Point pattern analysis on spatially aggregated data

Point pattern analysis on spatially aggregated data | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Point pattern analysis on spatially aggregated data Yukio Sadahiro, Ikuho Yamada This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7586973/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Geographical Systems → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Point pattern analysis is a basic but essential analysis in geography and other fields. Point pattern analysis evaluates the spatial pattern of points using their locational data. Locational data, however, are not always available, especially when points represent individuals. Spatial units aggregate the information of individuals to keep their confidentiality, and existing methods of point pattern analysis cannot fully evaluate the spatial point pattern on spatially aggregated data. To fill the research gap, we propose a new method of point pattern analysis on spatially aggregated data. We consider the spatial patterns of points and labels, the latter of which is often called "marked" points in spatial statistics. We propose two statistics to evaluate these patterns, defined based on spatially aggregated data. We test the validity of the statistics through computational experiments. The results indicate the effectiveness of the statistics in a wide variety of situations. point pattern analysis spatially aggregated data spatial point pattern spatial label pattern Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Geographical Systems → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7586973","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":522304374,"identity":"cf0f698c-276f-4a91-bfa4-939cf5ebcb9f","order_by":0,"name":"Yukio 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data","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"point pattern analysis, spatially aggregated data, spatial point pattern, spatial label pattern","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7586973/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7586973/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePoint pattern analysis is a basic but essential analysis in geography and other fields. Point pattern analysis evaluates the spatial pattern of points using their locational data. Locational data, however, are not always available, especially when points represent individuals. Spatial units aggregate the information of individuals to keep their confidentiality, and existing methods of point pattern analysis cannot fully evaluate the spatial point pattern on spatially aggregated data. To fill the research gap, we propose a new method of point pattern analysis on spatially aggregated data. We consider the spatial patterns of points and labels, the latter of which is often called \"marked\" points in spatial statistics. We propose two statistics to evaluate these patterns, defined based on spatially aggregated data. We test the validity of the statistics through computational experiments. The results indicate the effectiveness of the statistics in a wide variety of situations.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Point pattern analysis on spatially aggregated data","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-01 09:04:40","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7586973/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"db1ec6ba-742b-4247-a129-db7ee56a1dbe","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-23T16:04:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7586973","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-026-00489-4","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-geographical-systems","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Geographical Systems"},"publishedOn":"2026-02-21 15:58:41","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 21st, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-01 09:04:40","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10109-026-00489-4","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-026-00489-4","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7586973","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7586973","identity":"rs-7586973","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}