Comparison of Torque between Different Diameters of Copper Rotor bar slot by Using FEM Software

Comparison of Torque between Different Diameters of Copper Rotor bar slot by Using FEM Software | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparison of Torque between Different Diameters of Copper Rotor bar slot by Using FEM Software zhuo tian This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4391942/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper presents the comparison of different rotor slot diameter which is designed by using FEM software.The parameter is than taken from 0.5HP AC induction motor with a 10 rotor slot by means of hardware experiment.The Parameter is used as the input for FEM for simulation purposes.The 0.5HP three phase induction motor is investigated by the differences of starting torque.This is because the design with smaller rotor slot can produce high starting torque and this is essential for high-inertia loads such as flywheel-equipped punch press,elevators and hoist as required by NEMA design D.Simulation analysis shows that the 4mm diameter of rotor slots have higher starting torque than the rest of the rotor slots which is 3.4NM. component FEM induction motor torque rotor bar slot rotor bar diameter Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 I.Introduction NEMA classifies polyphase induction motors according to locked rotor torque and current,breakdown torque,pull up torque and percent slip.Locked rotor torque is the minimum torque that the motor develops at rest for all angular positons of the rotor at rated vtltage and frequency.Locked rotor current is the steady state current from the line at rated voltage and frequency with the rotor locked.Breakdown torqe is the maximum torqe that the motor develops at rated voltage and frequency,without an abrupe drop in speed.Pull up torque is the minimum torque developed during period of acceleration from rest to the speed that breakdown torque occurs. Figure 1 illustrates typical speed-torque curves for NEMA Design A,B,C and D motors.Design A motors have a higher breakdown torque than the Design B motors and are usually designe for a specific use.Slip is 5% or less.Designed B motors account for most of the induction motors sold. Often referred to as general purpose motors and slip is 5% or less.Design C motors have high starting torque with normal starting current and low slip.This design is normally used where breakaway loads are high at starting.But normally run at rated full load,and are not subject to high overload demands after running speed has been reached.Slip is 5% or less.Design D motors exhibit high slip(5 to 13%),very high starting torque,low starting current,and low full load speed.Because of high slip,speed can drop when flucturating loads are encountered.This design is subdivided into several groups that vary according to slip or the shape of the speed-torque curve.These motors are usually available only on a special basis [1] . II.FEM modelling Figure 2 . shows the FEM design specification of the 0.5 HP induction motor millimeters.The overall rotal radius is 33.75mm.The following design is constructed using 3D CAD software.The radius of the rotor and shaft remains the same but the rotor slot is altered by adding up the size from 2,4,6,8,10 till 12 to obtain the best design with the bese efficiency as well as power factor and better starting torque.The design is then simulated using the FEM softwar.Certain aspect is considered such as the power factor,efficiency and starting torque which will be the point of discussion in this paper. Table1. Various Diameter of Rotor slot Diameter(d) 2mm 4mm 6mm 8mm 10mm 12mm Table 1 shows a round bar rotor slot type and the diameter of each slot that will be altered.The usage of this slot pattern is because it has a discrete “starting bar” isolated from the main body of the conductor bar by a “leakage slot”,are applicable to motors with high conductivity material in the rotor cage [2] .Beside that,this design of rotor bar has a higher locked rotor torque and a high slip.Its peinciple field of application is in high-incrtia loads such as flywheel-equipped punch presses,elevator,and hoists. Figure 3 shows the FEM model simulated by using the AC Analysis solver.The result is then arranged to Table 2 which comprises of the nameplate data for 0.5HP induction motor.Input such as motoe horse power,input voltage and frequency is inserted into the FEM software and the remaining result in Table 2 is the output from the Fem software. Table II. 0.5hp Induction Motor Nameplate for both Diameters Diameter of rotor slot(mm) 2 4 6 8 10 12 Frequency(Hz) 50 50 50 50 50 50 Voltage(V) 415 415 415 415 415 415 Speed(r.p.m) 1425 1425 1425 1425 1425 1425 Current(A) 0.52 0.55 0.65 0.84 1.08 1.33 Horsepower(HP) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Starting Torque(Nm) 3.15 3.4 2.0 1.2 0.75 0.55 The motor are design to have 36 stator and 10 rotor slots each with various diameter of rotor slot using copper.The FEM uses steady-state AC analysis solver for various diameter of rotoe slot design.Based on simulation,results from both diameters rotor slots are analysed and its properties differences are stated.In this simulation,copper conductivity is 5.77*10 7 sm −1 . The BH curve used for the 0.35mm thickness of non oriented electrical steel modeling had shown as Fig. 5 .The BH curve assigned to the FEM design is below 1.8T. III.Torque The comparison between different diameters of Copper Rotor Bar [3] is shown in Fig. 6 . Figure 6 which is the torque of various diameter of rotor slot using copper and the maximum magnetic flux density of both diameters is 1.8 Tesla base on the BH curve assign in Fig. 5 .Rotor bars made of copper conduct high ampere flow.An example is the small copper rotor bars that are used in high-slip motors.Their small gives them high resistance,which limits the amperes in the rotor winding this mean the diameter 4mm has a very high locked-rotor torque and high slip.It means the small rotor bars,located close to the surface of the rotor,will have ampere flow that nearly matches(in time)the stator amperes [4] .The rotor slot type called the round bars is Design D where representative cross sections of some NEMA-design rotors.The design D motor has a very high locked-rotor torque and high slip. Figure 6 shown that diameter 4mm has relatively high resistance,low-reactance rotor bars close to the surface. IV.Conclusion From the analysis,it shows that 4mm diameter of slot rotor has 3.4 Nm higher starting torque compare to other diameter rotor slot.Small rotor slot,located closed to the surface of the rotor,will have ampere flow that nearly matches the stator ampere.when this happen,the motor has a good phase angle (near 90 o ) between stator and rotor wingdings.Large rotor slot are surrounded by a lot of iron.Magnetizing the surrounding iron.causes a delay current flow in the bars.This delay in current flow in the rotor slot causes peak magnetism to occur later in the rotor poles.The result from these activities is a poor phase angle.Starting torque is a very important value when fitting a motor to a load and so it its proven by simulation that a rotor with a smaller rotor slot can produce high starting torque.This advantage makes rotor frame using 4mm slot rotor with copper a best choice for implementation of higher starting torque in the induction motor. Declarations Author Contribution This paper was independently completed by myself.I have no institutional e-mail address,only now I have [email protected] . References Y.Masao,K.Chikara,W.Takeaki,K.Takeshi,S.Noriyuki,”Electrical Steel Sheet for Traction Motors of Hybid/Electric Vehicles”Nippon Steel Technical Repors No 87 July 2003. Charles,I.H.(Ed.)(2002).Electric Machines:Theory,Operation,Applications,Adjustment and Control(Second ed.):Prentice Hall. S.C.Tan,F.M.Abbou,Ewe Hong Tat,”Selective Assign Shortest Path First(SASPF) algorithm for RWA in the presence of Four Wave Mixing”,IET Communications,7(3),pp.1097-1102,July 2008. Feng Qiu,Junghoo Cho,”Automatic identification of user interest for personalized search”,Proceedings of the 15th international conference on World wide web,pp.727-736,2006. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4391942","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":311071901,"identity":"1f5dc4cf-2881-4579-8ba5-a114afe4d6af","order_by":0,"name":"zhuo tian","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABBUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZghlwCABoRj4mZkPPyBNi2Q7W5oBMZZBtYBY53kUJPAqPc788NGNmnvG8rObHz54U3DHbvNhHqABNTbRuLRINrMZG+ccKzYzuHPM2HCOwbPkbYd5DzxgOJaW24BDCz8zg5l0DluCjYFEgpk0j8HhZLPDfAkGjA2HcWphY2b/Jp3zL8FGfkb6N7AW42YeAwl8WviZecykc9sSzBhu5IBtsTNgJqBFspmn2Di3L8HY4EZOMdAvhxMkDgMDOQGPXwzOH9/4OOdbguH8GekbH7z5c9iev//w4QcfamxwakEFPAwMiWCVCUQph2qxJ1rxKBgFo2AUjBgAAJgXVbFCJUisAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"zhuo","middleName":"","lastName":"tian","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-09 01:53:49","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4391942/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4391942/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":57945994,"identity":"1a376897-8188-4248-8366-416e4972551a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-07 19:50:24","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":69192,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTypical speed-torque characteristics for Design A,B,C and D motors.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4391942/v1/e0a79b8ded5824fb285aba57.png"},{"id":57945601,"identity":"d10a5221-edf4-4d90-a37a-c239e066bb68","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-07 19:42:24","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44146,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRotor slot of 10mm\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4391942/v1/6ecdfcfa933430081b7911ed.png"},{"id":57945604,"identity":"aaf21f95-0578-452e-9079-8a43a45f37e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-07 19:42:24","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":129396,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe FEM model of 0.5HP Induction Motor using 8mm rotor slot size\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4391942/v1/0d69afbf1f0ec6e102f3dfb3.png"},{"id":57945602,"identity":"dadaf54c-b097-45e9-8f14-0054b523a4da","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-07 19:42:24","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50909,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEquivalent circuit of 0.5HP induction motor\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4391942/v1/6004a18c5ec2b00fc7c701fa.png"},{"id":57945599,"identity":"fc24d4fd-c749-48c7-bb1d-10c2064084fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-07 19:42:24","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":72737,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBH curve for 0.35mm thicknesses and both diameters of material\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4391942/v1/590cff4deb99e21da8be4ca4.png"},{"id":57945603,"identity":"a8259130-33be-4663-9e35-c02132c72634","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-07 19:42:24","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":164163,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStarting torque for various diameter of rotor slot design\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIV.Conclusion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4391942/v1/19f33ce8f01d760d7febf961.png"},{"id":65345704,"identity":"9a84408c-46e9-46d7-865f-b2fcd1c9c341","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-26 09:39:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":753450,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4391942/v1/79edf0b5-537d-44e3-90ba-522683add6ac.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Comparison of Torque between Different Diameters of Copper Rotor bar slot by Using FEM Software","fulltext":[{"header":"I.Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eNEMA classifies polyphase induction motors according to locked rotor torque and current,breakdown torque,pull up torque and percent slip.Locked rotor torque is the minimum torque that the motor develops at rest for all angular positons of the rotor at rated vtltage and frequency.Locked rotor current is the steady state current from the line at rated voltage and frequency with the rotor locked.Breakdown torqe is the maximum torqe that the motor develops at rated voltage and frequency,without an abrupe drop in speed.Pull up torque is the minimum torque developed during period of acceleration from rest to the speed that breakdown torque occurs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e illustrates typical speed-torque curves for NEMA Design A,B,C and D motors.Design A motors have a higher breakdown torque than the Design B motors and are usually designe for a specific use.Slip is 5% or less.Designed B motors account for most of the induction motors sold. Often referred to as general purpose motors and slip is 5% or less.Design C motors have high starting torque with normal starting current and low slip.This design is normally used where breakaway loads are high at starting.But normally run at rated full load,and are not subject to high overload demands after running speed has been reached.Slip is 5% or less.Design D motors exhibit high slip(5 to 13%),very high starting torque,low starting current,and low full load speed.Because of high slip,speed can drop when flucturating loads are encountered.This design is subdivided into several groups that vary according to slip or the shape of the speed-torque curve.These motors are usually available only on a special basis\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"II.FEM modelling","content":"\u003cp\u003eFigure\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. shows the FEM design specification of the 0.5 HP induction motor millimeters.The overall rotal radius is 33.75mm.The following design is constructed using 3D CAD software.The radius of the rotor and shaft remains the same but the rotor slot is altered by adding up the size from 2,4,6,8,10 till 12 to obtain the best design with the bese efficiency as well as power factor and better starting torque.The design is then simulated using the FEM softwar.Certain aspect is considered such as the power factor,efficiency and starting torque which will be the point of discussion in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable1. Various Diameter of Rotor slot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.66795366795367%\" rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg width=\"125\" src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/127393_c7e80a1c9bb65875/127393_custom_files/img1717789234.png\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.33204633204633%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiameter(d)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows a round bar rotor slot type and the diameter of each slot that will be altered.The usage of this slot pattern is because it has a discrete \u0026ldquo;starting bar\u0026rdquo; isolated from the main body of the conductor bar by a \u0026ldquo;leakage slot\u0026rdquo;,are applicable to motors with high conductivity material in the rotor cage\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c/sup\u003e.Beside that,this design of rotor bar has a higher locked rotor torque and a high slip.Its peinciple field of application is in high-incrtia loads such as flywheel-equipped punch presses,elevator,and hoists.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the FEM model simulated by using the AC Analysis solver.The result is then arranged to Table\u0026nbsp;2 which comprises of the nameplate data for 0.5HP induction motor.Input such as motoe horse power,input voltage and frequency is inserted into the FEM software and the remaining result in Table\u0026nbsp;2 is the output from the Fem software.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable II. 0.5hp Induction Motor Nameplate for both Diameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiameter of rotor slot(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency(Hz)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVoltage(V)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e415\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e415\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e415\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e415\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e415\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e415\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpeed(r.p.m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1425\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1425\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1425\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1425\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1425\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1425\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrent(A)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorsepower(HP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStarting Torque(Nm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe motor are design to have 36 stator and 10 rotor slots each with various diameter of rotor slot using copper.The FEM uses steady-state AC analysis solver for various diameter of rotoe slot design.Based on simulation,results from both diameters rotor slots are analysed and its properties differences are stated.In this simulation,copper conductivity is 5.77*10\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003esm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe BH curve used for the 0.35mm thickness of non oriented electrical steel modeling had shown as Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.The BH curve assigned to the FEM design is below 1.8T.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"III.Torque","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe comparison between different diameters of Copper Rotor Bar\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c/sup\u003e is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e which is the torque of various diameter of rotor slot using copper and the maximum magnetic flux density of both diameters is 1.8 Tesla base on the BH curve assign in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.Rotor bars made of copper conduct high ampere flow.An example is the small copper rotor bars that are used in high-slip motors.Their small gives them high resistance,which limits the amperes in the rotor winding this mean the diameter 4mm has a very high locked-rotor torque and high slip.It means the small rotor bars,located close to the surface of the rotor,will have ampere flow that nearly matches(in time)the stator amperes\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c/sup\u003e.The rotor slot type called the round bars is Design D where representative cross sections of some NEMA-design rotors.The design D motor has a very high locked-rotor torque and high slip. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shown that diameter 4mm has relatively high resistance,low-reactance rotor bars close to the surface.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"IV.Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eFrom the analysis,it shows that 4mm diameter of slot rotor has 3.4 Nm higher starting torque compare to other diameter rotor slot.Small rotor slot,located closed to the surface of the rotor,will have ampere flow that nearly matches the stator ampere.when this happen,the motor has a good phase angle (near 90\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e) between stator and rotor wingdings.Large rotor slot are surrounded by a lot of iron.Magnetizing the surrounding iron.causes a delay current flow in the bars.This delay in current flow in the rotor slot causes peak magnetism to occur later in the rotor poles.The result from these activities is a poor phase angle.Starting torque is a very important value when fitting a motor to a load and so it its proven by simulation that a rotor with a smaller rotor slot can produce high starting torque.This advantage makes rotor frame using 4mm slot rotor with copper a best choice for implementation of higher starting torque in the induction motor.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis paper was independently completed by myself.I have no institutional e-mail address,only now I have [email protected].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eY.Masao,K.Chikara,W.Takeaki,K.Takeshi,S.Noriyuki,\u0026rdquo;Electrical Steel Sheet for Traction Motors of Hybid/Electric Vehicles\u0026rdquo;Nippon Steel Technical Repors No 87 July 2003.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCharles,I.H.(Ed.)(2002).Electric Machines:Theory,Operation,Applications,Adjustment and Control(Second ed.):Prentice Hall.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eS.C.Tan,F.M.Abbou,Ewe Hong Tat,\u0026rdquo;Selective Assign Shortest Path First(SASPF) algorithm for RWA in the presence of Four Wave Mixing\u0026rdquo;,IET Communications,7(3),pp.1097-1102,July 2008.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFeng Qiu,Junghoo Cho,\u0026rdquo;Automatic identification of user interest for personalized search\u0026rdquo;,Proceedings of the 15th international conference on World wide web,pp.727-736,2006.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"component, FEM, induction motor, torque, rotor bar slot, rotor bar diameter","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4391942/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4391942/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper presents the comparison of different rotor slot diameter which is designed by using FEM software.The parameter is than taken from 0.5HP AC induction motor with a 10 rotor slot by means of hardware experiment.The Parameter is used as the input for FEM for simulation purposes.The 0.5HP three phase induction motor is investigated by the differences of starting torque.This is because the design with smaller rotor slot can produce high starting torque and this is essential for high-inertia loads such as flywheel-equipped punch press,elevators and hoist as required by NEMA design D.Simulation analysis shows that the 4mm diameter of rotor slots have higher starting torque than the rest of the rotor slots which is 3.4NM.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparison of Torque between Different Diameters of Copper Rotor bar slot by Using FEM Software","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-07 19:42:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4391942/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"bbcf42a5-2091-4288-8b2c-246ca1a82d92","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 7th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-09-26T09:39:13+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-07 19:42:19","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4391942","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4391942","identity":"rs-4391942","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}