How Smart Can Museums Be? The Role of Cutting-Edge Technologies in Making Modern Museums Smarter

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The Role of Cutting-Edge Technologies in Making Modern Museums Smarter", "datePublished": "2025-05-07T07:43:59", "dateModified": "2025-11-26T06:22:20", "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Charis Avlonitou" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Eirini Papadaki" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Androniki Kavoura" } ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "F1000Research", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 480, "width": 60 } }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 1200, "width": 150 }, "description": "Despite extensive research on technology-mediated visitor experiences, a holistic approach to the smart museum remains underexplored. This paper addresses the gap by examining novel technologies through a cultural lens, particularly their role in enhancing modern museums. We defined the concept and profile of the 21st-century smart museum based on a synthesis of findings from 83 papers and museum reports (2014–2024) on the modern museum, the museum experience, and the integration of innovative technologies. , Of these, 54 articles focused on six main technology categories—Extended Reality (XR), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), Robots, Fusion, and others (Blockchain, Holography)—were reviewed. From the intersection of museums and technology in the digital era, 15 key characteristics emerged, outlining the ideal smart museum. This paper aims to serve as a framework and guide for cultural managers, museum professionals, and designers in creating and implementing smart museums." } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-480/v1", "name": "How Smart Can Museums Be? The Role of Cutting-Edge Technologies in..." } } ] } Home Browse How Smart Can Museums Be? The Role of Cutting-Edge Technologies in... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Avlonitou C, Papadaki E and Kavoura A. How Smart Can Museums Be? The Role of Cutting-Edge Technologies in Making Modern Museums Smarter [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :480 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.156212.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Review How Smart Can Museums Be? The Role of Cutting-Edge Technologies in Making Modern Museums Smarter [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] Charis Avlonitou 1 , Eirini Papadaki https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6971-5619 1 , Androniki Kavoura 2 Charis Avlonitou 1 , Eirini Papadaki https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6971-5619 1 , Androniki Kavoura 2 PUBLISHED 07 May 2025 Author details Author details 1 Department of Business Administration and Tourism, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Greece 2 Department of Business Administration, University of West Attica, Athens, Attica, Greece Charis Avlonitou Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Eirini Papadaki Roles: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Androniki Kavoura Roles: Conceptualization, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the HEAL1000 gateway. Abstract Despite extensive research on technology-mediated visitor experiences, a holistic approach to the smart museum remains underexplored. This paper addresses the gap by examining novel technologies through a cultural lens, particularly their role in enhancing modern museums. We defined the concept and profile of the 21st-century smart museum based on a synthesis of findings from 83 papers and museum reports (2014–2024) on the modern museum, the museum experience, and the integration of innovative technologies. , Of these, 54 articles focused on six main technology categories—Extended Reality (XR), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), Robots, Fusion, and others (Blockchain, Holography)—were reviewed. From the intersection of museums and technology in the digital era, 15 key characteristics emerged, outlining the ideal smart museum. This paper aims to serve as a framework and guide for cultural managers, museum professionals, and designers in creating and implementing smart museums. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords the smart museum, the 21st-century museum, smart museum's profile Corresponding Author(s) Charis Avlonitou ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Charis Avlonitou Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Avlonitou C et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Avlonitou C, Papadaki E and Kavoura A. How Smart Can Museums Be? The Role of Cutting-Edge Technologies in Making Modern Museums Smarter [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :480 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.156212.1 ) First published: 07 May 2025, 14 :480 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.156212.1 ) Latest published: 26 Nov 2025, 14 :480 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.156212.2 )  There is a newer version of this article available. Suppress this message for one day. Introduction In our rapidly transforming 21st-century society, the image and role of the museum as we knew it until now are gradually changing, thanks, mainly, to the exploitation of the potential of new emerging technologies. The catalytic experience of the COVID-19 pandemic, which dealt a significant blow to museums by threatening their very viability ( UNESCO report 2021 ), drastically changed the pace and intensity of the digitization of museum collections and the exploitation of the Web 2.0 ( Corona 2021 ), especially social media (SM), consolidating online marketing strategies and unleashing the enormous potential of “digital engagement” ( Crooke 2020 ). While technological developments accelerate at a frenetic pace towards Web 3.0 and 4.0, heralding the completion and expansion of social transformation through symbiotic human-machine interaction, the cultural managers of this traditionally conservative institution are increasingly convinced of the necessity for them to find new forms of “intelligent” or “smart” management, using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) ( Trunfio et al. 2021 ). Thus, they hope to optimise museum operation and visitor experience, increase sustainability and competitiveness, and contribute to social welfare and development. In this context, numerous studies of the last decades and especially after 2017, mostly pilot ones, focus on a variety of new technologies that find application in museums attempting to upgrade them to smarter ones, while others concentrate on the multifarious and constantly evolving types of technology themselves ( Shah, Fathihin and Ghazali 2018 , Ch’ng et al. 2019 , Lu et al. 2023 ). However, although there has been extensive research on technology-mediated visitor experience in recent decades, the issue of a holistic approach to the smart museum has attracted only limited attention ( Lu et al. 2023 , Pérez 2023 ). Thus, it was deemed appropriate and largely necessary to theoretically and holistically explore the concept of the smart museum, the new generation of museums that succeeds the traditional and the digital, in its entire diverse spectrum, viewing it through the cultural lens. Based on the above purpose, we have defined the following main research objectives: (1) To explore the relationship between the post-war evolution of the museum institution and its new identity. (2) To define the concept of the smart museum. (3) To outline the profile of a holistically smart contemporary museum as it emerges through the exploration of both the utilization of cutting-edge technologies and its current identity. The objectives of our study encompass its key parameters, which also serve as research questions. To address these questions, we explored two main topics: the museum’s transformation over the past 50 years, shaping its current identity, and the adoption of cutting-edge technologies that define its future profile in the 21st century. Specifically, to understand the modern museum’s identity in the third decade of the 21st century, we examined the socio-economic developments that influenced the institution in the post-war era, particularly from the 1980s onward. We also analyzed the digital transformation and integration of new technologies in museum management, through which we could further delineate the concept of the emerging smart museum of the 21st century, tracing its overall profile in its ideal future version. Background research As a constantly evolving social institution and structure, the museum is continually changing, in direct relation to the surrounding reality. A milestone in its development, after the war, was the emergence of New Museology in the 1980s, a time when the focus of interest in modern museum studies began to shift from collections to the public and society, while the museum from object-centered and curator-centered began to become more and more visitor-centered ( Chen, Ho and Ho 2006 ). The cultural shift of this era and the emphasis on the study of visual culture through the development of interdisciplinary disciplines such as “visual semiotics” seriously shook the - dominant until the 1960s-1970s – bourgeois view of the museum, according to which museum objects and art objects, par excellence, possessed an intrinsic value, eloquent for a select elite ( Sifaki 2015 ). At the same time, it marked the transition from the search for inherent universal principles based on the aesthetic concepts of the Enlightenment to the inclusion of aesthetic aspects in the context of cultural functioning and their correlation to power structures ( Cagliostro 2020 ). Museums were then seen as representatives of an aesthetic attitude that encouraged inequality, betraying their “real function”, which, as Bourdieu observed, was to enhance “for some the feeling of belonging and for others the feeling of exclusion” ( Bourdieu, Darbel, and Schnapper 1991 , 112). Faced with a multi-layered criticism and the “existential crisis” it triggered, cultural managers felt the need to rethink how they manage and promote museum collections, orienting more than ever to all kinds of potential audiences ( Cagliostro 2020 ). The transformation of the perception of the museum’s role in society was similarly facilitated by the gradual collapse of the notion of mass culture as a uniformly passive, easily manipulated consumer public. This idea, largely established by prominent figures of the Frankfurt School ( Adorno 2000 , Arendt 1994 ), has increasingly been challenged ( Paschalidis 2002a ). The development and spread of Cultural Studies, particularly through the University of Birmingham and the influence of Marxist sociologists and other intellectuals like Stuart Hall, Raymond Williams, Umberto Eco, and Herbert Gans, played a crucial role in shifting cultural mentality. This movement challenged the notion of passive consumers, emphasised the significance of popular culture, and promoted the view of cultures as dynamic, reconfigurable systems in which cultural consumers can interpret messages in diverse ways ( Williams 1989 , Gans 1974 , Paschalidis 2002a ). The pressing economic imperatives that followed the reduction of government support for state-subsidised museums from the 1980s onwards, decisively contributed to this shift toward the public ( Chabouri-Ioannidou 2003 , 28), which was also in response to demographic and generational change in the society of the time ( Lu et al. 2023 ). Since then, public museums have increasingly adopted extroversion and the “consumer model” of management by expanding and enriching their activities, competing, thus, with other “leisure industries” ( Desvallées and Mairesse 2014 , 22, 28). In addition, the evolution of educational theories and the transition from a linear-didactic and teacher-centered to a two-way learning model, or in other words, from a positivist-behaviorist to a constructivist approach, were gradually imprinted on the form of the modern museum institution ( Hooper-Greenhill 1999 ). The constructivist learning model focuses on both the transmitter and the receiver of the message, since knowledge does not arise as a result of the transmission of a pre-existing intrinsic meaning but as a result of a fluid and non-finite “participatory process”, in the construction of which the viewer actively participates (ibid). The so-called cultural approach, which has found appeal and tends to be widely adopted by the postmodern museum, focuses on how interpretation varies according to visitors’ gender, ethnicity, social class, educational level, personal knowledge, and culture ( Hooper-Greenhill 2000 ). Furthermore, the recognition of the dominant role culture plays in development – another important socio-economic factor – has influenced the transformation of the museum into a critical space that encourages dialogue around values and questions directly related to the community it represents. After the failure of the economic-centric model of industrialised Western societies and the collapse of the “myth of development” – most noticeable in the 1970s and 1980s – the human community realised that technological and economic development must be in harmony with social welfare and respect nature, the diversity of human existence and the heterogeneity of cultural traditions, values, and identities ( Morin 1998 , 534-545, Paschalidis 2002b ). This awareness was reinforced by the unprecedented expansion of the very concept of culture, which in 1982 was recognised within the international community as a multifaceted and complex phenomenon, extending from biodiversity and landscape to living experience and all the varied, contradictory and heterogeneous aspects of life ( Mexico City Declaration 1982 ). Within the same community, a culture-centered approach that places the human community at the center of the development process was adopted and crystallised in a series of normative texts in the early decades of the 21st century, particularly after the catalytic events of 9/11. These documents formulate the framework of a new ethic of safeguarding and promoting intercultural dialogue and sustainable development, as defined based on the UN’s 2030 Agenda for joint social, environmental, and economic action ( United Nations 2015 ). As the transformation of the museum institution is reflected in the evolution of its definitions of the period 1946-2022, the most recent of them indicates the new pluralistic, and complex - compared to the traditional - role of the modern museum in society ( Lehmannová 2020 ). According to it, museum “researches, collects, conserves, interprets and exhibits tangible and intangible heritage”, is “open” to the public, “accessible and inclusive”, fosters “diversity and sustainability”, operates and communicates “ethically, professionally and with the participation of communities, offering varied experiences for education, enjoyment, reflection and knowledge sharing” ( ICOM 2022 ). In this context, museum functions combine the traditional functions of acquisition, conservation, and research with management and the more visible function of communication (which includes education-mediation, entertainment, and exhibition). Communication, not traditionally included in the main museum functions, gradually evolved during the late 20th century into the main focus and driving force of its operation ( Desvallées and Mairesse 2014 , 21, 60-61). Admittedly, in this new, multifunctional and broad-oriented modern museum, where the complexity of contemporary postmodern society is reflected, the role of technology is catalytic. In more detail, the digital revolution is the last but far from insignificant socio-economic development that contributed drastically – and still contributes - to shaping the identity of the modern museum. Indeed, the emergence of the new trend of using ICT to promote user interaction, in the late 90s, found full expression in the participatory online cultures of Web 2.0 and especially SM ( Refae 2022 ). Thus, the cultural recycling of material available on the internet was mixed with people’s daily lives and creative elements, which effortlessly led to a new democratised form of participatory popular culture consumption and production, which included everything as common property and heritage of humanity-audience and educated an audience whose perception was multiplying and expanding relentlessly and feverishly thanks to the internet ( Beer and Burrows 2010 , 7, 10-11). Notwithstanding, the museum sector has indeed been until recently more hesitant and relatively reluctant to follow the digital transformation process compared to other sectors, such as the tourism industry ( Pérez 2023 ). However, the technological development and innovations of the first decades of the 21st century, such as the emergence of smart mobile phones, developments in computer graphics or software and hardware developments in extended technologies, combined with the aforementioned socio-economic developments and lessons learned since the recent pandemic that has accelerated the digitization processes of the museum, have significantly contributed to the gradual adoption of new technologies by cultural managers ( Margetis et al. 2020 , Avlonitou and Papadaki 2024 ). Thus, recently, especially in the last decade (with exponential progress from 2017 onwards), many studies have come to light, where researchers propose innovative designs or applications and smart solutions applicable in one or even more museums ( Lu et al. 2023 ). Scholars investigate “smart learning environments” ( Kasperiuniene and Tandzegolskiene 2020 , Pan, Zhang, and Yang 2022 ), and “intelligent cultural spaces” ( Chianese, Piccialli, and Valente 2015 ), the utilization of a fusion of technologies towards a specific type of a “smart museum” ( Siountri, Skondras, and Vergados 2019 ), the digital design of a “smart museum based on AI” ( Wang 2021 ), IoT-based smart museums ( Mighali et al. 2015 , Korzun et al. 2016 , Spachos and Plataniotis 2020 ), cognitive robots for smart museums ( Saggese, Vento, and Vigilante 2019 ), “smart things” ( Bessaa, Levillain, and Tijus 2020 ), “smart objects” ( López-Martínez, Carrera, and Iglesias 2020 ) and “smart showcases” ( Bhattacharya 2019 ), the “engineering of smart museum ontology” ( Zachila et al. 2021 ), “smart navigations systems” ( Khan et al. 2021 ), issues of satisfaction and loyalty in the smart museum ( Zhang and Abd Rahman 2022 ) and many other options. Actually, scholars examine aspects of the smart museum mainly in terms of technology and equipment, as an information service, or in terms of their impact on visitor experience and behavior, while even evaluation criteria for smart museums have been proposed exclusively related to the satisfaction of visitors ( Liu and Guo 2023 ). At the same time, the label of “smart” is currently indiscriminately applied to any integration of new technologies in the museum space, betraying ambiguity and heterogeneity in its use ( Pérez 2023 ). We reviewed 83 publications on the smart museum concept through a cultural lens, including relevant museum practices. These publications generally address the integration of new technologies and theoretical issues in modern museums (29 articles), covering six key categories of cutting-edge technologies used in museums: Extended Reality (XR) [24 articles], Artificial Intelligence (AI) [9 articles], Internet of Things (IoT) [7 articles], Robots [7 articles], Fusion [5 articles], and Blockchain and Holography [2 articles]. Of the studies reviewed, ten were published between 2014 and 2016, with the majority published between 2017 and 2024. Surprisingly, there is a scarcity or lack of holistic models regarding the concept of a smart museum through a cultural lens. Furthermore, there is not a one-size-fits-all definition of the smart museum and the latter is usually integrated into the more general view of intelligent space or simply associated with smart technology. As an exception, Liu and Guo (2023) correlate the smart museum with three aspects, namely protection, management, and service, while Pérez (2023) adopts a more holistic view proposing a model of smart management, which is inspired by and depends on the Spanish model of tourism development SEGITTUR. According to Pérez’s model for museums, a smart museum is a museum “that makes a transversal incorporation of inclusive strategies and Information and Communication Technologies in all functional levels to obtain an efficient and sustainable management” ( Pérez 2023 ). The model is namely based on functions related to “the visitor experience”, “conservation and management”, and “marketing and communication strategies”, including Technology, Sustainability, Governance, Accessibility, and Innovation and thus incorporating the five smart axes currently applied to the management of smart destinations as adopted by the above-mentioned tourism management model (ibid). In another approach, we attempt to examine the contemporary physiognomy of the museum as dictated by recent developments in the museum institution and relate it to the findings of the literature based on the integration of new technologies in museums. Thus, we proceed to fully define the concept of the smart museum by formulating the following definition: A smart museum is a museum that optimises all its operations and functions through the appropriate use of ICT, staying aligned with the digital age, its mission and the needs of a widened, diverse and inclusive audience, while mobilizing their intelligence, encouraging their interaction with the museum, with each other and with other communities, and focusing on both museum exhibits and on broader social issues. The above definition becomes more readable in the diagram below ( Figure 1 ), which visualises and distributes the characteristics of the smart museum identity into four categories, the last two of which refer, characteristically, to the function of communication: alignment with museum mission (mission-oriented, sustainable), the digital age (modern-innovative), and the visitors’ needs (accessible, relevant, and attractive to an extensive audience), as well as mobilizing of individual and collective intelligence (of people and local communities). We are going to analyze these features further below. Figure 1. The smart museum diagram Methods Our investigation was based on an extensive literature review, secondary data classification, and analysis, interpretation, and synthesis methods. The research synthesis method, defined as “a tool for understanding a body of literature and characteristics that enhance or diminish relationships of interest” ( Steingut, Patall, and Fong 2022 ), was employed to capture the global state of research on the smart museum concept. This method focused on the integration of cutting-edge technologies in contemporary museums and aimed to provide a clear overview of the smart museum’s profile through a cultural lens. More specifically, the definition of the three main research objectives described above was followed by a comprehensive literature search, involving multiple and complex queries across various available databases, specifically Google Scholar, Scopus, Emerald Insight, ScienceDirect, Springer Link, and ResearchGate. In addition, the MuseWeb database, an annual global conference where advanced research studies and applications of digital practice and innovation in museums are published, was explored and papers relevant to the research topic were gleaned. The studies were evaluated for their relevance to the predefined research objectives. The material was thematically classified into distinct study groups and subgroups based on qualitative similarities. The collected data were processed, analyzed, and interpreted by inductive and deductive methods with explanatory, descriptive, interpretive, and exploratory purposes. Papers, sites or documents (83 publications) referring to the utilization of novel technologies and its impact on the physiognomy of the 21st-century museum, were correlated and embedded in a broader theoretical framework, through conceptual principles and approaches such as the theories of “flow”, “value co-creation” and “digital humanism” as well as models of “experience economy” and technology acceptance (8 papers, books or documents, published between 1989 to 2021). Finally, our findings were visualised and distributed in a table with the ultimate goal of clarifying the concept of the smart museum, by outlining the main characteristics that shape its profile. Thus, 15 characteristics and properties were identified and used as the basis of a synthesis depicting the profile of the modern museum in the digital age. The study focused on both academic research and museum practices of integrating smart solutions in museum environment internationally (Europe, Asia, and America). We studied a broad range of implementations in the contemporary museum while pointing out the obvious benefits to the museum community and inherent challenges. The review followed a general and non-exhaustive/systematic approach and included only English-language literature. Findings Our findings, visualised in Table 1 , provide a clear picture of what a smart museum of the future might be. They contribute to helping us understand how the digital transformation of the museum is changing its structure, making it extremely powerful compared to the traditional, i.e. hybrid, modern/innovative, and technologically upgraded, but also the necessity of collaborations and interdisciplinarity to keep up with the digital age. Table 1. The Smart Museum Features Based onLiterature Findings. Features Description Author/s hybrid Museums no longer operate solely in the physical environment but are also expanding into the digital space. The visiting experience becomes holistic - before, during and after the physical visit - and ubiquitous. Black 2018 , Ming 2018 , Bowen and Giannini 2019 , Nisiotis and Alboul 2021 , Hutson and Hutson 2023 , Calvi & Vermeeren, 2023 , Modliński, Fortuna, and Rożnowski 2023 . modern-contemporary innovative Museums conceptualise themselves as “contemporary institutions” by paving new paths through digital experimentation and innovation. They bridge the past with the future and the intangible with the tangible. Bowen and Giannini 2019 , Scott, Salili-James, and Smith 2023 , Recupero et al. 2019 . collaborative/interdisciplinary The technological requirements and opportunities of the post-pandemic era create a need for collaborations and the integration of new disciplines and specialties within the museum environment. Fernandes and Casteleiro-Pitrez 2023 , Modliński, Fortuna, and Rożnowski 2023 , Ludden and Russick 2020 . upgraded ICT tools enhance the supervision of management operations and processes, making them increasingly automated, interconnected, efficient, and faster. As a result, all museum functions are upgraded. Ciecko 2017 , Summers 2019 , Bobasheva, Gandon, and Precioso 2022 , Cai, Zhang, and Younghwan 2023 , Bhattacharya 2019 , Varitimiadis et al. 2020 , Frank and Frank 2022 , “How Wireless Data Loggers,” n.d. Brondi and Carrozzino 2015 , Chianese and Piccialli 2014 , Mighali et al. 2015 , Gaugne et al. 2022 , Mucchi, Milanesi, and Becagli 2022 , Khan et al. 2021 , Siountri, Skondras, and Vergados 2019 visitor-centered The smart museum provides personalised guidance and recommendations, and is interactive, participatory and co-creative. Visitors can engage with and even influence the cultural content produced, thereby enriching their experience. Leue, Jung, and tom Dieck 2014 , Khan et al. 2021 , Saggese, Vento, and Vigilante 2019 , Chen, Ho and Ho 2006 , Ch’ng et al. 2019 , Iio et al. 2019 , Frost, Thomas, and Forbes 2019 , Kayukawa et al. 2023 , Lupetti, Germak, and Giuliano 2015 , Palombini 2017 , Black 2018 , Bessaa, Levillain, and Tijus 2020 , Recupero et al. 2019 , Fuentes-Moraleda et al. 2021 , Komarac and Došen 2023 . relevant-attractive The integration of ICT and the innovative nature of the visitor-oriented smart museum foster personal relevance and a sense of belonging for its audiences, particularly younger visitors. Cerquetti 2016 , Recupero et al. 2019 , Hughes and Moscardo 2019 , Longo and Faraci 2023 , Zollo et al. 2021 , Manna & Palumbo, 2018 , Fernandes and Casteleiro-Pitrez 2023 , Zhang and Abd Rahman 2022 provider of immersive experiences By creating immersive and engaging exhibitions with high-quality content, mediated through seamless and non-intrusive technology, the smart museum experience imprints knowledge indelibly on visitors’ memories. Csikszentmihalyi 1990 , Zhang and Abd Rahman 2022 , Pine and Gilmore 2013 , London 2020 , Komarac and Došen 2023 , Longo & Faraci, 2023 , Yang 2023 , Davis 1989 , Leue, Jung, and tom Dieck 2014 , Ming 2018 , Fernandes & Casteleiro-Pitrez, 2023 , Cagliostro 2020 . flexible/up-to-date To remain attractive and relevant to visitors' interests, the smart museum must stay current, engage with its community, and continuously reconfigure itself. Khadraoui 2019 educational – entertaining Museums blend education with recreation to spark curiosity, stimulate critical thinking, and promote self-directed learning. They employ a "hands-on" approach, storytelling, gamification, and other techniques to enhance participation, co-creation, and personal understanding of cultural content. Trunfio et al. 2021 , Marques 2017 , Kasperiuniene and Tandzegolskiene 2020 , Fernandes and Casteleiro-Pitrez 2023 , Pine and Gilmore 2013 , Pan, Zhang, and Yang 2022 , Modliński, Fortuna, and Rożnowski 2023 , Palombini 2017 , Black 2018 , Harrington 2019 , Calvi and Vermeeren 2023 , López-Martínez, Carrera, and Iglesias 2020 , Katz 2019 , “MuseumsQuartier Wien” 2020 , Gao and Braud 2023 , “Seeing Impressionism” 2019 , “ANTEPRIMA La Città Proibita VR” 2016 , Rizvic et al. 2022 , “ Interactive Holograms” n.d. , Longo & Faraci, 2023 , Marques 2017 , Liestøl 2021 , Lee, Park, and Lee 2022 socially engaged and relationally supportive Smart museums address people’s needs for networking, crowdsourcing, social interaction, and collective engagement. They foster a sense of togetherness, offer a platform for sharing information, inspire and support action, and raise public awareness. Black 2018 , Rahimi 2014 , Olaz et al. 2022 , Mason 2016 , Bowen and Giannini 2019 , Refae 2022 , Behera 2022 , Hourdakis and Ieronimakis 2020 , Calvi and Vermeeren 2023 , Papadaki 2019 , Kyprianidou and Papadaki 2018 , “ Culture in Crisis · V&A” n.d. authentic Extended technologies could transform the notion of what is considered “authentic” or “real.” Therefore, managing the risk of losing the authenticity and intrinsic value of exhibits is crucial. The originality and authenticity of museum experiences shape the new sensibility of visitors (consumers) in the era of the “experience economy.” Calvi and Vermeeren 2023 Longo & Faraci, 2023 , Ming 2018 , Pine and Gilmore 2013 . anthropocentric Technology is merely a tool to serve people and advance social development. Exaggerations should be avoided, as they can diminish value, disorient museum managers, and cause them to lose focus on the museum's goals. Bowen and Giannini 2019 , Ming 2018 , De Angeli and O'Neill 2015 , Fernandes and Casteleiro-Pitrez 2023 , Chu et al. 2022 , Modliński et al., 2023 , Kirova 2020 , Tassis 2019 . adopter of calculated approach A calculated approach to museum functions—such as through strategic exhibition design, systematic use of data, assessment tools, and conceptual models for effective technology utilization—is employed by museum policymakers, taking into account the interaction between visitors, technology, and the museum's context and mission. Modliński, Fortuna, and Rożnowski 2023 , Recupero et al. 2019 , Ludden and Russick 2020 , Neuhofer, Buhalis, and Ladkin 2013 , Huang and Rust 2018 , YiFei and Othman 2024 . democratizing Museums as catalysts for dialogue, active participation, social interaction and learning, play a crucial role in democratizing culture and society. Hourdakis and Ieronimakis 2020 , Hutson and Hutson 2023 , “V&A Annual Report 2020 to 2021” 2022 , “V&A Annual Report 2022 to 2023” 2023 . sustainable Technology is used to preserve museum collections for the future, facilitate alternative financing (e.g., e-commerce), attract audiences and investment, and contribute to sustainable development by sensitizing the audience to environmental and societal issues and fostering a new mindset and ethics. Zhang et al. 2022 , OECD/ICOM 2019 , “V&A Annual Report 2021 to 2022” 2022 , “V&A: Sustainability”, n.d. , United Nations 2015 . They also demonstrate the positive impact of technology on the visitor experience, as it provides personalization, interactivity, and participation opportunities, and its power to create immersive and engaging worlds that transform the traditional museum into a new, relevant, and engaging one for visitors, especially the youth, provided it stays in touch with their needs and ensures an unobstructed and discreet technological mediation. The findings of our study also show how the integration of new and emerging technologies leads to a new type of educational-entertainment museum character, capable of facilitating visitors’ critical thinking and personal understanding of cultural heritage (CH) and at the same time socializing their experience and contributing to knowledge sharing and public awareness. Finally, they identify a challenge that technology-mediated experiences in museums can pose, namely the risk of altering or losing the sense of authenticity and neglecting the museum’s objectives, underscoring the need for smart museums to adopt a calculated approach and ensure both their sustainability and their catalytic role in the democratization of culture. Result Looking to the future of the smart museum: Properties and features Since the advent of the Internet in 1989, but mainly with the implementation of Web 2.0 and the spread of smartphones in the first decade of the 21st century, digital culture has accelerated rapidly and dominantly. In today’s post-digital age, where physical and digital lives are increasingly merged and interconnected, people are continuously sharing thoughts, images, and knowledge through the Internet, creating a global culture without physical boundaries. As digitization—initially of documents and now of our lives—becomes a central driver of human action, it transforms the way we exist, think, and communicate ( Black 2018 , Bowen and Giannini 2019 ). As digital culture permeates all social sectors, ICT tools are gradually reshaping museum management, practices, communication strategies, and the way museum exhibitions are designed. By integrating digital technologies at an increasing rate, museums are undergoing a digital transformation, where artificial agents, living organisms and human beings become informational entities and everything is fused into a single space of an informational nature, an ‘infosphere’, that according to Simone, Cerquetti, and La Sala (2021) “reontologises” (i.e., intrinsically redefines) our world. Considering these tectonic changes and the content of the previous sections, we summarise the 15 key characteristics of the smart museum, aligning them with its definition. These characteristics highlight its unique relationship with the digital age, its mission, the needs of its audience, and its connection to the people and community it serves ( Table 2 ). Table 2. The Smart Museum Profile: Key Features. aligned with the digital age aligned with its mission aligned with visitors' needs mobilizing indivicual and collective intelligence • hybrid • modern-innovative • collaborative-interdisciplinary • upgraded • authentic • anthropocentric • adopter of calculated approach • democratic • sustainable • visitor-centered • relevant and attractive to its audience • provider of immersive experiences • flexible and up-to-date • educational-entertaining • socially connected and relationally supportive These features—representing the ideal qualities of a holistic smart museum, which emerged through the analysis, processing, and synthesis of our literature findings and were organised into four thematic sections in our description—are further analyzed and illustrated in a summary table ( Table 3 ). The summary table provides a comprehensive overview of the ideal profile of the smart museum, detailing its main characteristics, indicative methods of implementation and activation in the modern hybrid museum (including means and methods of achievement), and the anticipated benefits of these implementations. Table 3. The Smart Museum Profile: Detailed Description. Smart museum profile (Key features) Features/properties Means/methods of achievement Benefits 1 aligned with digital age • hybrid • modern (contemporary)-innovative • collaborative- interdisciplinary • upgraded • is digitally transformed • is ubiquitous (before, during, and after the visit) • bridges the past with the present through emerging technologies (e.g. XR) • all its functions and operations become more automated and interconnected (e.g. through AI, IoT and Blockchain technologies) • collaborates with IT professionals, cultural organizations, and communities • expansion of physical boundaries • revitalization of visitor experiences • strengthening of museum competitiveness • attraction of younger visitors • participatory network development • acceleration and efficiency of management 2 aligned with its mission • authentic • anthropocentric • adopter of calculated approach • democratic • sustainable • applies control mechanisms to balance authenticity and technological mediation (e.g. via ethics committees, conducting audience surveys) • maintains a balance between technology (e.g. XR, robots) and strategic planning, regulates ethical issues and serves people, society, and museum goals • applies smart solutions (e.g. by monitoring indicators) to optimize its functions (e.g. reduce its ecological impact) and achieve its objectives • promotes increased accessibility and audience participation for socially excluded or marginalized groups, while fostering diversity and equity • makes its collections accessible to all and preserves them for future generations • uses digital platforms to attract financial and professional capitals or promote alternative financing • safeguarding and implementation of museum mission • ensuring the leading role of humans in digital transformation • production of added value • contribution to democratization of culture and society • facilitation of museum's sustainability • contribution to environmental, social, and economic development 3 aligned with visitors' needs • visitor-centered • relevant and attractive to its audience • provider of immersive experience • flexible and up-to-date • uses personalization and interactivity techniques to be accessible and comprehensible to all (e.g. via IoT, AI or robots/chatbots) • creates participatory and meaningful experiences/indelible memories (e.g. through “serious games” and XR technologies) • produces a sense of belonging to its audiences (e.g. through digital relationship marketing) • provides high-quality and renewable content via immersive technologies • ensures that the technology is seamless, minimally intrusive and easy to use • remains in touch with reality/visitors' needs (e.g. audience surveys via SM) • enhancement of visitor experience • production of a state of “flow” and excitement • generation of overall visitor satisfaction • visitor's engagement with CH • integration of museums into everyday life • cultivation of a sense of belonging • support to the museum (e.g. through e-WOM) • retention of existing audiences 4 mobilizing individual and collective intelligence • educational-entertaining • socially engaged and relationally supportive • is experiential (e.g. provides immersive, and participatory experiences through XR, or activates engagement via SM) • uses storytelling and gamification techniques (on site or online) • encourages visitor-generated content (e.g. through SM) • allows tailored content (e.g.through personalized museum guides) • reevaluates hierarchies by abandoning the voice of authority and encouraging public's participation (e.g. via museum sites or SM) • offers individual time management (offers opportunities for “stagnant time”) • uses relationship marketing, SM, digital platforms or conferences to foster dialogue, sharing, social interaction and citizen involvement/participation • reevaluation of the museum as a reference entity • awakening of curiosity • activation of informal and self-directed learning • stimulation of thought and reflection • promotion of empathy and co-creativity • development of long-term relationships of trust and mutual benefit • strengthening of bonds between museums and the local community • reinforcement of social cohesion • empowerment of collective intelligencefor societal benefit Thus, the smart museum is outlined as a hybrid, ubiquitous and modern entity that spans space and time, experimenting with and fully adopting smart solutions through both established (e.g., SM) and emerging technologies of the digital era (e.g., XR, IoT, AI, robots, holograms). It remains contemporary, innovative, and upgraded in all its operations—primarily automated, interconnected, and capable of delivering faster services and more efficient management. In this context, it forges collaborations with similar entities and technology consultants, while embracing new disciplines beyond traditional curatorship to acquire skills essential for meeting the modern needs of the post-pandemic era. At the same time, the smart museum safeguards the authenticity and inherent values of CH from trivialization, offers genuine experiences to its visitors, and promotes digital humanism by balancing the virtual and the real. It preserves its mission and emphasises the human element in the museum experience. Consequently, it fosters the democratization of culture for all individuals while adopting a calculated approach and leveraging smart technological tools and solutions to ensure sustainability and contribute to sustainable development. As a visitor-centered organization, the modern hybrid and participatory museum employs various techniques and technologies to meet the needs and desires of its visitors, continually reforming to stay viable and relevant. It strives to offer multisensory, immersive experiences and create lasting memories, focusing on the perceived usefulness and ease of use of technological tools while delivering satisfying and engaging CH content. Simultaneously, the smart museum establishes a participatory culture within its context by encouraging visitor-generated content and co-production, particularly among younger audiences, treating them as “prosumers”—both consumers and producers ( Lee, Park, and Lee 2022 ). This approach stimulates curiosity, reflection, and empathy, thereby activating both cognitive and emotional skills. In the same vein, it involves the audience in an informal and lifelong museum learning process based on personal goals. Similarly, it uses both analogical and digital means to facilitate the transmission of knowledge, interpretation, and collective memory as an “open work” ( Cerquetti 2016 ) to boost social interaction and strengthen the bonds between museum and local communities, by activating their participation and knowledge. Conclusions The rapid technological developments in computer science that have escalated over the past 20-25 years, along with the deliberate and growing adoption of smart technologies by museum policymakers worldwide, underscore the necessity of studying the smart museum. This paper employs an extensive literature review and key theoretical tools to explore the smart museum concept, addressing three core research questions: its origins, definition, and profile. The study details its characteristics based on the application of emerging technologies in 21st-century museums. Investigating the first research question revealed that the origins of the smart museum are rooted in the extension of socio-economic developments affecting this century-old institution in the digital age. Key factors include the emergence of New Museology and cultural shifts, reduced state support, the decline of mass culture as a model of passive consumption, the development and adoption of a constructivist, interactive learning model, the recognition of a culture-centric development model, and the digital revolution. These changes are reflected in the museum’s current definition and its evolving institutional role in post-war society. Secondly, the study identified the variety and fragmentation in the use of the term “smart” within the museum field. Efforts were made to establish a clear and comprehensive definition through a cultural lens, demonstrating that smart technologies are valuable tools for achieving the humanitarian goals of the museum rather than ends in themselves. The smart museum is thus approached holistically, extending not only within the museum through its mission and visitor experience, but also beyond, as it is shaped by the digital age and influences the intelligence of individuals and communities interacting with it. Finally, tracing the museum of the future, an attempt was made to identify its key characteristics as study parameters and design components of a holistically smart museum, shaped through the utilization of new and emerging technologies. Potential limitations, risks, and future prospects were also addressed. The smart museum profile was depicted through 15 features and properties, grouped into four general categories that correlate the museum with the digital age, its mission, visitors’ needs, and the activation of individual and collective intelligence. 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Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 07 May 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Department of Business Administration and Tourism, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Greece 2 Department of Business Administration, University of West Attica, Athens, Attica, Greece Charis Avlonitou Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Eirini Papadaki Roles: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Androniki Kavoura Roles: Conceptualization, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (2) version 2 Revised Published: 26 Nov 2025, 14:480 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.156212.2 version 1 Published: 07 May 2025, 14:480 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.156212.1 Copyright © 2025 Avlonitou C et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Avlonitou C, Papadaki E and Kavoura A. How Smart Can Museums Be? The Role of Cutting-Edge Technologies in Making Modern Museums Smarter [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :480 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.156212.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 07 May 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Khan MN. Reviewer Report For: How Smart Can Museums Be? The Role of Cutting-Edge Technologies in Making Modern Museums Smarter [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :480 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.171492.r405492 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-480/v1#referee-response-405492 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 26 Aug 2025 Muhammad Nawaz Khan , Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.171492.r405492 Despite extensive research on technology-mediated visitor experiences, existing studies often examine individual technologies in isolation, leaving a holistic understanding of the smart museum underexplored. To address this gap, this paper synthesizes insights from 83 articles and museum reports published between ... Continue reading READ ALL Despite extensive research on technology-mediated visitor experiences, existing studies often examine individual technologies in isolation, leaving a holistic understanding of the smart museum underexplored. To address this gap, this paper synthesizes insights from 83 articles and museum reports published between 2014 and 2024, focusing on six main technology categories—Extended Reality (XR), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), robots, fusion approaches, and emerging tools such as blockchain and holography. From this review, 15 defining characteristics of the 21st-century smart museum are identified, offering a cultural–technological framework that integrates innovation with visitor engagement. This study contributes to the literature by bridging fragmented research, redefining the museum experience in the digital era, and providing practical guidance for cultural managers, professionals, and designers in conceptualizing and implementing smart museums. Is the topic of the review discussed comprehensively in the context of the current literature? Yes Are all factual statements correct and adequately supported by citations? Yes Is the review written in accessible language? Yes Are the conclusions drawn appropriate in the context of the current research literature? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Add further tabulation of data for easier analysis, and add visuall results for analysis, also add some latest research I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Khan MN. Reviewer Report For: How Smart Can Museums Be? The Role of Cutting-Edge Technologies in Making Modern Museums Smarter [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :480 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.171492.r405492 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-480/v1#referee-response-405492 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 20 Nov 2025 Χάρις Αυλωνίτου , $usrAffiliation 20 Nov 2025 Author Response Dear Reviewer, We sincerely thank you for your highly positive and encouraging feedback on our manuscript. We greatly appreciate your recognition of the holistic approach to the smart museum ... Continue reading Dear Reviewer, We sincerely thank you for your highly positive and encouraging feedback on our manuscript. We greatly appreciate your recognition of the holistic approach to the smart museum concept, the effort to bridge fragmented research, and the provision of practical guidance. In light of your constructive suggestions for further enhancing the article's rigor, we proceeded with the following elaborations and updates: We extensively updated our sources, incorporating new academic publications —primarily 36 peer-reviewed journal articles from 2024-2025—alongside a few foundational theoretical or complementary texts (8 sources). These additions enrich the knowledge base and confirm the credibility of our proposed profile for the ideal smart museum, further substantiating the existing fifteen attributes. Critically, the most recent literature strongly reinforced the necessity of considering the cultural and theoretical implications of emerging technologies, especially AI, affirming the urgency and validity of the cultural lens through which the smart museum is examined. The findings from this updated corpus were fully integrated into the description of the 15 attributes (now strictly chronologically ordered in Table 1) and throughout the Discussion section, fostering a dynamic dialogue across the entire body of references. We also added seven new figures (pie, line, and bar/column charts, as well as heatmaps). This variety of visual aids enabled a unified, systematic, and detailed analysis of the bibliography, examining source type, thematic, and chronological distribution, as well as the correlation of literature with smart museum attributes and their temporal evolution. Equally importantly, a new conceptual diagram (Figure 8) was introduced to further clarify the model, illustrating the interaction and integrity of the core pillars and attributes as a single interdependent, puzzle-like whole. These visualizations enhanced transparency, accessibility, and the validity of the findings, while also improving the clarification of the conceptual model. From the upgraded analysis and tabulated synthesis, further observations emerged regarding the interrelation of specific attributes with technologies and among themselves, as well as the evolving focus of the museum’s identity, which have been integrated into the Findings and Discussion sections. The Methodology was also refined to document the full steps of data processing, analysis, and synthesis. Minor conceptual refinements were also applied to ensure consistency, including replacing broad terminology (e.g., ‘ICTs’ with ‘digital technologies’ and ‘features and properties’ with ‘attributes’) and refining select attributes with clarifying paired descriptors (e.g., visitor-centered– interactive , inclusive –democratizing, strategic –calculated). These adjustments enhance conceptual precision, capture the literature’s nuances, and distinguish closely related characteristics within the smart museum profile. Overall, these improvements have strengthened the evidential foundation and enhanced the visual presentation of the proposed model. We are sincerely grateful for your invaluable feedback, which directly contributed to these enhancements. Sincerely, Charis Avlonitou Dear Reviewer, We sincerely thank you for your highly positive and encouraging feedback on our manuscript. We greatly appreciate your recognition of the holistic approach to the smart museum concept, the effort to bridge fragmented research, and the provision of practical guidance. In light of your constructive suggestions for further enhancing the article's rigor, we proceeded with the following elaborations and updates: We extensively updated our sources, incorporating new academic publications —primarily 36 peer-reviewed journal articles from 2024-2025—alongside a few foundational theoretical or complementary texts (8 sources). These additions enrich the knowledge base and confirm the credibility of our proposed profile for the ideal smart museum, further substantiating the existing fifteen attributes. Critically, the most recent literature strongly reinforced the necessity of considering the cultural and theoretical implications of emerging technologies, especially AI, affirming the urgency and validity of the cultural lens through which the smart museum is examined. The findings from this updated corpus were fully integrated into the description of the 15 attributes (now strictly chronologically ordered in Table 1) and throughout the Discussion section, fostering a dynamic dialogue across the entire body of references. We also added seven new figures (pie, line, and bar/column charts, as well as heatmaps). This variety of visual aids enabled a unified, systematic, and detailed analysis of the bibliography, examining source type, thematic, and chronological distribution, as well as the correlation of literature with smart museum attributes and their temporal evolution. Equally importantly, a new conceptual diagram (Figure 8) was introduced to further clarify the model, illustrating the interaction and integrity of the core pillars and attributes as a single interdependent, puzzle-like whole. These visualizations enhanced transparency, accessibility, and the validity of the findings, while also improving the clarification of the conceptual model. From the upgraded analysis and tabulated synthesis, further observations emerged regarding the interrelation of specific attributes with technologies and among themselves, as well as the evolving focus of the museum’s identity, which have been integrated into the Findings and Discussion sections. The Methodology was also refined to document the full steps of data processing, analysis, and synthesis. Minor conceptual refinements were also applied to ensure consistency, including replacing broad terminology (e.g., ‘ICTs’ with ‘digital technologies’ and ‘features and properties’ with ‘attributes’) and refining select attributes with clarifying paired descriptors (e.g., visitor-centered– interactive , inclusive –democratizing, strategic –calculated). These adjustments enhance conceptual precision, capture the literature’s nuances, and distinguish closely related characteristics within the smart museum profile. Overall, these improvements have strengthened the evidential foundation and enhanced the visual presentation of the proposed model. We are sincerely grateful for your invaluable feedback, which directly contributed to these enhancements. Sincerely, Charis Avlonitou Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 20 Nov 2025 Χάρις Αυλωνίτου , $usrAffiliation 20 Nov 2025 Author Response Dear Reviewer, We sincerely thank you for your highly positive and encouraging feedback on our manuscript. We greatly appreciate your recognition of the holistic approach to the smart museum ... Continue reading Dear Reviewer, We sincerely thank you for your highly positive and encouraging feedback on our manuscript. We greatly appreciate your recognition of the holistic approach to the smart museum concept, the effort to bridge fragmented research, and the provision of practical guidance. In light of your constructive suggestions for further enhancing the article's rigor, we proceeded with the following elaborations and updates: We extensively updated our sources, incorporating new academic publications —primarily 36 peer-reviewed journal articles from 2024-2025—alongside a few foundational theoretical or complementary texts (8 sources). These additions enrich the knowledge base and confirm the credibility of our proposed profile for the ideal smart museum, further substantiating the existing fifteen attributes. Critically, the most recent literature strongly reinforced the necessity of considering the cultural and theoretical implications of emerging technologies, especially AI, affirming the urgency and validity of the cultural lens through which the smart museum is examined. The findings from this updated corpus were fully integrated into the description of the 15 attributes (now strictly chronologically ordered in Table 1) and throughout the Discussion section, fostering a dynamic dialogue across the entire body of references. We also added seven new figures (pie, line, and bar/column charts, as well as heatmaps). This variety of visual aids enabled a unified, systematic, and detailed analysis of the bibliography, examining source type, thematic, and chronological distribution, as well as the correlation of literature with smart museum attributes and their temporal evolution. Equally importantly, a new conceptual diagram (Figure 8) was introduced to further clarify the model, illustrating the interaction and integrity of the core pillars and attributes as a single interdependent, puzzle-like whole. These visualizations enhanced transparency, accessibility, and the validity of the findings, while also improving the clarification of the conceptual model. From the upgraded analysis and tabulated synthesis, further observations emerged regarding the interrelation of specific attributes with technologies and among themselves, as well as the evolving focus of the museum’s identity, which have been integrated into the Findings and Discussion sections. The Methodology was also refined to document the full steps of data processing, analysis, and synthesis. Minor conceptual refinements were also applied to ensure consistency, including replacing broad terminology (e.g., ‘ICTs’ with ‘digital technologies’ and ‘features and properties’ with ‘attributes’) and refining select attributes with clarifying paired descriptors (e.g., visitor-centered– interactive , inclusive –democratizing, strategic –calculated). These adjustments enhance conceptual precision, capture the literature’s nuances, and distinguish closely related characteristics within the smart museum profile. Overall, these improvements have strengthened the evidential foundation and enhanced the visual presentation of the proposed model. We are sincerely grateful for your invaluable feedback, which directly contributed to these enhancements. Sincerely, Charis Avlonitou Dear Reviewer, We sincerely thank you for your highly positive and encouraging feedback on our manuscript. We greatly appreciate your recognition of the holistic approach to the smart museum concept, the effort to bridge fragmented research, and the provision of practical guidance. In light of your constructive suggestions for further enhancing the article's rigor, we proceeded with the following elaborations and updates: We extensively updated our sources, incorporating new academic publications —primarily 36 peer-reviewed journal articles from 2024-2025—alongside a few foundational theoretical or complementary texts (8 sources). These additions enrich the knowledge base and confirm the credibility of our proposed profile for the ideal smart museum, further substantiating the existing fifteen attributes. Critically, the most recent literature strongly reinforced the necessity of considering the cultural and theoretical implications of emerging technologies, especially AI, affirming the urgency and validity of the cultural lens through which the smart museum is examined. The findings from this updated corpus were fully integrated into the description of the 15 attributes (now strictly chronologically ordered in Table 1) and throughout the Discussion section, fostering a dynamic dialogue across the entire body of references. We also added seven new figures (pie, line, and bar/column charts, as well as heatmaps). This variety of visual aids enabled a unified, systematic, and detailed analysis of the bibliography, examining source type, thematic, and chronological distribution, as well as the correlation of literature with smart museum attributes and their temporal evolution. Equally importantly, a new conceptual diagram (Figure 8) was introduced to further clarify the model, illustrating the interaction and integrity of the core pillars and attributes as a single interdependent, puzzle-like whole. These visualizations enhanced transparency, accessibility, and the validity of the findings, while also improving the clarification of the conceptual model. From the upgraded analysis and tabulated synthesis, further observations emerged regarding the interrelation of specific attributes with technologies and among themselves, as well as the evolving focus of the museum’s identity, which have been integrated into the Findings and Discussion sections. The Methodology was also refined to document the full steps of data processing, analysis, and synthesis. Minor conceptual refinements were also applied to ensure consistency, including replacing broad terminology (e.g., ‘ICTs’ with ‘digital technologies’ and ‘features and properties’ with ‘attributes’) and refining select attributes with clarifying paired descriptors (e.g., visitor-centered– interactive , inclusive –democratizing, strategic –calculated). These adjustments enhance conceptual precision, capture the literature’s nuances, and distinguish closely related characteristics within the smart museum profile. Overall, these improvements have strengthened the evidential foundation and enhanced the visual presentation of the proposed model. We are sincerely grateful for your invaluable feedback, which directly contributed to these enhancements. Sincerely, Charis Avlonitou Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Hutson J. Reviewer Report For: How Smart Can Museums Be? The Role of Cutting-Edge Technologies in Making Modern Museums Smarter [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :480 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.171492.r384222 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-480/v1#referee-response-384222 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 26 May 2025 James Hutson , Department of Art History and Visual Culture, Lindenwood University, Saint Charles, USA Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.171492.r384222 The article offers a comprehensive and nuanced review of the evolving concept of the smart museum, articulating its emergence at the intersection of digital innovation, cultural policy, and visitor-centered museology. The authors ground their discussion in a wide-ranging synthesis ... Continue reading READ ALL The article offers a comprehensive and nuanced review of the evolving concept of the smart museum, articulating its emergence at the intersection of digital innovation, cultural policy, and visitor-centered museology. The authors ground their discussion in a wide-ranging synthesis of 83 scholarly sources and institutional reports, mapping technological integration across domains such as extended reality, artificial intelligence, robotics, and the Internet of Things. What distinguishes this review is its sustained engagement with the cultural and theoretical implications of these technologies, incorporating frameworks such as constructivist learning, digital humanism, and participatory culture to contextualize the smart museum not merely as a technologically enhanced space, but as a socio-culturally responsive institution. This layered approach reflects the depth of current literature and renders the work particularly valuable for scholars and practitioners seeking to understand the broader institutional transformations underway. Factual assertions throughout the article are consistently substantiated by up-to-date citations, with references spanning peer-reviewed publications, global conference proceedings, and foundational texts in museology and sociology. The authors skillfully integrate historical perspectives—from postwar shifts in New Museology to the pedagogical reforms of the 1980s—with cutting-edge developments in museum informatics and immersive experience design. Notably, the profile of the smart museum is not treated monolithically; rather, it is deconstructed into fifteen interrelated features (e.g., hybridity, authenticity, anthropocentrism), each supported by evidence and interpreted within the context of contemporary museum practice. The inclusion of visual aids such as the Smart Museum Diagram (Figure 1, p. 6) and implementation tables (Tables 1–3, pp. 7–10) enhances the clarity and accessibility of the conceptual model while reinforcing the scholarly rigor of the review. The conclusions drawn are appropriately cautious and forward-looking, acknowledging both the promise and the potential pitfalls of digitizing cultural heritage. The authors do not position smart technologies as solutions in themselves but argue for their strategic, ethically-informed integration into museum missions and audience engagement strategies. In doing so, they emphasize the importance of maintaining authenticity, fostering participatory ecosystems, and resisting techno-determinism. Their recommendation to use the proposed fifteen-feature profile as a framework for future empirical studies and institutional benchmarking is both practical and scholarly. Is the topic of the review discussed comprehensively in the context of the current literature? Yes Are all factual statements correct and adequately supported by citations? Yes Is the review written in accessible language? Yes Are the conclusions drawn appropriate in the context of the current research literature? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Artificial Intelligence in Education and Cultural Heritage; Digital Humanities; Human-Centered Design; Museology and Smart Technologies; Immersive Learning Environments; Gamification; Neuroaesthetics; Ethical and Inclusive AI; Research Methodology and Epistemology in the Age of Generative Media I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Hutson J. Reviewer Report For: How Smart Can Museums Be? The Role of Cutting-Edge Technologies in Making Modern Museums Smarter [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :480 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.171492.r384222 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-480/v1#referee-response-384222 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 20 Nov 2025 Χάρις Αυλωνίτου , $usrAffiliation 20 Nov 2025 Author Response Dear Reviewer, Thank you very much for your thoughtful and positive review of our manuscript. We greatly appreciate your recognition of the historical contextualization of the museum's transformation, the ... Continue reading Dear Reviewer, Thank you very much for your thoughtful and positive review of our manuscript. We greatly appreciate your recognition of the historical contextualization of the museum's transformation, the nuanced treatment of the smart museum concept, the comprehensive synthesis of sources, and the integration of cultural and theoretical frameworks. Your encouraging evaluation affirms the scholarly rigor we sought to achieve. We have made minor refinements to the manuscript, primarily to further systematize the conceptual model and reinforce the evidence base for the proposed fifteen-feature profile through updated literature, tables, and diagrams. These additions clarify and confirm the original analysis without altering its core framework or conclusions. We are grateful for your valuable time and insightful assessment. Sincerely, Charis Avlonitou Dear Reviewer, Thank you very much for your thoughtful and positive review of our manuscript. We greatly appreciate your recognition of the historical contextualization of the museum's transformation, the nuanced treatment of the smart museum concept, the comprehensive synthesis of sources, and the integration of cultural and theoretical frameworks. Your encouraging evaluation affirms the scholarly rigor we sought to achieve. We have made minor refinements to the manuscript, primarily to further systematize the conceptual model and reinforce the evidence base for the proposed fifteen-feature profile through updated literature, tables, and diagrams. These additions clarify and confirm the original analysis without altering its core framework or conclusions. We are grateful for your valuable time and insightful assessment. Sincerely, Charis Avlonitou Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 20 Nov 2025 Χάρις Αυλωνίτου , $usrAffiliation 20 Nov 2025 Author Response Dear Reviewer, Thank you very much for your thoughtful and positive review of our manuscript. We greatly appreciate your recognition of the historical contextualization of the museum's transformation, the ... Continue reading Dear Reviewer, Thank you very much for your thoughtful and positive review of our manuscript. We greatly appreciate your recognition of the historical contextualization of the museum's transformation, the nuanced treatment of the smart museum concept, the comprehensive synthesis of sources, and the integration of cultural and theoretical frameworks. Your encouraging evaluation affirms the scholarly rigor we sought to achieve. We have made minor refinements to the manuscript, primarily to further systematize the conceptual model and reinforce the evidence base for the proposed fifteen-feature profile through updated literature, tables, and diagrams. These additions clarify and confirm the original analysis without altering its core framework or conclusions. We are grateful for your valuable time and insightful assessment. Sincerely, Charis Avlonitou Dear Reviewer, Thank you very much for your thoughtful and positive review of our manuscript. We greatly appreciate your recognition of the historical contextualization of the museum's transformation, the nuanced treatment of the smart museum concept, the comprehensive synthesis of sources, and the integration of cultural and theoretical frameworks. Your encouraging evaluation affirms the scholarly rigor we sought to achieve. We have made minor refinements to the manuscript, primarily to further systematize the conceptual model and reinforce the evidence base for the proposed fifteen-feature profile through updated literature, tables, and diagrams. These additions clarify and confirm the original analysis without altering its core framework or conclusions. We are grateful for your valuable time and insightful assessment. Sincerely, Charis Avlonitou Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 07 May 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 2 (revision) 26 Nov 25 read read Version 1 07 May 25 read read James Hutson , Lindenwood University, Saint Charles, USA Muhammad Nawaz Khan , Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea Tiurida Lily Anita , Universitas Bina Nusantara, Jakarta, Indonesia Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Anita T. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 16 Jan 2026 | for Version 2 Tiurida Lily Anita , Universitas Bina Nusantara, Jakarta, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2026 Anita T. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions While many factual statements are well supported, several issues require attention to strengthen scientific rigor: 1. Some broad or trend-based claims (e.g., “exponential progress since 2017,” museums being “more hesitant” than tourism) are not consistently backed by specific comparative or longitudinal citations. 2. A few historical or technical assertions (e.g., dates related to the digital era) are presented as factual but lack explicit in-text references. 3. Several references rely on non-peer-reviewed or weakly specified sources (e.g., general web pages, Scribd-hosted material, undated “Reference Source” entries), which weakens evidentiary strength when used to support factual claims. Overall Recommendation The article is conceptually strong, timely, and well-positioned within current museum and digital heritage scholarship. With moderate revisions—primarily related to citation robustness and clarity of scope—it can be considered scientifically sound and valuable as a foundational framework for future empirical and applied research on smart museums. Is the topic of the review discussed comprehensively in the context of the current literature? Yes Are all factual statements correct and adequately supported by citations? Partly Is the review written in accessible language? Partly Are the conclusions drawn appropriate in the context of the current research literature? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Service Management, Hospitality Management, and Hotel Management I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Anita TL. Peer Review Report For: How Smart Can Museums Be? The Role of Cutting-Edge Technologies in Making Modern Museums Smarter [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :480 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191170.r405488) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-480/v2#referee-response-405488 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Khan M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 30 Dec 2025 | for Version 2 Muhammad Nawaz Khan , Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea 0 Views copyright © 2026 Khan M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The authors have incorporated all the suggested changes, now suitable for Indexing from my side. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Add further tabulation of data for easier analysis, and add visuall results for analysis, also add some latest research I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Khan MN. Peer Review Report For: How Smart Can Museums Be? The Role of Cutting-Edge Technologies in Making Modern Museums Smarter [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :480 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191170.r436113) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-480/v2#referee-response-436113 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Khan M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 26 Aug 2025 | for Version 1 Muhammad Nawaz Khan , Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea 0 Views copyright © 2025 Khan M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Despite extensive research on technology-mediated visitor experiences, existing studies often examine individual technologies in isolation, leaving a holistic understanding of the smart museum underexplored. To address this gap, this paper synthesizes insights from 83 articles and museum reports published between 2014 and 2024, focusing on six main technology categories—Extended Reality (XR), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), robots, fusion approaches, and emerging tools such as blockchain and holography. From this review, 15 defining characteristics of the 21st-century smart museum are identified, offering a cultural–technological framework that integrates innovation with visitor engagement. This study contributes to the literature by bridging fragmented research, redefining the museum experience in the digital era, and providing practical guidance for cultural managers, professionals, and designers in conceptualizing and implementing smart museums. Is the topic of the review discussed comprehensively in the context of the current literature? Yes Are all factual statements correct and adequately supported by citations? Yes Is the review written in accessible language? Yes Are the conclusions drawn appropriate in the context of the current research literature? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Add further tabulation of data for easier analysis, and add visuall results for analysis, also add some latest research I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 20 Nov 2025 Χάρις Αυλωνίτου, Dear Reviewer, We sincerely thank you for your highly positive and encouraging feedback on our manuscript. We greatly appreciate your recognition of the holistic approach to the smart museum concept, the effort to bridge fragmented research, and the provision of practical guidance. In light of your constructive suggestions for further enhancing the article's rigor, we proceeded with the following elaborations and updates: We extensively updated our sources, incorporating new academic publications —primarily 36 peer-reviewed journal articles from 2024-2025—alongside a few foundational theoretical or complementary texts (8 sources). These additions enrich the knowledge base and confirm the credibility of our proposed profile for the ideal smart museum, further substantiating the existing fifteen attributes. Critically, the most recent literature strongly reinforced the necessity of considering the cultural and theoretical implications of emerging technologies, especially AI, affirming the urgency and validity of the cultural lens through which the smart museum is examined. The findings from this updated corpus were fully integrated into the description of the 15 attributes (now strictly chronologically ordered in Table 1) and throughout the Discussion section, fostering a dynamic dialogue across the entire body of references. We also added seven new figures (pie, line, and bar/column charts, as well as heatmaps). This variety of visual aids enabled a unified, systematic, and detailed analysis of the bibliography, examining source type, thematic, and chronological distribution, as well as the correlation of literature with smart museum attributes and their temporal evolution. Equally importantly, a new conceptual diagram (Figure 8) was introduced to further clarify the model, illustrating the interaction and integrity of the core pillars and attributes as a single interdependent, puzzle-like whole. These visualizations enhanced transparency, accessibility, and the validity of the findings, while also improving the clarification of the conceptual model. From the upgraded analysis and tabulated synthesis, further observations emerged regarding the interrelation of specific attributes with technologies and among themselves, as well as the evolving focus of the museum’s identity, which have been integrated into the Findings and Discussion sections. The Methodology was also refined to document the full steps of data processing, analysis, and synthesis. Minor conceptual refinements were also applied to ensure consistency, including replacing broad terminology (e.g., ‘ICTs’ with ‘digital technologies’ and ‘features and properties’ with ‘attributes’) and refining select attributes with clarifying paired descriptors (e.g., visitor-centered– interactive , inclusive –democratizing, strategic –calculated). These adjustments enhance conceptual precision, capture the literature’s nuances, and distinguish closely related characteristics within the smart museum profile. Overall, these improvements have strengthened the evidential foundation and enhanced the visual presentation of the proposed model. We are sincerely grateful for your invaluable feedback, which directly contributed to these enhancements. Sincerely, Charis Avlonitou View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Khan MN. Peer Review Report For: How Smart Can Museums Be? The Role of Cutting-Edge Technologies in Making Modern Museums Smarter [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :480 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.171492.r405492) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-480/v1#referee-response-405492 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Hutson J. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 26 May 2025 | for Version 1 James Hutson , Department of Art History and Visual Culture, Lindenwood University, Saint Charles, USA 0 Views copyright © 2025 Hutson J. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The article offers a comprehensive and nuanced review of the evolving concept of the smart museum, articulating its emergence at the intersection of digital innovation, cultural policy, and visitor-centered museology. The authors ground their discussion in a wide-ranging synthesis of 83 scholarly sources and institutional reports, mapping technological integration across domains such as extended reality, artificial intelligence, robotics, and the Internet of Things. What distinguishes this review is its sustained engagement with the cultural and theoretical implications of these technologies, incorporating frameworks such as constructivist learning, digital humanism, and participatory culture to contextualize the smart museum not merely as a technologically enhanced space, but as a socio-culturally responsive institution. This layered approach reflects the depth of current literature and renders the work particularly valuable for scholars and practitioners seeking to understand the broader institutional transformations underway. Factual assertions throughout the article are consistently substantiated by up-to-date citations, with references spanning peer-reviewed publications, global conference proceedings, and foundational texts in museology and sociology. The authors skillfully integrate historical perspectives—from postwar shifts in New Museology to the pedagogical reforms of the 1980s—with cutting-edge developments in museum informatics and immersive experience design. Notably, the profile of the smart museum is not treated monolithically; rather, it is deconstructed into fifteen interrelated features (e.g., hybridity, authenticity, anthropocentrism), each supported by evidence and interpreted within the context of contemporary museum practice. The inclusion of visual aids such as the Smart Museum Diagram (Figure 1, p. 6) and implementation tables (Tables 1–3, pp. 7–10) enhances the clarity and accessibility of the conceptual model while reinforcing the scholarly rigor of the review. The conclusions drawn are appropriately cautious and forward-looking, acknowledging both the promise and the potential pitfalls of digitizing cultural heritage. The authors do not position smart technologies as solutions in themselves but argue for their strategic, ethically-informed integration into museum missions and audience engagement strategies. In doing so, they emphasize the importance of maintaining authenticity, fostering participatory ecosystems, and resisting techno-determinism. Their recommendation to use the proposed fifteen-feature profile as a framework for future empirical studies and institutional benchmarking is both practical and scholarly. Is the topic of the review discussed comprehensively in the context of the current literature? Yes Are all factual statements correct and adequately supported by citations? Yes Is the review written in accessible language? Yes Are the conclusions drawn appropriate in the context of the current research literature? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Artificial Intelligence in Education and Cultural Heritage; Digital Humanities; Human-Centered Design; Museology and Smart Technologies; Immersive Learning Environments; Gamification; Neuroaesthetics; Ethical and Inclusive AI; Research Methodology and Epistemology in the Age of Generative Media I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 20 Nov 2025 Χάρις Αυλωνίτου, Dear Reviewer, Thank you very much for your thoughtful and positive review of our manuscript. We greatly appreciate your recognition of the historical contextualization of the museum's transformation, the nuanced treatment of the smart museum concept, the comprehensive synthesis of sources, and the integration of cultural and theoretical frameworks. Your encouraging evaluation affirms the scholarly rigor we sought to achieve. We have made minor refinements to the manuscript, primarily to further systematize the conceptual model and reinforce the evidence base for the proposed fifteen-feature profile through updated literature, tables, and diagrams. These additions clarify and confirm the original analysis without altering its core framework or conclusions. We are grateful for your valuable time and insightful assessment. Sincerely, Charis Avlonitou View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Hutson J. Peer Review Report For: How Smart Can Museums Be? The Role of Cutting-Edge Technologies in Making Modern Museums Smarter [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :480 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.171492.r384222) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-480/v1#referee-response-384222 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. 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