Synthesis Optimization and SNEDDS Formulation of 1-(2,5-Dihydroxyphenyl)-(3-pyridin-2- yl)-propenone: Enhanced In Vitro Cytotoxicity on HeLa Cells

Synthesis Optimization and SNEDDS Formulation of 1-(2,5-Dihydroxyphenyl)-(3-pyridin-2- yl)-propenone: Enhanced In Vitro Cytotoxicity on HeLa Cells | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Synthesis Optimization and SNEDDS Formulation of 1-(2,5-Dihydroxyphenyl)-(3-pyridin-2- yl)-propenone: Enhanced In Vitro Cytotoxicity on HeLa Cells Andy Eko Wibowo, Citra Ariani Edityaningrum, Siti Khoirunnisa, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7089400/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective This study aims to optimize the synthesis conditions (catalyst concentration and reaction time) to improve yield, enhance compound purity, and establish an equation for yield calculation. Additionally, the synthesized compound was tested in vitro on HeLa cells to assess its pharmacological activity against cervical cancer. Methods The synthesis was conducted using 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone and pyridine-2-carbaldehyde in a basic medium (Na 2 CO 3 ) under microwave irradiation at 70°C for 45 minutes. Variations in Na 2 CO 3 concentration (0.0001 to 0.001 mol) and reaction time (30 to 90 minutes) were explored. The purity of the compound was evaluated using TLC and melting point analysis. In vitro cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay. Key Findings : The TLC test revealed a single spot, and the melting point (185.5°C – 186.1°C) confirmed purity. The optimized catalyst concentration (0.0006 mol Na₂CO₃) yielded 43.33% after purification, while the optimal reaction time (75 minutes) resulted in a 74.44% yield. The in vitro assay demonstrated that the SNEDDS formulation significantly enhanced cytotoxic activity, with an IC₅₀ of 2.6 µg/mL, compared to the non-SNEDDS formulation, which exhibited an IC₅₀ of 4.17 µg/mL. This suggests that SNEDDS improved drug solubility and cellular uptake, resulting in enhanced anticancer potency against HeLa cells. Conclusion This study successfully optimized the synthesis of 1-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-(3-pyridin-2-yl)-propenone, improving its yield and purity. Furthermore, the SNEDDS formulation significantly increased cytotoxic efficacy, highlighting the compound’s potential as promising anticancer agent for cervical cancer treatment. Biological sciences/Cancer Biological sciences/Chemical biology Physical sciences/Chemistry Biological sciences/Drug discovery Bioactivity chalcone cytotoxicity HeLa cells SNEDDS synthesis Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7089400","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":492172287,"identity":"8d8151e6-8c30-4ae5-b0e3-5571e360416a","order_by":0,"name":"Andy Eko 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yl)-propenone: Enhanced In Vitro Cytotoxicity on HeLa Cells","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Bioactivity, chalcone, cytotoxicity, HeLa cells, SNEDDS, synthesis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7089400/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7089400/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to optimize the synthesis conditions (catalyst concentration and reaction time) to improve yield, enhance compound purity, and establish an equation for yield calculation. Additionally, the synthesized compound was tested in vitro on HeLa cells to assess its pharmacological activity against cervical cancer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe synthesis was conducted using 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone and pyridine-2-carbaldehyde in a basic medium (Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) under microwave irradiation at 70\u0026deg;C for 45 minutes. Variations in Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e concentration (0.0001 to 0.001 mol) and reaction time (30 to 90 minutes) were explored. The purity of the compound was evaluated using TLC and melting point analysis. In vitro cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay. \u003cb\u003eKey Findings\u003c/b\u003e: The TLC test revealed a single spot, and the melting point (185.5\u0026deg;C \u0026ndash; 186.1\u0026deg;C) confirmed purity. The optimized catalyst concentration (0.0006 mol Na₂CO₃) yielded 43.33% after purification, while the optimal reaction time (75 minutes) resulted in a 74.44% yield. The in vitro assay demonstrated that the SNEDDS formulation significantly enhanced cytotoxic activity, with an IC₅₀ of 2.6 \u0026micro;g/mL, compared to the non-SNEDDS formulation, which exhibited an IC₅₀ of 4.17 \u0026micro;g/mL. This suggests that SNEDDS improved drug solubility and cellular uptake, resulting in enhanced anticancer potency against HeLa cells.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study successfully optimized the synthesis of 1-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-(3-pyridin-2-yl)-propenone, improving its yield and purity. Furthermore, the SNEDDS formulation significantly increased cytotoxic efficacy, highlighting the compound\u0026rsquo;s potential as promising anticancer agent for cervical cancer treatment.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Synthesis Optimization and SNEDDS Formulation of 1-(2,5-Dihydroxyphenyl)-(3-pyridin-2- yl)-propenone: Enhanced In Vitro Cytotoxicity on HeLa Cells","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-31 19:59:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7089400/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"292071be-8dd8-4c12-a8cf-0bb16132dbac","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 31st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":52256404,"name":"Biological sciences/Cancer"},{"id":52256405,"name":"Biological sciences/Chemical biology"},{"id":52256406,"name":"Physical sciences/Chemistry"},{"id":52256407,"name":"Biological sciences/Drug discovery"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-22T14:38:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-31 19:59:00","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7089400","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7089400","identity":"rs-7089400","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}