T09:32:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"earth-planets-and-space","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"epsp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Earth, Planets and Space](http://earth-planets-space.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/epsp/default.aspx","title":"Earth, Planets and Space","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b05d7d4c-14e7-474b-822b-0a80a3a8abbf","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 23rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-10T11:12:53+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-23 15:25:15","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7416122","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7416122","identity":"rs-7416122","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}