Design -assisted spectrofluorometric method utilizing carbon quantum dots for the quantitation of some calcium channel blockers

Based on their reaction with highly fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDts), a precise and reliable spectrofluorometric approach was developed for the determination of three calcium channel blockers. The studied drugs are: lercanidipine, nimodipine and nifedipine. (CQDts) were produced using a one-step hydrothermal method with ascorbic acid as the carbon source. The produced CQDts were capped by alcohol to create yellow emitters displaying a high fluorescence emission at 524 nm when excited at 325 nm. The fluorescence intensity of CQDts was noticeably quenched by each of the three calcium channel blockers. The relation between their concentrations and fluorescence quenching is linear over the concentration range of 0.5–20 µg/mL for each of the three drugs. Full factorial design was used to optimize the effect of variable factors. Therefore, under optimum experimental design conditions, the detection limits for lercanidipine, nimodipine, and nifedipine were 0.11, 0.10, and 0.12 µg/mL, respectively. The LOQ were 0.33, 0.30 and 0.37 µg/mL respectively. The quenching of fluorescent CQDts occurred through inner filter effect (IFE) for nimodipine, while it was mixed with dynamic quenching for lercanidipine and nifedipine. The proposed method was effectively used to determine the cited drugs in their pharmaceutical products and had an acceptable level of precision. The selectivity of the CQDts system towards the studied drugs was examined indicating no interference from interfering species.