Upregulation of BMP1 through ncRNAs correlates with adverse outcomes and immune infiltration of clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for approximately 2-3% of all adult malignancies, Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), which comprises 70-80% of all RCC cases, is the most common histological subtype. Methods: ccRCC transcriptome data and clinical information were downloaded from the TCGA database. We used TCGA and GEPIA database to analyze the relative expression of BMP1 in various types of human cancer. In the meantime, GEPIA was used to perform survival analysis for BMP1 in various cancer types. Upstream binding miRNAs of BMP1 were obtained through several important target gene prediction tools. StarBase was used to predict candidate miRNA that could potentially bind to BMP1 and candidate lncRNAs that could potentially bind to hsa-miR-532-3p. We analyzed the association of the expression of BMP1 and immune cell infiltration level using TIMER website in ccRCC. Then, the relationship of BMP1 expression level and immune checkpoint expression level was also investigated. Results: BMP1 was upregulated in GBM, HNSC, KIRC, KIRP and STAD, and downregulated in KICH and PRAD. Combined with OS and DFS, BMP1 can be used as a biomarker for poor prognosis in patients with KIRC. Through expression analysis, survival analysis and correlation analysis, LINC00685, SLC16A1-AS1, PVT1, VPS9D1-AS1, SNHG15 and CCDC18-AS1/hsa-miR-532-3p/BMP1 axis was established as the most potential upstream ncRNA-related pathway of BMP1 in ccRCC. Furthermore, we found that BMP1 level was significantly positively correlated with tumor immune cell infiltration, biomarkers of immune cells, and immune checkpoint expression. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that ncRNAs-mediated high expression of BMP1 associated with poor prognosis and tumor immune infiltration in ccRCC.